Physiology EMQs (solved just to have the answer)

Theme:The Muscle FibreAA BandBH ZoneCI BandDM LineESarcomere

Please select the correct zones or lengths from the list below to answer the questions. You may use each option once, more than once, or not at all.

The length of this is the actual length of myosin.

Incorrect - The correct answer is A Band

The A-Band actually reflects the length of the myosin fibres in muscle fibres.

The distance between two Z-lines.

Incorrect - The correct answer is Sarcomere

A sarcomere is the distance between two Z-lines. This distance changed with species, but changes very little from person to person.

This distance decreases during contraction.

Incorrect - The correct answer is H Zone

Under the microscope, it is the H-zone that decreases during contraction.

Theme:Kidney PhysiologyAAscending Thin LimbBBowman’s CapsuleCConnecting Tubule

I Band

M Line

A Band

DCortical Collecting DuctEDescending Thin LimbFDistal Convoluted TubuleGMedullary Collecting DuctHProximal Convoluted TubuleIProximal Straight TubuleJThick Ascending Limb

Please select the most appropriate anatomical structure from the options below to answer the questions. You may use each option once, more than once, or not at all.

The macula densa tissue is situated here.

Correct

95% of glucose is reabsorbed in this region.

Correct

Glomerular filtration occurs here.

Incorrect - The correct answer is Bowman’s Capsule

Water leaves this via diffusion.

Incorrect - The correct answer is Descending Thin Limb

Aldosterone mainly acts on this region.

CorrectThe macula densa is a tissue that is found on the distal convoluted tubule, and sits at the hilum of the Bowman’s capsule. Its role is to monitor blood flow into the capsule, and hence involved in blood pressure control. Glucose should be completely reabsorbed from the urine in the kidneys, and if not, usually demonstrates diabetes mellitus. Glomerular filtration occurs in the Bowman’s capsule. Water leaves the

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Connecting Tubule

Cortical Collecting Duct

Distal Convoluted Tubule

descending thin limb of the loop of Henle by diffusion. This is because of the high solute potential around the descending limb caused by active transport of sodium and chloride from the ascending limb. Aldosterone, involving in solute balance, mainly acts on the distal convoluted tubule.

Theme:Excretion and absorptionAAmylaseBBile acidsCChloride exchangerDGastric intrinsic factorEHydroxylaseFLipaseGLiposeHPotassium transporterITrypsin

Select the appropriate factor from the list for the excretion/absorption of the following. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Carbohydrate

Incorrect - The correct answer is Amylase

Protein

Incorrect - The correct answer is Trypsin

Vitamin A

Correct

Vitamin B12

Incorrect - The correct answer is Gastric intrinsic factor

Water

Lipase

Chloride exchanger

Bile acids

Lipose

Incorrect - The correct answer is Chloride exchangerDigestive enzymes are secreted from cells lining the inner surfaces of various exocrine glands. The enzymes hydrolyze the macromolecules in food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into cells.

Intrinsic factor is a protein that binds ingested vitamin B12 and enables it to be absorbed by the intestine. A deficiency of intrinsic factor — as a result of an autoimmune attack against parietal cells — causes pernicious anaemia.

Pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes starch into a mixture of maltose and glucose.

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes ingested fats into a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. Its action is enhanced by the detergent effect of bile.

Lipose