maria da luz aragão 2010_stop, reflectir para inovar

7/31/2019 maria da luz arago 2010_stop, reflectir para inovar

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UQLALICD EK ^QDHKMUD

Olqfl el I{x D}qfd ek Lqlbd

]UD^ / QK@IKMUFQ ^LQL FGDPLQ

MFMID EK K]U[ED]

MDGE[MKGUK LD BQL[ EK OK]UQK

KO

MFGMFL] EL KE[MLD

QKL EK K]^KMFLIFXLD KO @DQOLD EK LE[IUD]

Ke{mld k @dqold ek Hdpkg} Le{iud} ^d{md K}mdilqfxled}

1>


2/110

UQLALICD EK ^QDHKMUD

]UD^ / QK@IKMUFQ ^LQL FGDPLQ

MFMID EK K]U[ED]

MDGE[MKGUK LD BQL[ EK OK]UQK

KO

MFGMFL] EL KE[MLD

QKL EK K]^KMFLIFXLD KO @DQOLD EK LE[IUD]

Ke{mld k @dqold ek Hdpkg} Le{iud} ^d{md K}mdilqfxled}

Olqfl el I{x D}qfd ek Lqlbd

Dqfkguled ~dq ^qd`k}}dq Ed{udq Q{f Mlgqfd

1>


3/110

Lbqlekmfokgud}

Lbqlekd) ek oded o{fud k}~kmfli) ld ^qd`k}}dq Q{f Mlgqfd ~kil milqkxl mdo |{k }ko~qk

mdo{gfmd{ mdofbd) ~kil ef}~dgfafifelek ekodg}uqlel k ~dq uded d uko~d |{k ekefmd{

ke{mld ko ^dqu{bli'

Lbqlekd ^qd`k}}dql Mlqokg Mlplmd) ~dq u{ed d |{k h ~kg}d{ k k}mqkpk{) }daqk

Ke{mld ek Le{iud}'

Lbqlekd ^qd`k}}dql Gluifl Lipk}) ~kil `qdgulifelek k ~kid }k{ ~dekq ek }guk}k'

Lbqlekd ^qd`k}}dql ]dgfl Q{ookqu) ~dq udel l ks~kqfgmfl ~lquficlel'

Lbqlekd ld ^qd`k}}dq Bl{egmfd @qfbduud) ~kil kgkqbfl mdgulbflguk mdo |{k ~lquficd{

mdgckmfokgud k ks~kqfgmfl}'

Lbqlekd Mlulqfgl k Lgl) ~kid uko~d fgpkguled) ~lql ok ~{ekqko lh{elq'

Lbqlekd d{ @qkekqfmd k Mi{efl) ~kil }fo~lufl k ef}~dgfafifelek ekodg}uqlel}'

Lbqlekd Ikdgdq) ~dq ukq ~kqofufed ~lquficlq l }{l @dqold) mckfl ek fgdpld'


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Ekefmluqfl

Ld} hdpkg} le{iud} ed ^qdhkmud 6

Lefi}dg

Li`qked

Mil{efgd

Elpfe

K{mifek}

Bdglid

Ckqm{ilgd

Hdqbk

Olqfk

Ol{qd

Gbcdu

Gclod

Qfmlqed

]kb{gel

^lql |{k l Ke{mld ko ^dqu{bli gd }k k}|{kl |{k kik} ksf}uko k |{kqko mqk}mkq'


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Qk}{od

D ~qk}kguk Uqlalicd ek ^qdhkmud) ek}kgpdipfed gd oafud el} Mfgmfl} el Ke{mld

@dqold ek Le{iud}) uko mdod ~qfgmf~li dahkmufpd) mdguqfa{fq ~lql d l~qd`{gelokgud el

mdo~qkkg}d) el Ke{mld k @dqold ek Hdpkg} k Le{iud} ^d{md K}mdilqfxled}) ko^dqu{bli'

^lql mdguksu{lifxlq k}ul efgofml) ~qdm{qd{/}kmdg}uq{fq {o }{~dquk ukqfmd ogfod) |{k

~{ek}}k ~qd~dqmfdglq {o olfdq mdgckmfokgud) ed ~kg}lokgud `fid}`fmd }daqk ke{mld

ek le{iud} k ek odekid} lmu{lf} ek ke{mld ek ~k}}dl} le{iul}) l}}fo mdod) elq l

mdgckmkq l} ~qfgmf~lf} dqfkgulk} ~diufml} ke{mlufpl} gd mlo~d el ke{mld ek le{iud}

gl }kb{gel okulek ed }m{id SS) gd mdguksud fgukqglmfdgli) k gd glmfdgli) l ~lqufq ek


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La}uqlmu

Ucf} ^qdhkmu Rdqj) ekpkid~ke {gekq uck Ke{mlufdg ]mfkgmk} / Le{iu Ke{mlufdg) cl} l}olfg dahkmufpk ud mdguqfa{uk ud ekk~kgfgb uck {gekq}ulgefgb d` Ke{mlufdg Uqlfgfgb lgeVd{uc lge [gekq}mcddike Le{iu} fg ^dqu{bli'

Ud mdguksu{lifxk uck}k evglofm}) rk uqfke ud a{fie }{~~dqu uckdqkufmli ofgfo{o) rcfmcmd{ie ~qdpfek l akuukq {gekq}ulgefgb d` uck ~cfid}d~cfmli ucfgjfgb dg le{iu ke{mlufdg lgem{qqkgu odeki} d` le{iu ke{mlufdg) l} rkii l} ud ef}mid}k uck olfg ~difmv fg uck ke{mlufdgli`fkie d` le{iu ke{mlufdg fg uck }kmdge cli` d` uck urkgufkuc mkgu{qv) uck fgukqglufdglimdguksu) lge glufdgli) }fgmk


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gefmk

FGUQDE[D ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

^lquk < / Ke{mld ek le{iud}8 [ol fo~dqulguk K}mdil ek ^kg}lokgud) d ^qlboluf}od8 {ol~k|{kgl ladqelbko '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

^lquk 1 / Ke{mld ek le{iud}8 [o odekid ek qk`kqgmfl) d Eflibfmd ]dmfli8 {ol ~k|{kglladqelbko '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

> ld Lgd Ikmufpd 1>>3$1>>6 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''05

;' Qk`iksd `fgli ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''00

^lquk ; / K}u{ed ek ml}d8 ^qdhkmud 6 kg|{leqled g{o Mdguqlud Idmli ek Ek}kgpdipfokgud}dmfli #MIE] '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''06


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5'< Mkguqd ek Qklafifuld ^qd`f}}fdgli ek Limdfud ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3>5'1 Mq{x Pkqokicl ^dqu{b{k}l Ekikbld el Md}ul ed K}udqfi'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''3>

5'= ]KLmdd~ ]dmfli Kguqk~kqgk{q} Lbkgmv #Lbgmfl ek Ko~qkkgekedqk} ]dmflf} ''''''''36) ld laqfbd ek {o mdguqlud idmli ek ek}kgpdipfokgud }dmfli' @lx/}k {ol

aqkp}}fol qk`iksd }daqk d ukqod le{iud ~d{md k}mdilqfxled) {ol ~k|{kgl fguqde{d

}daqk d ek}kgpdipfokgud idmli ko ^dqu{bli) mlqlmukqfxl/}k d ^qdhkmud) l~dgulo/}k


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3

`qlbfifelek} k ~dukgmflifelek}) l~qk}kgulo/}k qk}{iuled}) k `lx/}k {ol lplifld `fgli)

elged/}k lib{ol} }{bk}uk}'

L ~k|{kgl ladqelbko ed ^qlboluf}od) gk}uk Uqlalicd ^qdhkmud) `kful elged l mdgckmkq)

l} fekfl} a}fml} ek Hdcg Ekrkv #


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6

D ^qdhkmud 6) l~qk}kguled gl ^lquk ; k mdguko~iled ~dq {o Mdguqlud Idmli ek

Ek}kgpdipfokgud ]dmfli) k}u l ekmdqqkq gd Alfqqd el Leqdlgl) mdgmkicd ek Ml}mlf}' D}

hdpkg} le{iud} kgpdipfed}) k}ud l }kq lmdo~lgcled} gd ukqqkgd mdo {ol efgofml

fgdpledql) dgek l `iksfafifelek ~kqofufel ~qdm{ql ~qd~dqmfdglq lel~ulk}) k}}kgmflf}

mdgufg{felek ed ^qdhkmud'

@fgliokguk l~qk}kgud {ol mdgmi{}d) dgek `ld {o alilgd `fgli ed Uqlalicd) qklilged

ko ~lqufm{ilq d} l}~kmud} ~qfgmf~lf} ed ^qlboluf}od k ed odekid Eflibfmd ]dmfli)

kpfekgmfled} gl} ks~kqfgmfl} ~k}}dlf} qkilulel}) l}}fo mdod ed{ lib{ol} }{bk}uk}) ~lql

|{k) d ^qdhkmud 6 gd lmlak) }ko d} dahkmufpd} ~qfgmf~lf} m{o~qfed}) k l @dqold ek

Le{iud} ko ^dqu{bli) i{uk) mdo d} ~} ako l}}kguk} gl ukqql) ~kid k}~ld l |{k uko

efqkfud'


12/110

^lquk =) ~'=2

k}mqkpko |{k) Kf} ~dq |{k Glu{qkxl k m{iu{ql gd }k ~deko }k~lqlq) }kged |{k l

Glu{qkxl) ~dq l}}fo efxkq) }k kolgmf~l luqlp} el m{iu{ql c{olgl) udqglged/}k mlel pkx

olf} c{olgl'' Gl ~kq}~kmufpl ek}uk `fi}d`d) d cdoko olf} ed |{k l~kgl} {ol ~lquk el

glu{qkxl) kik l ~q~qfl mdg}mfgmfl el Glu{qkxl) ukged mdod ulqk`l l }{l c{olgfxld)kgmlqlel }ko~qk mdo okicdqfl}' L mfgmfl }{qbk ~lql Ekrkv mdod ~lquk fgukbqlguk ek}uk

~qdmk}}d ek c{olgfxld) ~dekged l`fqolq/}k |{k kil l ~il}ufmfelek l~ifmlel)

`{gmfdglged mdod fg}uq{okgud ~qufmd k ufi' D ouded mfkgu`fmd) |{k }k fekguf`fml mdo d

l~qkgekq mdo l ks~kqfgmfl) uqle{x/}k gk}uk ml}d) koadql ek oded olf} }f}ukolufxled)

~kil qk`iksd k l~qkgefxlbko `kful mdo l ~q~qfl ks~kqfgmfl' L l~qkgefxlbko k l ~qufml

mfkgu`fml }d kgmlqlel} ~dq Ekrkv ed ok}od oded) d |{k mdge{x `lmfiokguk l {ol

fekguf`fmld) kguqk d ~l~ki el ke{mld k d ~l~ki el mfgmfl' L~qkgefxlbko) ke{mld kmfgmfl mdo~qkkgeko/}k kgud) mdod ~lquk} fgukbqlguk} ed ~qdmk}}d ek c{olgfxld)


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>= d

l`l}ul ek mkqud oded) ek {ol qk`iksd olf} kslmul }daqk ke{mld) |{k ~dq ksko~id

ekpkqfl ~l}}lq ~dq {ol qk`iksd ed |{k) l ke{mld gd ' D mdidmlq l ke{mld l

laqlgbkq) |{l}k udel} l} `{gk} |{k }k ek}ufglo l `lxkq lplglq d ~qdmk}}d ek

ek}kgpdipfokgud #@fgbkq k L}g) 1>>=) ~5>=) mdod ~qdppki

`qlbfifelek) gd |{k qk}~kful ld }k{ mdguqfa{ud ~lql liukqlk} }dmflf}) }ko g{gml ick qkufqlq)

gd kgulgud) }kb{ged Okqqflo #


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>0) ~'5


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>0) ~';5) m{iu{ql |{k }k plf mdg}kb{fged fo~dq) l~k}lq el} qk}f}ugmfl}

fgkpfupkf} el} kifuk} m{iu{qlf}' fgukqk}}lguk pkqf`fmlq) |{k ~dq ksko~id) l ~kql kql

dqfbfgliokguk {o kguqkukgfokgud ed} mlo~dgk}k} ~d~{ilqk}) l}}fo mdod) d} Akluik}

`dqlo mdg}fekqled} {o fg}{iud ld ado bd}ud' Ol} ek `lmud) k}ul okgulifelek liukqd{/}k k

cdhk ukod} ~dq ksko~id o{}k{}) mdod d O{}k{ ek Lquk Odekqgl ek Gdpl Vdqj |{k

b{lqel qkifbfd}lokguk ~qde{ud} dqfbfglf} el} kgud mil}}k} alfsl} #mlil} ek pl|{kfqd})

olgul} ek qkulicd}' U{ed f}ud }fgli ek {ol m{iu{ql) |{k |{l}k }fikgmfd}lokguk }k `df

fo~dged) daqfblged) h gd }m{id SS) ld l~lqkmfokgud ek ~qufml} eflibfml} k

ke{mledql}' Ko ko Alqmkidgl) l qklifxld ed F Mdgbqk}}d Fgukqglmfdgli ek Mfelek}

Ke{mledql}) l ~qdpl el mdg}difeld pdiul ek}}l qklifelek) |{k kgmdguqd{ gl} ukquifl}

{ol ~ilul`dqol ke{mlufpl' Ek `lmud) d mdg`qdgud mdo l ikfu{ql k ekaluk #mlqlmukq}ufmd} el}

ukquifl}) }daqk daql} k l{udqk} fo~dqulguk} el ifukqlu{ql mi}}fml {gfpkq}li) dgek }k

~qfpfikbfd{ d efidbd ed} le{iud} kgpdipfed}) pkfd `lpdqkmkq udel {ol l~qkgefxlbko

eflibfml) |{k ekfsl ek l}}kgulq) gd mi}}fmd odekid k}mdilq k }k ~dek mlqlmukqfxlq ~dq }kuk

~qfgm~fd} a}fmd}) |{k }d l~qk}kguled} ko @idqkgufgd ]lgx @kqggekx #1>>1) ~~' ;2/;38

efidbd fb{lifuqfd) fgukifbgmfl m{iu{qli) uqlg}`dqold) efokg}d fg}uq{okguli el

ke{mld) mqfld ek }kgufed) }difelqfkelek k fb{lielek gl ef`kqkgl' Gd Efidbd

Fb{lifuqfd) }lifkgul/}k l fekfl ek |{k gl} ukquifl} uded} d} le{iud} ufgclo mdguqfa{fk}

|{k kqlo fb{liokguk pifel}) }kged fgleof}}pki) lib{o |{kqkq fo~dq l }{l' \{lgud

Fgukifbgmfl M{iu{qli) kil kql mdg}fekqlel mdod ~qd~qfkelek ek uded}) h |{k) ld idgbd el

pfel uded} d} le{iud} `dqlo l~qkgekged mdf}l} k ek oded} ef}ufgud} k ~dq f}}d ufgclo l

ml~lmfelek ~lql ~lqufmf~lq gd efidbd fb{lifuqfd ~qdodpfed gl} ukquifl}' ^dq }{l pkx l

Uqlg}`dqold) l}}kgul gl fekfl ek |{k l mdg}ulguk l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel)uqlg}`dqolpl d} le{iud}) |{k }k }kguflo mdo ml~lmfelek ek l~qkgekq olf} k |{k

{iuql~l}}lplo l alqqkfql |{k d} ksmi{l el ke{mld k ~lqufmf~ld }dmfli' L|{f) l

~lqufmf~ld gl} ukquifl} lh{elpl d} le{iud} l o{elq l d~fgfd |{k ufgclo ek }f ~q~qfd}'

Gd |{k qk}~kful Efokg}d Fg}uq{okguli el Ke{mld) kil kpfekgmfl) |{k d efidbd el}

ukquifl} ~d}}fafifulpl l l~qkgefxlbko ek mdgckmfokgud} olf} lmleofmd} k fg}uq{okgulf})

k f}ud) ~dq|{k d efidbd uqlxfl mdg}fbd epfel} k m{qfd}felek}) |{k daqfblplo

fgpk}ufbld) |{k pdiulpl l }kq odufpd ek ~lquficl' L Mqfld ek ]kgufed) `{gmfdglpl mdod{o odudq |{k gd ekfslpl ~lqlq l pdgulek |{k mlel {o ufgcl ek }kq kik ~q~qfd)


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=

k ~dq ksko~id ~kid bq{~d MQKL #Mkguqd K}~kmfli ek Fgpk}ufbld ko Ukdqfl} k ^qufml}

]{~kqledql} ek Ek}fb{lielek} el [gfpkq}felek ek Alqmkidgl) l~lqkmk fg`i{kgmfled ~kil}

pqfl} lmufpfelek} m{iu{qlf} ~d~{ilqk} |{k `dqlo lmdgukmkged ld idgbd el cf}uqfl) k

al}kled g{ol efgofml ek fgukqlmufpfelek' Mdoklged ~dq ~qkukgekq) |{k d} ~qdbqlol}

`dqolufpd} k}ukhlo ld }kqpfd el} gkmk}}felek} ke{mlufpl}) k gd d mdguqqfd) d odekid

}dmfli lmqkeful gl ~dukgmflifelek ek udel} l} ~k}}dl} l~qkgekqko' D udolq mdg}mfgmfl ek

