medicamentos atuantes no sistema reprodutivo feminino - anticoncepcionais gilberto de nucci...

Medicamentos atuantes no sistema reprodutivo feminino - Anticoncepcionais

Gilberto De [email protected] http://gilbertodenucci.com

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Arquivo


Linkhttp://www.gilbertodenucci.com/medicamentos_contraceptivos.ppt

http://www.gilbertodenucci.com/medicamentos_contraceptivos.ppt

In the United Statesaccording to a study published in 2011

In 2006, 49% of pregnancies were unintended—a slight increase from 48% in 2001.

Among women aged 19 years and younger, more than 4 out of 5 pregnancies were unintended.

The proportion of pregnancies that were unintended was highest among teens younger than age 15 years, at 98%.

Walter F. Boron/ Emile L. Boulpaep – Medical Physiology – Fig 54-1

The anatomy of the female internal genitalia and accessory sex organs

Ovarian cycle

Rupture of mature follice and release of

ovum (ovulatory phase)

Corpus luteum formation

(luteal phase)

Growth and development of the

follice (follicular phase)

Corpus luteum degeneration

Foyes Principles of Medicinal Chemistry – Fig. 29.2

In this illustration, the menstrual cycle is divided into four stages.

(1) an egg matures inside the ovary,

(2) which then releases the egg ,

(3) allowing it to travel through the fallopian

tube, where it rests awaiting fertilization

(4) If the egg is not fertilized, it is flushed out

with the menstrual flow

www.healthofchildren.com/images/gech_0001_000...

800

600

400

200

0800

600

400

200

0

8

6

4

2

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Est

radi

ol (

pg/m

l)F

SH

and

LH

(n

g/m

l)

Days of female sexual cycle

FSH

LHEs

trad

iol

Ovu

lati

onO

vula

tion

Progesterone

Pro

gest

eron

e (n

g/m

l)

Men

stru

atio

n

Approximate plasma concentrations of the gonadotropins and ovarian hormones during the normal female sexual cycle

Guyton & Hall – Textbook of Medical Physiology – fig 81.3

Mechanism of Action of Estrogen/Progestin Contraceptives

• Inhibition of ovulation by suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

•Alteration of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm transport

• Interference with ovum transport

• Inhibition of implantation by suppression of normal endometrial development

Essential of Reproductive Medicine – Tab. 26.1

Fertilization process

www.jillstanek.com

Pu

ber

ty

Men

opau

se400

300

200

100

00-----12 13------40 50 60

Age (yr)

Est

roge

ns

excr

eted

in u

rin

e(µ

g/24

hr)

Estrogen secretion throughout the sexual life of the female human being

Guyton & Hall – Textbook of Medical Physiology – fig 81.10

MÉTODOS ANTICONCEPCIONAIS

Tabela – Natural

Barreira – impede o encontro - Diafragma - Preservativo - DIU normal

Medicamentoso-DIU – cobre ou progestogênico-Skin patch-Anel vaginal-Implante-Pílula

A clinical guide for contraception – fifth Ed – pg 191

CONTRACEPTIVOS HORMONAIS

Forma eficaz, segura e reversível.

- Puros: somente progestágeno - Combinados: associação de estrogênio e progestágeno

Historical Landmarks

• Animal experiments in the late 1930s demonstrated that high-dose progesterone could arrest ovulation

• Carl Djerassi synthetized progestin from an extract of Mexican wild yam root in late 1940

First pill marketed for cycle control (1960) - Enovid 10 – 9.85 mg norethynodrel + 150 microg mestranol

Not legal to discuss contraception or prescribe the pill for the indication of contraception until 1969

Pope Paul VI Humanae Vitae (1968) – pill sinfulEssential of Reproductive Medicine – Tab. 26.1

ESTROGÊNIO

Década de 60 - Pró-Hormônio – Mestranol 150 mcg

Etinil Estradiol

- Alta dose (> ou = 50 mcg) - Baixa dose (35, 30, 20, 15 mcg) - Tendência – Ultrabaixa (sem consenso)

Mestranol (pró-droga)

A clinical Guide For Contraception - Fifth edition - pag 36

Ethinyl estradiol


Estradiol Valerate

a

Low – Dose Oral Contraceptives

• Products containing less than 50 mcg of ethinylestradiol

Classification of oral contraceptives

• Into generation according to the type of progestogens associated with estrogen

• Combined (estrogen + progestin) or progesting only

First-Generation Oral Contraceptives

• Products containing either norethisterone acetate, lynestrenol, ethynodiol acetate or norethynodrel.

Testosterone


Ethisterone

Norethindrone


Ethisterone

Progestagional derivatives of testosterone

Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives

• Products containing levonorgestrel or norgestimate

Dienogest


Third-generation Oral Contraceptives

• Products containing desogestrel, norgestimate or gestodene

Fourth-Generation Oral Contraceptives

• Products containing drospirenone, dienogest or nomegestrol acetate

Drospirenone


s

Nomegestrel

s

Dienogest

Change in adjusted mean number of lesions (papules, pustules, open and closed comedones) from baseline to end point (full analysis set).

