jornalismo feminino - a década da mulher e a perspectiva do jornal mineiro

7/31/2019 Jornalismo Feminino - A década da mulher e a perspectiva do jornal mineiro

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/jornalismo-feminino-a-decada-da-mulher-e-a-perspectiva-do-jornal-mineiro 1/95

H@NSWM PNI_@WXISËWIM C@ G@BM LMWIVMNS@ ‘ PniglHpwxm c` awkcpkáèm `e Hmepnihkáèm Xmhikb hme ænokx` `e Fmwnkbixem

XPÉB@N B@KNCWK KB_KW@NAK

FMWNKBIXEM O@EININM6K céhkck ck epbl`w ` k t`wxt`hsivk cm fmwnkb Epbl`wim

G`bm Lmwimns` EA74;7



Xpéb`n B`kncwk Kbvkw`nak

FMWNKBIXEM O@EININM6K céhkck ck epbl`w ` k t`wxt`hsivk cm fmwnkb Epbl`wim 74;7





Swkgkblm c` hmnhbpxèm c` hpwxm ktw`x`nskcm nm hpwxm c`Hmepnihkáèm Xmhikb hme ænokx` è Fmwnkbixem cmH`nswm Pniv`wxisëwim c` G`bm Lmwimns`" hmem w`{pixismtkwk k mgs`náèm cm såspbm c` gkhlkw`b è HmepnihkáèmXmhikb hme ænokx` è Fmwnkbixem.

Mwi`nskcmw6 Twmo`xxmw E`xsw` Epwibm Ekw{p`x Amnsifm.

G`bm Lmwimns` EA74;7





Swkgkblm c` hmnhbpxèm c` hpwxm xpge`sicm ä gknhk `|keinkcmwkc`xiankck t`bm hmnx`blm cm hpwxm c` awkcpkáèm è Hmepnihkáèm

Xmhikb ,ænokx` è Fmwnkbixem)" cm H`nswm Pniv`wxisëwim c` G`bmLmwimns`" hmem w`{pixism tkwhikb tkwk k mgs`náèm cm såspbm c`gkhlkw`b.

Mwi`nskcmw6 Twmo`xxmw E`xsw` Epwibm Ekw{p`x Amnsifm.

Ktwmvkcm è ]] c` ]]]]]]]]]]]]]] c` 74;7 tmw6

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]



Äx epbl`w`x" eè`x" kwwiemx c` okeåbik"

swkgkblkcmwkx" c` smckx kx ickc`x" cmx

awknc`x h`nswmx pwgknmx mp cmx winhð`x ekixeix`wëvìx cm tkåx" kx {pkix" è kbape

eme`nsm c` kobiáèm" gpxhkwke kfpck ` nèm

`nhmnswkwke" ekx {p` gpxhke k visøwik è

{p` hmeèmwkwèm fpnskx k c`wwpgkck cmx

`xs`w`øsitmx {p` bl`x s`nske ietinaiw tkwk kx

lpeiblkw" cieinpiw xpk omwák ` kx hmnv`nh`w

c` {p` xèm inhktk`x c` `|`wh`w m tmc`w `" sèm`xt`hikbe`ns`" c` v`nh`w nk inhknxëv`b cò`xk

c` x`px ciwìsmx" kekncm k smcmx iapkbe`ns`

hmem `nxinmp k kekw

F`xpx Hwixsm.



KAWKC@HIE@NSMX

Kawkc`ám twieìwke`ns` k C`px" tmw{p` w`hmnl`ám k xpk xpt`wimwickc` cikns` c`

einlk `|ixsænhik.

Kmx e`px okeibikw`x" `xt`hikbe`ns` tkix ` iweè" {p` e` ktmikwke" apikwke" in

h`nsivkwke ` ome`nskwke e`px `xspcmx" nèm xme`ns` n`xs` eme`nsm" ekx c`xc` m hme`ám"

hmbkgmwkncm lmf` ` xètw` tkwk m e`p xph`xxm.

Kmx e`px keiamx ` hmbàkx6 ck `xhmbk" cm swkgkblm" ck iaw`fk ` mx c` hkxk" mx {pkix

epism e` ietpbximnke" inh`nsivke" ketkwke... Hmetknlìwåxxiemx+Km e`p twmo`xxmw Mwi`nskcmw" Xw. E`. Epwibm Ekw{p`x Amnsifm" tmw s`w hmetkwsi

blkcm x`px hmnl`hie`nsmx ` e` t`weisicm tkwsihitkw c`xs` twmf`sm hme skeknlk xmbihispc`"

tkhiænhik" tw`xs`k" ins`w`xx` ` ks`náèm" `" gè kxxie" kmx cèkix e`xsw`x mx {pkix" c` kbape

emcm" oi`wkee` kbam" e`w`h`ncm `xs` `xtkám.

Xmp tmw smcmx `xs`x ` sknsmx mpswmx in`x{p`håvìx {p`" oihkncm k{pi kx c`xhpbtkx"

cì|m c` e`nhimnkw. E`p mgwiakcm.



‒M xph`xxm é hmnxswpåcm ä nmis`+ Cpwkns` m

cik vmhæ ok m {p` smcmx ok`e. Ekx" tkwk

mgs`w pe w`xpbskcm cio`w`ns` ck ekimwik" vmhæ

s`e {p` x`w `xt`hikb. X` oi`w iapkb k smcm

epncm" mgs`wë mx e`xemx w`xpbskcmx. Nèm x`

hmetkw` ä ekimwik" tmix ino`bie`ns` `bk nèm é

emc`bm c` xph`xxm.―

,Wmg`wsm Xlinykxliji)



W@XPEM

Tmw `xs` swkgkblm" ketkwkcm è gigbimawkoikx civ`wxkx ` nm t`wiøcihm oèinixsk Epbl`wim" tmc`x` hmnl`h`w e`blmw k hmnciáèm" è kxt`hsmx a`wkix" ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk cpwkns` k céhkckc` ;9<4 ` nm inåhim c`xsk" `xt`hikbe`ns`. T`x{pixkx` kx {p`xsð`x w`bksivkx ä epbl`w" k oie cèmxswkw" c` omwek hbkwk" m {p` é x`w epbl`w" inhbpxiv` è s`wemx gimbøaihmx" ` kx ietbihkáð`xk {p` skb hmnciáèm xpge`s`p `xxk hksàmwik c` aæn`wm" cpwkns` k hlkekck céhkck ck epbl`w,;9<4)" nmx çegismx xmhikb" bkgmwkb" ck vimbænhik" ck cixhwieinkáèm ` cm tw`hmnhìsm" ck xköc`"`cphkhimnkb" bàkb ` `hmnóeihm. K cixhpxxèm ciw`himnkx` tkwk k è`waænhik ckx {p`xsð`xxmhikix x`nsick c` omwek a`wkb t`bk xmhi`ckc` twmb`sëwik ck étmhk. Mhmww` {p`" cikns` c` peh`nëwim c` w`vmbskx" kx epbl`w`x tkxxke k `n|`wakw k mtmwspnickc` c` ins`nxioihkw kx eknio`xskáð`x ` c` wìvincihkw x`px ciwìsmx hmem hickcèx" swknxomwekncm kxxie mx emvie`nsmx xmhi

kix c`xx` t`wåmcm è pe swketmbie tkwk m obmw`xh`w cm emvie`nsm oèinixsk hmem pe kbih`wh` c` xpkx twøtwikx w`vmbskx. Xkincm cm knmnieksm" kns`x via`ns`" k hbkxx` oèinink x` `xskg`b`h` è kbapnx eìmx" hmem m ck hmepnihkáèm" ` hwik" k x`p okvmw" pek nmvk omwek" ä tkws`"c` x` ok`w fmwnkbixem6 k ietw`nxk oèinink. Ietw`nxk `xsk {p` tkxxk k omwskb`h`w m emvie`nsm oèininm `" m ekix ietmwskns`" k nèm `|hbpiw kx epbl`w`x. T`bm hmnswëwim" kawàkncmkx" skbietw`nxk" nèm xksixoìsk è kt`nkx `|ixsiw hmem m fmwnkbixem c` x`wviám {p` kp|ibikvk k cmnkc` hkxk k hpickw e`blmw cm bkw ` ck okeåbik" cë mwiaè ä v`ws`ns` c` ietw`nxk hmnl`hick hmemoèinixsk" k {pkb x` `nhkwwàmp c` swkskw c` kxxpnsmx hmnxic`wkcmx tmbæeihmx tkwk epbl`w`xck{p`bk étmhk" hmem tmbåsihk" `hmnmeik" kgmwsm ` `sh. Hmnhbpix` `nsèm {p` k epbl`w" hmemaæn`wm ` nmpswmx kxt`hsmx" hmnoiapwk pe pniv`wxm twøtwim" e`w`h`cmw c` `xspcm" tmix c`s`weinkns` nm twmh`xxm c` c`x`nvmbvie`nsm ck xmhi`ckc` hmnsètmwçn`k.

Tkbkvwkx%hlkv`6 Fmwnkbixem. Epbl`w. Aæn`wm Oèininm. Céhkck c` ;9<4. Ietw`nxk O`%einink. Ietw`nxk Oèinixsk. Fmwnkb Epbl`wim.



W@XPE@N

Tmw `xs` swkgkfm" ktmykcm tmw vkwikx gigbimawkoåkx y `n bm t`wiøcihm oèinixsk Epbl`wim" x`tp`c` hmetw`nc`w e`fmw bk hmncihiøn" `n kxt`hsmx a`n`wkb`x" c` bkx epf`w`x gwkxib`ûkx cpwkns` bk céhkck c` ;9<4 y `n `b hmei`nm c` `xs`" xmgw` smcm. @x inv`xsiakcm bkx hp`xsimn`x w`bksivkx k bk epf`w hmn `b oin c` emxswkw hbkwke`ns` bm {p` `x" x`w pnk epf`w" inhbpxm `n séweinmxgimbøaihmx" y bkx ietbihkhimn`x k {p` skb hmncihiøn xme`siø bk hksàmwåk c` aén`wm" cpwkns` bkbbkekck céhkck c` bkx epf`w`x ,;9<4)" `n bk vick xmhikb" bkgmwkb" c` bk vimb`nhik" c` bk cixhwieinkhiøn y c` `b tw`fpihim" c` bk xkbpc" `cphksivm" fpwåcihm y `hmnøeihm. Bk cixhpxiøn `xsëciwiaick k bk ktkwihiøn c` twmgbèkx xmhikb`x x`nsick tmw bk xmhi`ckc twmb`skwik c` bk étmhk `na`n`wkb. Xph`c` {p`" kns` pn hbiek c` in{pi`spc" bkx epf`w`x vkn k v`w bk mtmwspnickc c` in

s`nxioihkw bkx twms`xskx y w`hbkekw xpx c`w`hlmx hmem hipckcknmx" swknxomwekncm kxå bmx emviei`nsmx xmhikb`x c` `x` t`wåmcm `n pn swketmbån tkwk `b obmw`hiei`nsm c`b emviei`nsm oèinixsk hmem pnk opnckhiøn c` xpx twmtikx w`vp`bskx. Kb xkbiw c` `b knmnieksm {p` kns`x tw`vkb`hiø" bk hbkx` c` epf`w`x x` `xskgb`h` `n kbapnmx e`cimx" skb`x hmem bk hmepnihkhiøn" y hw`k"`n xp okvmw" pnk np`vk omwek" inc`t`nci`ns`" c` lkh`w t`wimcixem6 bk tw`nxk oè`nink. Tw`nxk`xsk {p` tkxk k omwskb`h`w `b emviei`nsm c` epf`w`x y" bm eëx ietmwskns`" k nm `|hbpiw k `bbkx.Tmw `b hmnswkwim" kawàkncm `bbkx" `xsk tw`nxk t`wiøcihk" nm hmns`nsm c` `|ixsiw kxå hmem `bt`wimcixem c` x`wvihim {p` lk kypckcm k bkx kekx c` hkxk k smekw pn e`fmw hpickcm c` bmlmakw y c` bk okeibik" ck bpakw k hkc`nk hmnmhick hmem bk tw`nxk oèinixsk" {p` `xskgk k hkwamc` kgmwckw bkx hp`xsimn`x mgf`sm c` tmbéeihk tkwk bkx epf`w`x c` `xk étmhk" hmem bk tmbåsihk"bk `hmnmeåk" `b kgmwsm y kxå xph`xivke`ns`. X` hmnhbpyø" `nsmnh`x" {p` bk epf`w" hmem aén`wm

y `n mswmx kxt`hsmx" `xskgb`h` xp twmtim pniv`wxm" cianm c` `xspcim" tp`xsm {p` c`hixivm `n `bc`xkwwmbbm c` bk xmhi`ckc hmnsètmwën`k.

Tkbkgwkx bbkv`x6 T`wimcixem. Epf`w`x. Aén`wm oè`ninm. ;9<4. Tw`nxk oè`nink. Tw`nxkoèinixsk. T`wiøcihm Epbl`wim.



XPEËWIM

KN@\MX .................................................................................................................................18

; INSWMCPÁÈM .................................................................................................................. 9 7 M AÆN@WM O@EININM @ K CÉHKCK CK EPBL@W................................................... ;; 7.; Kxt`hsmx gimbøaihmx ck epbl`w ....................................................................................... ;; 7.7 M aæn`wm oèininm ......................................................................................................... ;8 7.8 K céhkck ck epbl`w ........................................................................................................ ;? 7.8.; K è`waænhik ckx {p`xsð`x xmhikix .............................................................................. ;< 7.8.7 Emvie`nsmx xmhikix hmem kbih`wh` c` w`vmbskx ............................................................. 74 8 IETW@NXK O@EININK @ IETW@NXK O@EINIXSK6 CPKX OMWEKX C@C@X_@BKW K EPBL@W ................................................................................................... 77 8.; K ietw`nxk oèinink ...................................................................................................... 73 8.7 K ietw`nxk oèinixsk ..................................................................................................... 71 3 M FMWNKB EPBL@WIM .................................................................................................. 8; 3.; Ktw`x`nskáèm ` w`hmws` sètmwkb ..................................................................................... 8; 3.7 Knëbix` ` w`xpbskcmx........................................................................................................ 88 3.7.; Kxt`hsmx xmhikix .......................................................................................................... 83 3.7.7 Kxt`hsmx bkgmwkix ........................................................................................................ 37 3.7.8 Kxt`hsmx c` vimbænhik .................................................................................................. 30 3.7.3 Kxt`hsmx c` cixhwieinkáèm ` tw`hmnhìsm ..................................................................... 3< 3.7.0 Kxt`hsmx w`bkhimnkcmx ä xköc` ..................................................................................... 04 3.7.? Kxt`hsmx `cphkhimnkix ................................................................................................. 00 3.7.1 Kxt`hsmx bàkix ............................................................................................................ 01 3.7.< Kxt`hsmx `hmnóeihmx .................................................................................................. ?4 0 HMNHBPXÈM .................................................................................................................. ?8 W@O@WÆNHIKX .................................................................................................................. ?0



9

; INSWMCPÁÈM

@xs` `xspcm swkskx` c` pe swkgkblm c` hmnhbpxèm c` hpwxm ` x` c`xsink k ks`nc`w k`|iaænhik tkwk k mgs`náèm cm såspbm c` awkcpkáèm è gkhlkw`bkcm è Hmepnihkáèm Xmhikb

hme ænokx` è Fmwnkbixem cm H`nswm Pniv`wxisëwim c` G`bm Lmwimns` ,Pnigl).

@xsk ksivickc` x` fpxsioihk tmw{p` é ietmwskns` khmetknlkw k `vmbpáèm lixsøwihk ck

w`bkáèm c` aæn`wm" kx cixtpskx" k cixhwieinkáèm ` m tw`hmnhìsm" k mtw`xxèm" k vimbænhik ` mp

swmx o`nóe`nmx mw{p`xswkcmx tmw incivåcpmx ` mwaknikáð`x" tmw inxsispiáð`x tögbihkx ` twivk

ckx" t`bkx einmwikx `sh. M khmetknlke`nsm c`xxk `vmbpáèm x`wv` hmem xpgxåcim tkwk hme

tw``nc`w e`blmw m tw`x`ns` ` tbkn`fkw m opspwm. C`xxk omwek" xmg m tmnsm c` vixsk cm aæn`wmoèininm" é ietmwskns` `xspckw k hmetb`|k cie`nxèm cm o`nóe`nm ck epbl`w" tmw{p` `bk c`

xèt`nlk tkt`b opncke`nskb nk `xswpspwk xmhikb hmnsètmwçn`k" ins`wo`wincm è çegismx ci

v`wxmx" `" hkck v` hme ekimw tkwsihitkáèm" nmx wpemx {p` smek k xmhi`ckc`" c` emcm {p` é

n`h`xxëwim hmetw``nc`w k epbl`w tkwk ckw hmnsinpickc` kmx kvknámx ` km c`x`nvmbvie`nsm

lmci`wnmx. C` oksm" k t`x{pixk w`kbikck w`v`bk" `nsw` mpswkx hmixkx" {p` k céhkck c` ;9<4 omi

ietmwskns` `xt`hikbe`ns` tmw x`w ins`we`ciëwik `nsw` mx `v`nsmx ckx cpkx céhkckx kns`wimw`x `

m inåhim såeicm ck hmnswkhpbspwk ä{p`bk ksé `nsèm via`ns` ` mx ckx cpkx céhkckx xàpins`x"

{pkncm kx epcknákx" kx wìvincihkáð`x ` mpswkx hmn{pixskx omwke hmnxmbickckx.

Kcikns`" {pknsm km mgf`sm c` `xspcm" hmem x` væ" tmix" `bkgmwmpx` `xs` swkgkblm

hme m twmtøxism c` hmnl`h`w omwekbe`ns` k hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk nk céhkck c`

;9<4 `" `xt`hikbe`ns`" nm inåhim c`xs` t`wåmcm" mgx`wvkncmx` {p`" tmw x` swkskw c` pe swkgk

blm nk ëw`k c` fmwnkbixem" psibimpx` hmem omns` tpgbihkáð`x hi`nsåoihkx c` knswmtmbmaik" xm

himbmaik" lixsøwik `nsw` mpswkx. Omi kcmskcm skegée m fmwnkb Epbl`wim tkwk k hmetw``nxèm cm

sèk kgmwckcm" fmwnkb `xx`" {p` hiwhpbmp `nsw` mx knmx c` ;9<; ` c` ;9<< ` hpfkx hktkx `

twinhitkix ekséwikx t`weisè `nhmnswkw ` ic`nsioihkw søtihmx ` inomwekáð`x ekix ietmwskns`x"

ekwhkns`x" t`wsin`ns`x ` w`v`bkcmw`x ck hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w nk{p`bk étmhk.