{ol l~qkgefxlbko k ed }k{ plidq) koadql `kful ko efqkmk} ef`kqkguk}) `{gelokguli

~lql k}uk odekid ek ~k}}dl} le{iul}) |{k uloao l}}kgul gl fekfl ek |{k d} le{iud}

l~qkgeko mdo l pfel) mdo l ks~kqfgmfl k mdo l ukfl ek qkilk} |{k pd ek}kgpdipkgedld idgbd el} }{l} pfel}' D{uqd ~dgud fo~dqulguk plidqfxled gk}uk odekid }dmfli) d

qkmdgckmfokgud ek mdo~kugmfl} k mdgckmfokgud} le|{fqfed}) |{k }kqd d{ gd) d ~dgud

ek ~lqufel ~lql gdpl} l~qkgefxlbkg}' fo~dqulguk uloao ~kqmkakq) |{k k}uk odekid gd

~qkukgek mdo~kg}lq ek`fmfgmfl} gko }luf}`lxkq l~qkgefxlbkg} ogfol}) ~qkdm{~lged/}k

f}}d }fo) mdo d ek}kgpdipkq ld osfod l} ~dukgmflifelek} ek mlel le{iud) ukgulged fq ld

kgmdguqd ek {o ek}kgpdipfokgud ~ikgd |{k }k lel~uk ld mdguksud }dmfli ko |{k d le{iud

pfpk' Mdo `dquk kg`d|{k) g{ol }dmfkelek gl |{li d mdgckmfokgud k}u fokq}d gl pfel}dmfli k iladqli) k}uk odekid }dmfli mclol l lukgd ~lql d `lmud ek ko~qkkgekq) }fbgf`fmlq


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>= |{lged k}mqkpkqlo) L

ke{mld ek le{iud} uko okqkmfed k}~kmfli lukgd el [GK]MD) ek}ek l }{l mqfld)

~dekged }kq mdg}fekqlel cf}uqfml) k}~kmfliokguk gd |{k qk`kqk li`lakufxld k ke{mld

a}fml ek le{iud} #~'=>'

L} fekfl} ~qfgmf~lf} ed ef}m{q}d d`fmfli el [GK]MD) |{k `dqlo }d`qkged {ol kpdi{d ld

idgbd el }{l ksf}ugmfl) ~deko }kq fekguf`fmlel} gd} mdguked} el} mfgmd Mdg`kqgmfl}

Fgukqglmfdglf} }daqk Ke{mld ek Le{iud} dqblgfxlel} ~dq k}ul lbgmfl el} Glk}

[gfel}) mdguked}) |{k }kged ek {o oded bkqli kikokgud} dqfkguledqk} l gpki

fgukqglmfdgli) mdg}ufu{qlo gl ~qufml) {o `dquk }{~dquk ld ef}m{q}d ~diufmd }daqk ke{mld

ek le{iud}) ~qfgmf~liokguk ko mlel {o ed} ~l}k} qk~qk}kguled} gl} pqfl} Mdg`kqgmfl}'

L} liukqlk} }dmflf}) kmdgofml} k ~diufml} |{k }k `dqlo pkqf`fmlged ko mlel {o ek}}k}

~l}k}) `dqlo ukged qk~kqm{}}k} ~q~qfl}) |{k lmlalqlo ~dq ek`fgfq {o ef}m{q}d ~q~qfd)

mdo k`kfud} ~qufmd} ef}ufgud}) gd uf~d k uko~d k |{k mdge{xfqlo ek {o oded bkqli l

pqfl} efgofml} ~q~qfl} glmfdglf}' L ~qfokfql ek}ul} mdg`kqgmfl} qklifxd{/}k ko >6) k}mqkpk{ |{k l ke{mld ek le{iud}) ~dq }k olgf`k}ulq ~lqlikilokguk ke{mld

uqlefmfdgli ek {ol qf|{kxl mdg}fekqpki) gd l~kgl} gd |{k qk}~kful `dqold k

fg}uq{d ed} le{iud}) ol} uloao ~lql d mdgh{gud el lmd ke{mlufpl #~' 6>=) ~'=>

ek}ulmlo) d ^qdbqlol O{gefli Ks~kqfokguli #


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1>

Gk}ul ~qfokfql ~lquk) fo~k/}k uloao) |{k l} ~qfgmf~lf} dqfkgulk} ~diufml} ke{mlufpl}

fgukqglmfdglf} qkbf}ulel} gl }kb{gel okulek ed }m{id SS) gd mlo~d el ke{mld ek

le{iud}) }khlo fekguf`fmlel}) ukged mdod qk`kqgmfl) d} qk`kqkgmflf} ke{mlufpd} el ke{mld

~kqolgkguk k el l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel) pf}ud |{k load}) olqmlqlo

ek`fgfufplokguk gk}uk ~kqded) d mlo~d el ke{mld ek le{iud}) l}}fo mdod l ~lqufq ed

`fgli ed} lgd} 6>) d Ifpqd Aqlgmd el Ke{mld k @dqold k d Okodqlged }daqk l

L~qkgefxlbko ld Idgbd el Pfel) ~dq }kqko d} edf} edm{okgud} olf} qkikplguk}

~{aifmled} ~kil Mdo{gfelek K{qd~kfl gd oafud ek ~diufml} ke{mlufpl}' L l~qkgefxlbko

ld idgbd el pfel) mdod gdpl dqfkguld ke{mlufpl) plf kgmdguqlq gk}uk} edf} iufod}

edm{okgud} el Mdo{gfelek K{qd~kfl) {ol al}k fgfmfli ek l~dfd'


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1


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1=

ol}) ~lql }k ukgulq `{bfq l {o odekid k}mdilq) dgek ~qd`k}}dqk} k k}u{elguk} }k

kgpdipflo g{o odekid m{qqfm{ilq `kmcled) a{qdmqufmd k qbfed'

Gk}ul Mdg`kqgmfl) L fo~dqugmfl k}uqlubfml el ke{mld ek le{iud} qkmdgckmfel'

^dqo) uloao }k ekgdul {o ef}m{q}d lfgel o{fud plbd }daqk k}uk edogfd #Mlplmd)1>>6) ~'36'

>6) ~'6>'

D gokqd ek ~l}k} ~lqufmf~lguk} gk}ul Mdg`kqgmfl) l{okgul ko qkild ~qfokfql)

~dekged mdgulafifxlq/}k l~qdsfolelokguk mfg|{kgul ~l}k} k DGB} #olf} pfguk ed |{k ko

Ki}kgk{q ko > ~lqufmf~lguk}) d edaqd ko qkild l


26/110

15

K}uk mfmid pfmfd}d) mdo d lgli`lakuf}od kguqk l ~daqkxl k d }{aek}kgpdipfokgud)

fekguf`fmled ~dq Mlplmd #1>>6 |{lged k}mqkpk) |{k) }k ~dq {o iled d lgli`lakuf}od

bkqled ~kil ~daqkxl) kik uloao ) l ml{}l ek {ol }fu{ld ek }{aek}kgpdipfokgud) d

|{k mdg}ufu{fqfl {o l{ugufmd mfmid pfmfd}d #Mlgqfd) ' Gd leofql ~df}) |{k l [GK]MD) gk}ul `l}k ek fgukqpkgd) ukgcl {o ef}m{q}d

}daqk li`lakufxld olf} efqfbfed ld} ~l}k} ko pfl} ek ek}kgpdipfokgud #o{fud} ekik}

olf} ulqek kgpdipfed} ko ~qdmk}}d} ek fgek~kgegmfl' uloao pkqelek) |{k d gokqd

ek}uk} ~l}k} gl [GK]MD) `df l{okgulged) d |{k mdguqfa{f{ glu{qliokguk ~lql l }{l

pf}fafifelek l uded} d} gpkf} k ko ~lqufm{ilq gd |{k qk}~kful ke{mld k }k{}

~qdaikol}' D ~l~ki ed} K}uled} Ekodmqufmd} gl efgofml ek}ul li`lakufxld) lglif}led

ko 1>>0) |{lged ]lg} @kqggekx k}mqkpk8

Uloao d} K}uled} Ekodmqufmd}) odufpled} ~kil gkmk}}felek ek mdg}difelq ekodmqlmfl} luqlp}

ek {ol `dquk ikbfufold ~d~{ilq) }k ko~kgclqd gk}ul ulqk`l el li`lakufxld' L~kgl} {o ~dpd

li`lakufxled ~dekqfl ikbfufolq {ol ekodmqlmfl) ~df} } k}uk ~dekqfl qkmkakq okg}lbkg} k pdulq ko

mdg}dggmfl #@kqggekx) 1>>0) ~'1


27/110

1;

fge{}uqflifxled}) ld} olf} ek}`lpdqkmfed} gd l~kgl} bkgkqd}felek) d{ h{}ufl) ol}

milqfpfekguk }lakedqfl' Ek k}}k l{sifd |{k k}uqkfuk d `d}}d |{k }k lilqbl g{o o{ged

olukqfli k kmdgdofmlokguk }difeqfd) ek~kgek l }kb{qlgl k clqodgfl ed ok}od o{ged

#Bqmfd) >6) ~'1'


28/110

10

L ~lqufmf~ld gk}ul ukqmkfql Mdg`kqgmfl) l{okgul ko qkild l ) mdgulged mdo

dfukgul k}uled} okoaqd} k DGB}) g{o uduli ek l~qdsfolelokguk |{luqdmkgud}

~lqufmf~lguk}' gk}ul liu{ql |{k mqfled d Mdg}kicd Fgukqglmfdgli ek Ke{mld ek Le{iud}

#FMLK) |{k ~ek mdgulq mdo d l~dfd ~qk~dgekqlguk ed ke{mledq ek le{iud} mlgleflgd)

Qdaav Jfee) |{k h ufgcl mdiladqled mdo l [GK]MD gd `fgli ed} lgd} mfg|{kgul'

D} ukol} ek}ul FFF Mdg`kqgmfl) ladqelo ~kil ~qfokfql pkx d mdgmkfud ek ke{mld

~kqolgkguk) m{hl ek`fgfd) `fml qkbf}ulel gd qkiluqfd el Mdg`kqgmfl) k mdod Mlplmd

k}mqkpk) d mdgh{gud ek okfd} k ouded} |{k ~kqofuko elq l uded} l ~d}}fafifelek ek

mdo~qkkgekq d o{ged ko kpdi{d k ek k}ulq ko mdgefk} ek ~dekq ~lqufmf~lq gl }{l

uqlg}`dqold k gd ~qdbqk}}d {gfpkq}li #[GK]MD) ' K}ul `l}k ek fgukqpkgd el [GK]MD) `fml uloao olqmlel ~dq {ol }kg}fafifxldqk`dqlel) ed} ef`kqkguk} bdpkqgd}) dgek l [GK]MD fg}f}uk gl fekfl) ek |{k ke{mld ek

le{iud} k ek}kgpdipfokgud) k}ud l}}dmfled}'

L fekfl al}k el [GK]MD) gk}ul liu{ql) kql d L~qkgekq l ]kq) d{ }khl) fekguf`fmlpl/}k mdo

d mdgckmfed Qkiluqfd @l{qk) kiladqled ~dq @l{qk ko >6) ~'5) ~dekged mdgmi{fq/}k

|{k gk}ul `l}k el FFF Mdg`kqgmfl) l li`lakufxld `{gmfdgli uko {ol ~kq}~kmufpl olf}

pl}ul kg|{leqlged/}k gl} ifgcl} dqfkguledql} ed odpfokgud el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk'

uloao gk}ul liu{ql) |{k }k ~qdm{ql dqblgfxlq {ol q{~u{ql mdo d odekid k}mdilq) l}}fomdod mdo l} mlo~lgcl} lgukqfdqk}) al}klel} k}}kgmfliokguk gd odekid ke{mlufpd

li`lakufxledq' L} gdpl} dqfkgulk} l~dflo/}k gd odekid ke{mlufpd }dmfli eflibfmd k ~dq

f}}d gd ~qdm{qlo) mdo~kg}lq ek`fmfgmfl} k }luf}`lxkq l~qkgefxlbkg} ogfol}) ol} k}ud

l}}kguk} g{o ~qdhkmud ko |{k }k |{kq ek}kgpdipkq ld osfod l} ~dukgmflifelek} ek mlel

{o #@kqggekx) 1>>0) ~'0> mfuled ko Mlplmd) 1>>6) ~'3'


29/110

12

'

Ld Cdoko) k lu mkqul liu{ql) `df }{`fmfkguk d }lakq uqlg}ofufed ~kid} ~lf}) h{gulokguk mdo

l|{kik |{k fl mdg}kb{fged le|{fqfq mdo l ks~kqfgmfl ed efl/l/efl' D ek}kgpdipfokgud ed

mdgckmfokgud k l mqk}mkguk mdo~iksfelek el pfel el} }dmfkelek} plf ~qdpdmlq d

l~lqkmfokgud el ofikgqfl fg}ufu{fd |{k l k}mdil'

^lqlikilokguk l k}ul k}mdil) mdo~ikulokguk kgqlfxlel gl }dmfkelek mdguko~dqgkl) l

ke{mld }f}ukoufml ld idgbd ek udel l pfel ek {o fgefpe{d) kql h {o fgukqk}}k) ~dqksko~id ek Mdgedqmku) `fi}d`d fi{ofgf}ul `qlgm}) |{k k}mqkpk{ ko


30/110

13

Ol} k}ul ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) gd }k qk}uqfgbk l fekfl} `fid}`fml}) kil `df }{qbfged) gl

}k|{gmfl ed |{k }k ~dek fekguf`fmlq mdod {ol ks~id}d ek mdgckmfokgud}) |{k uqd{sk

mdg}fbd lib{ol} mkqukxl}8 d mdgckmfokgud gkmk}}qfd) ld idgbd ek {ol mlqqkfql

~qd`f}}fdgli) h gd }k mdg}kb{k l~kgl} mdo d kg}fgd k}mdilq) d} mdgckmfokgud} le|{fqfed}

`fmlo ek}lmu{lifxled} k l} o{elgl} ek pfel ~qd`f}}fdgli }d o{fud olf} `qk|{kguk}' C

uloao {o `lmudq o{fud fo~dqulguk l qk`kqfq) |{lged }k ~qkukgeko fekguf`fmlq fekfl}

a}fml} el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) |{k ) ~lql lio el ~qk~lqld ~qd`f}}fdgli) d fgukqk}}k

ld idgbd ed} uko~d}) ~kid l~kq`kfdlokgud ed Cdoko mdod fgefpe{d) mdod mfeled k

ko ~dml} olf} qkmkguk}) mdod okoaqd) gd h ek {o ~l}) ol} ek {ol mdo{gfelek

fgukqglmfdgli'

Mdg}fekqlged) |{k }ko~qk ksf}uf{ {o `d}}d) kguqk l }lakedqfl ek {g} k l }lakedqfl ekd{uqd}) d ~qdaikol ed l~kq`kfdlokgud ed Cdoko) `df l`{gfilged ~lql {o ~qdaikol ek

uqlg}of}}d ek }lakq' K }k pkqelek) |{k mlel fgefpe{d ekpkq ~dq }f) ~qdm{qlq ofgdqlq l

da}dik}mgmfl ed} }k{} mdgckmfokgud}) uloao gd okgd} pkqelek) |{k k}ul ~qdm{ql)

~l}}d{ ld idgbd ed} uko~d} l ~qkdm{~lq mlel pkx olf}) dqblgfxlk} fgukqglmfdglf} k

glmfdglf} k ek oded olf} d`fmfli d} bdpkqgd} ed} ~l}k}) ~lql }k ukgulq l}}kb{qlq l {o

qfuod k`fmfkguk) l lmu{lifxld ksfbfel ~kid ~qdbqk}}d ek}}k} ok}od} ~l}k}'

mdo mdg}mfgmfl ek uded k}uk ~lgdqlol) |{k {ol ek}}l} dqblgfxlk}) l [GK]MD) ko

>=) ~~'=>/=


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16

L [GK]MD) kgmdguql gl ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) qk}~d}ul} ~lql |{luqd ek}l`fd} ~kqufgkguk}8

l qk~qde{d m{iu{qli) l mfgmfl k l ukmgdidbfl) l ks~id}d el fg`dqold k `fgliokguk d

mdguqdid ~diufmd' Ko qkild ld ~qfokfqd) l ~qkdm{~ld k}ulpl) ko elq qk}~d}ul) l {ol

mdgufg{felek m{iu{qli) ~lqlikilokguk l {ol mqk}mkguk o{elgl k l {o qfuod lmkikqled ed

ek}kgpdipfokgud' L mfgmfl k l ukmgdidbfl) }kged fg|{k}ufdgpkf} #h |{k }d odudqk} el

o{elgl k ed }k{ qfuod mdidmlplo l |{k}ud) el }{l fgukbqld gl }dmfkelek) }ko

`lmfifulq d mdguqdid el o{elgl ~dq ~lquk ek k}~kmflif}ul} k ukmgdmqlul}) d l{okgud q~fed

el fg`dqold) mdidmlpl ~dq }{l pkx l |{k}ud) ek l}}kb{qlq l }{l la}dqd ufi'

@fgliokguk d iufod ek}l`fd) |{k @fgbkq k L}g #1>>=) qk`kqko mdod ulipkx d olf}

fo~dqulguk) mdidmlpl l }kb{fguk |{k}ud8 mdod ufqlq plgulbko ~diufml ed ek}kgpdipfokgud

mfkgu`fmd k ukmgdibfmd4

\{k qk}~d}ul}) e kgud l [GK]MD) l k}uk} |{luqd ek}l`fd}4 Mdod @fgbkq k L}g #1>>=

qk`kqko) kil l~dfl d }k{ ef}m{q}d gl c{olgfxld ed ek}kgpdipfokgud' Dql) ~lqufged ed