Hormonal Contraceptives for Acne Management – CUTANEOUS MEDICINE FOR THE PRACTITIONER - VOL. 81 NO. 1S JANUARY 2008

DRSP, drospirenone; EE, ethinyl estradiol;COC, indicates combined oral contraceptive;

Oral Contraceptives With Acne Benefits

Pharmacology of Hormonal Contraceptives and Acne – CUTANEOUS MEDICINE FOR THE PRACTITIONER - VOL. 81 NO. 1S JANUARY 2008

Progestin only

• Low daily doses of progestin (norethindrone, levonorgestrel or desogestrel)• Injectable 3-month contraceptives (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) IM• Levenorgestrel implant or etonogestrel single-rod implant – 3 years• Intrauterine device containing levonorgestrel – 5 years

Contraceptive use in the United States, 1995.

Essential of Reproductive Medicine – Fig. 26.2

26%24%

19%

7% 6%

3%1% 1% 1%

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Percentage of Women Ages 15-50

Pill Sterilization Condom Withdrawa/ Rhythm

Hysterectomy/ Menopause

Injectable Spermicide IUD Implants

Method

250

200

150

100

50

020-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

0 0 0

Age group (years)

Dea

ths

/ 100

,000

wom

en nonuser, nonsmokeruser, nonsmokernonuser, heavy smokeruser, heavy smoker

Number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 women by smoking status or nonuse of oral contraceptives.

Essential of Reproductive Medicine – Fig. 26.4

Relative Risk and Actual Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism

Population Relative Risk Incidence

Young women-general population 1 4-5 per 100,000 per year

Pregnant women 12 48-60

High-dose oral contraceptives 6-10 24-50

Low dose oral contraceptives 3-4 12-20

Leiden mutation carrier 6-8 24-40

Leiden carrier and oral contraceptives 10-15 40-75

Leiden mutation – homozygous 80 320-400

A Clinical Guide for Contraception – tab. Pag 53

Noncontraceptive Health Benefits of Oral Contraceptives

Percent Reduction/ Protection

(%)Minium Use

RequiredDuration of

EffectOCP

Formulation CommentsDefinitive evidence

Ovarian cancer 40 3-6 months At least 15 >20 µg EE Also protective against years hereditary ovarian cancer

Endometrial cancer 50 12-months 15 years All monophasic No data on multiphasic or progestin-only forms

Benign breast disease 30 12-24 months 1 year >20 µg EE Effect consistent across all age groups

Pelvic inflamatory 50 12 months Current use >20 µg EE ? Effect on outpatient disease cases of PID

Ectopic pregnancy 90 Current use Current use >20 µg EE No increased risk for ectopic pregnancy in women who become

pregnant with OCP use




(%)Minium Use

RequiredDuration of

EffectOCP

Formulation CommentsConflicting evidence, favor beneficial effect

Bone mineral density 60 Unknown Unknown >35 µg EE Decreased incidence of hip fractures with higher doses

Colorectal cancer 40 96 months Unknown >50 µg EE Increasing protection with increased duration

Uterine leiomyomas 30, 50 10 years; Unknown Unclear If used in setting of fibroids no 7 years clinically significant uterine growth

Toxic shock syndrome 50 Current use Current use Unclear May be influenced by change in tampon composition/absorbency




(%)Minium Use

RequiredDuration of

EffectOCP

Formulation CommentsConflicting evidence, favor no effect

Functional ovarian cysts 80, 48, 8 Current use Current use Monophasic No statistically significant effect >35 µg EE;

Monophasic <35 mcg EE

triphasic all types

Rheumatoid arthritis 40 Current use Current use Unclear May alter severity and clinical course rather development


Benefícios dos AOC

• Menor risco de câncer endometrial e ovariano.

• Menor risco de prenhez ectópica

• Menstruaçãoo mais regular (menor fluxo, menor dismenorréia, menor anemia)

• Menor incidência de salpingite

• Aumento da densidade óssea

AOC e câncer

• Redução de 50% do risco de câncer de endométrico

• Redução de 40% do risco de câncer de ovário

• Sem efeito no câncer de cérvix uterina ou no câncer de mama.