Kcèkix" w`kbikw pe `xspcm c`xxk nkspw`k kswkvéx c` pe fmwnkb é kbam {p` mo`w`

h`" kbée cm hmnl`hie`nsm ck hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk" è x`p sètm" pe wòmwám"

pek hmnoiwekáèm ck twèixxk c` {p` pe fmwnkb tmc` mo`w`h`w pek vixèm knswmtmbøaihk" xmhim

bøaihk ` lixsøwihk" `nsw` mpswkx" `" ksé e`xem" hme h`wskx vknska`nx" tmix" `n{pknsm mx bivwmx

c`xxkx ëw`kx xèm a`wkbe`ns` swkgkblmx xmbmx mp hme tmphmx kpsmw`x" pe fmwnkb" `xt`hikbe`ns`

hme `xx` hmws` sètmwkb" é pek mgwk c` h`ns`nkx c` kpsmw`x ` omns`x cio`w`ns`x {p` twmtmwhim

nk pek vixèm hmnxic`wëv`b ck hmetb`|ickc` cm o`nóe`nm {p` ktw`x`nsk.



;4

Mhmww` {p` pe fmwnkb" e`xem nèm s`ncm xicm `bkgmwkcm hme m e`xem wiamw hi`n

såoihm" mo`w`h` h`wsk xàpwknák nk v`wkhickc` cmx oksmx ` nk x`nxks` ckx mtinið`x vìhpbkckx"

c`vicm ä {pknsickc` c` ka`ns`x ` `bè`nsmx tmw `b` `nvmbvicmx" hmem fmwnkbixskx" w`cksmw`x"

`cismw`x" hmbkgmwkcmw`x" hkwskx c` bìsmw`x" mgwkx bis`wëwikx hme`nskckx `sh. Spcm ixxm tmc` x`w

`xhwpsinkcm" skgpbkcm" ins`wtw`skcm" w`mwaknikcm ` xins`sikcm è pek iekaè ck hmnciáèm

xmhikb ck epbl`w nk{p`bk étmhk.

[pknsm äx omns`x c`xs` swkgkblm" kbée cm pxm c` w`hpwxmx c` ins`wn`s è e`nmw

c`xsk{p`" tmw mnc` x` t`x{pixmp kbape hmns`öcm bàixbksivm ` mpswmx s`|smx in`w`ns`x km sèk

kgmwckcm" psibimpx` c` vkwikck omns` gigbimawëoihk" hmem Kapikw ,7441)" Kbi`w ,;910)" Kbv`x

` Apiekwè`x ,7449)" Gkcins`w ,;99;)" Gwpxhlini ,;993)" Gpismni ,;994)" Hkwcmxm ,;9<8)" Hkw

vkblkw ,7443)" Hmwwìk ,74;;)" Hmxsk ,;993)" Hmxsk `s kb. ,74;;)" Hwp ,7447)" Cini `s kb. ,7444)" Akwhik ,;991)" A`qkncxnkcf`w ,744;)" Amln ,7444): Awmxxi" Skvkw`x ` Mbivìwk

,744<): Lpetlw`y ,;9<8)" Bkekx ,74;7)" Bmt`x ,744<)" Bpxsmxk ,744<" 7443)" Bp ` Ophlink

,7449)" Ekankgmxhm ,7448)" Ekwsin ,744?)" Ekwsinx ` Bphk ,744<)" Eksmx ,7447)" Eksmx `

Aiskly ,7441)" E`c`wìwmx ,7441): E`bm" Bkxsw`x ` Ekw{p`x ,7443)" Eiwknck ,744?)" Mbinsm

,;99<)" Tkhl`hm ,7440)" Tinsm ,;997)" Wkam ,7448)" Wmcwiap`x ` Ekw{p`x ,7441)" Wmcwiap`x

,744<)" Xkb`x ,7449)" Xknsmx ,744?)" Xknsmx ,74;;)" Xhkvmn` ,744<)" Xhlb x`n`w ,7448)" Xhmss

,;994)" Xibvk ,74;4)" Xieièm ,7444)" Xmkw`x ,;993)" Skgkj ` Cpwkn ,;9<8) ` S`b`x ,;998).Tmw `xxkx wò`wænhikx" m hmns`öcm x` o` kswkvéx pek knëbix` ck xispkáèm xmhikb ck

epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4 tmw eìm c` nmsåhikx" mtinið`x ` ekséwikx è a`wkb vìhpbkckx t`bm

fmwnkb Epbl`wim. Tkwk e`blmw òìsm cicësihm" k knëbix` omi civicick è cio`w`ns`x søtihmx" hp

fmx såspbmx" kt`xkw c` xpa`wiwè" hkck pe" ekimw ænokx` è pek cie`nxèm `xt`håoihk cm sèk"

nèm cì|ke c` x`w epbsicixhitbinkw`x. Tmw `|ètbm" xmg m såspbm ‒kxt`hsmx swkgkblixskx―" nèm

x`wèm ianmwkcmx mp meisicmx oksmw`x hpbspwkix" xmhikix" `hmnóeihmx" w`biaimxmx mp mpswmx {p`

s`nlke kbape vånhpbm ietmwskns` hme k hmnciáèm ck epbl`w" è s`wemx a`wkix.Tmw oie" lë {p` x` okbkw {p` k `xswpspwk ck t`x{pixk x` c`x`nvmbv` è cpkx tkws`x

gëxihkx6 k twieìwk" c` hmns`öcm s`øwihm ` gkx`kck è t`x{pixk gigbimawëoihk ckx wò`wænhikx

xptwke`nhimnkckx" cixhmww`" tw`hitpke`ns` ` hme hkwës`w ekix a`néwihm" xmgw` hmnh`táð`x

{p` `nvmbvè k epbl`w ` m hmns`|sm è {p` `bk x` inx`wik nm Gwkxib" nk céhkck c` ;9<4 `"

tmxs`wimwe`ns` ` c` emcm ekix `xt`hikbikcm" xmgw` m pniv`wxm oèininm nk t`wxt`hsivk cm

viéx fmwnkbåxsihm" nm e`xem `xtkám sètm c`bieiskcmx. Oinkbe`ns`" k xàpnck tkws`" oìsk"

twinhitkbe`ns`" k tkwsiw ck t`x{pixk nmx `|ètbkw`x cm fmwnkb Epbl`wim" knkbixk mx `bè`nsmx

` kx inomwekáð`x omwn`hicmx t`bm t`wiøcihm" ic`nsioihkncm hkwkhs`wåxsihkx cm kegi`ns` oèini

nm è {p` x` inx`wik `xsk ietw`nxk `xhwisk.



;;

7 M AÆN@WM O@EININM @ K CÉHKCK CK EPBL@W

Inihikbe`ns`" tkwk x` hmetw``nc`w m {p` tmcèmx hlkekw c` ‒o`nóe`nm― ck epbl`w" n`h`xxëwim x` ok hmnl`h`w kxt`hsmx gëxihmx cm x`p hmns`|sm" hmem hmnhìspëbk xmg m

tmnsm c` vixsk gimbøaihm" swkskw ckx cio`w`nákx {p` tmxxigibiske còiniw pe x`w lpeknm hmem

x`ncm cm x`|m oèininm mp ekxhpbinm" `|tbihiskw m pxm ck `|tw`xxèm ‒aæn`wm― ` x`px xianioi

hkcmx nm çegism khkcæeihm fmwnkbåxsihm" ktw`x`nskw k céhkck ck epbl`w ` mx awknc`x twmaw`x

xmx kbhknákcmx t`bk hbkxx` oèinink è s`wemx c` ciwìsmx ` w`xtìsm `" tmw oie" cixhmww`w xm

gw` k xkåck ckx epbl`w`x ck `xhpwicèm ` cm hmemcixem tmbåsihmxmhikb.

7.; Kxt`hsmx gimbøaihmx ck epbl`w

C` khmwcm hme A`qkncxnkcf`w ,74;;)" pek epbl`w é pe x`w lpeknm kcpbsm cm

x`|m oèininm;. Nm Gwkxib" nmwekbe`ns`" k epbl`w é c`nmeinkck hmem e`nink ` hmem emák"

nk inoçnhik ` nk kcmb`xhænhik" w`xt`hsivke`ns`. M s`wem ‒epbl`w― é pxkcm tkwk incihkw sknsm

cixsináð`x x`|pkix gimbøaihkx {pknsm cixsináð`x nmx tktéix xøhimhpbspwkix. M e`xem kpsmw

mgx`wvk {p` mx ekwhmx sètmwkix ck swknxiáèm c` pek epbl`w ck inoçnhik tkwk k kcmb`xhænhik

`" cm e`xem emcm" ck kcmb`xhænhik tkwk k ickc` kcpbsk" xèm oìsmx t`bk xmhi`ckc`" gkx`kcmx

è hwiséwimx sknsm gimbøaihmx {pknsm xøhimhpbspwkix" `" c`xsk omwek" tmcè xmow`w awknc`x

vkwikáð`x hmnomwe` kx hpbspwkx nkx {pkix x` v`wioihke. C` {pkb{p`w eknìwk" cm tmnsm c` vixsk

gimbøaihm" k tkxxkaè tkwk k kcmb`xhænhik é ekwhkck t`bk e`nkwhk" mp x`fk" t`bm inåhim ck

e`nxswpkáèm7 {p`" tkwk m kpsmw" mhmww`wë {pkncm k e`nink x` smwnkw epbl`w.

Nk e`xek ciw`áèm" tkwk Ekwsin ,744?)" k tkbkvwk ‒epbl`w― tmc` x`w pxkck xianioi

hkncm" a`n`wihke`ns`" smcm m x`w lpeknm oæe`k mp" `xt`hioihke`ns`" pe lpeknm oæe`k kcpb

sm" hmnswkxskcm ä hwiknák cm x`|m oèininm" c`xiankck" mwiainkbe`ns`" t`bk tkbkvwk ‒e`nink―.

@xs` s`wem" tmw xpk v`" é pxkcm" kspkb ` hmbm{pikbe`ns`" {pkncm x` wò`w` k pek epbl`w fm

vè mp xmbsìwk" mp" ksé e`xem" tkwk `|tw`xxkw ko`sm. [pknsm ä{p`b` s`wem" nm inåhim ck céhk

ck c` ;914" m emvie`nsm oèinixsk hmns`xsmp m ètwàm ck tkbkvwk ‒epbl`w― hmem wò`wæn

; @e gimbmaik" kx oæe`kx xèm còinickx hmem mx incivåcpmx c` pek `xtéhi`" sknsm kniekix" hmem và`skix" {p`

twmcpè m açe`sk ,mp ake`sk" k hébpbk w`twmcpsivk) ekimw ` a`wkbe`ns` ieøv`b m øvpbm.7 E`nxswpkáèm é m obp|m xknapån`m nmwekb {p` mhmww` cpwkns` h`wsk okx` ck vick ck epbl`w ` {p` x` mwiaink nmös`wm.



;7

hik k pek epbl`w insìwke`ns` hw`xhick" xmg k fpxsioihksivk c` {p` skb pxm tmc`wik x`w hmnxic`

wkcm mo`nxivm.

N`xxk binlk" v`wioihkx` {p`" è c`s`weinkckx hpbspwkx" lë k biakáèm `nsw` k lmnwk

ck okeåbik hme k viwainckc` oèinink ,EKWSIN" 744?). K wò`wænhik k pek epbl`w xmbsìwk

hmem ‒epbl`w― tmc` ietbihkw nk xptmxiáèm c` {p` `bk fë s`nlk sicm pek `|t`wiænhik x`|pkb" m

{p` x`wik pe inxpbsm ä okeåbik" tmix" è episkx hpbspwkx" nèm é t`weisicm m ksm x`|pkb kns`x cm

hkxke`nsm" pek v` {p` `xx` ksm swknxomwekwik k epbl`w è x`nlmwk" kswigpsm twøtwim ck{p`

bkx {p` fë hmnswkåwke m ekswieónim.

W`smekncm" è s`wemx gimbøaihmx" A`qkncxnkcf`w ,74;;) koiwek {p` mx øwaèmx

x`|pkix oèininmx `xsèm `nvmbvicmx hme kx opnáð`x in`w`ns`x km xixsèk w`twmcpsivm" km tkxxm

{p` h`wsmx hkwkhs`w`x x`|pkix x`hpncëwimx `xsèm `nvmbvicmx hme kx skwòkx mwaçnihkx biakckx änpswiáèm ck hwik twé ` tøx m tkwsm mp kmx inxswpe`nsmx c` kswkáèm c` pe tkwhìwm. Kxxie" sè

x` {p` m {pkcwib oèininm ktw`x`nsk pe kpe`nsm c` skeknlm `nsw` k inoçnhik ` k ekspwickc`

x`|pkb tkwk t`weisiw m khöepbm c` w`x`wvkx c` `n`waik è omwek c` amwcpwk" k oie c` twmtmw

himnkw w`x`wvkx c` `n`waik cèknckckx tmxs`wimwe`ns` nm c`x`nvmbvie`nsm cm o`sm ` nk k

eke`nskáèm.

Xàpncm A`qkncxnkcf`w ,74;;)" kx epbl`w`x a`wkbe`ns` kbhknáke k e`nmtkpxk8

`nsw` m oinkb cmx 34 knmx ` m inåhim cmx 04 knmx c` ickc`. N`xs` tmnsm" mx mvëwimx oèininmxh`xxke k twmcpáèm cm lmweónim `xswmaænim ` `bkx fë nèm tmcè ekix a`wkw oiblmx.

Tmwée" `|ixsè mpswmx tmnsmx c` vixsk" {p` t`weisè còiniw pe incivåcpm hmem

epbl`w. Tkwk Gkcins`w ,;99;)" m tkt`b c` cmnk c` hkxk" c` eè`" c` `xtmxk ` mx kegi`ns`x c`

swkgkblm a`wkbe`ns` mhptkcmx tmw epbl`w`x skegée còinè m aæn`wm" fë {p` k epbl`w nèm

x`wik kt`nkx pe x`w gimbøaihm" ekx skegée pe x`w xmhikb3. @e episkx hpbspwkx" mx wismx c`

tkxxkaè0 skegée ktkw`hè tkwk xiegmbikw k hlàkck ck ekspwickc` oèinink. Nm hwixsik

nixem" tmw `|ètbm" hmxspekx` w`kbikw pek h`b`gwkáèm `xt`hikb nk tkxkaè cmx ;3 tkwk mx;0 knmx c` ickc` ckx emákx. W`kbikx` m gkib` c` c`gpskns` ? tkwk xiegmbikw k swknxiáèm `nsw`

k inoçnhik ` k kcmb`xhænhik. Nm [pænik" è pek swigm c`nmeinkck tmw ‒Mji`j―" tmw `|ètbm"

m wism c` tkxxkaè ck inoçnhik tkwk k ickc` kcpbsk" é iapkb tkwk lme`nx ` epbl`w`x ` é w`kbi

8 E`nmtkpxk c`xiank m t`wåmcm oiximbøaihm {p` x` hkwkhs`wik t`bm `nh`wwke`nsm cmx hihbmx e`nxswpkix `

mvpbksøwimx. Inihikx` hme ickc` vkwiëv`b" ekx nmwekbe`ns` `nsw` mx 30 ` mx 00 knmx. Koiwekx` {p` pekepbl`w `xs`fk nk e`nmtkpxk {pkncm `bk ktw`x`nsk kpxænhik c` hihbmx e`nxswpkix lë ekix c` pe knm.

3 Tmcèmx ci`w {p` k lixsøwik ckx epbl`w`x é opncke`nskb tkwk x` hmetw``nc`w k lixsøwik a`wkb" pek v` {p` `bké w`bkhimnkb" ` inhbpi spcm m {p` `nvmbv` m x`w lpeknm" xpkx kxtiwkáð`x ` w`kbikáð`x" x`px tkwhìwmx `

hmnsètmwçn`mx" xpkx hmnxswpáð`x ` c`wwmskx. ,WMCWIAP@X" 744<" t. ;).0 Wismx c` tkxxkaè xèm h`b`gwkáð`x {p` ekwhke epcknákx c` xskspx c` pek t`xxmk nm xìm c` xpk hmepnickc`.? C`gpskns` vè cm owknhæx c`gpskns`" {p` tmc` x`w swkcpicm hmem 'k fmvè {p` x` `xswìk nk vick xmhikb―.



;8

kcm è kcmb`xh`ns`x `nsw` ;3 ` ;? knmx. K inihikáèm hme`ák hme k hiwhpnhixèm cmx øwaèmx

x`|pkix" c`tmix mx tkwsihitkns`x oihke x`tkwkcmx cmx kcpbsmx cm x`|m mtmxsm tmw t`wåmcm {p`

vki c` 3 k 73 xèknkx" moihikbikncmx` k swknxiáèm tkwk k ickc` kcpbsk.

7.7 M aæn`wm oèininm

Kpsmw`x hmem Ekankgmxhm ,7448)" Xhkvmn` ,744<) ` Xibvk ,74;4) khw`ciske {p`

m s`wem ‒aæn`wm― ci w`xtìsm nèm äx cio`w`nákx gimbøaihkx mp knksóeihkx `nsw` lme`nx ` ep

bl`w`x" ekx xie kmx x`px cixsinsmx hmetmwske`nsmx6 ‒M s`wem aæn`wm vè hiwhpbkncm nkx hiænhikx xmhikix" txihmbøaihkx ` bis`wëwikx hme pek hmnh`táèm `xt`håoihk ` pek ins`náèm c` `|

tbihkw ` c`xhw`v`w m hmnfpnsm c` hmetmwske`nsmx kswigpåcm k lme`nx ` epbl`w`x― ,EKANK

GMXHM" 7448" t. 3;9). Nkx hiænhikx nkspwkix" `xt`hikbe`ns` nk ëw`k c` xköc` ` `ticèimbmai

k" kpsmw`x hmem Mbinsm ,;99<) khw`ciske {p` mx s`wemx ‒aæn`wm― ` ‒x`|m― s`nlke cio`w`ns`x

xianioihkcmx ` ktbihkáð`x.