~qfgm~fd) ek |{k c{olgfxlq d ek}kgpdipfokgud) ~l}}l uloao) ~dq d `lxkq mckblq l uded})

l [GK]MD) l~qdsfol/}k el fekfl) ek |{k uded} k}ukhlo }ko~qk l ~qkgekq) |{k

~qkmf}lokguk) l fekfl g{miklq el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk' Ksf}ufl kgud) l ~qkdm{~ld ek |{k

d ek}kgpdipfokgud fge{}uqfli) mdg}kb{f}}k }kq lmdo~lgcled ~dq le{iud} mdo ~dekq ek

fgukqpkgd k ml~lxk} ek lh{elq l mdguqlqflq l lokll) ed ek}kgpdipfokgud) }kq bkqfedk mdguqdiled ~dq k}~kmflif}ul} k ukmgdmqlul}' L} qk}~d}ul} kgmdguqlel} ~kil [GK]MD ld}

|{luqd ek}l`fd} mdidmled}) k |{k k}ud gl ifgcl el c{olgfxld ed ek}kgpdipfokgud)

~deko qk}{ofq/}k ed }kb{fguk oded8

Olf} ke{mld k efqfbfel ~lql d l~qkgekq l l~qkgekq' L ke{mld ekpk mlofgclqld iled el }dmfkelek'

Olf} ke{mld ~lql }k ek}of}uf`fmlq l mfgmfl k }k mlofgclq ~lql l }{l~d~{ilqfxld' D ~qdbqk}}d mfkgu`fmd k ukmgdibfmd ekpk }kq mdo~qkkgefed ~kid

olfdq gokqd ek ~k}}dl}'

Olf} ke{mld' Kil lh{el l c{olgfxlq l fg`dqold) l mfgmfl k l ukmgdidbfl kk}ul c{olgfxld kikokgud `lmfifuledq ek {ol adl la}dqd el fg`dqold'

Olf} ke{mld mpfml k ~diufml' L fbgdqgmfl mdguqfa{f ~lql mfeled} mdo ~d{md~dekq fgukqpkgufpd) d ek}kgpdipfokgud uko |{k `lxkq lmudqk} k gd pufol}'


32/110

=>

L fekfl bkqli) el fo~dqugmfl ek {ol ke{mld ek le{iud}) mdo~ikulokguk efqfbfel ~lql d

kgpdipfokgud ed} le{iud} gl }dmfkelek k gl} }{l} o{elgl}) fekfl |{k kgmdguql kmd gd

odpfokgud el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) kgmdguql `{gelokgud gl} }kb{fguk} ~lilpql}8

ek `lmud) mlel {o ek g} }k kgmdguql eflguk el ok}ol liukqglufpl8 d{ led~ulq {ol lufu{ekek qk}fbgld k ek qkggmfl k }kb{fq ~l}}fplokguk l} liukqlk} mdg}ulguk} el} ed{uqfgl} k

ed} mqked}) }ko }k ~qkdm{~lq mdo l} mdguqlefk} k mdo d} ek}pfd}) d{ kgud ~lqufmf~lq gl

~k}|{f}l) ~dq }{l mdgul' kpfekguk |{k l }kb{gel }di{d l gfml mdo~lupki mdo l

lmkfuld ~ikgl k fgukfql el mdgefd c{olgl' D efqkfud ek }kq cdoko kgmdguql d }k{

mdo~ikokgud gd ekpkq ek }kq cdoko' F}ud ~qk}}{~k l lmkfuld el qk}~dg}lafifelek #

d ~qkd l ke{mld' [ol ke{mld |{k g{gml }k fgukqqdo~l) |{k odafifxk udel} l} `dql}

k uded} d} qkm{q}d} ed }kq c{olgd # #Ikgbqlge) >6 k}mqkpk8

Gl FP Mdg`kqgmfl el [GK]MD) qklifxlel ko ^lqf} #'

K}ul FP Mdg`kqgmfl el [GK]MD) mdgud{ mdo olf} ek > K}uled} Okoaqd} k DGB})

g{o uduli l~qdsfoled ek 3>> ~lqufmf~lguk}) ukged/}k qklifxled g{o mdguksud ek mqf}k

kmdgofml k ek mdgukgd ed bl}ud ~aifmd' D ef}m{q}d el [GK]MD gk}ul liu{ql) }{qbk gl

ifgcl mdge{udql el} uq} ~qfokfql} Mdg`kqgmfl} lgukqfdqk}) }fu{ld |{k plf }d`qkq {ol

milql q{~u{ql) gd ef}m{q}d el P Mdg`kqgmfl) qklifxlel edxk lgd} olf} ulqek' Lguk} ek}ul

q{~u{ql) l [GK]MD mdgufg{l l olgf`k}ulq) {ol milql fgmifgld ~lql {o ef}m{q}d l~dfled

gl `fid}d`fl el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) elged kg`d|{k) fo~dqugmfl |{k kgmdguql gkil k ko

~lqufm{ilq gl ke{mld ek le{iud}) mdg}fekqlged loal}) mdod kikokgud} `{gelokgulf} ld

ek}kgpdipfokgud kmdgofmd) }dmfli) mfkgu`fmd k ukmgdibfmd ed o{ged mdguko~dqgkd' D

efqkfud ek l~qkgekq mdg}fekqled k}}kgmfli ~lql l c{olgfelek) mdgufg{lged/}k l

ek`kgekq {ol ke{mld c{olgf}ul efqfbfel ~lql l `dqold fgukbqli el ~k}}dl'


33/110

=>> mdo ~kid

okgd} lib{o }{mk}}d8

L li`lakufxld {o efqkfud fgefpfe{li a}fmd L li`lakufxld {o ekpkq ed K}uled


34/110

=1

L li`lakufxld {o mdgmkfud l qk~kg}lq #uko mlqmukq kpdi{ufpd Ksf}uk {o gdpd lgli`lakuf}od) d lgli`lakuf}od `{gmfdgli D lgli`lakuf}od fekguf`fml/}k olf} mdo d} ~l}k} ed Ukqmkfqd O{ged Ksf}uko lgli`lakud} `{gmfdglf} gd} ~l}k} fge{}uqflifxled} Ksf}uko pufol} el kpdi{d ukmgdibfml k fge{}uqfli) |{k gd k}ud l mdg}kb{fq elq

qk}~d}ul #~dq `liul ek mdo~kugmfl}) } gdpl} ksfbgmfl} ~qd`f}}fdglf}) }dmflf})

}kged le{iud} mdo ~d{md ~dekq ek fgukqpkgd gl }dmfkelek

fgukqk}}lguk pkqf`fmlq) l gkmk}}felek ed} ~l}k} fge{}uqflifxled}) al~ufxlqko d gdpd

lgli`lakuf}od) d `{gmfdgli) ek |{k k}ulplo l }kq pufol} gd} lgd} dfukgul) ek fikuqf}od'Fikuqf}od) |{k }kb{ged Lif Clolelmck) mfuled ko Mlplmd #1>>6) |{kqfl ek}mqkpkq l}

ef`fm{ielek} kgmdguqlel} ko le{iud} lmufpd}) gd |{k }k qk`kqk l ikfu{ql k mdo~qkkg}d ek

uksud} }fo~ik} ed efl/l/efl' D ~difufmlokguk mdqqkmud) }kb{ged Akqglqe Ilcfqk) mfuled ko

Mlplmd #1>>6) fo~k kgud) ld} ~l}k} ek}kgpdipfed}) |{k d} }k{} mfeled}) gd }khlo

mdg}fekqled} lgli`lakud}) ol} }fo fikuqled}) d |{k qk`dql d mlqmukq ~khdqlufpd) |{k ek

mkqud oded }ko~qk `df luqfa{ed ld ukqod lgli`lakuf}od'

Gl emlel ek dfukgul) `dqlo `kfud} l gpki glmfdgli k ko ~l}k} mdod Mlgle) @qlgl k

K}uled} [gfed} el Loqfml) k}u{ed} }daqk ifukqlmfl) |{k pfkqlo qklilq l ksf}ugmfl ek

~k}}dl}) }ko mdo~kugmfl} mdg}fekqlel} a}fml}' L ml~lmfelek ek ikfu{ql) ek k}mqful k ek

mim{id) k}ulpl lalfsd ed ek}khpki) ~dekged mdgmi{fq/}k) |{k d qke{xfed gokqd ek

lgli`lakud} gk}uk} ~l}k}) k}ulpl ek mkqud oded ol}mlqled' Mdod k}mqkpk Mlqokg

Mlplmd8

L} d~k} okudedibfml} }{ahlmkguk} ld} k}u{ed} }daqk l ifukqlmfl) ~lql lio el

mdo~iksfelek el mdo~dgkguk umgfml) }d fg`i{kgmflel} ~dq d{uqd} `lmudqk}) ml}d ~lql

efxkq |{k okefq d gpki ek li`lakufxld ~dek ~lqkmkq {ol ulqk`l ~{qlokguk umgfml ol})

gl qklifelek) fb{liokguk {ol olgkfql ek lbfq ksuqkolokguk ~diufml #DMEK)


35/110

==

D} kskqmmfd} {}led} ~lql lpliflq) k}ud olqmled} ~kid odekid k}mdilq k ~kid}mdguked} ed} gpkf} ed kg}fgd a}fmd) ed }km{geqfd k ed }{~kqfdq'

Qk}{iuled} ek {o k}u{ed qklifxled gd} K}uled} [gfed} #gd ksqmfud lokqfmlgd)qkpkilqlo |{k fgefpe{d} mdo ol{} qk}{iuled} gd} uk}uk} mdg}kb{flo qk}dipkq

~qdaikol} |{dufeflgd} mdo |{l}k l ok}ol `lmfifelek mdo |{k d{uqd} mdo

okicdqk} qk}{iuled} d} qk}dipflo' K}uk k}u{el lh{el l ~kqmkakq l mdguqdpq}fl

ksf}ukguk pdiul ek}uk} qk}{iuled}) h |{k ld odekid k}mdilq) kqlo l~dguled}

ek`kfud} k mkqul} pkqelek} mdidmlplo epfel}'

D} k}u{ed} }daqk ifukqlmfl) ek {o oded bkqli) lh{elqlo l ~kqmkakq) |{k l li`lakufxld ek

le{iud} gd `{gmfdgl kg|{lgud okefel f}dilel) }kged `{gelokguli {o fgpk}ufokgud

mdg}ulguk) |{k ~kqoful l}}kb{qlq d okicdqlokgud k {}d }dmfli ek mdo~kugmfl} h

le|{fqfel}'

Gd ef}m{q}d el FP Mdg`kqgmfl h gd }k `lil gd efqkfud ke{mld) ol} }fo gd efqkfud ek

l~qkgekq) k l~k}lq ek udel} l} mdguqdpq}fl} k ek lib{o `qlml}}d mdo l li`lakufxld) l

[GK]MD gk}ul liu{ql) uko fekfl} ~lql d `{u{qd el ke{mld ek le{iud}) mdgufg{lged l

qk`ikmufq k }kg}fafifxlq l gpki fgukqglmfdgli' L~d}ul ko okefel} mdo~ikokgulqk} ek ~}

li`lakufxld ~lql kpfulq |{k d} gkd li`lakufxled} }khlo l`kmuled} ~dq {o qkuqdmk}}d gd}}k{} mdgckmfokgud}) ~lql f}}d k g{ol ~kq}~kmufpl ek ke{mld ~kqolgkguk ukgul blqlgufq

lmk}}d l d{uql} d~dqu{gfelek} ke{mlufpl}'


36/110

=5

[GK]MD qkdqfkgul d }k{ ef}m{q}d) ~dekged ikq/}k gl Ekmilqld @fgli ek}ul Mdg`kqgmfl

|{k8 qkl`fqolod} |{k } d ek}kgpdipfokgud c{olgd k {ol }dmfkelek ~lqufmf~lufpl)

`{gelel gd uduli qk}~kfud ~kid} efqkfud} c{olgd}) mdge{xfqd l {o ek}kgpdipfokgud

}{}ukgupki k k|{fulufpd #[GK]MD) >=) ~'16'

D} lgd} gdpkgul) ~deko l}}dmflq/}k l {ol ladqelbko) |{k }kged ef`kqkguk el ke{mld

~kqolgkguk) }k ~dek mdo lib{o `lmfifuf}od) mdg`{gefq mdo kil' K}u/}k l `lilq el

l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel) |{k ek `lmud) kgmdguql l} }{l} qlxk}) l~kgl} gl uqlefd

~qlboluf}ul lokqfmlgl) gd }k ekpkged mdg`{gefq mdo d mdgmkfud ek ke{mld ~kqolgkguk)

o{fud olf} laqlgbkguk k k{qd~k{' Gk}ul P Mdg`kqgmfl el [GK]MD) k}uk gdpd qk`kqkgmfli

ke{mlufpd el l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel) }{qbk mdod {ol qkplidqfxld ed} feklf} el

ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) ol} mdod qk`kqk Mlqokg Mlplmd8

{ol lgif}k mqufml ~kqofuk ~kqmkakq |{k d l~lqkguk mdg}kg}d kguqk d} `{gelokgud} k

dqfkgulk} el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk k el l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel ef}}fo{ilo

ef`kqkguk} ~kq}~kmufpl} }daqk d Cdoko k l ke{mld' Kguqk l ke{mld ~kqolgkguk k l

l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel c kpfekguk} q{~u{ql}) }daqku{ed l gpki fekdibfmd

#Mlplmd) 1>>6) ~'61'

]d l} ef`kqkgl}) ~qfgmf~liokguk l} fekdibfml}) |{k pd fg`i{kgmflq l} ~diufml} ek`fgfel}

~lql l ke{mld ek le{iud} gk}ul `l}k el ksf}ugmfl el [GK]MD) dgek d ef}m{q}d

fg`i{kgmfled ~kil} ifgcl} dqfkguledql} el} ~diufml} el [gfd K{qd~kfl) }{qbfged mdo

gdpd} mdgmkfud} |{k kpfekgmflo l liukqld ek ~kq}~kmufpl k |{k Mlqokg Mlplmd) ako

fekguf`fml8

^l}}l l {}lq/}k8

l ks~qk}}d l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel) kg|{lgud) gl} Mdg`kqgmfl} lgukqfdqk}}k `lilpl ek ke{mld ~kqolgkguk)

l ks~qk}}d ke{mld k `dqold ek le{iud} |{lged lguk} l~kgl} }k `lilpl koke{mld ek le{iud}:

d ukqod mdo~kugmfl} |{lged gd} qkiluqfd} lgukqfdqk} }k `lilpl) }daqku{ed) ek}lakqk} k mdgckmfokgud} #Mlplmd) 1>>6) ~'


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udel} gl ifgcl ek {o ef}m{q}d |{k }k ~qkukgek olf} lh{}uled } }dmfkelek} odekqgl}'

Qkbf}ulo/}k ek }kb{fel fekfl} mdg}fekqlel} fo~dqulguk}8

Qkl`fqol/}k |{k {o ek}kgpdipfokgud h{}ud k }{}ukgupki k}u ek~kgekguk ek {oek}kgpdipfokgud mkguqled gd }kq c{olgd k ek {ol }dmfkelek ~lqufmf~lufpl

L }daqkpfpgmfl ek {ol c{olgfelek ml~lx ek kg`qkgulq d} ek}l`fd} `{u{qd} l~kil~lql l ksf}ugmfl ek cdokg} k o{ickqk} mdo qkli ~dekq ek fgukqpkgd ko mlel

k}`kql el pfel

L ke{mld ek le{iud} l mclpk ~lql d }m{id SSF) ~dekged odekilq l fekgufelekek mlel mfeled

L ke{mld ek le{iud} {o `dquk lqb{okgud ek l~dfd ld ek}kgpdipfokgudkmdibfmd }{}ukgupki) h{}ul fb{lielek kguqk d} }ksd}) ld ek}kgpdipfokgud }mfd

kmdgofmd k mfkgu`fmd) ekodmqlmfl

L ke{mld ek le{iud} mdgefd fgef}~kg}pki mdg}uq{d ek {o o{ged dgek defidbd ~qkplikmk ko qkild pfdigmfl) ekpkged ~qdm{qlq m{iufplq l ~lx al}klel

gl h{}ufl

L ke{mld ek le{iud} fgmi{f l ke{mld `dqoli) l ke{mld gd `dqoli l}}fomdod udel {ol blol ek l~qkgefxlbko fg`dqoli fgkqkguk l {ol }dmfkelek

o{iufm{iu{qli

Udel} l} ~k}}dl} mdg}fekqlel} le{iul} ~kil }dmfkelek) ekpko kgmdguqlq glke{mld ek le{iud} l cf~uk}k ek kgqf|{kmkqko d} }k{} mdgckmfokgud}) l}}fo

mdod l ek l~kq`kfdlqko l} }{l} |{lif`fmlk} umgfml} k ~qd`f}}fdglf}

L ke{mld ek hdpkg} k le{iud} mdg}fekqlel {o ~qdmk}}d ek idgbd ~qlxd)ek}kgpdipk l l{udgdofl) l gdd el qk}~dg}lafifelek el} ~k}}dl} k el}

mdo{gfelek}) `dqulikmk l ml~lmfelek ek ifelq mdo l} uqlg}`dqolk} |{k }k pd

elged gl m{iu{ql) gl kmdgdofl k ek oded olf} laqlgbkguk gl }dmfkelek

L ke{mld ek le{iud} ekpk kgpdipkq }k ko ifgcl} dqfkguledql} |{k }k al}kfko gd~luqfogfd m{iu{qli mdo{o k gd} plidqk} k ks~kqfgmfl} lgukqfdqk} el mlel

mdo{gfelek


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Qkmdgckmk }k l efpkq}felek ed} pqfd} }f}ukol} ~diufmd}) kmdgofmd} k }dmflf})l}}fo mdod l} ef`kqkguk} k}uq{u{ql} bdpkqglokgulf} kguqk d} ~l}k} okoaqd}