Possible Contradications to Use of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills

Absolute Contraindications

1. Thrombophlebitis or Thromboembolic disorders

2. Past history of deep vein thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders

3. Cerebrovascular or coronary artery disease

4. Known or suspected breast carcinoma

5. Known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia

6. Pregnancy

7. Benign or malignant liver tumor

8. Known impaired liver function

9. Previous cholestasis during pregnancy or with prior pill use


Possible Contradications to Used of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (cont)

Strong Relative Contraindications

10. Severe headaches, particularly vascular or migraine headaches, that start after initiation of oral contraceptives

11. Hypertension with resting diastolic BP of 140 mmHg or greater on three or more separate visits or an accurate measurement of 110 mmHg diastolic or more on single visit

12. Mononucleosis, acute phase

13. Elective major surgery or major surgery requiring immobilization planned in next 4 week

14. Long-leg cast or major injury to lower leg

15. Over 40 years old, accompanied by a second risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (such as diabetes or hypertension)

16. Over 35 years old and currently a heavy smoker (15 or more cigarettes/day)

17. Abnormal genital bleeding


AOC e Fígado

Transporte ativo de componentes biliares é inibido por estrógenos e progestágenos.

Contraindicado formalmente em doença colestática aguda ou crônica

Importante

Não há evidências de aumento de incidência de doença hepática séria causado por uso de ACO

Contraceptivo Oral e Trombose

• Estrógenos, mas não progestágenos, aumentam a produção de fatores de coagulação.

• Tabagismo e uso de estrógenos apresentam efeito aditivo no risco de trombose arterial.

• Contraceptivos de dose baixa de estrógeno (< 50 microg EE) não aumentam o risco de IM ou AVC em mulheres saudáveis, não fumantes, independente da idade.

• IM e AVC podem ocorrer em mulheres que usam contraceptivos de alta dose, ou que apresentam fatores de risco cardiovascular acima da idade de 35 anos.

Anticonvulsants

Anti-infective agents

Barbiturates

Carbamazepine

Phenytoin

Rifampin

Topiramate

Vigabatrin

Medications That Decrease Serum Concentrations of Hormonal Contraception

Oral Contraceptives: Mechanism of Action, Dosing, Safety, and Efficacy – CUTANEOUS MEDICINE FOR THE PRACTITIONER - VOL. 81 NO. 1S JANUARY 2008

Monophasic pill

• Contains a fixed combination of a estrogen (generally ethinyl estradiol) and a

progestogen

Biphasic Pill - Kariva

• 21 white tablets contains 0.15 mg desogestrel and 0.02 mg ethinyl estradiol.

• 2 light-green tablets contains inert ingredients

• 5 light-blue tablet contains 0.01 mg ethinyl estradiol.

Triphasic pill - Ortho Tri-Cyclen 28

• 7 tablet contains 0.180 mg of norgestimate and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol

• 7 light blue tablet contains 0.215 mg of norgestimate and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol

• 7 dark blue tablet contains 0.250 mg of norgestimate and 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol

• 7 green tablet contains only inert ingredients

Quadraphasic pill - Natazia

• 2 dark yellow tablets containing 3 mg estradiol valerate

• 5 red tablets containing 2 mg estradiol valerate and 2 mg dienogest

• 17 light yellow tablets containing 2 mg estradiol valerate and 3 mg dienogest

• 2 dark red tablets each containing 1 mg estradiol valerate

• 2 white tablets (inert)

Return of fertility after stopping contraception (Doll et al., 2001)

(with permission).

Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems - Human Reproduction Update, Vol.14, No.3 pp. 197–208, 2008

Pressione o anel

Retire do SachêEscolha uma posição confortável

para inserir o anel

Coloque o anel na vagina com uma das mãos (fig. A). Se necessário o lábio pode ser afastado com a outra mão.

Empurre o anel para dentro da vagina até senti-lo confortável (fig. B)

Deixe o anel no lugar durante 3 semanas (fig. C)

Figura A Figura B

Figura C

40 mm

2 mm

Rate-controlling membrane: (.06 mm) 100% EVA

Core: 40% Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)

60% Etogestrel (68 mg)

Required Equipment for Implanon Insertion

Implantation technique

Contraindication for Implanon

Known or suspected pregnancy

Current or past history of thrombotic disease

Hepatic tumors or active liver disease

Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding

Known, suspected or history of breast cancer

Hypersensitivity to any of the components in Implanon™

A New Implantable Contraceptive - Nursing for Women’s Health - Volume 11 - Issue 6

Technique for the Tcu-380A

Níveis de levonorgestrel

A Clinical Guide for Contraception - Pag. 169

Serum levels of LNG according to delivery.

Author Route of delivery Serum levels(ng/ml)

Raudaskoski et al. IUS 0.1–0.2(1995) (PMW)

Lahteenmaki et al. 0.250 mg oral ~ 1.7(1995)

Kives et al. (2005) 1.5 mg oral 15.21.5 mg vaginal 5.4

Sivin et al. (1997) Implant 1.4–1.0Rod 0.77

Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems - Human Reproduction Update, Vol.14, No.3 pp. 197–208, 2008

HORMONIOS EM TRATAMENTOS

Correção de ciclos irregulares

Reposição em caso de perdas de orgão produtores

Complementos (Climatério)

medicamentos atuantes no sistema reprodutivo feminino - anticoncepcionais gilberto de nucci...

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