Hmnomwe` Xieièm ,7444)" k `|tw`xxèm 'aæn`wm' omi inihikbe`ns` psibikck twksihk

e`ns` hmem xinóniem c` 'epbl`w'. M s`wem s`v` xpk mwiaè nm pniv`wxm khkcæeihm ` omi

inhmwtmwkcm tmw civ`wxkx cixhitbinkx" w`h`g`ncm npknh`x cio`w`ns`x è hkck pek c`bkx. C`x

skws`" ‒knswmtøbmamx" xmhiøbmamx" txihøbmamx" hi`nsixskx tmbåsihmx Z` mpswmxU omwke ckncm hmw`x

cio`w`ns`x km hmnhìsm" hmnomwe` k gkakaè hmnhìspkb `xt`håoihk {p` xpkx cixhitbinkx swki

ke' ,XIEIÈM" 7444" t.;). N`xs` x`nsicm" Hmxsk ,;993) hisk cio`w`ns`x bìspwkx {p` x` okè ck

ins`wtw`skáèm c` aæn`wm6 aæn`wm hmem vkwiëv`b ginëwik: aæn`wm hmem tktéix x`|pkix cihmsmei

kcmx: aæn`wm hmem vkwiëv`b txihmbøaihk: aæn`wm hmem swkcpáèm c` xixsèkx c` hpbspwkx `

aæn`wm hmem kxt`hsm w`bkhimnkb.

Xhmss ,;994) kwape`nsk {p` m hmnhìsm c` aæn`wm omi hwikcm tkwk x` mtmw k pe c`

s`weinixem gimbøaihm nkx w`bkáð`x `nsw` mx x`|mx" ckncmbl`x pe hkwës`w opncke`nskbe`ns`

xmhikb6 ‒M aæn`wm `noksikvk iapkbe`ns` m kxt`hsm w`bkhimnkb ckx còiniáð`x nmweksivkx ck

oèinibickc`― ,XHMSS" ;994" t. 0). @xs` kxt`hsm w`bkhimnkb vè ck tw`mhptkáèm c` kbapnx

hme m oksm c` {p` mx `xspcmx oèininmx x` h`nswkvke xmgw` kx epbl`w`x c` eknìwk cèkxik

cm `xswìsk. Kxxie" k nmáèm c` aæn`wm ckwik hmnsk c` {p` kx epbl`w`x ` mx lme`nx `wke còi

nicmx è s`wemx w`håtwmhmx ` nèm tmc`wike x`w `ns`ncicmx x`tkwkcke`ns`: m {p` x` cèmnx

swk" k twinhåtim" `{pivmhkcm.



;3

T`wh`g`x`" tmix" {p` m x`|m é pek hksàmwik gimbøaihk inxpoihi`ns` tkwk `|tbihkw

mx tktéix xmhikix kswigpåcmx km lmeè ` ä epbl`w ,XHMSS" ;994). @nsèm" k `|tw`xxèm ‒aæn `

wm― vìm hmem pek hksàmwik c` knëbix` ckx hiænhikx xmhikix tkwk {p`xsimnkw k xptmxsk `xx`nhi

kbickc` ck cio`w`nák cmx x`|mx" ixsm é" k icéik cpkbixsk c` {p` epbl`w`x xèm tkxxivkx" èmhim

nkix ` owëaìx: ` mx lme`nx xèm ksivmx" wkhimnkix ` omws`x. Nk t`wxt`hsivk c` aæn`wm" `xxkx hk

wkhs`wåxsihkx xèm twmcpsmx c` pek xispkáèm lixsøwihmhpbspwkb ` tmbåsihk: kx cio`w`nákx xèm hmn

x`{pænhikx c` pek hmnxswpáèm xmhikb. Tmwsknsm" nèm `|ixs` nkspwkbe`ns` m aæn`wm ekxhpbinm `

oèininm" ekx xie pek cixsináèm `nsw` lme`nx ` epbl`w`x c`s`weinkck tmw pe nmvm tkwk

ciaek.

Smekncmx`" tmwsknsm" m aæn`wm hmem pek hksàmwik w`bkhimnkb cm oèininm ` cm

ekxhpbinm" Xhmss ,;994) hmnxic`wk kx cio`w`nákx gimbøaihkx `nsw` mx x`|mx" w`hmnl`h` k c`xiapkbckc`" ekx nèm k kceis` hmem fpxsioihksivk tkwk k vimbænhik" tkwk k `|hbpxèm ` tkwk k cix

tkwickc` c` mtmwspnickc`x nm swkgkblm1" nk `cphkáèm ` nk tmbåsihk. É pe emcm c` t`nxkw {p`

vikgibik k epcknák nkx w`bkáð`x xmhikix `" tmw hmnx`{pænhik" nkx w`bkáð`x c` tmc`w" fpxsioihk.

É pe inxswpe`nsm {p` x`wv` tkwk `ns`nc`w kx w`bkáð`x xmhikix `" tkwsihpbkwe`ns`" kx w`bkáð`x

xmhikix `nsw` epbl`w`x ` lme`nx.

Kt`xkw c` kpsmw`x hmem Xhmss ,;994) nèm hmnxic`wkwè kx cio`w`nákx gimbøaihkx

`nsw` mx aæn`wmx hmem fpxsioihksivk tkwk k vimbænhik" `xsk tmw xpk v` x` emxswk hmem pe twmgbèk knsiam ` twksihke`ns` inxsisphimnkbikcm nm hmsiciknm oèininm" m {p` tmc` x`w v`wioi

hkcm è twksihke`ns` {pkb{p`w étmhk lixsøwihk" hmem tw`hmnike Awmxxi" Skvkw`x ` Mbivìwk

,744<). T`wh`g`x` {p` k s`mwik ` k twësihk" n`xx` hkxm" nèm kncke c` eèmx ckckx.

M pxm cm s`wem ‒aæn`wm― hmnxsispipx` hmem ekix pe cmx kxt`hsmx cm {p` x` tm

c`wik hlkekw c` gpxhk t`bk bàisieickc` khkcæeihk tkwk mx `xspcmx oèinixskx" nmx knmx ;9<4

,XHMSS" ;994). _æx` {p` lmpv` h`wsk w`xixsænhik tmw tkws` c` kbapekx t`x{pixkcmwkx è

w`bkáèm ä psibikáèm cm s`wem aæn`wm" tmw x` `ns`nc`w {p` ‒m s`wem “c`xtmbisimp’ k káèm cmemvie`nsm oèinixsk" swmhkncm pe xpfìsm tmbåsihm hmnxswpåcm k cpwkx t`nkx “K Epbl`w’ tmw

pek tkbkvwk gmnisk ` tmphm ke`kákcmwk “Aæn`wm’― ,XIEIÈM" 7444" t. 3). Kxxie" `now`nskncm

mtmxiáèm c` kbapnx xàe`nsmx ` knakwikncm ktmim c` mpswmx" 'aæn`wm' omi x` tmtpbkwikncm

c`nswm cm epncm khkcæeihm ` omwk c`b`.

Xàpncm Hmxsk ,;993" t. ;?;)" ‒mx aæn`wmx tkxxke k x`w `ns`ncicmx hmem twmh`x

xmx skegée embckcmx tmw `xhmblkx incivicpkix ` tmw tw`xxð`x xispkhimnkix hmetw``nxåvìx

1

‒Nkx w`bkáð`x c` swkgkblm" k epbl`w omwk swkskck c` omwek cixhwieinksøwik ` c`xiapkb è w`bkáèm km lmeè. MHøciam Hivib c` ;9;? w`hmnl`hik m lmeè hmem hlò` bàåsiem ck okeåbik. Hkgik k `bkx k w`xtmnxkgibickc` t`bk hm`xèm okeibikw" `cphkáèm cmx oiblmx ` kok`w`x cmeéxsihmx―. ,BPV: OPHLINK" 7449" t. ;).



;0

xme`ns` nm hmns`|sm ck ins`wkáèm xmhikb―. @xxk vixèm c` aæn`wm w`tw`x`nsk pe kvknám" tmix

b`vk è hmnsk m hmns`|sm è {p` mx incivåcpmx `xsèm inx`wicmx" kx w`bkáð`x c` tmc`w" kx hw`n

ákx" kx `snikx `sh. Oksmw`x `xx`x {p` omweke tkws` hmnxsispins` ck ic`nsickc` cmx incivåcpmx `

{p` hmnswigpè tkwk k hmetw``nxèm c` hmem lme`nx ` epbl`w`x okè xpkx mtáð`x ` kx hm

epnihke km epncm.

K `|tw`xxèm aæn`wm skegée vè x` inhmwtmwkncm" kmx tmphmx" kmx inxswpe`nsmx

nmweksivmx ins`wnkhimnkix ` nk bàixbkáèm cmx tkåx`x. Nm Gwkxib" omi inswmcpick k Hmnv`náèm

c` G`bée cm Tkwë t`bm C`hw`sm n. ;.918-9? ,GWKXIB" ;99?)" skegée hmnl`hick hmem ‒Hmn

v`náèm Ins`wke`wihknk tkwk Tw`v`niw" Tpniw ` @wwkcihkw k _imbænhik hmnswk k Epbl`w―" {p` omi

hmnhbpåck è G`bée cm Tkwë" tkwk `xhbkw`h`w m hmnhìsm c` vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w hmem

{pkb{p`w ksm mp hmncpsk gkx`kck nm aæn`wm. Ktkw`h` skegée nm @xskspsm c` Wmek" twmepbakcm t`bm C`hw`sm n. 3.8<<-7447 ,GWKXIB" 7447)" {p` hwimp m Swigpnkb T`nkb Ins`wnkhimnkb"

hme pe xianioihkcm ekix w`xswism. M wò`wicm Swigpnkb T`nkb Ins`wnkhimnkb inhmwtmwk pek c`

oiniáèm c` aæn`wm" m twinhåtim ck nèm cixhwieinkáèm gkx`kck è aæn`wm" ` hwieinkbik" è

nåv`b ins`wnkhimnkb" k vimbænhik x`|pkb ` c` aæn`wm" mp x`fk" hme`sick hmnswk t`xxmkx cm x`|m

oèininm. @e xpek" ktw`x`nsk nmwekx c` twmh`cie`nsm c` twms`áèm ` tkwsihitkáèm è w`bkáèm

k våsiekx ` s`xsèpnlkx c` hwie`x c` vimbænhik x`|pkb.

Nmpswm aiwm" hme k hwikáèm" nm Gwkxib" ck X`hw`skwik c` Tmbåsihkx Tögbihkx tkwk kxEpbl`w`x" è 7448" omwskb`h`px` k t`wxt`hsivk c` aæn`wm è smckx kx tmbåsihkx tögbihkx. Nm

sëv`b {p` k ic`nsickc` x`|pkb" kns`x civicick è cpkx tkws`x ,ekxhpbinmoèininm)" ketbimpx`

tkwk kgwkna`w lmemxx`|pkix" swknx`|pkix" swkv`xsix `sh." mx {pkix nèm x` ic`nsioihke hmem lm

e`nx mp epbl`w`x. Lmf`" hme m `vmbpiw ckx hiænhikx fpwåcihkx" è civ`wxmx tkåx`x cm epncm `

inhbpxiv` nm Gwkxib" xkg`x` {p` m xptmxsm x`|m gimbøaihm ` k ic`nsickc` xpgf`sivk nè xètw`

hminhicè ,GWKXIB" 74;7).

Pek ckx v`wxð`x ekix kspkix cm hmnhìsm c` aæn`wm é k c` Bkekx ,74;7)

<

" {p` kbpc` k pek w`c` c` ins`ww`bkáð`x ` ins`wkáð`x xmhikix {p` x` hmnxswmè k tkwsiw ck civixèm

xiegøbihk cmx x`|mx. N`xxk t`wxt`hsivk" k iapkbckc` cmx x`|mx é cò`ncick" kxxie hmem é n`

akck {pkb{p`w gkx` gimbøaihk ` e`xem hpbspwkb ä nmáèm c` aæn`wm. X`wik pek bøaihk c` t`n

xke`nsm" èmáð`x ` w`tw`x`nskáèm ck xpgf`sivickc` ånsiek ckx t`xxmkx.

< Nmsëv`b knswmtøbmak oèinixsk e`|ihknk" {p` hmegks` m x`|ixem nk hmnvivænhik ciëwik hme lme`nx èpbl`w`x" twø|iemx mp cixskns`x.



;?

7.8 K céhkck ck epbl`w

K xàpnck e`skc` cm xéhpbm \\ omi xè cövick ekwhkck tmw episkx epcknákx{p`" xàpncm Eksmx ,7447)" siv`wke `nsw` mx twinhitkix ksmw`x kx epbl`w`x6

N`xx`x öbsiemx hin{ò`nsk knmx" pek ckx epcknákx ekix ekwhkns`x nk xmhi`ckcèpncikbikck" skbv` k ekimw c`bkx" mhmww`p nkx w`bkáð`x `nsw` lme`nx ` epbl`w`x"hkg`ncm c`xskhkw n`xx` twmh`xxm m ietkhsm cm hw`xhie`nsm ck tw`x`nákvixigibickc`ckx epbl`w`x è eöbsitbmx ` civ`wxioihkcmx x`smw`x6 nm swkgkblm" nkx `xhmbkx `pniv`wxickc`x" nk tmbåsihk" nkx kws`x ` hiænhikx. ,EKSMX" 7447" t. 78<).

@nsw`sknsm" swkskncm `xt`hioihke`ns` cm tkt`b ` ck `vmbpáèm ck epbl`w nk hpbspwk

bmhkb gwkxibìwk" n`xs` awknc` t`wåmcm c` eìm xéhpbm" kbapnx kpsmw`x hmnv`nhimnkwke k hlkekw m t`wåmcm e`nmw" c` ;910 k ;9<0" hmem k ‒céhkck ck epbl`w―.

Tkwk Akwhik ,;991)" k `hbmxèm cm oèinixem gwkxibìwm nmx knmx 14 khmns`h`p hme

m ietkhsm cm oèinixem ins`wnkhimnkb ` epcknákx ò`sivkx nk xispkáèm ck epbl`w nm tkåx k

tkwsiw cmx knmx ?4" {p` tpnlke è {p`xsèm k swkcihimnkb li`wkw{pik c` aæn`wm. M oèinixem

nm Gwkxib xpwa` hmem hmnx`{pænhik ck w`xixsænhik ckx epbl`w`x ä ciskcpwk eibiskw" c`tmix ck

c`wwmsk ck bpsk kwekck" eknio`xskncmx` nm x`nsicm c` pek `bkgmwkáèm tmbåsihk ` t`xxmkb hmn

swk `xsk c`wwmsk.K tw`x`nák ckx epbl`w`x nk bpsk kwekck ietbihkvk nèm kt`nkx eknio`xskwèx`

hmnswk k mwcè tmbåsihk via`ns`" ekx w`tw`x`nskvk pek twmopnck swknxaw`xxèm hme m {p` `wk

c`xiankcm ä étmhk tkwk k epbl`w. Xè pek twmtmxsk oèinixsk còinick" kx eibiskns`x x` nàk

vke k mhptkw m bpakw swkcihimnkbe`ns` kswigpåcm ä epbl`w km kxxpeiwè pe hmetmwske`nsm

x`|pkb {p` tpnlk è {p`xsèm k viwainckc` ` k inxsispiáèm cm hkxke`nsm" ‒hmetmwskncm x`

hmem lme`nx―" ‒tàkncm è kwekx― ` s`ncm æ|ism n`xs` hmetmwske`nsm" m {p` x` swknxom w

emp ‒è pe inxswpe`nsm xpi a`n`wix c` èknhitkáèm" nk e`cick è {p` k iapkbckc` hme mx

lme`nx é w`hmnl`hick" t`bm e`nmx w`smwihke`ns`― ,AKWHIK" ;991" t. 88<).

Tkwk Akwhik ,;991)" km xkbcm ck `|t`wiænhik c` w`xixsænhik ckx epbl`w`x ä ciskcp

wk" kbikwkex` kx epcknákx t`bkx {pkix vinlk tkxxkncm m tkåx xmg wàie` kpsmwisëwim" kinck

{p` fë nm twmh`xxm hlkekcm c` ‒cixs`nxèm b`nsk ` awkcpkb― cmx öbsiemx knmx cmx amv`wnmx

eibiskw`x. K `|tknxèm cm e`whkcm c` swkgkblm ` cm xixsèk `cphkhimnkb {p` `xskvke è hpw

xm" npe tkåx {p` x` emc`wnikvk ` a`wmp" kinck {p` c` omwek `|hbpc`ns`" nmvkx mtmwspnick

c`x tkwk kx epbl`w`x ` okvmw`h`p m hw`xhie`nsm ins`b`hspkb oèininm" b`vmp k hbkxx` oèinink

k pe nmvm tkskekw è w`bkáèm ä vick twmoixximnkb. @xx` hw`xhie`nsm omi xètw` bieiskcm t`bk

cixhwieinkáèm" ksé kx étmhkx ekix w`h`ns`x" hmem incihke kx t`x{pixkx6



;1

K T`x{pixk {pknsisksivk hmetwmvmp k cioihpbckc` ckx epbl`w`x è s`wèmtmwspnickc`x c` hw`xhie`nsm nkx mwaknikáð`x mnc` swkgkblke. M x`nsie`nsm cìnfpxsiák ` c` okbsk c` `{pickc` ok hme {p` `bkx smwnè inxksixoìskx hme m swkgkblm` k ins`náèm è xkiw ck mwaknikáèm smwn`x` w`kbickc`. ,EIWKNCK" 744?" t. <4).

Xàpncm Akwhik ,;991)" `xs` twmh`xxm c` emc`wnikáèm" khmetknlkcm c` nmvmx

hmetmwske`nsmx ko`sivmx ` x`|pkix w`bkhimnkcmx km kh`xxm k eésmcmx knsihmnh`thimnkix ` km

w`hpwxm äx s`wktikx txihmbøaihkx ` ä txihknëbix`" ietkhsmp m epncm twivkcm. Nmvkx `|t`wiæn

hikx hmsiciknkx `nswkwke è hmnobism hme m tkcwèm swkcihimnkb c` vkbmw`x nkx w`bkáð`x okeibik

w`x" xmgw`spcm tmw x`p hkwës`w kpsmwisëwim ` tkswikwhkb.