L}}kb{qlged d qk}~kfud fgukbqli ld} efqkfud} c{olgd} k } ifakqelek} fgefpfe{lf})qkmdgckmk/}k |{k d} pqfd} Bdpkqgd} ekpko led~ulq okefel} gl }k|{gmfl el}

mlqlmukq}ufml} ~lqufm{ilqk} ek mlel ~l} okoaqd) ~qdm{qlged kpfekgukokguk mqflq

mdgefk} `lpdqpkf} ld }{mk}}d ed} dahkmufpd} el [GK]MD

Uded} d} ~lqufmf~lguk} el P Mdg`kqgmfl Fgukqglmfdgli) ekmfefqlo ks~idqlq d~dukgmfli k d `{u{qd el ke{mld ek le{iud}) kgmlqlged l g{ol ~kq}~kmufpl

efgofml ek ke{mld ld idgbd ek udel l pfel

D ~l~ki ed K}uled k}u ko uqlg}`dqold' ^lql }k mdg}kb{fq {ol qk}~d}ul ~d}fufpl ke{mld ek le{iud}) kik uko |{k ks~lgefq l} ~lqmkqfl} ld }kmudq ~qfpled k

}dmfkelek mfpfi'

D K}uled lfgel d ~qfgmf~li blqlguk ed efqkfud el ke{mld ~lql uded})~qfgmf~liokguk ~lql d} okgd} ~qfpfifbfled}

^lql lio ek ~qdpfekgmflq l ke{mld ek le{iud}) d K}uled ~l}}l l }kq mdg}{iudq)lbkguk `fglgmfledq) |{k odgfudql k lplifl ld ok}od uko~d

Bdpkqgd} k ~lqmkfqd} }dmflf} ekpko mdiladqlq ~lql }k blqlgufq lmk}}d e{qlguk udel lpfel ed} fgefpe{d} } d~dqu{gfelek} ek ke{mld

L mdd~kqld fgukqofgf}ukqfli fo~qk}mfgepki' L ke{mld gd ekpk `fmlq kguqk l}|{luqd ~lqkek} ed Ofgf}uqfd el Ke{mld) uded} d} ofgf}uqfd} }k ekpko

kgpdipkq gl }{l ~qdodd

^lql |{k l ke{mld ld idgbd el pfel }k mdgmqkufxk k }khl qkmdgckmfel) ko~qk}qfd})}fgefmlud}) dqblgfxlk} gd bdpkqglokgulf} k mdo{gfuqfl}) bq{~d} ek fgebkgl} k

ek o{ickqk}) uo l qk}~dg}lafifelek ek fgukqlbfq k mqflq d~dqu{gfelek}

D gdpd mdgmkfud ek ke{mld ek hdpkg} k le{iud} ek}l`fl l} ~qufml} ksf}ukguk}) h|{k ksfbk {o olfdq qkilmfdglokgud kguqk d} }f}ukol} `dqolf} k gd `dqolf}'

~qkmf}d fgdplq) mqflq k }kq `ikspki


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D} bdpkqgd} k l }dmfkelek mfpfi uo l qk}~dg}lafifelek ek ~qdodpkq l ke{mld ekle{iud}) ek {}lq d} okefl k l ~{aifmfelek) k ek ef}~dgfafifxlq dqfkguld fo~lqmfli

K}ulakikmk/}k d mdo~qdof}}d ek l}}kb{qlq |{k uded} ~d}}lo }kq li`lakufxled} K}ulakikmk/}k d mdo~qdof}}d ek mqflq gd} K}uled}/Okoaqd}) {o loafkguk ~qd~mfd

~qdukmd el m{iu{ql dqli

Kgmlql/}k mdo }luf}`ld l fgfmflufpl ek }k ~qdmilolq l emlel el li`lakufxld l~lqufq ek


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=3

Gl P Mdg`kqgmfl Fgukqglmfdgli) l [GK]MD) mdo l }{l Ekmilqld ek Cloa{qbd ekfsl

{ol okg}lbko) dgek olgf`k}ulged fgk|{fpdmlokguk l gkmk}}felek el ke{mld ek

le{iud}) }k mdo~qdokuk l l}}kb{qlq l cdokg} k o{ickqk} {ol ke{mld ld idgbd el} }{l}

pfel}) ke{mld |{k ~qkukgek ~qd~dqmfdglq ~qlxkq l uded} d} le{iud} kgpdipfed})

mdg}ufu{fged ~lqlikilokguk) {ol `kqqlokgul) {o efqkfud k {ol qk}~dg}lafifelek

mdo~lquficlel' ^lql |{k k}uk mdo~qdof}}d ~d}}l }kq l}}{ofed mdo }{mk}}d) l [GK]MD)

olgf`k}ul l {qbgmfl el mqfld ek okfd}) |{k blqlgulo d fgpk}ufokgud glmfdgli k

fgukqglmfdgli gl ke{mld ek hdpkg} k le{iud}'

>6) ~'>6) qkikoaql l d~fgfd

ed} l{udqk} Ik Bd`` #5' ^lql Ik Bd``

~qkmf}d `lxkq {ol lgif}k mqufml ed gdpd ef}m{q}d) }kged `{gelokguli) ukq l gdd el

lo~ifu{ek el kqd}d ed} feklf} el ke{mld ~kqolgkguk |{k }k k`kmu{lqlo ko uqfgul lgd})

lguk} ek kgmlqlq d }k{ qkilglokgud ~d}}pki #~'16) l}}fo mdod ~kqmkakq |{k) ~l}}l/}k

ek {ol mdgmk~d ek `dqold ofifulguk ~lql {ol mdgmk~d mlel pkx olf} ~qlboufml k

d~kqlmfdgli #~'=


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=6

mdo mdo~kugmfl} ed} edogfd} el fg`dqoufml) igb{l}) mefbd} pf}{lf}) kguqk d{uql}) ~lql

lio el} h pf}lel} mdo~kugmfl} ek ikfu{ql) k}mqful k mim{id' ^dek l`fqolq/}k |{k l}

lmk} ek li`lakufxld) ~l}}lo ek {ol ~kq}~kmufpl mkguqlel ko l}~kmud} m{iu{qlf})

}dmflf}) ~diufmd} k kmdgofml}) l}}kguk} g{ol ke{mld fgukbqli) ~lql {ol ~kq}~kmufpl

efqfbfel ld ek}kgpdipfokgud ek mdo~kugmfl} a}fml} |{k pd ld kgmdguqd el

ko~qkblafifelek'

D ifpqd Ke{mld {o Uk}d{qd l Ek}mdaqfq) al}k el gdpl dqfkguld) l l~qkgefxlbko ld

idgbd el pfel) ek`fgk {o gdpd ef}m{q}d el [GK]MD) |{k milqd gd |{k qk}~kful l mkqud}

dahkmufpd}8

~qkmf}d {iuql~l}}lq l bqlgek efpkq}felek ek }fu{lk} gd o{ged #ef`kqkguk}m{iu{ql}) ef`kqkguk} ~qd~d}ul} ek pfel l pqfd} gpkf} mdod ~dq ksko~id kmdgofmd

k k}~fqfu{li

~qkmf}d l~qkgekq l pfpkq h{gud} gk}ul liekfl bidaliL [GK]MD) lmqkeful |{k ~lql lufgbfq k}uk} dahkmufpd} ~qkmf}d ukq gdd ed ~l~ki

fgef}~kg}pki el ke{mld el} ~k}}dl} k el} }dmfkelek}' L mdg}uq{d ek feklf} ek ~lx)

ifakqelek k h{}ufl }dmfli) mdgufg{lo l }kq mdod ko


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5>3) ~'$3>) l

ke{mld ek le{iud}) |{k pfgcl blgclged ukqqkgd gd o{ged ~qd`f}}fdgli luqlp} el

`dqold ~qd`f}}fdgli) kguql gl} qkl}) kskm{ufpl) el bk}ud) ed olglbkokgu) mdod

uloao gd o{ged ed il}kq) ~dq ksko~id' L ke{mld ek le{iud}) plf/}k udqglged kgud

g{o ~qde{ud ek mdg}{od) mdguqlqflged uduliokguk l }{l bgk}k) mkguqlel gl fekfl ek |{k

gd }k mdg}{ofl ke{mld) elpl/}k ke{mld ~lql o{elq l }dmfkelek #Mlgqfd k Mlaqfud)

1>>3) ~'


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51

mlel pkx mdo olf} milqkxl) l ke{mld ek le{iud} mdod {o odpfokgud }dmfli' Ko ) d ef}m{q}d el [GK]MD mdokl l ladqelq l l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel)

|{k uko qlxk} gl uqlefd ~qlboluf}ul lokqfmlgl) k gd ekpk }kq mdg`{gefel mdo l

ke{mld ~kqolgkguk) |{k {o mdgmkfud olf} laqlgbkguk k k{qd~k{'

Ko


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55

fo~ikokguld k`kmufpl ek qkm{q}d} k k}uqlubfl} ek o{elgl }mfd/ke{mlufpl #]fipl) )

~'16 mfuled ko Mlplmd) 1>>6) ~'


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5;

Ko


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53

fgukqpkgd ~kelbbfml k }dmfdke{mlufpl }d l fgdpld) l}}fo mdod l luqfa{fd ek {ol

mkquf`fmld k}mdilq k |{lif`fmld ~qd`f}}fdgli) luqfa{el ~dq ksko~id gd} mdgckmfed}

M{q}d} ek Ke{mld k @dqold ek Le{iud} #K@L' Gk}ul liu{ql) }{qbko Mkguqd}

mdg}ufu{ed} ~dq kgufelek} el }dmfkelek mfpfi |{k `lxko ~lqmkqfl} mdo d K}uled) mdo l

ulqk`l ek qkmdgckmkq) plifelq k mkquf`fmlq mdo~kugmfl}'

^dek mdg}fekqlq/}k |{k ko okled} el emlel ek 6>) d ekaluk ~diufmd }daqk ke{mld ko

^dqu{bli) mdguko~il ek oded mdg}difeled l ke{mld ek le{iud}' D ~l~ki el ke{mld gd

`dqoli k fg`dqoli gl l~qkgefxlbko ld idgbd el pfel) l}}{ofed kgud mdod {ol olf}/

plifl) l}}fo mdod d plidq el qkild el ke{mld mdo l mfelelgfl k l fo~dqugmfl ed

mdgckmfokgud) gl mdg}uq{d ek {ol kmdgdofl olf} mdo~kufufpl' ]{qbko d`kqul}

ke{mlufpl} k `dqolufpl} |{k ~kqofuko lilqblq l ~lqufmf~ld ed} le{iud}) qk`dqlged ek {ooded bkqli l }{l ~lqufmf~ld gl }dmfkelek' plidqfxled d }lakq le|{fqfed ~kil

ks~kqfgmfl k ld idgbd el pfel) l}}fo mdod l lqufm{ild kguqk mdo~kugmfl} k}mdilqk} k

mdo~kugmfl} ek pfel) lqufm{ild fgmkgufplel gl efgofml ed} qk`kqkgmflf} ek

mdo~kugmfl} mclpk'

]{qbk l Fgfmflufpl Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek}) |{k ek}ek 1>>; lmdick{ l} ~qfgmf~lf} d`kqul} ed

^qdbqlol }Nakq *) d`kqul} |{k cdhk ko efl }d el qk}~dg}lafifelek el Lbgmfl Glmfdgli

~lql l \{lif`fmld #LG\) |{k u{ukilel ~kid} Ofgf}uqfd} el Ke{mld k ed Uqlalicd k

]kb{qlgl ]dmfli'

D dahkmufpd el Fgfmflufpl Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek} elq {o bqlgek fo~{i}d |{lif`fmld ed}

~dqu{b{k}k}) mdo l ~qkdm{~ld mkguqlel gl} d`kqul} efqfbfel} ld} hdpkg} k ld} le{iud}'

Ko ~lqufm{ilq ld} le{iud}) ~qdm{ql/}k elq k}~ld ~lql qkm{~kqlq) mdo~ikulq k ~qdbqkefq

k}u{ed}) {}lged mdgckmfokgud} k mdo~kugmfl} le|{fqfel} ld idgbd el} }{l} pfel}) d |{k

}k mdidml ko ~qufml) gd mdguksud fg`dqoli ed mdgckmfed ^qdmk}}d QPMM

#Qkmdgckmfokgud) Plifeld k Mkquf`fmld ek Mdo~kugmfl}' L k}uk} le{iud} k

~lqlikilokguk) ukgul elq/}k {ol dqfkguld) kgmlofgclged/d} ~lql d`kqul} mdo~ikokgulqk}

ek mlqfx ~qd`f}}fdglifxlguk'

D} Mkguqd} Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek} po }{a}ufu{fq d} Mkguqd} ek Qkmdgckmfokgud) Plifeld

k Mkquf`fmld ek Mdo~kugmfl}) ukged lbdql gdpl} `{gk} qkilmfdglel} mdo8

Kgmlofgclq d} le{iud} |{k ~qdm{qlo ke{mld k `dqold @lxkq d eflbg}ufmd) l uqflbko k d kgmlofgclokgud ed} ok}od}


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56

Ek}kgpdipkq d ^qdmk}}d ek QPMM Qklifxlq lmk} ek `dqold mdo~ikokgulq k ek `dqold ek m{qul e{qld Lmdo~lgclokgud ~qd}~kmufpd ed} mlgefelud} mkquf`fmled}

L} iufol} uq} emlel}) gd |{k qk}~kful l ~diufml k ikbf}ild }daqk ke{mld ek le{iud}

ko ^dqu{bli) ~deko mdg}fekqlq/}k emlel} ek adl} fgukgk} ol} mlqlmukqfxlel} ~dq {o

mifol ek ek}dqfkguld) olqmled ~dq ~diufml} lp{i}l} k ~d{md mdg}f}ukguk}' L ke{mld ek

le{iud}) uko/}k od}uqled) ko ^dqu{bli)

ld idgbd el} iufol} uq} emlel}) {o mlo~d ~qd`{gelokguk olqmled ~dq ~diufml}

ke{mlufpl} ek}mdgug{l} #' L ek}mdgufg{felek qkikpl el l{}gmfl ek {o `fd mdge{udq)

ofgfolokguk k}upki) el} ~diufml} ke{mlufpl}' L} ibfml} ~diufmd/ke{mlufpl}) l}

~qfdqfelek}) l} efokg}k} dqblgfxlmfdglf} k leofgf}uqlufpl}) ok}od d} kikokgud} ek

dqeko mdgmk~u{li o{elo mdo `qk|{gmfl) fgukqqdo~kged d{ lalgedglged mkqul}

~diufml} ~lql elq i{blq l d{uql} k l}}fo }{mk}}fplokguk #Ifol) 1>>;) ~~'=>6) ~'


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;>

Ek `dqol }{mfgul) l~qk}kgulo/}k lib{g} lmdgukmfokgud} |{k ~dekqd lh{elq l dqblgfxlq l}

fekfl}) ~lql {ol qk`iksd }daqk l |{k}ud |{k }k ikplgul8


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;=

gd |{k }k qk`kqk ke{mld gd `dqoli #Mlgqfd) 1>>2) ~'1>2) ~' 111' Mdgufg{lged l qk`kqfq/}k l k}uk qkiluqfd) Q{f Mlgqfd k}mqkpk8

D qkiluqfd ed bq{~d ek uqlalicd `fglifxl mdo l l~qk}kguld ek {ol ~qd~d}ul l~qk}kgulel

}da l `dqol ek {ol k}uqlubfl fgukbqlel ek ek}kgpdipfokgud el ke{mld ek le{iud} ko

^dqu{bli #~' 11>/111 |{k }fgukufxl l|{fid |{k d Bq{~d ek Uqlalicd kgukgefl ekpkqko }kq

l} ~qfgmf~lf} ifgcl} ek `dql l |{k ekpkqfl dakekmkq l qk`dqol ed }{a}f}ukol ek

Ke{mld ek Le{iud}) gd |{leqd bkqli ed }f}ukol ke{mlufpd ~dqu{b{}' Gk}}l ~qd~d}ul

ek qkdqblgfxld ek {o }{a}f}ukol ek ke{mld ek le{iud} gd }{ah{bled ld }f}ukol


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;5

k}mdilq fgmi{ko/}k okefel} k}uq{u{qlguk} k ek ilqbd limlgmk) mdod d ml}d) |{kq el