N`xxkx hiwhpnxsçnhikx" c` khmwcm hme Skgkj ` Cpwkn ,;9<8)" m Knm Ins`wnkhimnkb

ck Epbl`w ,;910)" moihikbe`ns` c`hbkwkcm t`bk MNP" twmtihik m h`nëwim tkwk m inåhim cm em

vie`nsm oèinixsk nm Gwkxib" kinck omwsè`ns` ekwhkcm t`bk bpsk tmbåsihk hmnswk m wàie` eibiskw. M w`hmnl`hie`nsm moihikb t`bk MNP ck {p`xsèm ck epbl`w hmem twmgbèk xmhikb okvmw`

h`p k hwikáèm c` pek okhlkck tkwk pe emvie`nsm xmhikb {p` kinck kspkvk nmx gkxsicmw`x ck

hbknc`xsinickc`" kgwincm `xtkám tkwk k omwekáèm c` awptmx tmbåsihmx c` epbl`w`x {p` tkxxk

wke k `|ixsiw kg`wske`ns`" hmem m ‒Gwkxib Epbl`w―" ‒Nøx Epbl`w`x―" m ‒Emvie`nsm Oèininm

t`bk Knixsik―" hiskncm kt`nkx mx c` Xèm Tkpbm.

Tkwk Skgkj ` Cpwkn ,;9<8)" kx ksivickc`x cpwkns` k céhkck ck epbl`w ,;910;9<0)

mgf`sivkwke twinhitkbe`ns` hlkekw k ks`náèm cmx amv`wnmx tkwk k n`h`xxickc` pwa`ns` c` x`smekw e`cickx hmnhw`skx" c`xsinkckx k kxxàpwkw pek ekimw tkwsihitkáèm oèinink nm twmh`x

xm c` c`hixèm tmbåsihk ` nm c`x`nvmbvie`nsm nkhimnkb. Skgkj ` Cpwkn ,;9<8) kinck e`nhimnk

{p`" ktøx inihikck k céhkck epbl`w" omwke w`kbikcmx vëwimx `v`nsmx vmbskcmx `xt`hioihke`ns`

tkwk m `xspcm ` k civpbakáèm ck hmnciáèm ck epbl`w nk xmhi`ckc`6 w`pnið`x" hmno`wænhikx"

xèinëwimx `sh.

Xàpncm Skgkj ` Cpwkn ,;9<8)" è ;91?" k Hmeixxèm @hmnóeihk tkwk k Keéwihk

Bksink ` m Hkwig` ,H@TKB)" nm wpem ck Hmnv`náèm Hmnswk Smckx kx Omwekx c` C`xhwieink

áèm ck Epbl`w" kcmskck t`bk Kxxègbéik A`wkb ckx Nkáð`x Pnickx è ;919" w`kbimp pek

t`x{pixk xmgw` k tkwsihitkáèm ck epbl`w nm c`x`nvmbvie`nsm ck Keéwihk Bksink. M `xspcm

kgwkna`p hinhm tkåx`x ck wàièm6 Hpgk" Hmbóegik" Gwkxib" Kwa`nsink ` Gmbåvik" ` hmnxic`wmp

{p` mx mgxsëhpbmx `nhmnswkcmx t`bk epbl`w bksinmke`wihknk tkwk pek ò`sivk tkwsihitkáèm

`hmnóeihk nèm c`t`ncike ckx owmnsìwkx nkhimnkix" ` xie cm hmns`|sm hpbspwkb" xmhim`hmnóei

hm ` tmbåsihm.

K opncke`nskáèm tkwk k n`h`xxickc` c` pe `v`nsm c`xsk nkspw`k tmc` `xskw nm

`|tmxsm tmw Kapikw ,7441)" tkwk {pè kx li`wkw{pikx xmhikix" {p` xèm sèkx opnckcmw`x ckx



;<

hiænhikx xmhikix ` {p` tmcè x`w `nhmnswkcmx c`xc` Jkwb Ekw| k Ek| Q`g`w" xèm ègkxkckx

nk civixèm c` hksàmwikx hmem aæn`wm" hbkxx` ` wkák6

Z...U mx `xspcmx c` aæn`wm t`wh`gike {p` k xispkáèm ckx epbl`w`x xø tmc`wik x`wktw``ncick npek kgmwckaè w`bkhimnkb" mp x`fk" nk w`bkáèm `nsw` lme`nx èpbl`w`x. N`xxkx w`bkáð`x li`wëw{pihkx {p` cèkwhke opnáð`x kxxmhikckx km x`|m"bpakw`x xmhikix ` tkcwð`x c` hmetmwske`nsm é {p` x` tmc` t`wh`g`w hmem m aæn`wm épek cie`nxèm ietmwskns` nk hmnxswpáèm c` nmxxkx li`wkw{pikx. ,KAPIKW" 7441" t.<1).

C` khmwcm hme k kpsmwk" mwi`nskncmx` t`bmx tw`hìsmx ck C`hbkwkáèm Hmnswk k

Cixhwieinkáèm ck Epbl`w" k hiskck hmnv`náèm tw`s`nc`p w`hmbl`w inomwekáð`x ` `xskg`b`h`w

e`cickx tkwk `bieinkw k cixhwieinkáèm hmnswk k epbl`w. Cixhwieinkáð`x `xxkx {p` bieiskvke

mp nàkvke ä epbl`w xpk iapkbckc` nm hketm ckx tkwsihitkáð`x tmbåsihkx" `hmnóeihkx" hpbspwkix ` xmhikix.

Bmam" c` `|tmxsm" væx` {p` t`wåmcm" cpwkns` k tkxxkaè cmx knmx 14 tkwk mx <4"

omi ekwhkns` ` c`s`weinkns` nm twmh`xxm c` insàwkáèm ` aknlm c` `xtkám ck epbl`w nk `xswp

spwk ck xmhi`ckc` hmnsètmwçn`k.

7.8.; K è`waænhik ckx {p`xsð`x xmhikix

N`xx` hmns`|sm" k tkwsiw ck céhkck c` ;914" omwekex` mx twieìwmx emvie`nsmx

c` epbl`w`x. Skix emvie`nsmx" c` khmwcm hme S`b`x ,;998)" twinhitkbe`ns` è Xèm Tkpbm"

khmns`hè hme epbl`w`x ckx t`wio`wikx" tmw eìm c` hmepnickc`x ck Iaw`fk Hksøbihk {p` wì

vincihkvke km @xskcm m ks`ncie`nsm ckx n`h`xxickc`x gëxihkx hmem hw`hl`x ` e`blmw`x xkbë

wimx. Tkwk `xs` kpsmwk" k wìvincihkáèm tmw hw`hl`x `wk ktmnskck hmem pe cmx twinhitkix twm

gbèkx" tmix kx epbl`w`x tw`hixkvke swkgkblkw omwk" tkwk ekns`w k okeåbik. É hbkwm {p` `xskxwìvincihkáð`x twmtihikwke nèm xø epcknákx c` e`nskbickc`x hmem skegée epcknákx nm

`xtkám pwgknm.

Nk e`xek céhkck c` ;914" cm tmnsm c` vixsk khkcæeihm" kx t`x{pixkx ktmnskvke

{p`" n`xx` t`wåmcm" kbapekx epbl`w`x eibiskvke hbknc`xsinke`ns` è awptmx c` `x{p`wck

hmnswk k ciskcpwk" twmtihikncm" xàpncm Xmkw`x ,;993" t. ;?)" k è`waænhik cm oèinixem c`n

swm cmx tkwsicmx c` `x{p`wck. M kpsmw" nkx e`xekx binlkx" emxswk {p`" `nsw`sknsm" xèm kx ep

bl`w`x cmx gkiwwmx tmtpbkw`x {p` ktkw`hè nm `xtkám tögbihm hmnxswpincm pek ‒cinçeihk tmbåsihk twøtwik― ` swknxomwekncm m x`p `xtkám hmsiciknm6 ‒M emvie`nsm c` epbl`w`x nmx knmx



;9

x`s`nsk swmp|` pek nmvk v`wxèm ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk" {p` vki äx wpkx nk cò`xk c` x`px ciwìsmx

` n`h`xxickc`x ` {p` w`kbik `nmwe`x eknio`xskáð`x c` c`nönhik c` xpkx c`xiapkbckc`x―

,XMKW@X" ;993" t. ;8). N`xx` x`nsicm" smwnkx` t`wapnskhlkv` k {p`xsèm b`vknskck tmw Ek

smx ` Aiskly ,7441)6

Lkv`wik pek h`wsk w`xixsænhik cmx lme`nx è akwknsiw bàkbe`ns` ä epbl`w mxe`xemx ciwìsmx c`b`x= Skbv`" tmw{p` k koiwekáèm c`xxk iapkbckc` `nsw` lme`nx èpbl`w`x tpc`xx` hmnxsispiw pek omwek c` `npnhikw k wptspwk cm tmc`w cm lmeèhme w`bkáèm ä epbl w. ,EKSMX: AISKLY" 7441" t. <<).

Twmxxàpincm" mx emvie`nsmx c` epbl`w`x x` `xt`hioihke è w`bkáèm k mpswmx

emvie`nsmx km twmtmwè pek nmvk kwsihpbkáèm `nsw` k tmbåsihk ` k vick hmsiciknk" `nsw` `xo`wk

twivkck" `xo`wk xmhikb ` `xo`wk tögbihk. Mp x`fk" k epbl`w" km è`waiw ck `xo`wk twivkck tkwk

wìvincihkw nk `xo`wk tögbihk" skegée x` smwnk vixåv`b nk `xo`wk xmhikb" mnc` mx bieis`x `nsw` m

tögbihm ` m twivkcm smwnkex` hmnopxmx ,XMKW@X" ;993). Tkwk Kbi`w ,;910)" m oèinixem

è`waip c` eknìwk w`bkhimnkck hme" tmw `|ètbm" mx ic`kix hmepnixskx" k epbl`w oèinixsk

a`wkbe`ns` okbkvk è s`wemx c` gpwap`xik ` hbkxx` mt`wëwik ,epbl`w swkgkblkcmwk)" {p`xsð`x

xmhikix ietmwskns`x c`nswm cm oèinixem.

@e ;910" hme k c`hbkwkáèm ck MNP hmem m inåhim ck Céhkck ck Epbl`w" xpwaè

nm Gwkxib mx twieìwmx awptmx oèinixskx hmetwme`sicmx hme k bpsk t`bk iapkbckc` ckx ep

bl`w`x" t`bk knixsik ` t`bk kg`wspwk cèmhwësihk. M hw`xhie`nsm `|tw`xxivm ck tkwsihitkáèm

oèinink nm e`whkcm c` swkgkblm9 gwkxibìwm k tkwsiw cmx knmx ;914 é ktmnskcm hmem ‒pek ckx

ekix ekwhkns`x swknxomwekáð`x xmhikix mhmwwickx nm tkåx― ,GWPXHLINI" ;993" t. ;19). K

eibisçnhik oèinixsk hlàk kmx xincihksmx" ekx xmg k omwek c` c`tkwske`nsmx oèininmx" ktmn

skcmx tmw Tinsm ,;997) hmem pek ckx omwekx c` inx`wáèm ` c` hmnxswpáèm c` `xtkámx c` tm

c`w;4.

@noie" hmem hmnhbpi Tinsm ,;997)" kx epbl`w`x km tkwsihitkwè c` emvie`nsmx

tmtpbkw`x" x`fke pwgknmx mp wpwkix" hme wìvincihkáð`x hme pe kbsm nåv`b c` ks`ncie`nsm ckx

n`h`xxickc`x gëxihkx" hme`áke skegée k t`wh`g`w kx w`bkáð`x c` c`xiapkbckc`x k {p` `xsèm

xpge`sickx ` smwnkex` vixåvìx tpgbihke`ns`. Kbapekx x` kxxpeè oèinixskx" mpswkx nèm.

9 ‒K bàixbkáèm swkgkblixsk gwkxibìwk hmnsètbk pek xéwi` c` nmwekx {p` vixke w`t`biw tmxxåvìx cixhwieinkáð`xnkx w`bkáð`x c` swkgkblm. Nèm mgxskns`" mx ckcmx xmhikix w`v`bke {p` c`s`weinkckx hksàmwikx ` awptmx xmhikixhmem mx nàwmx ` kx epbl`w`x kinck xèm xixsèksihke`ns` cixhwieinkcmx.― ,KB_@X: APIEKWÈ@X" 7449" t.

8<).;4 Omwek {p` nm tw`x`ns` `xspcm `ns`nc`x` x`w {p`xsimnëv`b" tmix m emvie`nsm xincihkb é bic`wkcm tmw lme`nx.Xàpncm Lpetlw`y ,;9<8)" m xincihksm é pe epncm ekxhpbinm.



74

7.8.7 Emvie`nsmx xmhikix hmem kbih`wh` c` w`vmbskx

C` khmwcm hme Hkwcmxm ,;9<8)" m inåhim cmx `xspcmx xmgw` mx emvie`nsmx xmhikixhkwkhs`wimpx` hmem pe kbåvim tkwk kx twmcpáð`x xmhimbøaihkx" fë {p` m hmnl`hie`nsm xmgw`

kx hbkxx`x tmtpbkw`x nèm khmetknlmp kx swknxomwekáð`x t`bkx {pkix tkxxmp k xmhi`ckc` gwkxi

bìwk. Mx emvie`nsmx xmhikix hme`ákwke k x`w `xspckcmx k tkwsiw ck céhkck c` ;914" ekx m

nöe`wm c` s`x`x" kwsiamx ` tpgbihkáð`x xø x` ins`nxioihmp nk céhkck c` ;9<4" c`vicm k khmns`

hie`nsmx tmbåsihmx ` xmhikix ekwhkns`x ck étmhk.

Xàpncm Amln ,7444)" k céhkck c` ;9<4 swmp|` pe tknmwkek nmvm" nk twësihk `

nk s`mwik" xmgw` mx emvie`nsmx xmhikix pwgknmx. Nk twësihk" xpwaè nmvkx bpskx hmem k gpxhkt`bm kh`xxm ä s`wwk ` tmw xpk tmxx` ` t`bmx ciwìsmx c` emwkcik ` c` xköc`" mx emvie`nsmx c`

okv`bkcmx ` m cmx c`xètwàkcmx;;. N`xx` hmns`|sm" kbapnx emvie`nsmx epism tmnspkix" hm

em k bpsk tmw hw`hl`x" hme`ákwke k t`wc`w k ietmwsçnhik" c`vicm ä c`xkwsihpbkáèm c` x`px

ins`w`xxkcmx" {p` xø hmnxàpiwke kbhknákw kbape w`xpbskcm {pkncm t`wh`g`wke k n`h`xxickc`

c` x` kwsihpbkwè hmem pe xø.

@e xpek" mx knmx ;9<4 omwke ekwhkcmx t`bk xkåck cm Gwkxib ck ciskcpwk eibiskw `

ck ins`nxk tkwsihitkáèm tmtpbkw. Tkwk Amln ,7444)" `wk k w`smekck ckx awknc`x eknio`xskáð`x

c` ekxxk. Epbsicð`x aknlkwke kx wpkx ktøx epismx knmx c` xibænhim" knmx c` w`tw`xxèm kmx

emvie`nsmx xmhikix" a`wkcmx t`bk ciskcpwk eibiskw. Nm inåhim ck céhkck" titmhkwke episkx

aw`v`x t`bm tkåx komwk" tmwée k {p` ekwhmp m h`nëwim ` inobp`nhimp mpswkx t`bm Gwkxib komwk

omi k aw`v` cmx swkgkblkcmw`x cm KGH tkpbixsk" ekix tw`hixke`ns` è Xèm G`wnkwcm cm Hke

tm" w`kbikck t`bmx swkgkblkcmw`x ckx emnskcmwkx c` kpsmeøvìx ck{p`bk wàièm. Xàpncm

Amln ,7444)" mx e`skböwaihmx oi`wke `xhmbk ` episk lixsøwik hme m xpwaie`nsm c` pe nmvm

xincihkbixem xè t`bàpixem;7. Mpswm emvie`nsm c` episk `|tw`xxivickc` omi m ckx ‒Ciw`skx

;; @e s`wemx c` xköc`" kt`xkw ck `|ixsænhik c` smcm pe lixsøwihm c` wìvincihkáð`x ` hmn{pixskx nk céhkck c`;9<4" e`xem 74 knmx c`tmix" ‒t`wh`g`x` {p` k epbl`w kinck nèm é vixsk è xpk insàwkbickc`" {pkncm ktw`xskáèm c` x`wviám `xsë tkpskck nm emc`bm `xswpspwkb opnhimnkbixsk" npek vixèm gimbøaihk" {p` nèm kcmskeésmcmx tkwsihitksivmx {p` bl` t`weiske x`w xpfìsm" nm {p` ci w`xtìsm ä xpk xköc`―.,CINIV `s kb." 7444" t.<<).

;7 Kx aw`v`x cm KGH omwke kx ekix ietmwskns`x aw`v`x c` swkgkblkcmw`x cm tkåx c`xc` m ambt` eibiskw c` ;9?3 ``nswkwke tkwk k lixsøwik t`bk mpxkcik ` m timnìwixem. @e ;7 c` ekim c` ;91<" h`ns`nkx c` e`skböwaihmx ckhickc` c` Xèm G`wnkwcm cm Hketm c`hiciwke x` ciwiaiw tkwk k oëgwihk ck Xhknik" hmem okike smcmx mx cikx"tkwk akwknsiw {p` kx eë{pinkx oihkwike c`xbiakckx ` mx mt`wëwimx c` gwkámx hwpkcmx. Ä ow`ns` cm awptm `xskvkpe lmeè" Bpåx Inëhim Bpbk ck Xibvk" kspkbe`ns` `|tw`xic`ns` cm Gwkxib" nk étmhk smwnìwm e`hçnihm" {p`bic`wmp k aw`v` ` kxh`nc`p hmem tmbåsihm inobp`ns` {p` é lmf`. K emgibikáèm cmx swkgkblkcmw`x ck Xhknik

opnhimnmp hmem pek hkcìk c` cmeinø ` inh`nsivmp pek xéwi` c` swkgkblkcmw`x c` mpswkx ètw`xkx ck wàièm kok`wè aw`v`. K aw`v` hmbmhkvk oie ä binlk bàkbixsk {p` m xincihkbixem gwkxibìwm sinlk mtskcm tmw xàpiwc`xc` m inåhim ck ciskcpwk.