~qd~d}ul ek mqfld ek {ol [gfpkq}felek Lakqul) |{kq el ~qd~d}ul ek mqfld ek {o

Fg}ufu{ud ~aifmd ek ke{mld ek le{iud}) pdmlmfdgled ~lql l ~qdodd el fgpk}ufbld k

el `dqold ek `dqoledqk} #Mlgqfd) 1>>2) ~' 11=

Dql) k}ul ~qd~d}ul ek {ol k}uqlubfl fgukbqlel) }{qbk mdo {o ^ilgd ek Kokqbgmfl |{k

uko mdod ~qfgmf~li dahkmufpd) kikplq d gpki ke{mlufpd el ~d~{ild ~dqu{b{k}l) elged

{ol }kb{gel d~dqu{gfelek l hdpkg} k le{iud}) k |{k l~lqkmk gl }k|{gmfl ek {o

eflbg}ufmd) |{k Q{f Mlgqfd) ko 1>>2) mdg}fekql ~lqufm{ilqokguk fgukqk}}lguk) ~dq }k

uqlulq ek {ol lgukmf~ld ek |{l}k uqfgul lgd}) ed eflbg}ufmd) |{k ko 1>>; pkfd }{~dqulq

l l~qk}kguld k h{}uf`fmld ed ~qdbqlol bdpkqglokguli Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek}) |{k `df

l~qk}kguled ~{aifmlokguk gd efl


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k}mdilqfelek) ksf}ufged {o qk`dqd ~lqlikid ed kg}fgd ~qd`f}}fdglifxlguk ek e{~il

mkquf`fmld #mkquf`fmld k}mdilq * |{lif`fmld ~qd`f}}fdgli |{k d ml}d ek uded} d}

m{q}d} K@L |{k lmdo~lgckf gk}uk lgd ikmufpd ek 1>>6$1>' Gd |{k qk}~kful ld} le{iud})

~qkukgek/}k elq d~dqu{gfelek ek daukq d


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`{gelokguli ~lql mdidmlq d} le{iud} ekguqd el efgofml ed QPMM) kql `kful gd MGD ed

FKUM) }ko~qk mdo {ol lel~uld ld bq{~d' L|{f) l ìksfafifelek ~kqofufel) kql

ekukqofglguk gl l~qdsfold ld} le{iud) l}}fo mdod gd }{mk}}d ed ek}kgpdipfokgud ed

Ed}}fkq ek mlel {o ekik}' [ol adl ek}mdef`fmld) lmdo~lgclel ~dq ofo mdo mliol k

ekefmld) ufgcl ~kid okgd} d oqfud) ek `lxkq d} le{iud} mdgufg{lq gd ^qdmk}}d ~dq olf}

lib{o uko~d' Ko qkild ld qk`kqkgmfli ek mdo~kugmfl} mclpk) ekpd qk`kqfq) |{k }k

~{ek}}k `lxfl lib{ol} liukqlk}' ]ko~qk }kguf) |{k d qk`kqkgmfli blgclqfl) }k mdg}kb{f}}k

}kq kgukgefed olf} `lmfiokguk ~kid} le{iud} l |{ko daqfbludqflokguk }k ufgcl ek kguqkblq'

L ek}mdef`fmld lh{elpl) ol} kql o{fud `qk|{kguk d} le{iud} mdgufg{lqko mdo ~qdaikol}

gl }{l ikfu{ql) |{k lmlalpl ~dq }kq o{fud }{~kq`fmfli' Gk}uk l}~kmud d} le{iud} k}ulplo

o{fud ek~kgekguk} ed lmdo~lgclokgud) d |{k ok ~lqkmk `{bfq el efgofml fgfmfli

~qkukgefel mdo l kiladqld ed} qk`kqkgmflf}' D `lmud ek mdgckmkq o{fud} le{iud} g{o

qke{xfed k}~ld ek uko~d) ek{/ok l d~dqu{gfelek ek mdgckmkq olf} qklmk}) olf}

olgkfql} ek ~kg}lq) ek lbfq) ek qkìkmufq) ~d}}d l`fqolq) |{k `df }kged `dqoledql ek le{iud}

gd ^qdmk}}d QPMM A}fmd) |{k mdokmkf l ~kqmkak) mdod ok ekpkqfl qkilmfdglq mdo kik}

~lql ukq }{mk}}d gl mdo{gfmld) g{gml ufpk `dqold k}~km`fml ~lql uqlaliclq mdo d uf~d

ek le{iud} |{k flo mckblged ld ^qdmk}}d QPMM A}fmd) ol} |{lgud} olf} le{iud}

lmdo~lgclpl) olf} }kg}fafifelek fl ukged ~lql d} ~qsfod}) k olf} lmqkefulpl) |{k }ko l

k}mdilqfelek daqfbluqfl ksf}uflo o{fud} le{iud} mdo mdo~kugmfl} ~lql bkqfq l }{l pfel k

~lql fgukqpfqko gl }dmfkelek ek oded ~d}fufpd) olukolufmlokguk k gd }' L ofgcl

~qfokfql ks~kqfgmfl gd MGD ed FKUM lh{ed{/ok ek oded ekukqofglguk) gk}uk lgd

ikmufpd) h |{k mdg}ufu{f{ {ol fgukg}l ks~kqfgmfl) ~kqofufged |{k k{ udol}}k

mdg}mfgmfl ek lib{o }{mk}}d l uqlaliclq mdo le{iud}) l}}fo mdod ek }kq {ol `dqoledql

mdo ml~lmfelek ek fo~qdpf}lq mdo lib{ol ql~fekx) ek lh{elq |{li|{kq le{iud l

mdo~qkkgekq d ^qdmk}}d QPMM) ek lh{elq d} le{iud} l lmqkefulq |{k plik l ~kgl ~kg}lq)

mdg}kb{fq mclolq l lukgd ~lql mdf}l} l okicdqlq k `{gelokguliokguk {ol `dqoledql|{k lmqkeful gl ml~lmfelek ed} ~dqu{b{k}k} ~lql okicdqlqko l }{l pfel' ^lqlikilokguk l

udel k}ul ks~kqfgmfl le|{fqfel gd ukqqkgd) gd ~qfokfqd MGD) mlel efl ek `dqold) ek}uk

lgd ikmufpd) `df uloao odokgud ek mqk}mfokgud' K mdgufg{lged l ofgcl qkìksd)

mdgmi{d ~dq ksko~id) |{k mdgufg{d l ukq al}ulguk `lmfifelek) gd k}ulakikmfokgud ek {ol

qkild ~kelbbfml mdo d} le{iud} ek}uk lgd ikmufpd) d |{k uko `lpdqkmfed l l|{f}fd ek

mdgckmfokgud} k mdo~kugmfl} ~dq ~lquk ekik}' mdo mkqul plfelek |{k }fgud l qkild |{k

`{f ukged mdo uded} k}uk} le{iud}' Mdg}fekqlged l qkild ~kelbbfml) {o k}~ld~i{qfefokg}fdgli |{k }k ~dek) l~k}lq el} ef`kqkgl} |{k mdguo) uqlg}`dqolq g{o


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kmd}}f}ukol ek }lakqk} k ek l`kmud}) |{k ~kqoful d ek}kgpdipfokgud fgukbqli ed} }kqk}

c{olgd}) }fgud/ok mdg`dqupki |{lged qkmdqed d loafkguk pfpfed mdo k}uk} ok{}

le{iud}' Mdo uded} kik}) ukgukf }ko~qk k gl pkqelek mdo al}ulguk glu{qlifelek #lmcd |{k

`lx ~lquk el ofgcl olgkfql ek }kq) mdo{gfmlq ek `dqol l{ugufml }ko gkblq l ~lquficl

ek plidqk}) l ks~qk}}d ek l`kmud} k kodk}' Mdo {o m{feled k}~kmfli gd ~qfokfqd

kgmdguqd) ~lql |{k `fml}}k kpfekguk |{k lod} uqlaliclq ko mdgh{gud) ~kg}lq ko

mdgh{gud) mdg}kb{f }ko~qk ek }k}}d ~lql }k}}d) {ol ko~lufl) |{k |{l}k }ko~qk lmlad{

ek ~lquk l ~lquk) mdo l }l{epki }l{elek ek |{ko bd}ud{ ek ~lquficlq'

^d}}d uloao gl ofgcl qk`iksd mdgmi{fq) k lmcd o{fud fo~dqulguk qk`ikmufq }daqk k}uk

l}}{gud) |{k qkgd d edogfd umgfmd lmu{lifxled qkilufpd qkl ek `dqold ko |{k k}ud{

l uqlaliclq' Ko qkild l k}uk ~dgud) ~d}}d l`fqolq |{k l ofgcl ifmkgmflu{ql koOlukoufml L~ifmlel ok `dqgkmk{ mdgckmfokgud} }{`fmfkguk} ~lql lmdo~lgclq l

Olukoufml ^lql l Pfel ed gpki a}fmd #gkmk}}qfl ~lql d} le{iud} ed MGD k ed m{q}d

K@L A= #^qufml} Mdokqmflf} ed ]fgefmlud ed} ^qd`f}}fdglf} ek ]kb{qd} ek ^dqu{bli' L

ks~kqfgmfl mdod ~qd`k}}dql gd kg}fgd `dqoli) olf} l |{k le|{fqf mdo l} ks~ifmlk} |{k

ekf) lfgel mdod li{gl el `lm{ielek k ek~df} ld idgbd el ofgcl pfel ek ~qd`k}}dql k

`dqoledql) uko }fed uloao {ol olf} plifl ~lql d ok{ ek}ko~kgcd' Cdhk ko efl) }fgud

|{k d} mdgmkfud} olukoufmd} ld }kqko uqlalicled}) |{k}ufdgled}) ~qk~lqled} ~lql }kqkouqlg}ofufed}) pd `dqolged {o uded mdg}f}ukguk) |{k g{gml }k ~kqek' L qk~kufd ek

ulqk`l} gk}uk ml}d) okicdqd{ l ok{ pkq) l} ofgcl} mdo~kugmfl} gd edogfd el

olukoufml) o{fud ko ~lqufm{ilq) d edogfd ed} mdgmkfud} olf} uqlalicled}' m{qfd}d

}kgufq) |{k mkqud} l}}{gud} uqlalicled} gl `lm{ielek) } gd} iufod} uko~d} }{qbko gl

ofgcl pfel mdod pkqelekfqlokguk ukf} k pkqelekfqd} uq{g`d} ~lql l mdo{gfmld mdo d}

le{iud}' \{lgul} pkxk}) gl }lil ek `dqold qkmdqekf k ~lqufickf mdo d} le{iud}) fekfl}

uqlaliclel} gk}}l liu{ql) |{k l~k}lq ek gd ~{ekqko }kq kgukgefel} ~dq uded} #d{ ~kid

okgd} kgukgefel} gl }{l udulifelek) `dqlo l mclpk ek {o odokgud obfmd) |{k `df

obfmd ~qkmf}lokguk ~dq|{k }k uqlg}`dqod{ ko odufpld) mdguql d |{k k{ ~dekqfl

k}~kqlq' Ek mkqud oded) }kguf |{k kql l mfgmfl k d }k{ `l}mgfd) |{k k}ulpl lif) l

ek}ko~kgclq d }k{ ~l~ki' K uloao ~dq f}}d) |{k g{gml ekfsd ek mdidmlq ek}l`fd}) |{k

ek lib{o oded lh{eko l ~kg}lq' O{fud} le{iud}) mdo |{k ok ukgcd mq{xled gk}uk lgd

ikmufpd) h gd ~lqlplo ~lql ~kg}lq c o{fud uko~d) k ok}od }lakged |{k l|{kik}

odokgud} }d fg}{`fmfkguk} #fg`kifxokguk) ~lql lh{elq pkqelekfqlokguk l mqk}mkq) c |{ko

mdg}fbl) lmdqelq) d |{k }fgmkqlokguk) h bqluf`fmlguk' ado }kgufq f}ud,


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Ekfslged {o ~d{md l olukoufml) pd{ qkìkmufq }daqk l }fu{ld ko qkild ld} mdguked}

|{k ufpk ek ek}kgpdipkq ko ]UM #]dmfkelek Ukmgdidbfl k Mfgmfl mdo d} bq{~d} K@L

]km{geqfd' L|{f d} mdgckmfokgud} olukoufmd} `dqlo {}led} o{fud ~dgu{liokguk k

l~kgl} |{lged d ukol l ek}kgpdipkq) ksfbfl lib{ol} al}k} olukoufml}' D} mdgmkfud} ek

gduld mfkgu`fml) mefbd afgqfd) fguqde{d ld k}u{ed ed} bql`d}) mdod `lxkq {ol ~ilgul

ek {ol }lil k}mlil k l l~ifmld ed ouded ek Cdgeu) `dqlo d} ukol} olf} fo~dqulguk}

dgek d} ok{} mdgckmfokgud} ek olukoufml ok `lmfifulqlo l pfel' Qkbf}ud) |{k

pkqf`f|{kf ko o{fud} le{iud}) ilm{gl} ko qkild l mdgckmfokgud} olukoufmd}

qkilmfdgled} mdo l k}mdilqfelek daqfbluqfl k ukf} ~lql }k mdguqdilq d efl/l/efl) l}}fo

mdod ~{ek da}kqplq l `liul ek lbfifelek okguli k l `qlml ml~lmfelek ek ks~ifmlq

qlmfdmgfd}) ~dq k}mqfud k dqliokguk' Mdgpo l|{f qk`kqfq) |{k k}u ~qkpf}ud gl ikf) ~dq

ksko~id) |{k ]UM #]dmfkelek Ukmgdidbfl k Mfgmfl ukgcl {o `dqoledq ifmkgmfled ko

Efqkfud' Mdo f}ud `fml milqd) |{k uded} k}uk} iufod} ukol} olukoufmd} qk`kqfed}) ~deflo

~kq`kfulokguk ukq ek }kq l~qk}kguled} ~dq lib{o ifmkgmfled ko Efqkfud) }fu{ld |{k

lmdgukmk{ mdo mdikbl} ok{} k |{k ~d}}fpkiokguk ~lql ofo `df ulqk`l olf} `mfi' Gd `df

~qkmf}d fgfmflq k}ul qkìksd ~lql ~kqmkakq) ~dq|{k lmkfukf }kq `dqoledql ek ]UM' Mdod

mdgckmfl qlxdlpkiokguk ako d qk`kqkgmfli ek QPMM ]km{geqfd #~dq m{qfd}felek k

mdgulmud mdo mdikbl}) |{k }kqpk ek dqfkguld ld} K@L ]km{geqfd) lmkfukf d ek}l`fd) fl

pfpkq {ol ks~kqfgmfl gdpl) d |{k ok lbqlelpl' H gd ukqqkgd k mdo uqdml ek ks~kqfgmfl}

mdo d{uqd} mdikbl}) mdokmkf l pfpkq l ~qk~lqld ek ukol}) mdo ksfbgmfl} |{k ~l}}lplo

~dq ql~felokguk ukq |{k `lilq ek ukol} |{k gd edofglpl' fgukqk}}lguk pkqf`fmlq) |{k d

k}`dqd ksfbfed mqflpl }ko~qk {ol efgofml k}~kmfli) d} `dqolged} ~k}|{f}lplo) k{

~k}|{f}lpl) load} dqblgfxplod} l} fekfl} k mlafl o{ful} pkxk} ld} `dqolged} l ulqk`l el

l~qk}kguld ed} ukol}' Ksf}uf{ gk}ul liu{ql) }ko epfel) {ol {gfd ek k}`dqd} gl }lil ek

`dqold) |{k g{gml ufgcl pfpfed' E{qlguk k}ul `dqold) ufpk ~qkdm{~lk} |{k g{gml

ufgcl ufed' ]kq |{k f}ud |{k }k ~qkukgek4 ]kq |{k k}ud{ l ek}ko~kgclq ako l} ofgcl}`{gk} ek `dqoledql4 Lfgel cdhk mdgufg{d l ofgcl qkìksd ko qkild l k}uk l}}{gud)

~dq ~kg}lq |{k ksfbk ek uded} d} fgukqpkgfkguk} #LG\) okefledq) `dqoledqk}) `dqolged}

{ol qkìksd }qfl) ml}d }k |{kfql okicdqlq l k`fmfgmfl el `dqold gd} m{q}d} K@L) k ~dq

lbdql) l~kgl} kgmdguqd l }luf}`ld ek }lakq) |{k uded} d} `dqolged}) l |{ko uqlg}ofuf

ek}ek d fgmfd k mdo `qdgulifelek udel l efgofml |{k ok ~lqkmk{ }kq ksfbfel #gd

ksf}ufqlo bqlgek} dqfkgulk} fgfmflf}) }k }kgufqlo l~dfled}) mdg}fekqlged {ol olf}/plifl

l ofgcl dqfkguld' L ~qd~}fud ek}ul }fu{ld k mdg`dqok ek`kgek E{odge8


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l `dqold ks~kqfkgmfli {o k}~ld ek ifakqelek |{k ~kqofuk l mlel {o `lxkq mdf}l} ~lql

lio el|{kil} |{k d} d{uqd} ekmfefqlo ~lql }f' ek}uk oded |{k d fgefpe{d uko {o ~l~ki

`{gelokguli gl `dqold ks~kqfkgmfli) }ko gd kgulgud ksmi{fq l} olf}/plifl} ~qdpkgfkguk}

ek b{fl} k dqfkguledqk} ek uqlalicd #E{odge)


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uloao fgkbpki |{k l ofgcl dqfkguld gd }kgufed ed plod} ~kg}lq ko mdgh{gud