7;

Fë―;8" {p` smemp hmnsk cm Gwkxib. @e smckx hktiskix" epbsicð`x omwke äx wpkx t`ciw `bìáð`x

ciw`skx tkwk k tw`xicænhik ck W`tögbihk. Lmpv` epismx hmeåhimx hme k tkwsihitkáèm c` tmbåsi

hmx c` w`nme`" kwsixskx `" xmgw`spcm" m tmvm.

Kspkbe`ns`" epismx cmx ciwìsmx wìvincihkcmx t`bkx epbl`w`x omwke hmn{pixskcmx.

Hme mx aknlmx `hmnóeihmx `{pitkwkcmx kmx cm lmeè" kgkbmpx` k bàisieickc` ck cmeink

áèm c`xs` è xpk hmnciáèm c` twmv`cmw ck okeåbik. Hme ixxm" hmbmhmpx` pe awknc` t`xm xm

gw` mx megwmx ckx epbl`w`x hme xpkx {pëcwptbkx fmwnkckx ciëwikx c` swkgkblm" s`ncm {p` x`

civiciw `nsw` swkgkblm wèpn`wkcm" mwaknikáèm cm bkw" hwikáèm cmx oiblmx ` k fmwnkck nmspwnk

è g`nòåhim cm ekwicm. @e epismx hkxmx" k epbl`w x` smwnmp hlò` cm bkw nèm tmw hmnx`nxm"

ekx t`bk xietb`x kpxænhik cm lmeè ` nèm x` tmc` ci`w {p` m w`xpbskcm omi n`h`xxkwike`ns`

gme6

Z...U kx okeåbikx hlòikckx tmw epbl`w`x xèm ekix tmgw`x cm {p` k{p`bkx hlòikckx tmwlme`nx. N`bkx hmnvivè pe nöe`wm ekimw c` hwiknákx ` icmxmx. Kx epbl`w`xhlò`x c` okeåbik sæe" è a`wkb" e`nmx knmx c` `xspcm" sk|kx c` tkwsihitkáèm nme`whkcm c` swkgkblm ino`wimw`x ` xkbëwimx e`nmw`x cm {p` mx cmx lme`nx hlò`x còkeåbik. Khw`xh`ns`x` k ixsm m oksm c` {p` kx hmnciáð`x c` emwkcik xèm pe tmphmtimw`x nmx cmeihåbimx hlòikcmx tmw epbl`w`x. ,TKHL@HM" 7440" t. _II).

Mpswm twmgbèk kc{piwicm t`bkx epbl`w`x km hmnxàpiwè e`blmw hmnciáèm oinkn

hìwk omi x`p inaw`xxm nk tmtpbkáèm `hmnmeihke`ns` ksivk" c` emcm {p`" inhbpxiv`" x` smwnk

wke tögbihmkbvm c` swkgkblmx c` ekwj`sina tkwk bl`x v`nc`w twmcpsmx ` x`wviámx" hmem é m

hkxm ck `xsésihk ` ck g`b`k" hmbmhkncm m hmwtm khiek c` spcm" hmem mhmww` ksé k kspkbickc`6

Z...U {pknsm äx cio`w`nákx c` hmetmwske`nsmx ` t`nxke`nsmx `nsw` lme`nx èpbl`w`x ` k tkwsiw ckx inöe`wkx hmnh`táð`x hme {p` m hmwtm sè xicm hmnxic`wkcm` swknxomwekcm" nm c`hmww`w cmx knmx" m oksm é {p` x` viv` pe sètm c`xpt`wvkbmwikáèm c`b` ` ck xpk iekaè" wòb`sick nk gmk ktkwænhik ` nk gpxhkinhknxëv`b ck e`blmw t`womweknh` ` nk hmnxskns` hmnxswpáèm c` pek nmvkw`tw`x`nskáèm oåxihk" x`ncm m ‒mblkw cm mpswm―" m gkbikcmw c` smckx kx ksispc`x.,HMWWÆK" 74;;" t. 14).

Kxxie" mgx`wvkx` {p` m t`wåmcm c` swknxiáèm ck céhkck c` 14 tkwk k c` <4 twmsk

amnimp m ‒tknm c` opncm― tkwk k hmnxmbickáèm c` pe nmvm tkwkciaek ck epbl`w" m {pkb x`

hmnxsispåk" ome`nskncmm.

;8 ‒Ciw`skx Fë― omi pe emvie`nsm hivib c` wìvincihkáèm tmw `bìáð`x tw`xic`nhikix ciw`skx nm Gwkxib mhmwwicm è;9<8;9<3. K tmxxigibickc` c` `bìáð`x ciw`skx tkwk k Tw`xicænhik ck W`tögbihk nm Gwkxib x` hmnhw`simp hme kvmskáèm ck twmtmxsk c` @e`nck Hmnxsisphimnkb Ckns` c` Mbivìwk t`bm Hmnaw`xxm. @nsw`sknsm" k Twmtmxsk c`@e`nck Hmnxsisphimnkb omi w`fìskck" owpxswkncm k xmhi`ckc` gwkxibìwk. Kinck kxxie" mx kc`tsmx cm emvie`nsm

hmn{pixskwke pek visøwik tkwhikb è fknìwm cm knm xàpins` {pkncm x`p twinhitkb båc`w" Sknhw`cm N`v`x" omi`bìsm tw`xic`ns` t`bm Hmbéaim @bìsmwkb. M hmeåhim ckx Ciw`skx Fë w`pnip ekix c` ; eiblèm c` t`xxmkx nk Twkákck Xé" ekx khkgmp x`ncm nmsihikcm hmem x`ncm ‒k hmeèmwkáèm cm kniv`wxkwim c` Xèm Tkpbm―.



77

8 IETW@NXK O@EININK @ IETW@NXK O@EINIXSK6 CPKX OMWEKX C@C@X_@BKW K EPBL@W

@xspckw mx kspkix xàe`nsmx fmwnkbåxsihmx {p` `nvmbvè k ksemxo`wk ck epbl`w

cèknck pe hmnl`hie`nsm twévim cm hmns`|sm kns`h`c`ns` è {p` x` inx`wiwke `xxkx v`ws`n

s`x" twinhitkbe`ns` nk ietw`nxk" cm emvie`nsm oèininm" è s`wemx a`néwihmx. C`xxkws`" m

hktåspbm tw`x`ns` cì|k hbkwm {pkncm ` xmg {pkix hiwhpnxsçnhikx k ietw`nxk xpwaip nm Gwkxib" m

hmnhìsm c`xsk" hmem `bk swkgkblk lmci`wnke`ns` kgmwckncm k epbl`w `" gè kxxie" kbapekx

c` xpkx wkeioihkáð`x ` hkwkhs`wåxsihkx {p` k smwnkwke cèmhwësihk" tmxxigibiskncm {p` k inomw

ekáèm ksinfk smckx kx hbkxx`x xmhikix nm epncm. Bmam ekix okbkwèmx c`xx`x cmix ‒gwkámx― c`

ietw`nxk a`wkb" xèm `xs`x6 ietw`nxk oèinink ` ietw`nxk oèinixsk" cpkx vkwikáð`x ck awknc`

ietw`nxk {p` xèm n`h`xxëwikx tkwk k hmetw``nxèm c`xx` swkgkblm khkcæeihm.

Inihikncmx`" sèx` {p`" c` khmwcm hme Ekwsinx ` Bphk ,744<)" m twieìwm fmwnkb

gwkxibìwm omi tpgbihkcm è Bmncw`x è ;<4<. M Hmwwìm Gwkibi`nx` `wk pe t`wiøcihm mtmxi

himnixsk ` hwåsihm. @wk oìsm nk Inabks`wwk" ekx cixhpsik mx twmgbèkx ck Hmbónik ` kswkv`xxkvk

m mh`knm Ksbçnsihm tkwk hiwhpbkw nm Gwkxib. C`xxk omwek" nm e`xem knm è {p` k Hmws` tmwsp

ap`xk swknxo`wipx` tkwk m Wim c` Fknìwm" opaincm c` Nktmb`èm" m fmwnkb ic`kbikcm ` w`kbikcm

tmw Litøbism ck Hmxsk" cixtmnåv`b k nmgw`x ` tb`g`px cm Nmvm Epncm" `xskvk bmna` c` x`w pe

kbikcm cmx tmc`wmxmx.

Hme k hlàkck ck Hmws`" lmpv` epcknákx wkcihkix nk vick ck hmbónik" {p` x` smw

nkwk x`c` ck emnkw{pik tmwspap`xk" ` k civ`wxickc` c` såspbmx bmam s`v` inåhim. K hlàkck ck

hmws` skegée okvmw`h`p k opnckáèm c` nmvkx `xhmbkx ` m kpe`nsm nm nåv`b cm awkp c` inxswp

áèm cmx `xspckns`x. Tkwk kx kpsmwkx" ä sèm hiskck kg`wspwk cmx tmwsmx ` ä opnckáèm cm Gknhm cm

Gwkxib" xmempx` k hwikáèm ck Ietw`xxèm Wéaik" w`xtmnxëv`b tmw iet`ciw k hiwhpbkáèm c` {pkb

{p`w t`wiøcihm mp xè`blkns` {p` tpc`xx` kskhkw m wìnm" k okeåbik" k emwkb ` mx gmnx hmxspe`x. Hmnspcm" xme`ns` è Xèm Tkpbm" omwke wàixswkcmx h`whk c` ;.044 såspbmx nèm moihikix nm

oie cm xéhpbm \I\. @e a`wkb" `wke fmwnkix xietb`x" hme cpkx tëainkx" {p` omwke aknlkncm

xietksik ck tmtpbkáèm b`swkck ` t`wxàpicmx t`bk hmws` ,EKWSINX: BPHK" 744<).

Xàpncm Ekwsinx ` Bphk ,744<)" m Gwkxib nkxh` ` hw`xh` fpnske`ns` hme k ie

tw`nxk. Mx twieìwmx t`wiøcihmx kxxixsiwke ä swknxomwekáèm ck Hmbónik è Ietéwim ` tkwsihi

tkwke ins`nxke`ns` cm twmh`xxm. K ietw`nxk é" k pe xø sètm" mgf`sm ` xpfìsm ck lixsøwik

gwkxibìwk.



78

Mx ietw`xxmx {p` tmw k{pi hiwhpbkwke lë cp`nsmx knmx nèm xø s`xsèpnlke" w`

aixswke ` vìhpbke nmxxk lixsøwik" hmem xèm tkws`x inx`tkwëvìx ck omwekáèm cm tkåx. C` k

hmwcm hme kx kpsmwkx" episkx v``x" mx t`wxmnka`nx {p` hmnxswpåwke k lixsøwik ck ietw`nxk

gwkxibìwk xèm `|kske`ns` mx e`xemx {p` twmskamnikwke `v`nsmx ekwhkns`x nk tmbåsihk ` nkx

inxsispiáð`x nm t`wåmcm c` swknxiáèm `nsw` Hmbónik ` Ietéwim. K lixsøwik ck ietw`nxk `xsë kbik

ck ä lixsøwik ck hickcknik" cm `xtkám tögbihm hmetkwsiblkcm ` ck cèmhwkhik.

Hmnomwe` Bpxsmxk ,7443)" nm cik ;4 c` x`sègwm c` ;<4<" omi tpgbihkcm m twieì

wm fmwnkb gwkxibìwm moihikb hmno`hhimnkcm nm Gwkxib6 ‒K Ak`sk cm Wim c` Fknìwm―. @xs` civp b

akvk tmnsmx k okvmw ck okeåbik w`kb ` xpkx mwia`nx" hmem nmsåhikx xmgw` k nkspw`k `pwmtéik"

cmhpe`nsmx moihikix ` kx viwspc`x ck okeåbik w`kb. Lkvik skegée fmwnkix nèm moihikix6 ‒M Hmw

wìm Gwkxibi`nx`― ` m ‒Kwekée bis`wëwim―" c` Litøbism Fmxé ck Hmxsk ‘ ekáónihm omwkaicm {p`w`ciaik m fmwnkb nk Inabks`wwk ` `|tmwskvk tmw eìm c` hmnswkgkncm tkwk m Gwkxib ‘ " {p` sinlk

ekix c` ;44 tëainkx ` `wk v`ncicm" è eécik" pek v` tmw eæx.

C` Khmwcm hme Bpxsmxk ,744<)" pe cmx ekimw`x `|ètbmx cm tkt`b ck ietw`nxk

nk inc`t`ncænhik omi m ‒W`véwg`wm Hmnxsisphimnkb Obpein`nx`―" `xhwism tmw Amnákbv`x B`cm `

Fknpëwim ck Hpnlk Gkwgmxk" è x`sègwm c` ;<7;. M ‒Ciëwim cm Wim c` Fknìwm― o mi m twieì

wm fmwnkb ciëwim tpgbihkcm nm tkåx" k tkwsiw c` Fpnlm c` ;<7;" inmvkncm hme k tpgbihkáèm c`

knönhimx. M x`p twmtwi`sëwim mgs`v` bih`nák cm amv`wnm tkwk kgwiw pek sitmawkoik twøtwik tkwkk xpk ietw`xxèm6 k ‒Sitmawkoik cm Ciëwim―. Omwke x`px `cismw`x Vò`winm _åsmw c` Eìw`b`x `

Knsónim Ekwik Fkpwckn. @egmwk omxx` pek omblk hme`whikb" sinlk binlk `cismwikb okvmwëv`b ä

inc`t`ncænhik tmbåsihk cm Gwkxib" s`ncm hiwhpbkcm ksé ;<1<. @e Xèm Tkpbm" m twieìwm fmwnkb

ietw`xxm xpwaiw è ;<78 ` `wk m hlkekcm ‒Okwmb Tkpbixsknm―.

Xàpncm Bpxsmxk ,744<)" ktøx k inc`t`ncænhik" k ietw`nxk viv`p pe t`wåmcm c`

kaw`xxð`x kmx fmwnkbixskx ` epismx spepbsmx. K kwixsmhwkhik wpwkb gwkxibìwk" bic`wkck tmw Fmxé

Gmnioëhim" t`wxàpik c` eknìwk ietbkhëv`b x`px mtmxismw`x. Mx big`wkix wkcihkix ` x`px fmwnkixomwke mx twinhitkix kbvmx. Hmem hmnx`{pænhik" m fmwnkb ‒Ekbkap`sk @|swkmwcinëwik―" c` Kp

apxsm Eky" hwisihmp k okbsk c` big`wckc` ck ietw`nxk ` m kgpxm c` kpsmwickc` cm amv`wnm `

w`h`g`p episkx mo`nxivkx hmem w`xtmxsk. Mx fmwnkix nèm ckvke swéapk kmx tmwspap`x`x" ègm

wk k Kxxègbéik Hmnxsispins` ` m iet`wkcmw oi`xxè tkws` cm ekimw tkbhm c` kswismx. Hme m

`xtknhke`nsm cm fmwnkbixsk Ckvic Tketbmnk" k xispkáèm smwnmpx` ekix awkv`. C. T`cwm I"

`nsèm" cixxmbv`p k Kxxègbéik Hmnxsispins`" ckncm omwák ä ietw`nxk. Hitwiknm Gkwksk omi m

fmwnkbixsk {p` ekix x` c`xskhmp nk étmhk" {p` omi hkwkhs`wikck t`bk tkwsihitkáèm c` awknc`x

`xhwismw`x" c`nsw` `b`x" kbapnx cmx ekimw`x kpsmw`x ck bis`wkspwk gwkxibìwk.



73

Bpxsmxk ,744<) inomwek {p`" è ;<00" m ‒Gwkxib Ibpxswkcm― inihimp k tpgbihkáèm

wàpbkw c` pek w`vixsk c` hkwihkspwk. @e ;<01" ‒M Ciëwim cm Wim c` Fknìwm― tpgbihmp ‒M

Apkwkni―" xéwi` c` inhwåv`b xph`xxm. M fmwnkb ‒K W`tögbihk― xpwaip nm Wim c` Fknìwm" è

;<14. Oihmp okemxm t`bk tpgbihkáèm cm eknio`xsm w`tpgbihknm. @e Xèm Tkpbm" m ‒Hmwwìm

Tkpbixsknm― kaiskvk k mtinièm tögbihk xmgw` k kgmbiáèm ` k W`tögbihk. N`xsk étmhk fë lkvik

fmwnkix `xtkblkcmx tmw smcm m tkåx. Fë è ;<1?" omi m knm ck ‒W`vixsk Ibpxswkck―" xèknkb" hpfm

c`xsk{p` `wk Çna`bm Kamxsini. @e ;? c` nmvègwm c` ;<<9" m fmwnkb w`tpgbihknm ‒K Twmvån

hik c` Xèm Tkpbm― tpgbihkvk è b`swkx mhptkncm smck k tëaink6 ‒_ivk k W`tögbihk― ` tkxxkvk

k x` hlkekw ‒M @xskcm c` Xèm Tkpbm―. C` khmwcm hme k kpsmwk" xàpincm `xxk binlk cm sètm"

è ;941" xpwa` m hkwimhk ‒Ak`sk c` Nmsåhikx―" {p` omi m twieìwm fmwnkb `ciskcm è hmw`x nm

Gwkxib" `" è ;9;4" é opnckck k Kxxmhikáèm Gwkxibìwk c` Ietw`nxk ,KGI) nm Wim c` Fknìwm.Kspkbe`ns`" é oëhib t`wh`g`w k `vmbpáèm ck ietw`nxk gwkxibìwk è xàe`nsmx `

omwekx c` x` nmsihikw. Lmf`" fë `|ixsè såspbmx tkwk smcmx mx amxsmx" fmwnkix nmvmx" mpswmx {p`

hme`ákwke k hiwhpbkw kinck nm Ietéwim. Kx w`vixskx skegée hmn{pixskwke x`p `xtkám kgwkn

a`ncm m hketm ckx inomwekáð`x c` eknìwk a`wkb ` vmbskncmx` k nihlmx `xt`håoihmx. K in

omwekáèm oihmp hóemck ` oëhib sknsm nm {p` ci w`xtìsm km vkbmw c` t`wiøcihmx tkwk hmno`h

himnkw ` cixswigpiw" {pknsm nk k{pixiáèm c`b`x. Mx fmwnkix c` eécim" awknc` ` t`{p`nm tmws` x`

wìnv`nskwke ` x` okè tw`x`ns` mnc` {p`w {p` `xs`fkemx" x`fk t`bk swkcihimnkb v`nck ègknhkx mp è xèëomwmx" k cmeihåbim" k cixtmxiáèm awkspiske`ns` è hmnxpbsøwimx" kvið`x mp

è së|ix. @ ekix" w`h`nsè`ns`" k ins`wn`s hwimp mpswkx omwekx c` ègkbkw ` ok`w hiwhpbkw k

inomwekáèm.

8.; K ietw`nxk oèinink

Gpismni ,;994) cixhmww` {p` k ietw`nxk oèinink xpwaip" nmx oinx cm xéhpbm \_II"

nk AwèGw`sknlk. H`whk c` hin{p`nsk knmx c`tmix" è ;10<" omi tpgbihkcm m twieìwm t`wiøci

hm vmbskcm tkwk `xs` tögbihm nk Owknák. Mx tw`hpwxmw`x ck ietw`nxk oèinink owknh`xk omwke

mx kbeknk{p`x {p` hmnsinlke hmnx`blmx c` `hmnmeik cmeéxsihk ` e`cihink hkxìwk" oksm {p`

khmns`h`p skegée è mpswmx tkåx`x. Nk Kbèknlk ` nk Isëbik" `xs` emvie`nsm skegée x` c`p

è étmhk epism twø|iek" `nsw` ;114 ` ;1<;. Fë nmx @xskcmx Pnicmx" `xsk `xt`hikbikáèm ck

ietw`nxk xø x` c`p nm xéhpbm \I\" hme k tpgbihkáèm cmx twieìwmx t`wiøcihmx" hmem m ‒ Ke`%



70

wihkn Ekakin`― ` m ‒ Bkci`x’Ekakvin`―" `xs` öbsiem è ;<7<. Nm Gwkxib" k ietw`nxk oèin i

nk xpwaip skegée nm xéhpbm \I\" ktøx k vinck c` C. Fmèm _I.

Xàpncm Bpxsmxk ,7443)" cikns` ck ietmxiáèm ck hpbspwk ck hmws` tmwspap`xk nm

Gwkxib" twinhitkbe`ns` ktøx k epcknák ck x`c` cm amv`wnm c` Xkbvkcmw tkwk m Wim c` Fknìwm"

kx tpgbihkáð`x `xt`hikbikckx tkwk ks`nc`w m amxsm oèininm ck étmhk" hkck v` ekix" x` vmb

skvke tkwk k emck `pwmtéik. Tkwk kbée ck emck" lkvik skegée mpswm ins`w`xx` {p` tmvmkvk k

e`nskbickc` oèinink cm xéhpbm \I\6 k bis`wkspwk" xmg k omwek c` nmv`bkx" tm`xikx ` hmnsmx.

K bis`wkspwk" è h`wsm x`nsicm" `wk kbvm c` ins`w`xx` hmepe `nsw` lme`nx ` epbl`

w`x c` ‒ins`biaænhik― c`xs` sètm nm Gwkxib. S`ncm hmem wò`wænhik twinhitkb mx vkbmw`x hpbsp

wkix ck @pwmtk" sknsm k bis`wkspwk {pknsm kx kws`x" c` pek eknìwk a`wkb" `xskvke vmbskckx

twinhitkbe`ns` tkwk m emc`bm owknhæx. Emc`bm `xs` {p` t`wekn`h`p ksé k céhkck c` ;974" ksé{p` m emvie`nsm emc`wnixsk xpwaixx` ` x` koiwekxx` hmem pek nmvk omwek c` t`nxke`nsmx"

kinck {p` w`xswism k pe t`{p`nm awptm c` kwsixskx ` ins`b`hspkix c` Xèm Tkpbm ,BPXSMXK"

7443).

C` khmwcm hme Gpismni ,;994)" kinck nm xéhpbm \I\" vi`wke mx fmwnkix `ciskcmx

tmw epbl`w`x. M twieìwm {p` hlkemp ks`náèm nm Gwkxib omi hwikcm nm Wim c` Fknìwm tmw Cm

nk _imbkns` Kskgkbigk \ie`n`x c` Givkw. Awknc` tkws` ckx tpgbihkáð`x oèininkx nm Gwkxib `

nm epncm opnhimnkvk hmem x` omxx` hmnxsispåck tmw hmnxpbsøwimx x`nsie`nskix" {p` nkxh`wkehme k ietw`nxk oèinink ` w`xixsè" ksé mx cikx c` lmf`" e`xem è tpgbihkáð`x ekix tw`s`n

ximxkx. Xàpncm k kpsmwk" mx kxxpnsmx ` binapkaè `wke `xhmblicmx c` khmwcm hme m tögbihm"

ekx k hlkv` cm xph`xxm `wk xètw` k w`bkáèm kemwmxk6 ‒K vpbakwikáèm ck txihmbmaik w`xpbsmp

è ekséwikx xmgw` hmetmwske`nsm nk ekimwik ckx tpgbihkáð`x" hpfmx nåvìx c` twmopncickc`

vkwike hmnomwe` m tögbihm― ,GPISMNI" ;994" t. ?0).

Mpswk hkwkhs`wåxsihk ekwhkns` ck ietw`nxk oèinink é m ‒fmwnkbixem c` x`wviám―.

@|tw`xxèm hwikck tmw Xkwkl Lkb`" è ;<7<" hpfm `xsibm bis`wëwim sinlk hmem mgf`sivm m `nsw`s`nie`nsm. Xkwkl `wk pek oèinixsk bpskcmwk" ` ciw`himnkvk x`p skb`nsm tkwk k `xhwisk kt`nkx

tkwk k ietw`nxk oèinink. @xhw`vik xmgw` emck" g`b`k" tmwée fkekix x` twmnpnhimp xmgw` k

tmbåsihk è xpkx w`vixskx.

Tkwk Gpismni ,;994) ` Wmcwiap`x ` Ekw{p`x ,7441)" m aæn`wm oèininm tmxxpi

epism ekix v`wckc`x cm {p` w`hìskx hpbinëwikx mp hmnsmx c` kemw. Tkwk k{p`bk kpsmwk" inspisi

vke`ns`" k ietw`nxk nkxh`p ekxhpbink" `wk ‒kxx`|pkck―" tmwée kt`nkx mx lme`nx `wke b`sw k

cmx" m {p` okvmw`hik k `b`x" tmix `wke m tögbihm còinicm hmem twinhitkb hmnxpeicmw c` fmw

nkix ` w`vixskx. Tmwée" hme m hw`xhie`nsm cm ins`w`xx` oèininm t`bk `cphkáèm ` m b`swke`nsm"

xpwa` m c`x`fm c` pek ietw`nxk c`hbkwkcke`ns` vmbskck tkwk `xxk hbkxx`" nk {pkb kxxpnsmx



7?

hmem ek{pikaè" `cphkáèm inoknsib" lmwøxhmtm" w`hìskx" kw{pis`spwk" emck ` txihmbmaik x`wi

ke tkpsk.

N`xx` x`nsicm" kpsmw`x hmem Hkwvkblkw ,7443) c`npnhike {p`" sknsm nk céhkck c`

;9<4" hmem è civ`wxmx knmx xàpins`x" k {p`xsèm ck w`bkáèm aæn`wm ` `cphkáèm nèm omi hmn

xic`wkck epism ietmwskns`" nè e`xem nm eìm khkcæeihm6

Tmw eìm ck bìspwk ` xåns`x` cmx `xspcmx xmgw` aæn`wm ` `cphkáèm `nhmnswkcmx" omitmxxåv`b hmnxskskw {p` kinck lë pe nöe`wm w`cpicm c` t`x{pixkx {p` kwsihpbkeaæn`wm ` `cphkáèm nm Gwkxib. Kxxie" è pe t`wåmcm c` {pksmw` knmx" kt`nkx 73kwsiamx omwke `nhmnswkcmx" m {p` w`xpbsk è e`nmx c` cmix kwsiamx tmw knm" èeécik. E`xem hme `xx`x ckcmx" tmc`x` ci`w {p` `xxk bieiskck twmcpáèmw`tw`x`nsk pe t`{p`nm kvknám è w`bkáèm ä céhkck c` ;9<4. ,HKW_KBLKW" 7443"t. 34).

Xàpncm Gpismni ,;994)" k ietw`nxk oèinink é pe o`nóe`nm c` wkcihkb ietmw

sçnhik c`nswm cm hmns`|sm c` hmepnihkáèm nm epncm. Fë omi bis`wkspwk" viwmp emck" gwiamp `

kinck gwiak t`bmx ciwìsmx ck epbl`w" ` pnipx` `xswìske`ns` ä tpgbihickc . Ktøx xpk hkwkhs`

wikáèm hmem eåcik ` x`p w`bkhimnke`nsm hme m fmwnkbixem c` x`wviám" k ietw`nxk oèinink

aknlmp nmsmwi`ckc` `nsw` kx epbl`w`x ck céhkck c` ;9<4. Tkwsihpbkwe`ns` xianioihksivkx xèm

kx wòb`|ð`x c`xxk ietw`nxk" {p` x` c`gks` `nsw` pek `xsésihk ck psibickc` ` pek `xsésihk ck

opsibickc`. Tkwk k kpsmwk" k ietw`nxk oèinink é gè ekix {p` ösib ` oösib. Twmvk c` xpk viskb

ietmwsçnhik" é k ietw`nxk oèinixsk {p` opnhimnk c`xc` m x`p xpwaie`nsm" hmem k vm oèi

nink nk cò`xk c` kxxpnsmx ck eibisçnhik.

C` khmwcm hme Gpismni ,;994)" mx s`|smx omhkcmx nk ietw`nxk oèinink tmxxpè k

hkwkhs`wåxsihk {p` hmnxmbick k ekwhk wàixswkck c`xx` sitm c` eìm c` hmepnihkáèm" mx hmnxpb

søwimx x`nsie`nskix ` m fmwnkbixem c` x`wviám: kbée cixxm" c` eknìwk a`wkb" m s`|sm ktw`x`nsk

skegée mpswm kxt`hsm" {p` é k binapkaè {p` x` ciwia` k pek xàpnck t`xxmk" ‒vmhæ―" è

sme gè hmbm{pikb" ckncm kw`x c` twm|ieickc`. K ietw`nxk oèinink" `nsèm" vki xètw` swkskw

k bìsmwk hme k insieickc` c` pek keiak: hlkekncmk c` “vmhæ’ ,GPISMNI" ;994). M sme insieixsk skegée é k sónihk ck binapkaè ckx twieìwkx w`vixskx ` t`wiøci

hmx oèinixskx xpwaicmx c` eknìwk a`wkb" xmgw` mx {pkix x` cixhmww`wë ä ow`ns`. Nm Gwkxib" `xx`

sitm c` binapkaè kxxè`blkx` ekix k pe ciëbmam `nsw` k ‒w`vixsk― ` k bìsmwk. Kx w`vixskx

tmwspap`xkx" tmw `|ètbm" kt`xkw c` skegée kcmskwè pek hmepnihkáèm insieixsk" eknsæe

h`wsm cixsknhike`nsm" swkskncm k bìsmwk tmw ‒vmhæ― è v` c` ‒sp―;3.

;3 Gpismni ,;994) `|tbihk {p` `xs` s`wem incihk ekimw ktwm|iekáèm nk{p`b` tkåx cm {p` m s`wem ‒vmhæ’.



71

_øx" sp" vmhæ6 m s`|sm nk ietw`nxk oèinink xètw` vki twmhpwkw ciwiaiw ä bìsmwk"hmem x` `xsiv`xx` hmnv`wxkncm hme `bk" x`wvincmx` c` pek insieickc`. @xx` fìsmhmbm{pikb" {p` `bieink k cixsçnhik" {p` ok kx icéikx tkw`h`wè xietb`x" hmsiciknkx"owpsmx cm gme x`nxm" kfpck k tkxxkw hmnhìsmx" hwixskbikw mtinið`x" spcm c` pe emcmsèm nkspwkb {p` twksihke`ns` nèm lë cò`xk. K wkèm nèm x` kwek tkwk pek hmnv`wxk

keiak. Nè é tw`hixm wkhimhinkw kwape`nsmx hmetbihkcmx6 kx hmixkx tkw`hè {p`xètw` omwke kxxie. Mp `nsèm é kt`nkx ekix pe eme`nsm c` èmáèm" hpfm önihmw`{pixism é x`nsiw fpnsm. ,GPISMNI" ;994" t. 78).

Tkxxkncm k icéik c` insieickc`" mx v`åhpbmx oèininmx w`v`xsèx` c` tmc`w tkwk

ci`w kbam {p` `xsë biakcm ä hmncpsk ckx bìsmwkx. Gpismni ,;994) kb`wsk tkwk k xpsib`k c`xxk

`xswkséaik" {p` cioihpbsk pe cixsknhike`nsm `" hme ixxm" t`weis` {p` k w`vixsk tmxxk ci`w ä

bìsmwk hmem `bk c`v` viv`w k xpk x`|pkbickc`" xpk vick ` hmem hmnxswpiw xpk ic`nsickc`. Tmw

mpswm bkcm" `xsk w`bkáèm x` `xskg`b`h` hmem npe fmam è {p` k bìsmwk kcmsk k tmxspwk ksivk"

tmwsknsm" khìskncm" w`fìskncm `-mp hmnxswpincm mpswmx hmnl`hie`nsmx.

É h`wsm {p` `xxk ktwm|iekáèm ånsiek okvmw`h` k `vmbpáèm cm s`|sm c` hpnlm oèi

ninm tkwk m {p` x` c`nmeink nkwwksivk c` ic`mbmaik oèinixsk. @nsw`sknsm" kt`xkw c` cò`nc`w

kbapnx ins`w`xx`x ckx epbl`w`x" k ietw`nxk oèinink nèm tmc` x`w hkwkhs`wikck hmem oèinix

sk" c`bk x` cixsinapincm" tmix x`px mgf`sivmx twinhitkix nèm `wke tmbåsihmx hmem xèm mx c`xsk

,GPISMNI" ;994)" hmnomwe` x` swksk nm twø|iem søtihm.

8.7 K ietw`nxk oèinixsk

M oèinixem é pek oibmxmoik pniv`wxkb {p` hmnxic`wk k `|ixsænhik c` pek mtw`xxèm

`xt`håoihk xmgw` smckx kx epbl`w`x" còin` S`bb`x ,;998). @xxk mtw`xxèm x` eknio`xsk è vë

wimx nåvìx ck xmhi`ckc` ,ic`mbmaik" hpbspwk ` tmbåsihk)" kxxpeincm omwekx civ`wxkx hmnomwe`

kx hbkxx`x ` hkekckx xmhikix" nmx cio`w`ns`x awptmx ésnihmx ` hpbspwkix. Skb mtw`xxèm nèm x`

hmnh`nswk è pek nkáèm" xéhpbm mp céhkck" km hmnswëwim" tmc` x`w v`wioihkck c`xc` k knsiapi

ckc` wèmsk6 ‒Kx epbl`w`x c` Ks`nkx `wke mtwieickx cèkix" xpge`sickx k pek `cphkáèm

wåaick" {p` kx b`vkvk k khw`ciskw nk twøtwik ino`wimwickc` ` è x`p c`v`w c` xpgeixxèm.― ,B M

T@X" 744<" t. 1). Kns`x kinck" xàpncm kpsmw`x hmem Xhlb`x`n`w ,7448)" Xknsmx ,744?)" E`

cìwmx ,7441)" Xkb`x ,7449) ` Xknsmx ,74;;)" `xxk mtw`xxèm tmc` x`w `nhmnswkck nmx w`bksmx

gågbihmx" kxxie hmem c`tmix ck Knsiapickc` Hbëxxihk" cpwkns` k Ickc` Eécik" nk `wk ckx c`x

hmg`wskx ` hmbmnikáð`x ` è mpswkx `wkx.

Gkx`kncmx` n`xx` hmns`|sm lixsøwihm ck mtw`xxèm oèinink" nkxh` k ietw`nxk o`

einixsk {p` a`weinmp twinhitkbe`ns` nk Owknák" è tkws` ome`nskck t`bk W`vmbpáèm Owknh`



7<

xk. Pe cmx twieìwmx t`wiøcihmx oèinixskx omi m owknhæx ‒ B’Ksléné` cæx Cke`x― xpwaicm ktøx

k w`vmbpáèm ` `xhwism hme k hmbkgmwkáèm c` ‒c``nkx c` ckekx owknh`xkx―. Kt`xkw cm hmwwìm

x`nsie`nskb" xpkx w`cksmwkx gpxhkvke k bpsk" ègmwk nèm omxxè khmetknlkckx tmw xpkx bìsm

wkx" {p` bl`x `xhw`vike" è xpk ekimwik" ci`ncm x`w k w`xiankáèm k xmbpáèm tkwk mx twmgbèkx

oèininmx ,GPISMNI" ;994).

@e v`wckc`" k ietw`nxk oèinixsk c`wivmp ck ietw`nxk oèinink" {p` nèm xàp`

kt`nkx k binlk cm fmwnkbixem c` x`wviám ` c` hmnxpbsøwimx x`nsie`nskix" ekx swksk twinhitkb

e`ns` cmx kxxpnsmx ck eibisçnhik. Nm Gwkxib" xàpncm Gpismni ,;994)" m fmwnkbixem oèinixsk

xpwaip twmvkv`be`ns` è ;<71 hme x`p twieìwm t`wiøcihm oèininm" ‒M `xt`blm cikekns i

nm―" {p` swkskvk c` kxxpnsmx hmem6 tmbåsihk" bis`wkspwk" g`bkxkws`x ` emckx.

Tkwk k kpsmwk" k ietw`nxk nm Gwkxib" c` eknìwk a`wkb" `wk gkxskns` kws`xknkb ` c`hpnlm mtinksivm ` m hkwës`w nmsihimxm tmphm `|ixsik nmx fmwnkix ck étmhk. Fë nm xéhpbm \I\"

hkwkhs`wikx` k ietw`nxk `tixøcihk" {p` vivik è opnáèm ck bpsk t`bm tmc`w mp k oie c` c`

o`nc`w kbape khmns`hie`nsm xmhikb via`ns`" {p` c`tmix sinlk oie" tmw nèm x` s`w hmem x` ekn

s`w oinknhìwke`ns`. @ omi n`xx` hmns`|sm {p` x` oiwek k ietw`nxk oèinink ` x`px twieìwmx

t`wiøcihmx" `xhwismx t`bkx tmphkx epbl`w`x b`swkckx ck céhkck c` ;<<4.