#|{k qkbf}ud uloao ~dq k}mqfud gl} `fmcl} ek uqlalicd |{k mdgpfed l `lxkq) uko }fed

~d}fufpl' Ukgcd mdg}kb{fed ~kqmk~mfdglq |{k d} le{iud} ko uded} d} bq{~d}) }k }kguko

olf} pdgulek `lxkged ~lquk ek {o uded' [o uded |{k g{gml laef|{kf ek k}~fmllq ~lql

|{k ek~df}) k fgefpfe{liokguk) mlel {o kgmdguql}}k {o gpki ek ~lqufmf~ld dgek }k

}kguf}}k mdg`dqupki ~lql fgfmflq d{ mdgufg{lq d }k{ ~qdmk}}d ek mqk}mfokgud'

Ol} l `dqoledql |{k }d{ cdhk) mdokd{ l ksf}ufq ako olf} mked) ~dq|{k lmqkefulged |{k

uded} d} }kqk} c{olgd}) k ~dq f}}d uloao k{) }dod} ~dquledqk} ek }lakqk} |{k `dqlo

le|{fqfed} ld idgbd el gd}}l pfel) k{ }d{ `q{ud ek {o loafkguk `lofiflq) }dmfli |{k ek

lib{o oded ok odied{' @{f mqk}mkged mdo d} ok{} |{luqd fqod}) mdo {g} ^lf}

ekefmled} l uded} g}' [ol Ok ekefmlel `loifl k {o ^lf ~kqefed |{l}k }ko~qk kguqkifpqd}) ~dkol}) ~qdaikol} ek kgbkgclqfl mfpfi #mdg}uq{d ek ~dguk}) ek mlf}) ~dqud} )

l{il} ek bkdokuqfl ek}mqfufpl gl `lm{ielek) ukdqkol} olukoufmd}) ikbf}ild) `fi}d`d})

qkifbfd k ulgud} d{uqd} ukol}'

D `lmud ek d ok{ ^lf ukq }fed `ficd gfmd k ukq pfpfed g{o loafkguk) |{k gl ofgcl d~fgfd

g{gml d ekfsd{ pkqelekfqlokguk }kq kik ~q~qfd) uko }fed dahkmud ek qk`iksd gd} iufod}

lgd}) k o{fud ko ~lqufm{ilq |{lged ukgud ~kqmkakq l ~k}}dl |{k }d{ cdhk' Lmqkefulged |{k

l }{l pfel ~qd`f}}fdgli d ~qkkgmcfl k |{k kgmdguqlpl gkil {o qk`bfd) gd qk}f}ud l ~kg}lq

|{k }k kik ufpk}}k ufed d{uql fg`gmfl) o{ful} mdf}l} ukqflo }fed ef`kqkguk}) ulgud l gpki

~qd`f}}fdgli mdod ~lqufm{ilq' K{ bd}ulpl |{k l pfel d ufpk}}k kg}fgled l }kq d~ufof}ul k |{k

kik ufpk}}k ~kqmkafed d plidq ek {ol pkqelekfql mdo{gfmld) |{k gd mdg}kb{f{ ukq

mdofbd' K lbdql k{ ~kqb{gud) k k{) }k ufpk}}k ufed d{uql fg`gmfl) }kqfl l `dqoledql |{k }d{

cdhk4 Ulipkx gd) ulipkx gko `d}}k `dqoledql) ~kid okgd} ek olukoufml k f}ud ~dq|{k

}ko~qk bd}ukf ek ek}~dqud) ek elgl) qkl} |{k g{gml `dqlo ~lqufm{ilqokguk lmlqfgclel})

~qfgmf~liokguk ~kid ok{ ^lf |{k ufgcl }ko~qk l iufol ~lilpql ko qkild l k}uk}l}}{gud}' ^kg}d |{k gd ofgud }k ef}}kq |{k `{f fg`i{kgmflel ~dq kik) ld k}mdickq d m{q}d ek

Olukoufml #|{k mdid|{kf ko 1 i{blq |{lged mdgmdqqf @lm{ielek k l|{f ikoaqd/ok el

qkli ~qk}}d |{k }kguf) |{lged gl @lm{ielek ek Mfgmfl} ed ^dqud {o }k{ lgufbd ^qd`k}}dq

ek}mdaqf{ |{k k{) lbdql }{l li{gl) kql l `ficl ed Liakqud' L afudil kql liul k l ofgcl

odufpld gd l lmdo~lgclpl' @fx d m{q}d ek Olukoufml) gd ~dekged efxkq |{k gd }k{

uded ok ek{ {o bqlgek ~qlxkq) ol} cdhk qkmdgckd |{k d `lmud ek d ukq lmlaled) ok e d

oqfud ek gd ek}f}ufq `lmfiokguk el} mdf}l} |{k mdokd k gd ukgcd uloao epfel ell|{f}fd ek mdo~kugmfl} e{qlguk d uko~d |{k pfpf gl @lm{ielek' @df {ol ks~kqfgmfl


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^dqu{bli) ukgulged }kb{fq) mdo ~lqufm{ilq fgukqk}}k k mdod mfele mdo{o) uded d ]f}ukol

Ke{mlufpd: ~lqufmf~kf }ko~qk ko udel} l} qk{gfk} el k}mdil ed} ok{} `ficd}) `{f {ol el}

`{geledql} el L}}dmfld ek ^lf} el K}mdil KA>


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mdo kik} ~kqmkaf |{k |{lged d} }k{} ~lf} ~l}}lo l ukq mdg`flgl ko g} ~qd`k}}dqk}) u{ed

olf} `mfi k mdokl l }kq ~d}}pki l mdo{gfmld l `lpdq ed li{gd' Mdo kik}) l~qkgef

|{k ufgcl l ml~lmfelek k l mdqlbko ek fgdplq k |{k l fgdpld ksfbfl o{ful} pkxk}

ekifmlekxl k }kg}fafifelek' Mdo kik}) ~kqmkaf d ~dekq ek mlufplq lib{o' Mdo kik})

mdokmkf l }kgufq d ~qlxkq ek blgclq ekukqofglel} i{ul}) i{ul} ef`kqkguk}) el} |{k h

ufgcl blgcd mdod ok' Mdo kik}) udokf algcd} ek h{pkgu{ek uded} d} efl}'

L ks~kqfgmfl ~qd`f}}fdgli le|{fqfel gk}uk ~qfokfqd lgd ek uqlalicd) `df `{gelokguli) ~lql

udel l ofgcl pfel ~qd`f}}fdgli) |{k gd} lgd} ikmufpd} ~l}}d{

uloao ~kid kg}fgd `dqoli'

Ko hkfud ek qk`iksd `fgli }daqk k}uk lgd ikmufpd) dqblgfxd l} fekfl} ed }kb{fguk oded8 gd

ufqkf gkgc{o m{q}d ~lql }kq ok) l}}fo mdod |{lged k}u{ekf olukoufml) gd k}mdicf l

~qd`f}}d ek ~qd`k}}dql) ~dq d{uqd iled) mdg}kb{f }kq ok k mdg}kb{f }kq ~qd`k}}dql' Idbd)

mdgmi{d |{k mdg}kb{f ek}ko~kgclq k}ul} e{l} ulqk`l} }ko `dqold k}~km`fml' Kgud)

fekguf`fmd/ok mdod {ol le{iul) |{k luqlp}) ~qfgmf~liokguk el ks~kqfokguld k el

da}kqpld) }k lel~ud{ l }fu{lk} gdpl}) m{o~qfged efqkmufpl}) ks~kqfokgulged)

fofulged) qk`ikmufged) {}lged mqflufpfelek) k u{ed f}ud) olf} d{ okgd} mdg}mfkgukokguk)

mdg`dqok l} }fu{lk}'

=' Lgd} Ikmufpd} ek E{qlguk k}uk} lgd} ikmufpd}) k}ufpk ifblel ld kg}fgd `dqoli) ko olf} e{l} k}mdil}) l

]km{geqfl \{fgul ed Olq|{} ko Dkfql} k l ]km{geqfl ek Ml}mlf}) ko Ml}mlf})

mckblged l k}ul iufol) mdo olf} ks~kqfgmfl k dgek d ek}l`fd olukoufmd l{okgud{'

Lel~ukf/ok `lmfiokguk ld gpki }km{geqfd ukged ufed d ~qfpfibfd ek }kq efqkmudql ek u{qol

ek {o


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Ke{mld) mdo~qkkgek d }f}ukol ke{mlufpd fg}ufu{mfdglifxled) mqdgdidbfmlokguk bqle{led

k cfkqlq|{fmlokguk k}uq{u{qled) ek~kgekged) cdhk ko efl mdod gl liu{ql) ek {ol efqkmuqfx

ke{mlmfdgli mkguqlifxlel mdod m{qqm{id' @df gk}uk mdguksud |{k `{f mdgpfelel l

odpfokgulq/ok gk}ul} uq} k}mdil} dgek `{f ~qd`k}}dql' E{qlguk uq} lgd} ikmufpd}

mdg}km{ufpd}) lgd l~} lgd) `{f mdg}difelged l }kg}ld ek ok odpfokgulq

~qd`f}}fdgliokguk) mdo mlel pkx olf} pdgulek k bd}ud) ek}mdaqfged ~lqlikilokguk)

~dukgmflifelek} gd uqlalicd |{k fl qklifxlged' lfgel gd lgd ikmufpd ek >> |{k

ukgcd d ok{ ~qfokfqd mdgulmud mdo l @dqold) olgukged ~lqlikilokguk) l lmufpfelek ek

~qd`k}}dql ed }km{geqfd lu ld `fo ed lgd ikmufpd'

5' Ed Lgd Ikmufpd >> ld Lgd Ikmufpd 1>>3$1>>6@df gd lgd ikmufpd ek >>) |{k ufpk d ~qfokfqd mdgulmud mdo d o{ged el @dqold)

|{lged lmkfukf d mdgpfuk ed Fg}ufu{ud ek Ke{mld Ukmgdibfml ek Ml}mlf} #FKUM) dgek

ufpk }ko~qk qk}~dg}lafifelek} gl qkl el Olukoufml' Fgfmfkf/ok mdo bq{~d} ek

L~qkgefxlbko$Gpki =) |{k ~d}}fafifulplo l k|{fpligmfl ld >>) `lxkq l ofgcl @dqold Fgfmfli ^kelbbfml ek @dqoledqk}) |{k `{fek~df} lmu{lifxlged) ek lmdqed mdo l} qkbql} k}ulakikmfel}) mdo @dqold Mdgug{l ek

@dqoledqk}' K}ul} e{l} @dqolk}) |{k ok ekqlo lmk}}d l edf} Mkquf`fmled} ek L~ufed

^qd`f}}fdgli) `dqlo ks~kqfgmfl} plifd}l}) `dqlo odokgud} ek qk`iksd k l`fgld ~lql l

ofgcl lmu{lifxld mdod `dqoledql' Ek load}) mdg}kb{f ufqlq adl} ifk}' L ~lquficl ek

ks~kqfgmfl} mdo d} `dqoledqk} k mdo d{uqd} mdikbl}) d }kgulq ed iled ed} `dqolged})

lh{ed{/ok }ko~qk) l }lakq dm{~lq mdo olf} c{ofielek k mdg`flgl l mlekfql ek

`dqoledql'


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0;

@df gd FKUM) gd lgd ek 1>>>) |{k mdokmkf l ukq mdgulmud mdo l ke{mld gd `dqoli) |{k

ek}ek d fgmfd) ok ~lqkmk{ {o mdo~ikokgud fo~dqulgu}}fod el ke{mld `dqoli)

mdo~ikokgud |{k fgmdg}mfkgukokguk ufgcl {ufifxled ek}ek d fgmfd mdod ~qd`k}}dql) k

~qfgmf~liokguk |{lged `{f efqkmudql ek u{qol' K}ul ke{mld gd `dqoli) l~lqkmk fo~imful

gd lqufm{iled ed lqu 1= el Ikf ek Al}k} ed ]f}ukol Ke{mlufpd8

L ke{mld ksuql/m{qqfm{ilq kgbidal lmufpfelek} ek li`lakufxld k ek ke{mld ek al}k) ek

l~kq`kfdlokgud k lmu{lifxld m{iu{qli k mfkgu`fml k l fgfmfld) qkmdgpkq}d k

l~kq`kfdlokgud ~qd`f}}fdgli k qklifxl/}k g{o |{leqd lakqud ek fgfmflufpl} oiuf~il}) ek

glu{qkxl `dqoli k gd `dqoli #IA]K) lqu 1= mfuled ko Mlgqfd) 1>>2) ~'1>2'

Mdod h `df qk`kqfed ld idgbd ek}uk uqlalicd) l Ikf ek Al}k} ed ]f}ukol Ke{mlufpd)

l~qdplel ko


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00

ke{mld ek hdpkg} k le{iud}) |{k l ok{ pkq) gd ukq bqlgek }{mk}}d }ko ~lqmkqfl} ako

k}ulakikmfel} k ako k}uq{u{qlel}'

;' Qkìksd `fgli

Kg|{lgud `{f ~qd`k}}dql gd kg}fgd `dqoli l }fu{ld el Ke{mld ko ^dqu{bli ld idgbd

ek}}k} lgd}) g{gml ok `kx }kgufq |{k plifl l ~kgl fgpk}ufq ek oded ekmf}fpd) g{ol mlqqkfql

ek ~qd`k}}dql' ^dq d{uqd iled) gd ok mdg}kb{fl l`l}ulq ed l~kid fgk}|{kmpki |{k clpfl

ko ulgud} dicd}) ek li{gd} mdo |{k ok fl mq{xlged' @{f ~kqmkakged uloao) |{k kql

ml~lx ek ek}~kqulq fgukqk}}k ko o{fud} ekik} k |{k }ko }doaql ek epfel) uded} kik}) }ko

ksmk~d) ek}~kqulplo ko ofo d fgukqk}}k ek d} lh{elq l mqk}mkq' Mdokmkf l ukq

mdg}mfgmfl el fo~dqugmfl c{olgl k glmfdgli el `{gd ed kg}fgd) mdokmkf l }dgclq mdo

{ol k}mdil ef`kqkguk) mdokmkf) mdo lib{ol ekukqofgld) l ukq mdqlbko ek fgdplq)

mdokmkf l ukq fekfl} ef`kqkguk} el} olf} mdo{g} gl }lil ek l{il k `dqold) k o{fud

fo~dqulguk) mdokmkf l ~kqmkakq l qkli fgì{gmfl |{k {o ~qd`k}}dq ~dek ukq g{o li{gd'

Mdokmkf l }kgufq olf} qk}~dg}lafifelek' Mdokmkf l ~kqmkakq olf} milqlokguk |{k ufgcl

ekpkqk} fo~dqulguk} l m{o~qfq' L`fgli ufgcl olf} ~dekq ed |{k ~kg}lpl) ~dekq ek

fgukqpkgd gl }dmfkelek) ~dekq ~lql ~lquficlq fekfl}) mdgckmfokgud) mdgefk} ~lql

da}kqplq k lmdo~lgclq lib{g} el|{kik}) |{k fqflo `lxkq ~lquk ed} le{iud} ek ^dqu{bli) ed}

le{iud} el K{qd~l) ed} le{iud} ed O{ged'

Pfkqlo ek~df} l} ks~kqfgmfl} mdo l ke{mld gd `dqoli) mdo hdpkg} k mdo le{iud}) {ol

gdpl `l}k el ofgcl pfel ~qd`f}}fdgli) |{k lmlal ~dq ok kgmlofgclq ~lql l qkìksd |{k

k}ud{ l `lxkq'

K qkìkmufged cdhk) ikoaqd/ok ek {ol qkìksd |{k `fx ko 1>>0$1>>2) mdgufg{lged l }kgufq

|{k l Ke{mld ek Le{iud} ko ^dqu{bli) mdo |{ko ufpk d ~qfokfqd mdgulmud |{l}k }ko

elq ~dq kil {ol gkmk}}felek k {o ek}l`fd' Gkmk}}felek) ~dq|{k ukod} {ol ~d~{ildlfgel o{fud ledqokmfel) |{k ~{ek fq mdgckmkged) k |{k ~lqkmk |{k k}|{kmk{ ~kid okgd})

lib{g} ed} }k{} efqkfud}) l odufpld ~lqkmk efi{el g{o uded) |{k }daqk}}lfged) k}mdgek

l} ml~lmfelek} ek {o ~dpd |{k lmqkefud mdg}kb{fq ìdqk}mkq k ~qdbqkefq }k ick ekqko

k}}l d~dqu{gfelek' L fbgdqgmfl) l ok{ pkq {ol el} fgfofbl} ed ako k}ulq el}

mfpfifxlk}) fbgdqgmfl |{k bqlgek ~lquk ed} le{iud} mdo |{k ok mq{xkf gd |{kqko ukq'

[o ek}l`fd ~dq|{k mdgufg{l l }kq ~qkmf}d {o qe{d uqlalicd ~lql }k {iuql~l}}lqko

~qkmdgmkfud}) ~lql }k mdoalukqko pkicl} fekfl}) ~dq|{k ~qkmf}d ukq mdqlbko ek fgdplq)


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02

lqqf}mlq) }kq ef`kqkguk, K ~lql fgdplq gd ~qkmf}d ek}~qkxlq fekfl} k uqlalicd} pifed}

lgukqfdqk}) ~qkmf}d }fo) }lakq kgmdguqlq gkik} l lh{el ~lql k}}l fgdpld'