Kinck nk céhkck c` ;<<4" hmem twmxxàp` Gpismni ,;994)" hme m c`x`nvmbvie`n

sm ck `cphkáèm tkwk kx epbl`w`x" nkxh` m twieìwm t`wiøcihm oèinixsk" ‒M x`|m oèininm―"`ciskcm t`bk twmo`xxmwk Owknhixhk X`nlmwinlk ck Emssk Cini" m {pkb ciik6

@e v` c` tkix c` okeåbik eknckwè `nxinkw xpkx oiblkx k hmx`w" `namekw" bkvkw"hminlkw ` vkww`w k hkxk `sh. `sh." ekncèbl`x `nxinkwè k b`w" `xhw`v`w" hmnskw"awkeësihk ck bånapk nkhimnkb t`woìske`ns`" ` c`tmix `hmnmeik ` e`cihinkcmeéxsihk" k tp`wihpbspwk;0. ,GPISMNI" ;994" t. 07).

M awknc` cwkek ck ietw`nxk oèinixsk kinck `wk k xmgw`vivænhik. K okbsk c` xpg

xåcimx oinknhìwmx mhkximnkvk nk emws`" episkx v``x twèkspwk" cmx t`wiøcihmx cm aæn`wm"

twinhitkbe`ns` tmw x`p hmns`öcm episkx v``x tmbæeihm" m {p` kokxskvk kbapnx knpnhikns`x.

C`xxk omwek" mx fmwnkix oèinixskx c`xxk étmhk pxkvke" hmem sësihk c` xmgw`vivænhik" k xè`

blknák hme k ietw`nxk oèinink è a`wkb" smcmx swkike bis`wkspwk" emck ` `nsw`s`nie`nsm. Mx

øwaèmx oèinixskx nèm cì|kvke c` bkcm k cixswkáèm" hmnxàpincm" c`xx` emcm" akwknsiw k

xietksik cm tögbihm ` okbkw c` kxxpnsmx tmbæeihmx ,GPISMNI" ;994).

@|ètbm c`xx` xpgs`woöaim `nhmnswkcm t`bkx oèinixskx omi k w`vixsk ‒K Okeåbik―"

{p` xàpncm k e`xek kpsmwk" `nsw` x`px kxxpnsmx ‒ëapk hme káöhkw―" tpgbihmp pe kwsiam nk

;0 @|swkåcm c` ‒Fmwnkb M X`|m Oèininm" Hketknlk" EA" 1.9. ;<18―.



79

céhkck c` ;<<4" inh`nsivkncm xpkx bìsmwkx ` kx epbl`w`x è a`wkb k tkwsihitkwè nkx c`hixð`x

tmbåsihkx cm Gwkxib" okbkncm ck n`h`xxickc` ck vm ksivk ckx epbl`w`x" {p` nèm tmc`wik hmnsi

npkw k x`w ianmwkck" twinhitkbe`ns` t`bm amv`wnm.

K kpsmwk hmnsinpk `|tbihkncm {p`" k tkwsiw c`xxk inihiksivk" k ietw`nxk oèinixsk" k

{pkb kns`x swkskvk c` kxxpnsmx vmbskcmx `|hbpxivke`ns` tkwk k epbl`w" `n|`wamp k n`h`xxickc`

c` x` tw`mhptkw hme kxxpnsmx `|s`wnmx k `bkx" ekx {p` skegée kx `nvmbvik ciw`ske`ns`. C`x

xk omwek" `bkx ketbikwke k tkpsk c` wìvincihkáð`x ` inhbpåwke" nkx tpgbihkáð`x oèinixskx" k

tmbåsihk. Tkxxkncm k bpskw nèm xø t`bkx hkpxkx c` çegism okeibikw" hmem skegée t`bkx c` çe

gism nkhimnkb. C` khmwcm hme k kpsmwk" ktøx `xxk inhbpxèm" k ietw`nxk oèinixsk cixxmbv`p m

kxt`hsm owåvmbm hmxspeìwke`ns` w`bkhimnkcm k `bk c`vicm k xpk xè`blknák ä ietw`nxk oèi

nink" oiwekncmx` kinck ekix hmem o`wwke`nsk c` hmns`xskáèm ` gwkám ck ietw`nxk oèinink"c` mnc` x` mwiainmp" ` cio`w`nhikncmx` c` xpk hwikcmwk" nm ciw`himnke`nsm c` xpkx cixhpxxð`x

tkwk m ins`w`xx` ck eibisçnhik.

Nk céhkck c` ;<<;" titmhkvke mx t`wiøcihmx oèinixskx nk Owknák ` smcmx kgmw

ckvke sèkx vmbskcmx tkwk k cò`xk ck okeåbik" ck hmnciáèm cm swkgkblm oèininm" cm vmsm

oèininm" c` xincihksmx oèinixskx ` cm ciwìsm ck epbl`w è x`w oèinixsk xè tw`hixkw w`

npnhikw äx xpkx hw`nákx w`biaimxkx. Skb ò`wv`xhænhik owknh`xk khkgmp tmw inobp`nhikw knmx

c`tmix" kbapekx káð`x cm emvie`nsm nm Gwkxib.C`xxk omwek" tkwk Wkam ,7448)" twmnske`ns` nk céhkck c` ;994" `xskg`b`h`wkex`

kx `xswkséaikx ` sësihkx cm emvie`nsm oèinixsk {p` còiniwke" hmem kbvm ekimw c` xpk tw`m

hptkáèm" kx swkgkblkcmwkx" hmnxic`wkckx hmem m x`smw ekix mtwieicm xmhikbe`ns` nm Gwkxib.

Mx cmix twinhitkix fmwnkix oèinixskx opnckcmx nm t`wåmcm ‘ m ‒Gwkxib Epbl`w―" cm awptm lm

eóniem c` Bmncwink" {p` hiwhpbmp c` ;910 k ;9<4" ` m ‒Nøx Epbl`w`x―" ck Kxxmhikáèm c`

Epbl`w`x c` Xèm Tkpbm" tpgbihkcm `nsw` ;91? ` ;91< ‘ vixkvke k hmnxhi`nsikáèm ckx swkgk

blkcmwkx tmgw`x" inihikncmkx npek binapkaè ekw|ixsk" inihikbe`ns` c`xsinkck k t`nxkw k bpsk`nsw` kx hbkxx`x xmhikix kt`nkx hmem pek bpsk c` hbkxx`x" ` nèm tw`hixke`ns` pek ‒ap`wwk

`nsw` mx x`|mx―.

Xàpncm Wkam ,7448)" `xsk ksispc` hmww`xtmncik k kbapekx `xswkséaikx tmbåsihkx6

c` pe bkcm" mgs`w m w`hmnl`hie`nsm xmhikb c` pe emvie`nsm {p` hmbmhkvk kx epbl`w`x hmem

m kbvm twinhitkb: c` mpswm" hmnxàpiw k kbiknák cmx cèkix x`smw`x ck `x{p`wck" `nvmbvicmx nk

bpsk t`bk w`cèmhwksikáèm" mnc` mx lme`nx ckvke kx hkwskx. Xàpncm k kpsmwk" n`xx` em

e`nsm" m ekw|ixem `wk hmnxic`wkcm m twinhitkb inxswpe`nsm s`øwihm c` knëbix` nm hketm ck

tmbåsihk w`vmbphimnëwik. @" n`xx` hmns`|sm" m oèinixem twmhpwmp tkpskwx` t`bk binapkaè

tw`cmeinkns` nk `x{p`wck cm tkåx" cmeinkncm nèm kt`nkx mx hmnhìsmx ekw|ixskx" ekx twmhp



84

wkncm twmvkw hmem" è hkck pek ckx {p`xsð`x b`vknskckx t`bmx båc`w`x ` tkwsicmx tmbåsihmx"

`wk tmxxåv`b skegée t`wh`g`w k cie`nxèm oèinink.

Kxxie" km okbkw k binapkaè ekw|ixskekxhpbink" kx oèinixskx `xomwákwkex` tkwk

ckw bàisieickc` äx xpkx wìvincihkáð`x" tkwk vkbmwikw xpkx bpskx ` x` ktw`x`nskwè hmem pe

awptm tmbåsihm ietmwskns` ` cianm c` hmnoiknák. Tmw ixxm" m `cismwikb c` ‒Nøx Epbl`w`x―" t p

gbihkcm è x`s` c` ekwám c` ;91<" twmtpnlk6

[p` kx hmixkx oi{pè hbkwkx6 eknsèmx k oiwe` hmnviháèm c` {p` `|ixs` pe `xtkámtkwk k ietw`nxk oèinixsk" {p` c`npnhik k mtw`xxèm ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk ` bpsk tmwpek xmhi`ckc` bivw` ` cèmhwësihk. Khw`ciskemx {p` k bic`wknák ck bpsk oèinixskhkg` äx epbl`w`x ckx hbkxx`x swkgkblkcmwkx {p` nèm xø xèm mtwieickx `n{pknsm x`|m"ekx skegée `|tbmwkckx `n{pknsm hbkxx`. ,@|swkåcm cm `cismwikb cm fmwnkb NØXEPBL@W@X" tpgbihkcm è 41- 48-;91<). ,ktpc WKAM" 7448" t. ;4).

Tmwée k bpsk t`bk kpsmnmeik oèinink tkxxmp k ietbihkw npek c`xx`|pkbikáèm `

npe h`wsm ègwps`hie`nsm ck epbl`w" c` emcm {p`" nk ins`náèm c` hmnswktmw `xx` tknmwkek"

nkxh` m fmwnkb Epbl`wim" ic`kbikcm tmw xpkx kpsmwkx tkwk w`xakskw k epbl`w oèinink ` c`bihk

ck" tmwée nèm e`nmx hktk" `x{p`hick tmw c`swëx ck eibisçnhik. Omi" tmix" pe fmwnkb hkwkhs`wi

kcm omwsè`ns` t`bk nmvk hmww`ns` oèinixsk" ègmwk nèm x` kokxskxx` cm `nsèm swkcihimnkb

fmwnkbixem oèininm" n`h`xxëwim tkwk ekns`w m tögbihm hksivm.



8;

3 M FMWNKB EPBL@WIM

Pek v` hmetw``ncicmx mx hmnhìsmx s`øwihmx ` m hmns`|sm ck céhkck c` ;9<4" nmGwkxib" {pknsm km aæn`wm oèininm" tkxxkx` kamwk k hmnl`h`w k `|t`wiænhik c`xxkx kgxswkáð`x

nmx hmnomwe`x cm {p` tóc` w`v`bkw m fmwnkb Epbl`wim k `xs` gw`v` `xspcm.

3.; Ktw`x`nskáèm ` w`hmws` sètmwkb

C`xskws`" knkbixkncmx` m t`wåmcm c` ;9<; k ;9<< cm fmwnkb Epbl`wim" `nhmnswkx`"

`nsw` mx x`px civ`wxmx `|ètbkw`x" tmnsmx è hmepe {p` `xhbkw`hè ` smwnke tmxxåv`b swk

cpiw c` eknìwk hmnhw`sk k xispkáèm ck epbl`w nm hmns`|sm xmhikb" nm Gwkxib cpwkns` `xx` t`

wåmcm. Hmnxic`wkncmx` kx ekséwikx ekix t`wsin`ns`x ckx 89 `ciáð`x cm t`wiøcihm" inhbpincm kx

hktkx ` m hmns`öcm ins`wnm" hkg` owixkw {p` m fmwnkb Epbl`wim c`nmsk k xàpnck a`wkáèm ck

ietw`nxk oèinixsk" smekncmx` tmw gkx` {p` `xsk ietw`nxk" ktøx ;913" hmnomwe` x` væ nmx

hktåspbmx s`øwihmx c`xs` swkgkblm" sè cmix khmns`hie`nsmx lixsøwihmx hmem ekwhmx civixøwimx

`nsw` k twieìwk ` k xàpnck a`wkáèm c` t`wiøcihmx oèinixskx6 m ‒II ` m III Hmnaw`xxm ck Ep

bl`w Tkpbixsk―" w`kbikcmx è ;9<4 ` ;9<; w`xt`hsivke`ns`.

N`xxk binlk" m fmwnkb Epbl`wim omi hwikcm nk céhkck c` ;9<4 t`bkx t`x{pixkcmwkx

ck Opnckáèm Hkwbmx Hlkakx ,OHH" 74;7)" è Xèm Tkpbm" `nvmbvickx hme m `xspcm ck hmnci

áèm oèinink nm Gwkxib6 Oöbvik Wmxèg`wa ` Kcébik Gmwa`x. @bkx tw`mhptkwkex` è xixsèk

sikw inomwekáð`x xmgw` kx {p`xsð`x {p` mtwieike kx epbl`w`x {p` vivike nm hmns`|sm lixsø

wihm cmx knmx <4. M hmwtm `cismwikb cm fmwnkb `wk hmnxsispåcm c` t`x{pixkcmwkx ` fmwnkbixskx

{p`" nm inåhim" twmtpx`wke hmetmw pe gmb`sie c` nmsåhikx {p` oi`xx` pek tmns` `nsw` kx

civ`wxkx inxsispiáð`x ` `xspcimxmx cm sèk mwk kgmwckcm: omwn`h`ncm ckcmx c` omwek xixsèë

sihk ` kgwkna`ns` xmgw` mx twmgbèkx {p` `nvmbvike k epbl`w gwkxibìwk. Ekx" è xpk `ciáèm

nöe`wm ‒`wm―" m awptm cì|mp vixbpegwkw m oim hmncpsmw {p` t`we`kwik m fmwnkb" {pkncm k

npnhikwke m hmetwmeixxm c` swkskw kx ekséwikx vìhpbkckx c` pek eknìwk xéwik ` hmnx`{p`n

s`" ekx nèm ekblpemwkck" xixpck mp cmaeësihk.

Kxxie" c`hbkwkck km tögbihm k ins`náèm" b`vkwke ä wixhk m hmetwmeixxm c` swknx

omwekw m xinapbkw gmb`sie c` ekwám-kgwib c` ;9<; è pe skgbøic` ò`wv`xh`ns` ` tw`hpwxmw c`s`ncænhikx" ksé ;9<<. Kx ic`kbikcmwkx t`wh`g`wke {p` mx twmgbèkx {p` kobiaike kx epbl`w`x



87

ck céhkck c` ;9<4 tw`hixkvke x`w swkskcmx c` omwek ekix inhixivk `" kxxie" m oi`wke ,OHH"

74;7).

Km w`bkskw" c` emcm gw`v`" k lixsøwik cm Epbl`wim" lë {p` x` hmnxic`wkw swæx t`wåm

cmx ekwhkns`x ` còinicmw`x cmx wpemx {p` m fmwnkb smemp. Nm twieìwm t`wåmcm" c` ekwám c`

;9<; k x`sègwm c` ;9<8" k tpgbihkáèm cm fmwnkb w`h`g`p xpgxåcimx ck Opnckáèm Omwc tkwk x`

hmnhw`sikw ` omwke tpgbihkcmx ;0 nöe`wmx" s`ncm hmem w`xtmnxëv`b t`bm twmf`sm k t`x{pixk

cmwk Oöbvik Wmxèg`wa ` hmem `cismwk k fmwnkbixsk Kcébik Gmwa`x ,OHH" 74;7).

M xàpncm t`wåmcm hme`ák è ;9<3 ` x` `xs`nc` ksé ;9<<" {pkncm" tmw hkpxk c`

pek cixhmwcçnhik nm s`mw ck tkpsk `cismwikb" mhmww`p k x`tkwkáèm `nsw` m fmwnkb ` k Opnckáèm

Hkwbmx Hlkakx. Kinck {p` omxx` eknsicm m ktmim ck Omwc ` k `{pit` w`xtmnxëv`b t`wekn`h`x

x` k e`xek ` ä ow`ns` ck ètwìskck" inihikvkx` pe t`wåmcm cio`w`ns` cm twieìwm ,OHH"74;7).

Tkwk `xswpspwkw `xsk nmvk okx`" omi hwikcm m ‒Nöhb`m c` Hmepnihkáèm Epbl`wim―"

{p` tpgbihmp mx 73 nöe`wmx xàpins`x" kamwk xmg k w`xtmnxkgibickc` `cismwikb ck fmwnkbixsk

Inæx Hkxsiblm. Cpwkns` `xs` t`wåmcm" k `{pit` w`xtmnxëv`b s`v` {p` bickw nm x`p cikkcik hme

m twmgbèk ck kpsmxxpoihiænhik tkwk xpk hmnsinpickc`" hmwwi{pìwke`ns` `now`nskcm t`bk ie

tw`nxk `xhwisk ,OHH" 74;7).

M s`whìwm t`wåmcm x` inihik è ;9<<" {pkncm pek nmvk epcknák khmns`h`p ` m fmwnkb tkxxmp k x` hlkekw ‒N`|m" Oèinixem" Inomwekáèm ` Hpbspwk―. Ckske c` fpnlm ` fpblm

c` ;9<< mx cmix önihmx nöe`wmx tpgbihkcmx ,OHH" 74;7).

Nèm hmnxàpincm civ`wxioihkw xpkx omns`x c` xpxs`nsm ` nèm hmnskncm ekix hme m

ktmim ck Opnckáèm Omwc" k `{pit` w`nc`px` km inomwsönim ` `nh`wwmp k `|ixsænhik cm fmwnkb. @"

e`xem s`ncm x` tkxxkcm ekix c` 74 knmx cm oie cm fmwnkb" kinck é tmxxåv`b" km t`whmww`w xpkx

tëainkx" inxtiwkwx` nm `|ètbm c` pe swkgkblm tw`hpwxmw ` c` èt`nlm hmb`sivm ckx civ`wxkx

`{pit`x `nvmbvickx n`xsk omwek inpxiskck c` hmepnihkáèm kbs`wnksivk {p` omi m fmwnkb Epbl`%wim. Kxt`hsmx `xx`x hbkwke`ns` mgx`wvkcmx nk `ciáèm c` nöe`wm `wm cm fmwnkb" ckskck c`

ekwám ` kgwib c` ;9<;" è {p` k twieìwk hktk `|tbknk m tmw{pæ cm nme` Epbl`wim" mx mgf`si

vmx cm fmwnkb ` k xpk tkpsk" spcm hmem pek `xtéhi` c` hkwsk c` ins`náèm ckx tw`s`nxð`x cm

fmwnkb ,OHH" 74;7).