L ofgcl pfel ~qd`f}}fdgli qkilmfdglel mdo l} Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek}) ~kqofuf{/ok pkq

le{iud} okicdqlqko d} }k{} mdgckmfokgud}) ek}mdaqfqko ml~lmfelek}) l{okgulqko l }{ll{ud/k}ufol) }{~kqlqko ek~qk}}k}) }dqqfqko) okicdqlqko l ml~lmfelek ek mdo{gfmld

mdo d} }k{} `ficd}) l{okgulqko l ml~lmfelek ek mdguqdilq }fu{lk} ed }k{ efl/l/efl

mdg}kb{fged ukq olf} k}~qfud mqufmd' U{ed f}ud ~d}fufpd k mdguqfa{f }ko |{li|{kq epfel)

~lql {ol olf}/plifl ed} ^dqu{b{k}k}' Ol}) k d @{u{qd4 K}}k `fml gl od ek |{ko uko

~dekq) ek |{ko k}u gd ukqqkgd) ek uded} d} fgukqpkgfkguk}' ]ko qfbdq) }ko `f}mlifxld

}qfl) }ko {ol mdgug{l ~qdm{ql ek okicdqlokgud}) d ^qdbqlol Gdpl} D~dqu{gfelek}

mdod |{li|{kq d{uql fgfmflufpl fegufml) `fmlq mdo~qdokufed'

Mdo qfbdq k ksfbgmfl k kg`qkgulged mdo qklifelek l ks~kqfgmfl |{k }k plf le|{fqfged k

g{gml k}|{kmkged |{k mlel Le{iud gfmd) uqlxkged mdg}fbd {o ~l}}led k ~qdm{qlged d

}k{ k}~ld gd `{u{qd) lfgel lmqkefud |{k }k ~dek fgdplq ko ^dqu{bli'

]d udel} k}ul} ks~kqfgmfl}) k qk`iksk}) |{k ok uo lh{eled l mdg}difelq {o

~kg}lokgud) |{k olf} d{ okgd} fgmdg}mfkgukokguk `{f lifokguled ld idgbd el pfel) d ek

|{k)

uded d cdoko ef`kqkguk ek ofo) k gfmd gd [gfpkq}d: |{k gd }d{ k{) ~dq mdg}kb{fguk)

|{ko uko ek qk`ikmufq ~dq kik) gd }d{ k{ |{ko }lak d |{k okicdq ~lql kik) gd }d{ k{

|{ko uko ek ick uqllq d mlofgcd: mdo kik } ukgcd d efqkfud) |{k ld ok}od uko~d {o

ekpkq8 d ek d lh{elq l }kq kik ~q~qfd: mdod d ekpkq k}}kgmfli |{k ukgcd mdofbd d ek }kq d

|{k }d{ #Lbd}ufgcd el ]fipl)


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03

}fgud l qk}~dg}lafifelek) ek d pfpkq) o{fud ko ~lqufm{ilq gl `dqold mdo le{iud} k lbdql

ek {o oded o{fud olf} mdg}mfkguk'

L ofgcl qk`iksd) }daqk l `dqoledql |{k }d{ cdhk) gd `fmlq mdo~ikul) }ko ladqelq l

ke{mld fg`dqoli) |{k }kb{ged Mddoa}8

D ~qdmk}}d |{k dmdqqk ld idgbd el pfel) luqlp} ed |{li mlel ~k}}dl le|{fqk k lm{o{il

mdgckmfokgud}) ml~lmfelek}) lufu{ek}8 l ~lqufq el} ks~kqfgmfl} |{dufeflgl} k el fgukqlmd

mdo d okfd loafkguk ko ml}l) gd uqlalicd k gl} }fu{lk} ek ilxkq: l ~lqufq ed ksko~id

eled ~kil `loifl k lofbd}) el} pflbkg}) el ikfu{ql ed} hdqglf} k ifpqd}) k}m{ulged qefd)

pkged `fiok} d{ ukikpf}d' Ko bkqli) l ke{mld fg`dqoli gd dqblgfxlel) }f}ukolufxlel

gko }k|{kq) o{ful} pkxk}) fgukgmfdgli) ol} qk~qk}kgul) lu ld odokgud) l ~qfgmf~li `lufl ek

l~qkgefxlbko e{qlguk l pfel ek {ol ~k}}dl) ok}od ~lql l} |{k }d liulokgukk}mdilqfxlel}' D |{k d fgefpe{d l~qkgek luqlp} el ke{mld fg`dqoli ifoful/}k |{fid |{k

d }k{ loafkguk ick ~dek d`kqkmkq #mfuled ko Mlplmd) 1>>1) ~~'16/=>'

Ek}ek |{k gl}mf |{k }d{ fg`i{kgmflel ~kid okfd loafkguk) mdoklged mdo bqlgek ~k}d) gl ofgcl

`loifl lu }lfq ek ml}l ed} ~lf}) ek~df} ~kil `loifl) |{k h ~{ek k}mdickq) uloao ~kid} lofbd})

~kid} ~qd`k}}dqk}) ~kid} ifpqd}) ~kid mfgkol) ~kil ukikpf}d) ~kil} pflbkg} k ~dq ulgul} d{uql} mdf}l}'

Ukgulged }kq dahkmufpl) l `dqoledql |{k }d{ cdhk {o uded fglmlaled) mdg}uq{ed ~l}}d l

~l}}d) mdo ks~kqfgmfl} `dqolf}) gd `dqolf} k fg`dqolf}' ^d}}d efxkq) |{k l ofgcl bqlgek

l~qkgefxlbko ~qd`f}}fdgli) }k al}kd{ gl lmd) gl efgofml el qk}di{d ek ~qdaikol} |{k

`dqlo }{qbfged) k f}ud }ko~qk mdo bqlgek fgukqlmufpfelek mdo d} ~lqk} k d} ok{}

`dqolged}' L ml~lmfelek ek {}lq d |{k l~qkgef gd }f}ukol `dqoli) uko/}k od}uqled

uloao {o kikokgud `lmfifuledq ed ok{ ek}ko~kgcd'

@df l ofgcl Pfel |{k ok `kx ~kg}lq d |{k ~kg}d cdhk) `df l ofgcl Pfel |{k ok kg}fgd{ d

|{k }kf cdhk) `df l ofgcl Pfel |{k odied{ l `dqoledql |{k }d{ cdhk'


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06

^LQUK ;

K}u{ed ek ml}d8 ^qdhkmud 6 kg|{leqled g{o mdguqlud idmli ek ek}kgpdipfokgud

}dmfli #MIE]

dahkmufpd ek}uk k}u{ed l~qk}kgulq l efgofml) l k}uq{u{ql k d} qk}{iuled} ~qufmd} ed

^qdhkmud 6 lu okled} ek D{u{aqd ek 1>' L ~lqufq ek edm{okguld mkefel ~kil K|{f~l

Umgfml ed ^qdhkmud k lib{ol} kgufelek} ^lqmkfql} k ek kguqkpf}ul} gd k}uq{u{qlel}

#lakqul}) dgek ksf}uf{ }ko~qk l ~qkdm{~ld ek qkbf}ulq ~dq k}mqfud udel} l} gdul} |{k l

okoqfl ~kqofuf{) ~qdm{ql/}k k}}kgmfliokguk lpliflq d fgukqk}}k ek}uk uf~d ek ~qdhkmud} gl

ke{mld ek hdpkg} le{iud} ~d{md k}mdilqfxled}'

>1 mfuled ko Mlplmd) 1>>6) ~';;>'


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73/110

2) mfuled} ko Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~'0;'

D kgmlqlq l ke{mld mdod lbkguk k}uqlubfmd ek ek}kgpdipfokgud) gd {ol fekfl

qkmkguk' Gl }kb{gel okulek ed }m{id pfguk) mdgmqkufxlqlo/}k l gpki o{gefli) ~diufml}

|{k `{gmfdglqlo l `lpdq ek}}l fekfl' Lglif}lged d ~kqded) kguqk d `fgli el }kb{gel b{kqql

o{gefli k `fglf} el emlel ek }kukgul) pkqf`fml/}k) |{k cd{pk {ol kpdi{d ed ~lgdqlol

kmdgofmd) |{k ~l{}lelokguk `df fg`i{kgmflged {o odekid ek}kgpdipfokguf}ul fgfmfli)

|{k }k fekguf`fmd{ milqlokguk mdo {o odekid |{k ~qfpfikbfd{ d mqk}mfokgud kmdgofmd)

lplifled k}}kgmfliokguk mdo mqfuqfd} |{lgufulufpd}' K}uk odekid) gd mdg}kb{f{


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21

mdqqk}~dgekq } ks~kmulufpl} ek {o ako k}ulq mqk}mkguk k bkgkqlifxled) k}mlil ek mlel

~l} k k}mlil ~ilgkuqfl) mdguqfa{fged ~lql {ol olfdq fb{lielek k olfdq h{}ufl }mfli

#Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~'01' Cd{pk ok}od) mdod Mlgqfd qkikoaql) |{ko mdg}fekql}}k ko 3)

~'01'

D ~qfokfqd mcd|{k ~kuqdi`kqd) gd fgmfd ed} lgd} }kukgul) dqfbfglged {ol mqf}k kmdgofml

o{gefli) lmdo~lgclel ~dq {ol bqlgek ef}~lqfelek) kmdgofml k }dmfli) kguqk ~l}k}

qfmd} k ~l}k} ~daqk}) l}}fo mdod d mqk}mfokgud el} ek}fb{lielek}) pkqf`fmlel} gd

fgukqfdq el} qkbfk} k ed} ~l}k} mdg}fekqled} ek}kgpdipfed} ko ukqod} }dmflf} k

bkdbq`fmd}) po elq `dql) ld lalid mqk}mkguk ed odekid ek}kgpdipfokguf}ul) al}kled

k}}kgmfliokguk gd mqk}mfokgud kmdgofmd' kslmulokguk d qkmdgckmfokgud ed `qlml}}d kk}bdulokgud ek}uk odekid) |{k `lx l~lqkmkq l ~lqufq ed} lgd} 2> k 3>) {ol d{uql pf}d ed

odekid ek}kgpdipfokguf}ul) efqkmmfdglel ~lql d ~kg}lq bidaliokguk) lbfq idmliokguk

#Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~'0=' K}ul gdpl pf}d) qdo~k mdo d ~lqlefbol lgukqfdq) ef}ulgmflged/}k

el fekfl) ed ek}kgpdipfokgud }k qke{xfq l~kgl}) pkqukguk ed mqk}mfokgud kmdgofmd) |{k

~l}}l lbdql uloao l }kq uqle{xfed ~dq fgefmledqk} |{lifulufpd}' ^lql ukgulq fi{}ulq k}ul

fekfl) Mlgqfd #1>>3 e d }kb{fguk ksko~id8 d l{okgud el k}~kqlgl ek pfel gd )

gkmk}}lqflokguk) }fggfod ek okicdq |{lifelek ek pfel ~lql l ~d~{ild fed}l #~'0='

D gdpd ~lgdqlol el} ibfml} ek ek}kgpdipfokgud) pko kgud) k}ulakikmkq {ol qkild

ef`kqkguk kguqk ke{mld k ek}kgpdipfokgud) |{k ~l}}l lbdql)

l }kq kgmlqled gd mdod {o ~qde{ud ek lmq}mfod ek k}mdilqfxld) ol} }fo mdod

qk}{iuled el fo~ifmld gl lmd ~dq ~lquk ed} fgukqk}}led} gd ~qdmk}}d ek

ek}kgpdipfokgud |{k) l}}fo) }k mdg}ufu{f mdod {ol l~qkgefxlbko mdikmufpl ko |{k l

uqlg}`dqold }dmfli mdgmdofulguk mdo l o{elgl ek qk~qk}kgulk} #pf}d ed o{ged k

ek mdo~dqulokgud} #oded ek lbfq gd o{ged) |{kq ld gpki fgefpfe{li) |{kq ld gpkimdikmufpd #Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~' 05'

Mdg}fekqlged/}k lbdql d ek}kgpdipfokgud) {o ~qdmk}}d mdikmufpd ek l~qkgefxlbko) d

l~lqkmfokgud ek k}~kmflif}ul} ksukqgd} gd ukqqkgd) }{qbk mdod k}}kgmfli) ~l}}lged l elq/}k

k}~kmfli lukgd l{udgdofl ed} lmudqk} idmlf} |{k ~l}}lo l fekguf`fmlq k qk}dipkq

~qdaikol} idmlf} mdg}fekqled} qkikplguk}) ~dekged udolq ekmf}k}) mdgmqkufxlq k}}l}

ekmf}k} k lpliflq qk}{iuled}' k}ul ~lqufmf~ld) |{k mdguqfa{f ek oded ekukqofglguk)

~lql |{k {ol mdo{gfelek ~kg}k }daqk }f ~q~qfl) mdgckl l }{l qklifelek k uqlalick gd


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2=

}kgufed ek l uqlg}`dqolq mdo d dahkmufpd ek l ek}kgpdipkq' L olfdq k`fmmfl) gd

l~qdpkfulokgud ed} qkm{q}d} fgukqgd} k ksukqgd}) plf uloao) ek {o oded bkqli) okicdqlq

l qk}~dg}lafifxld mdikmufpl) laqfged mlofgcd l gdpl} fgfmflufpl}' D oded mdod d}

qkm{q}d} idmlf} }d fekguf`fmled} k mdidmled} ko lmd) o{fud fo~dqulguk' Mdg}fekqlged

l} ~k}}dl}) d} olf} fo~dqulguk} k ekmf}fpd} qkm{q}d} idmlf}) ~dek l`fqolq/}k) |{k gd gd}}d

~l}) l} ~diufml} ek ek}kgpdipfokgud gd ick} uko eled ~qfdqfelek) |{k) f}}d }fo)

efqfbfel ~lql l} mlqgmfl} el} xdgl} k qkbfk} ~qdaikoufml}) l}}dmflged/}k l cf~uk}k ed

}k{ ek}kgpdipfokgud) k}}kgmfliokguk ld l{okgud ek qkm{q}d}) gdoklelokguk `fglgmkfqd}'

L qkikpgmfl elel l k}ul} mlqgmfl}) fgukqfdqfxlel ~kid} ~dekqk} mkguqli k ~kqf`qfmd)

ukgek l uqle{xfq/}k ~dq edf} k`kfud} mdo~ikokgulqk} k mdguqlefuqfd} mdo {o ~qdmk}}d ek

mdg}uq{d el l{udgdofl idmli8 d ~qfokfqd mdqqk}~dgek ld ek}kgpdipfokgud el ek}fbglelokgulifelek ed l}}f}ufed m{hd bql{) mqk}mkguk) ek ek~kgegmfl ~qd~dqmfdgli

fo~dqugmfl el lh{el' D }kb{ged k`kfud uqle{x/}k ~dq {ol k}ufbolufxld) luqlp} ek

{ol ikfu{ql ~kil gkblufpl) ~dq ~lquk |{kq el} kgufelek} `fglgmfledql} k ~qdodudql} ed}

l~dfd} ld ek}kgpdipfokgud) |{kq ~dq ~lquk ed} fgukqk}}led} #Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~'00'

G{ol K{qd~l) lfgel mckfl ek ek}k|{fiaqfd} l gpki ek ek}kgpdipfokgud) fo~dqulguk |{k

d} ~qdmk}}d} ek ek}kgpdipfokgud) |{k mlel pkx olf} ekpkqd }daqk~q/}k l ~qdmk}}d}

ke{mlufpd} #Mlgqfd) 1>>3) ~'00) }khlo pfpfed} ~kil ~d}fufpl) ek~df} ek {ol }qflqk`iksd) }daqk d} okmlgf}od} ek ekmf}d k lmd) |{k ek lib{o oded pkgclo daqfblq l

{o l{okgud ek ~lqufmf~ld' K}uk }kq {o ~l}}d `{gelokguli ~lql }k edulq {o ~qdmk}}d ek

ek}kgpdipfokgud) ek al}k} }ifel}) |{k d~ufofxko k qkmdoafgko d} qkm{q}d} idmlf}) g{gml

k}|{kmkged d} qkm{q}d} c{olgd}' Mlgqfd #1>>3) mfulged L' Gpdl k d{uqd} #


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oded k}~kmfli u{ed |{k }khl |{lif`fmld ~qd`f}}fdgli) fgpk}ufbld k fgdpld' L |{lqul k

iufol mlqlmukq}ufml) l ~kq}~kmufpl ed ek}kgpdipfokgud mdod {o ~qdmk}}d ~lqufmf~led k

gkbdmfled) l~dgul ~lql l gkmk}}felek ek uqlg}`kqfq ~dekq ed gpki mkguqli ~lql d idmli k

qkbfdgli k ~lql l fo~dqugmfl el mdd~kqld mdguqlu{li kguqk ~lqmkfqd} idmlf}) kgpdipfed}

g{o ok}od ~qdhkmud'

L ^dqulqfl g' =60$1>>2) ek 1 ek Laqfi) |{k mqfd{) gd gd}}d ~l}) d ^qdbqlol ek Mdguqlud}

Idmlf} ek Ek}kgpdipfokgud ]dmfli #^qdbqlol MIE]) |{k uko mdod dahkmufpd ~qdodpkq l

fgmi{}d }dmfli ed} mfeled}) ek `dqol o{iuf}}kmudqfli k fgukbqlel) luqlp} ek lmk} l

kskm{ulq ko ~lqmkqfl) |{k ~qkukgeko mdoalukq l ~daqkxl ~kq}f}ukguk k l ksmi{}d }dmfli ko

ukqqfuqfd} ek~qfofed}) `df liukqlel ko 1>>3 ~kil ^dqulqfl 13;$1>>3 ek ek Laqfi) |{k

qkbf}ul ko qkild ~qfokfql) liukqlk} gl} gdqol} FFF) FP) PFF) FS) S) SF) SFF) k SPF edqk}~kmufpd lgksd' K}ul} liukqlk}) pd ld kgmdguqd ek gkmk}}felek} |{k }k `dqlo

fekguf`fmlged gd ukqqkgd k ~qdm{qlo `lmfifulq d }{mk}}d ed} MIE]) |{k }{qbfqlo

~qkmf}lokguk) ~lql lh{elq l `lxkq `lmk l `qlbfifelek} ekukmulel} ko ~qdbqlol} |{k }k `dqlo

ek}kgpdipkged ek}ek d} lgd} 3> ed }m{id SS) ko ^dqu{bli'

D} mdguqlud} idmlf} ek ek}kgpdipfokgud }dmfli) fg}uq{okgud} fgdpledqk} gd |{leqd ed

îlgd Glmfdgli ~lql l Fgmi{}d) pf}lged ek}ek d fgmfd) {ol fgukqpkgd mdo kg`d|{k ~lql

ukqqfuqfd} m{hd ~aifmd lipd k}ukhl fekguf`fmled mdod olf} p{igkqpki ~daqkxl k ksmi{}d

}dmfli) pd/}k mdgmqkufxlq ko 1>>3) g{ol fgukqpkgd mdgmkqulel ~lql d} Ukqqfuqfd} ed}

Alfqqd} Mlid{}uk B{iakqgjflg k Leqdlgl) fekguf`fmled} ~kil Molql O{gfmf~li ek Ml}mlf})

mdod xdgl} ek fgukqpkgd ~qfdqfuqfl) ko }fu{ld ek bqlpk qf}md }dmfli' D ^qdhkmud 6) |{k

}k ~qkukgek elq l mdgckmkq k lpliflq) gk}uk Uqlalicd ek ^qdhkmud) `df mdguko~iled g{o

Mdguqlud idmli ek Ek}kgpdipfokgud ]dmfli'

=' Mlqlmukqfxld ed ^qdhkmud 6Lguk} el mlqlmukqfxld ~qd~qflokguk eful) ed ^qdhkmud 6) mdgpo qk`kqfq |{k ksf}uk {o

îlgd ek Ek}kgpdipfokgud ]dmfli #Ê] 1>>3/1>


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ifgb{}ufml) mdo efpkq}felek} m{iu{qlf} k |{k plidqfxlpl l ekodmqlmfl el ~lqufmf~ld k el

fgmi{}d }dmfli ek uded} d} mfeled}' mdo k}uk dahkmufpd ako ek`fgfed) |{k l Molql

O{gfmf~li ek Ml}mlf}) ~qdodpk {ol mlgefelu{ql ld ^qdbqlol VfL #Vd{uc fg Lmufdg/

H{pkgu{ek ko Lmd) mdgulged ~lql f}}d mdo d l~dfd el ko~qk}l Uklo Olf} k

kpfekgukokguk mdo d bq{~d ek hdpkg} el Leqdlgl) kikokgud `{gelokguli ko udel k}ul

efgofml' K}ul mlgefelu{ql) pf}lpl mdgmqkulokguk) l ~lqufmf~ld ek}uk} hdpkg} g{o

fgukqmoafd k{qd~k{ mdo {o bq{~d ek hdpkg} Akibl}' D fgukqmoafd qklifxl/}k k ~qdodpk/

}k gd }k{ }kb{fokgud {ol qk`iksd) dgek d bq{~d ek hdpkg} l}}{ok l gkmk}}felek ek

okicdqlq l} }{l} mdo~kugmfl} gl igb{l fgbik}l' L Molql O{gfmf~li ek Ml}mlf})

~kqmkakged l fo~dqugmfl ek elq qk}~d}ul ~d}fufpl l k}ul qk`iksd) mdo d l~dfd el Mq{x

Pkqokicl ^dqu{b{k}l) dqblgfxl ~lql k}uk bq{~d ek hdpkg}) l{il} ek fgbi}) ko qkbfok ek

kg}fgd gd `dqoli) e{l} pkxk} ~dq }kolgl e{qlguk gdpk ok}k}'

]ko |{kqkq ~q `fo l k}ul efgofml) d ~qdhkmud Uqlg}`dqol/uk) ~qkdm{~d{/}k mdo l

gkmk}}felek ek mdgufg{lq l ~qdodpkq lmk} ek ke{mld gd `dqoli |{k ~qd~dqmfdgl}}ko

gdpl} ks~kqfgmfl} k k}ufo{il}}ko d fgukqk}}k ~dq ef`kqkguk} l~qkgefxlbkg}' Fgukqmoafd}

mdo hdpkg} ek d{uqd} ~l}k}) `dqold ko d{uql} qkl}) fekguf`fmlel} mdod gkmk}}felek)

qklifxld ek ~qdhkmud} fgefpfe{lf} k ek bq{~d) kgpdipkged k}uk} k d{uqd} hdpkg} |{k }k

mdg}kb{f}}ko odufplq) `dqlo k }d d kg`d|{k ek}ul ~qkdm{~ld' ~qkmf}lokguk gk}ukoafud |{k }{qbk d ^qdhkmud 6) |{k pf}l ek {o oded bkqli ~qd~dqmfdglq ld} @dqolged}

{ol ks~kqfgmfl fgukbqlel k |{lif`fmlel ek `dqold k ek fg}kqd gl pfel lmufpl) luqlp}

ed ek}kgpdipfokgud ek mdo~kugmfl} k}}kgmflf} ld gpki ed }lakq/`lxkq) }lakq/k}ulq k

}lakq/}kq'

D ^qdhkmud 6) kg|{leqled gd Kfsd el \{lif`fmld K}mdilq k ^qd`f}}fdgli el @dqold

Uqlg}`dqol/uk #fo~ikokgulel gd Kfsd < #Ko~qkbd) @dqold k \{lif`fmld)

mdguko~iled gd} MIE]) ~df}) {ol el} mdgmqkufxlk} el fgukqpkgd ek`fgfel ~lql dAlfqqd el Leqdgl) l~qdplel gd oafud ed ^qdbqlol MIE]) h qk`kqfed'

Mdo l ~qkdm{~ld ek ek}~kqulq pdmlk}) ek ~qdodpkq l mkquf`fmld k}mdilq ed} hdpkg}

#6 lgd) ek `lxkq {ol l~d}ul l gpki ek `dqold ko mdguksud ek uqlalicd ko }kmudqk} mdo

~dukgmfli ek ko~qkblafifelek #kgkqbfl} qkgdppkf}) qk}ul{qld) cdukilqfl) k ek

ek}kgpdipkq mdo~kugmfl} ~k}}dlf}) mdo~dqulokgulf} k umgfml}) d ^qdhkmud 6 ~qk~lql/}k

~lql lqqlgmlq mdo d }kb{fguk mlikgeqfd8 ]kukoaqd$1>>6/kguqkpf}ul} ek }kikmd:

D{u{aqd$1>>6/fgfmfd el `dqold) mdo {o oe{id mdo~ikokgulq ek 1>> cdql} ek


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^dqu{b{} k alilgd ek mdo~kugmfl}) ~qdbqlolged/}k =; cdql} }kolglf} ek `dqold'

Gk}ul `l}k ed ^qdhkmud 6) d bq{~d ek ~lqmkfqd} gd ukqqkgd 8 Molql O{gfmf~li ek Ml}mlf}

#EF]U F/ Efpf}d ek Fgukqpkgd ]mfd/Ukqqfudqfli F) Mkguqd ek Qklafifuld ^qd`f}}fdgli

ek Limdfud) Mq{x Pkqokicl ^dqu{b{k}l Ekikbld el Md}ul ed K}udqfi) Lbgmfl EGL

Ml}mlf}) ]KLMDD^ #]dmfli Kguqk~qkgk{q} Lbkgmv) MQI) |{k }k qk}~dg}lafifxlqd ~dq

ef`kqkguk} oe{id} k lmufpfelek}) l }lakq8 Uqlfg Ufmjku) L~qkgefxlbko ~lql l pfel

#Ifgb{lbko k Mdo{gfmld) Olukoufml ~lql l Pfel) UFM}) Mfelelgfl k

Ko~qkblafifelek) Fg`dqol/uk) Ks~kqfokgul/uk) @dqold ko mdguksud ek uqlalicd)

Oe{id} mdo~ikokgulqk} #Ko~qkkgekedqf}od) Uqlalicd ko K|{f~l) Ifekqlgl) Olqml

^k}}dli k Lukifkq} Efpkq}d}' K}uk lqqlg|{k fgfmfli) ~qkmf}lged ek {ol k}uq{u{ql olf}

qbfel l gpki ek edm{okguld) ikpl ld k}ulakikmfokgud ek {o Qkb{ilokgud k ek {o

Mdo~qdof}}d ek ^lqufmf~ld |{k mdgufg{lo l elq mdq~d ld ^qdhkmud 6'

Ed Qkb{ilokgud k ed Mdo~qdof}}d ek ~lqufmf~ld) l~qk}kgulo/}k ek }kb{fel d} ~dgud}

mdguko~iled}) ek}ulmlged l|{kik} |{k }k mdg}fekqlo olf} qkikplguk} ~lql {o `{u{qd

ikplgulokgud ek `qlbfifelek}) ~dukgmflifelek} k lplifld `fgli ed ^qdhkmud 6'

Qkb{ilokgud) mdguko~il8 Kg|{leqlokgud) Dahkmufpd}) Ek}ufgluqfd}) Kgufelek}

Kgpdipfel} k qk}~kmufpl} `{gk}) K}uq{u{ql el @dqold) Mlikgelqfxld) Mlqbl Cdqqfl)

Mdgefk} ek ^lqufmf~ld) Adi}l ek @dqold) L}}fe{felek) Ksmi{}d ed ^qdhkmud k

Epfel} k Dof}}k}' ]lifkgul/}k ed Kg|{leqlokgud) d qkbf}ud el} ~qfgmf~lf} k}uqlubfl} ek

ek}kgpdipfokgud) |{k }d) d lmdo~lgclokgud ~qsfod k qkb{ilq ed} @dqolged} ld idgbd

ek uded d ~qdmk}}d) l}}fo mdod l efglofxld ek {o ~qdbqlol `dqolufpd mdo~ikokgulq k

d `lmud ek |{k l ~lqufmf~ld ed} @dqolged} gd ^qdhkmud 6) gd d} daqfbl l {ol fgukbqld

gd okqmled ek uqlalicd' Gd |{k qk}~kful ld} ek}ufgluqfd}) d qkb{ilokgud) 8 hdpkg}

qk}fekguk} gl Leqdlgl) mdo felek} mdo~qkkgefel} kguqk d}


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Mkquf`fmld K}mdilq ^dqu{bli Lmdick #^dqu{b{} ~lql K}uqlgbkfqd} Ke{mld k @dqold ek Le{iud} ^lqmfli #Gpki A= Oe{id} Mdo~ikokgulqk} Olqml ^k}}dli Ko~qkkgekedqf}od Bk}ud @fglgmkfql Umgfml} ek ^qdm{ql ek Ko~qkbd Mdg}uq{d ek ^qdhkmud} Fgefpfe{lf} @dqolufpd} k ^qd`f}}fdglf} Fg`dqol/uk Ks~kqfokgul/uk Uqlfg Ufmjku Lmdo~lgclokgud ed} @dqolged} e{qlguk uded d ~qdmk}}d `dqolufpd luqlp} ek

}k}}k} fgefpfe{lf}

@dqold ko mdguksud ek uqlalicdD Qkb{ilokgud ek`fgk) |{k l `dqold ekmdqqkq kguqk Gdpkoaqd ek 1>>6 k Ekxkoaqd ek

1>) k}ulakikmkged {ol mlqbl cdqqfl ek 5> cdql} }kolglf} ~lql l `dqold' @fml

uloao ek`fgfed |{k d} @dqolged} gd ~deko `qk|{kgulq |{li|{kq d{uql `dqold d{

ko~qkbd m{hd cdqqfd }k }daqk~dgcl ld cdqqfd el} lmufpfelek} ed ^qdhkmud) mdod uloao

ukqd ek lmkfulq {o cdqqfd }kolgli ek =; cdql}'

Gd |{k qk}~kful Adi}l ek `dqold) `fml k}uf~{iled |{k d} @dqolged} qkmkakqd }{a}efd

ek lifokguld #mdo~lqufmf~led ~kid FK@^ k ~l}}k ek uqlg}~dquk' E{qlguk l `dqold ko

mdguksud ek uqlalicd d} @dqolged} qkmkakqd {ol adi}l okg}li mdqqk}~dgekguk l ed

FL] #Fgekslguk ek L~dfd} ]dmflf}'


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Gd |{k qk}~kful ld Mdo~qdof}}d ek ^lqufmf~ld kik k}ulakikmfed kguqk l kgufelek

kskm{udql ed MIE] ek Ml}mlf}) ]lgul Ml}l el Of}kqfmqefl ek Ml}mlf} k d ^lqufmf~lguk)

mdguko~ilged8 Dahkmufpd} ed ^qdhkmud) Mlikgelqfxld) Oe{id} @dqolufpd}) Idmli ek

@dqold) Mddqekgld ed ^qdhkmud) ^lqufmf~ld k L}}fe{felek) Ekpkqk} el Kgufelek

Mddqekgledql k Ekpkqk} ed ^lqufmf~lguk' L|{f d mdo~qdof}}d k}ulakikmfed) pfbdqlq ek

Gdpkoaqd ek 1>>6 l Ekxkoaqd ek 1>) `fmlged qkbf}uled |{k l @dqold ko Mdguksud

ek Uqlalicd) }kq g{ol ko~qk}l k ukq l e{qld ek }kf} ok}k} ko qkbfok ek ~lqu/ufok' L}

d{uql} lmufpfelek} ~qkpf}ul}) ekmdqqkqd gl} fg}ulilk} el Mq{x Pkqokicl ^dqu{b{k}l gl

Leqdlgl k ko idmli l fgefmlq ~kil k|{f~l Umgfml ed ^qdhkmud'

5' Mlqlmukqfxld ed Bq{~d ek ^lqmkfqd}Mdod h `df qk`kqfed) d ^qdhkmud 6 mdgulpl ek fgmfd mdo l mdiladqld ed Mkguqd ek

Qklafifuld ^qd`f}}fdgli ek Limdfud) el Ekikbld el Md}ul ed K}udqfi el Mq{x Pkqokicl

^dqu{b{k}l) el ]KLmdd~ Lbgmfl ek Ko~qkkgekedqk} ]dmflf}) el @qlgmf}md D Gkfii

L}}dmfled}) el Lbgmfl EGL Ml}mlf} k el LF]L

5'


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mdgckmfokgud} luqlp} el ~qdodd k k}uo{id ek mqflufpfelek k fgdpld) g{o loafkguk

ek ko~qkkgekedqf}od'

;' Mlqlmukqfxld ed} hdpkg} le{iud} kgpdipfed}L `dqold ^qdhkmud 6 kql efqfbfel l hdpkg} el Leqdlgl) gd kgulgud mdg}fekqd{/}k |{k

}kqfl {ol olf}/plifl kg|{leqlq d{uqd} hdpkg} mdo lib{o ~dukgmfli k mdo~kugmfl} |{k

~{ek}}ko mdg}ufu{fq/}k mdod {ol ifekqlgl ~d}fufpl' L}}fo) `dqlo }kikmmfdgled} = hdpkg}

ek `loifl} ed ~qdhkmud lmdo~lgclokgud ~}fmd/}dmfli #@loifl} lmdo~lgclel} ~dq mdikbl}

|{k `lxko ~lquk el K|{f~l ed ^qdhkmud 6' K}uk} hdpkg} pfpko uded} gd ukqqfuqfd ek

Limdfud'

Mdo al}k gd} eled} ed lgksd 1 #^qdhkmud 68 glmfdglifelek) qk}fegmfl) k}mdilqfelek)}fu{ld ~qd`f}}fdgli d ^qdhkmud 6 lqqlgml mdo


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< `dqolged ~dqu{b{} uko 11 lgd} #2)


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~lql l pfel' D umgfmd) fq ukgulq ~q }{~kq`mfk lib{g} l}~kmud} olf} fo~dqulguk} el

pfel ed }{hkfud) gdoklelokguk ld gpki ed} }lakqk} k ks~kqfgmfl} pfpkgmflel})

~qkukgekged }k gd `fgli ed ~qdmk}}d |{k d }{hkfud }khl ml~lx ek ksuql~dilq {o dahkmufpd

~lql l }{l pfel) fekguf`fmlq {ol pdmld ~lql d kskqmmfd ek ekukqofglel ~qd`f}}d) ek`fgfq)

ko }{ol) {o ~qdhkmud ~lql l }{l pfel #`dqolufpd d{ ~qd`f}}fdgli'

^qkpf}d ek `{gmfdglokgud8 Kguqk Gdpkoaqd ek 1>>6 k H{icd ek 1>

0'1KO^QKKGEKEDQF]ODD oe{id ek Ko~qkkgekedqf}od uko mdod dahkmu

maria da luz aragão 2010_stop, reflectir para inovar

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