@ c` oksm" è xpk twieìwk `ciáèm" m Epbl`wim w`hl`mp xpkx tëainkx c` w`tmwsk

a`nx tmbæeihkx" hmem ‒Cmeéxsihkx6 Kx eë{pinkx {p` x`wvè m bkw― ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k" t.

7)" cì|kncm hbkwm {p` vìm tkwk x`w k vm oèinink. Xpk omwek c` okbkw km tögbihm `wk oiwe`"

ekx xè t`wc`w k ‒cmápwk― {p` x` tmc`wik kswigpiw km ‒fìsm c` x`w epbl`w―" hmem nmsk x` nm

‒giamc`― ck ekséwik hiskck bmam khiek" m {pkb vè è omwek c` wiek6 ‒Cmeéxsihk c` xkbëwim



88

xètw` gki|m. Nmxxmx ciwìsmx nkx eèmx cm tkswèm. Lmwëwim h`wsm c` `nswkck ` xkåck. Xø x`

w`xmbv` hme k nmxxk mwaknikáèm― ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k" t. 7).

M hpnlm kaw`xxivm" tmwée hme pek tiskck c` cmápwk" é pek hkwkhs`wåxsihk ekw

hkns` {p` khmetknlk k twieìwk `ciáèm `" skegée" m sme {p` cisk m wisem cm t`wiøcihm. Nm

såspbm ck ekséwik hiskck" é vixåv`b m c`x`fm tmw kswkiw kx bìsmwkx tmw eìm ckx hmnxswpáð`x c`

owkx`x ` tkbkvwkx twmvmhkns`x km x` wò`w`nhikw k epbl`w" hmem ‒eë{pinkx {p` x`wvè m bkw―

,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k" t. 7)" hmnxswpáèm {p`" xè cövick" `|tw`xxk pe x`nsie`nsm tw`x`ns` nm

hmns`|sm oèininm" tmw `xskw `xs` è pe nåv`b lixsøwihm kgki|m cmx lme`nx: tmw x`wè" episkx

v``x" kx epbl`w`x sickx hmem mgf`sm cm bkw ` hmnopncickx `-mp swkskckx hmem eë{pinkx {p`

kt`nkx hpicke cm bkw.

N`xxk twieìwk `ciáèm" ktkw`nsè`ns`" `|ixs` k ins`náèm c` x`w swknxtkw`ns` ` twø|iem cm tögbihm bìsmw" tmw eìm c` omweksmx nk hmnxswpáèm cm bkymps cm t`wiøcihm" mx {pkix

x` ktw`x`nske" tmw `|ètbm" kswkvéx ck `xhmblk ck omns` {p` swk m nme` cm fmwnkb" k {pkb x`

kxxè`blk k pek h`whk c` fkwcie ` wè`s` km xmnlm ck okeåbik ` ck hkxk t`woìsk" hme h`whk

gwknhk è vmbsk ` mpswmx kc`w`ámx. Spcm ixxm kbée c` inhiskáð`x ä icéik c` fpnáèm c` epbl`

w`x" mp x`fk" c` pe epbl`wim.

3.7 Knëbix` ` w`xpbskcmx

M fmwnkb Epbl`wim" kbée c` w`tw`x`nskw pe `xsëaim ekix kvknákcm ck bpsk oèinix

sk nm Gwkxib" xpwa` skegée nk s`nsksivk c` w`xakskw m vkbmw ck epbl`w hme kswigpsmx c` owkaibi

ckc` ` c`bihkc`k" tmwée nèm e`nmx hmegks`ns`" kns`wimwe`ns` `x{p`hicm t`bk eibisçnhik"

{p` hme m tkxxkw cm sètm khkgmp ègwps`h`ncm x`p cixhpwxm xøhimic`mbøaihmtmbåsihm" è

opnáèm ck bpsk t`bmx ciwìsmx c` iapkbckc`.

Kbée ckx twinhitkix `cismwkx" incihkckx kns`wimwe`ns`" m hmnx`blm `cismwikb cm fmw

nkb `wk omwekcm tmw nme`x fë hmnxkawkcmx c` ins`b`hspkix oèinixskx gwkxibìwkx hmem6 Hkw

eée ck Xibvk" L`bì`sl Xkooimsi" Bébik Amnkb`x" Ekwik Hkwnìwm ck Hpnlk ` Ekwik Wisk Jl`b.

@xs` fmwnkb oèinixsk omi pek tpgbihkáèm gie`xswkb;? oìsm hme gkx`x ekix twmoix

ximnkix cm {p` mx kns`wimw`x" sinlk" tmix" pek `{pit` séhnihk ` kx ekséwikx `wke kxxinkckx. @e

;? @egmwk k ins`náèm inihikb cmx ic`kbikcmw`x cm twmf`sm cm fmwnkb omxx` c` {p` kx tpgbihkáð`x s`wike pe hihbmt`wiøcihm gie`xswkb" v`wioihkx` h`wsk iwwàpbkwickc` nm t`wåmcm c` kbapekx tpgbihkáð`x" {pkncm" è h`wsmx



83

kbapnx hkxmx mx nme`x cm Hmnx`blm @cismwikb w`t`sike mx nme`x cm Hmnx`blm cm fmwnkb ‒Nøx

Epbl`w`x―. Ekx nèm smcmx6 episkx ckx epbl`w`x {p` tkwsihitkwke ck hwikáèm cm twieìwm fmw

nkb `xskvke kamwk" kt`nkx xìx knmx c`tmix" insàwkncm mx {pkcwmx cmx nmvmx tkwsicmx tmbåsi

hmx" hwikcmx hme k 'kg`wspwk' c` ;919" ` `wke kxxpnsm ckx ekséwikx cm fmwnkb. Mpswkx `xskvke

nkx hkck v` ekix npe`wmxkx ‒Mwaknikáð`x Nèm Amv`wnke`nskix―" hwikckx" c`nsw` mpswkx

inxsispiáð`x" k tkwsiw ck w`cèmhwksikáèm cm tkåx cpwkns` k céhkck c` ;9<4" mp nkx kaænhikx

cm amv`wnm" {p` skegée x` epbsitbihkwke c`xc` `nsèm6 mx hmnx`blmx `xskcpkix ck hmnciáèm

oèinink ` m ‒Hmnx`blm Nkhimnkb cmx Ciwìsmx ck Epbl`w―" tmw `|ètbm. Pe mpswm nöe`wm

awknc` c`bkx sinlk icm tkwk k Pniv`wxickc`.

M fmwnkb tmxxpåk pek hmnh`táèm kbs`wnksivk c` tmbåsihk" hwisihkvk k vixèm swkcihim

nkb ck `x{p`wck nm tkåx ` twmtpnlk pek icéik c` tmbåsihk {p` vkbmwikxx m hmsiciknm" kx w`bkáð`x t`xxmkix" k xpgf`sivickc` ` kx `|t`wiænhikx tkwsihpbkw`x ck vick. Kxxie hmem mpswmx fmw

nkix cm e`xem `xsibm ck étmhk" twmhpwkvk kwsihpbkw k bpsk ekix a`wkb t`bm xmhikbixem hme k

bpsk t`bk èknhitkáèm ckx epbl`w`x" c` eknìwk {p` `xsk nèm oihkxx` x`hpnckwikck. M fmwnkb

w`swkskvk k epbl`w è smcmx mx x`px kxt`hsmx" gpxhkvk pek binapkaè twøtwik ` kaik c` omwek

cèmhwësihk è xpkx tpgbihkáð`x" mwk knkbixkckx.

Hkg` `nsèm tkxxkw ä knëbix` twmtwike`ns` cisk ck xispkáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w nk cé

hkck c` ;9<4 kswkvéx c` nmsåhikx" mtinið`x ` ekséwikx è a`wkb vìhpbkckx t`bm fmwnkb Epbl`%wim. Tkwk e`blmw òìsm cicësihm" k knëbix` omi civicick è cio`w`ns`x søtihmx" hpfmx såspbmx"

kt`xkw c` xpa`wiwè" hkck pe" ekimw ænokx` è pek cie`nxèm cm sèk" nèm cì|ke c` x`w

epbsicixhitbinkw`x. Tmw `|ètbm" xmg m såspbm ‒kxt`hsmx swkgkblixskx― nèm x`wèm ianmwkcmx mp

meisicmx oksmw`x hpbspwkix" xmhikix" `hmnóeihmx" w`biaimxmx mp mpswmx {p` s`nlke kbape vånhp

bm ietmwskns` hme k hmnciáèm c` swkgkblm ck epbl`w.

3.7.; Kxt`hsmx xmhikix

K hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4 xø tmc` x`w `xspckck kswkvéx cm

swkgkblm c` emnskaè c` pe hmetb`|m {p`gwkhkg`ák" pek swkek hmetb`|k c` cio`w`ns`x

oimx" pe hmnfpnsm c` inomwekáð`x c` cio`w`ns`x omns`x" nkspw`kx" hbkxxioihkáð`x ` sitmx" ekx

hkxmx" omwke tpgbihkckx `ciáð`x swie`xswkix cm Epbl`wim `" è mpswmx" lmpv` bkhpnk c` tpgbihkáð`x tmw ekixc` pe eæx.



80

hmem k twmtmxsk cm `xspcm {p` mwk x` ktw`x`nsk é okæbm c` eknìwk c`bieiskck km {p` omi

tpgbihkcm nm Fmwnkb Epbl`wim" nkck e`blmw {p` hme`ákw t`bk gkx`6 t`bm nme` c`xs` t`wiøci

hm.

Nk xàpnck `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g" t. 7)" nk x`áèm c` hkwskx" {pkswm bìsmwkx

c` Xèm Tkpbm kxxinkwke fpnskx pek xpa`xsèm tkwk {p` m nme` cm fmwnkb omxx` epckcm ` kxxie

fpxsioihkwke6 ‒Epbl`wim nèm é pek tkbkvwk {pkx` xètw` ètwàkck è x`nsicm t`fmwksivm"

`bk é xètw` ètwàkck kxxie. É pek tkbkvwk cm epncm ekxhpbinm tkwk incihkw pe hmnfpnsm

c` epbl`w`x tms`nhikbe`ns` ä cixtmxiáèm cmx lme`nx.― ,GMHLINI `s kb. ktpc. EPBL@WIM"

;9<;g" t. 7" awiom cm kpsmw). Nk e`xek hkwsk" kx bìsmwkx `|ètbioihke ksispc`x hmnswk `xx`

sitm c` binapkaè" tmix khw`ciske {p` kx tkbkvwkx xèm ietmwskns`x" ` e`nhimnke m hmb`sivm c`

epbl`w`x psibikcm t`bkx oèinixskx ck bånapk inab`xk ‒xixs`wlmmc ― {p` x`wik pek v`wxèm oèinink hme m x`nsicm c` owks`wnickc` è mtmxiáèm ä ‒gwmsl`wlmmc ―" mp m pxm c` ‒qmeknjinc ―

tkwk xianioihkw k `xtéhi` lpeknk nm oèininm" è mtmxiáèm ä ‒eknjinc ―. Kbpcè kinck ä

`xhwismwk T`n`bmt` B`khl {p` `xhw`v`p bivwmx xmgw` `cphkáèm inoknsib x` wò`wincm äx e`ninkx"

‒hmem swmhkw owkbckx c` xpk oiblk―" ‒hmem keke`nsëbk―" opaincm ä wàwk ` km hmxspe` c` nk

okbsk c` `xt`hioihkáèm psibikw m ekxhpbinm.

Mgx`wvkx`" nm `nsknsm" {p` skb `xomwám binapåxsihm oèinixsk tkw`h` nèm s`w sicm

epism w`xpbskcm. Tmix kx wàwkx c` hmnhmwcçnhik awkeksihkb è opnáèm cmx aæn`wmx hmnsinpke"ksé mx cikx c` lmf`" tw`vkb`h`ncm m pxm cm ekxhpbinm è c`swie`nsm cm oèininm nm hmnowmnsm

`nsw` s`wemx c` aæn`wmx cio`w`ns`x. N`xx` wpem" nèm xø nk céhkck c` ;9<4" hmem ksé k kspkbi

ckc`" pe hmnfpnsm c` epbl`w`x é wò`wicm hmem ‒`bkx―" c` lme`nx é ‒`b`x― ` c` kegmx é ‒`

b`x―. Nèm x` tmc` nàkw {p` ixxm kwwè`s` ä icéik c` tw`cmeinçnhik cm aæn`wm ekxhpbinm;1.

Kinck è xpk twieìwk `ciáèm" m Epbl`wim ,;9<;k) w`v`bk {p`" nk céhkck c` ;9<4"

è hmnx`{pænhik cmx emvie`nsmx hktiskbixskx {p` fë vinlke cm oinkb cm xéhpbm tkxxkcm" k

epbl`w tkxxmp k x`w ekix w`{pixiskck nm e`whkcm c` swkgkblm" ekx ixxm s`v` pe hpxsm xmhikb"tmix" tmw ins`weécim c` xpkx bmnakx fmwnkckx c` swkgkblm" `bk omi kokxskck cm bkw ` ck okeåbik"

ietbihkncm nmvkx n`h`xxickc`x xmhimbkgmwkix" hmem k c` hw`hl`x nm kegi`ns` c` swkgkblm" tmw

`|ètbm. Skegée hminhic` hme `xx` o`nóe`nm ekimw`x wìvincihkáð`x nm x`nsicm c` ciwìsmx

;1 Tmw `|ètbm" n`xs` e`xem `xspcm {p` mwk x` ktw`x`nsk" nk hiskáèm ciw`sk kns`wimw" `xhw`v`px` nm oinkb ‒awiomcm kpsmw―" x` wò`wincm nm ekxhpbinm k {pkswm epbl`w`x {p` `xhw`v`wke k{pibm. Swkskx` c` pek `|tw`xxèm {p`c`v` x`w mgwiaksmwike`ns` psibikck nm ekxhpbinm è swkgkblmx hmnomwe` k nmwek NGW ;4074 c` 7447 è x`p

isè 0.1. Tkwk hmnopnciw kinck ekix m bìsmw" {pkncm m awiom nèm omi oìsm t`bmx kpsmw`x mp kpsmwkx cm s`|smmwiainkb ` xie t`bk t`xxmk {p` `bkgmwmp m swkgkblm" pxkx` mgwiaksmwike`ns` ‒awiom nmxxm―" {p` hmem x` tmc`t`wh`g`w" skegée nèm `xt`hioihk m aæn`wm.



8?

opncke`nskix" hmem tbìsm t`bm ciwìsm c` vmskw" ekwhkncm m Cik ins`wnkhimnkb ck Epbl`w" <

c` ekwám" ` m Knm Ins`wnkhimnkb ck Epbl`w" ;910.

Xè xmegwk c` cövick" omi pek céhkck c` npe`wmxkx ` ins`nxkx epcknákx ;<" hm

em x` tmc` mgx`wvkw nm `cismwikb c` Gbky ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<0g)6

M emvie`nsm oèinixsk ` m emvie`nsm c` epbl`w`x ,{p` nèm khìskvk k kcf`sivkáèmoèinixsk" sick hmem t`fmwksivk) mhptke `xtkámx tmbåsihmx bpskncm t`bk knixsik"hmnswk m hpxsm c` vick" tmw hw`hl`x" c`npnhikncm k vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w. Cmxemvie`nsmx xmhikix ä tkwsihitkáèm nmx xincihksmx mp nmx tkwsicmx tmbåsihmx omi pekswkf`søwik {p` x` omi swkákncm tkxxm k tkxxm. @xs` `wk pe twmf`sm {p` sinlk petw`xxptmxsm6 k w`hmn{pixsk ck cèmhwkhik. K awknc` cio`w`nák cmx knmx <4 w`xic` nmoksm c` {p` kx hmn{pixskx wìvincihkckx tmw epbl`w`x ` k cèmhwkhik nèm xèm ekixt`nxkckx hmem cmix eme`nsmx cixsinsmx" ekx kegkx xèm vixskx hmem iapkbe`nsìetmwskns`x hmnhmeiskns`x. ,GBKY ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<0g" t. 7).

Nmskx` {p` m inåhim c`xxk céhkck omi hkwkhs`wikcm tmw bìx c` `|h`áèm ` twësihkx

knsicèmhwësihkx {p` omwekvke pe hmnfpnsm bàkb hpbspwkb c` nmwekx ` hmxspe`x tkwk `|hbp

iw" hmnswmbkw ` mtwieiw kx epbl`w`x. @e w`xtmxsk k ixxm" mhmww`p m omwskb`hie`nsm ` k ketbikáèm

nèm kt`nkx cmx awptmx eibiskns`x oèinixskx" hmem skegée c` awptmx c` eè`x" kxxmhikáð`x

c` cmnkxc`hkxk ` emvie`nsmx è bpsk tmw hw`hl`x" hkwkhs`wikncm k ketbikáèm ck bpsk ckx

epbl`w`x tmw ins`weécimx c` `v`nsmx hmem hmnaw`xxmx ` mpswmx `nhmnswmx;9 twmemvicmx hmn

swk skix bìx ` twësihkx `|hbpc`ns`x.

Xmgw` mx hmnaw`xxmx ` `nhmnswmx" k hmbpnixsk Ekwik Hkwnìwm ck Hpnlk hme`nsmp

nm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g" t. ?) {p` kbapnx awptmx oèinixskx `wke hmnswk `xx`x `v`nsmx" tmw khw`ci

skwè {p` hmnxsispåke pek ieiskáèm cmx emc`bmx ekhlixskx c` cixtpsk c` tmc`w" ` {p` kx

epbl`w`x c`v`wike twmemv`w kx epcknákx nèm kswkvéx c`xs`x `nhmnswmx" ekx tmw ins`weécim

ck emcioihkáèm è xpkx w`bkáð`x hmsiciknkx. @xxk xpa`xsèm hmetmwske`nskb oihmp hmnl`hick

tmw kbapnx txihøbmamx hmem ‒w`vmbpáèm emb`hpbkw―.

N`xx` tmnsm" mtmwspnk k wòb`|èm xmgw` pek `|tw`xxèm epism psibikck nk{p`bk cé

hkck {p` `wk ‒epbl`w swkgkblkcmwk―" wò`wincmx` äx mt`wëwikx {p` mgvike`ns` sinlke pek fmwnkck c` swkgkblm omwk cm twøtwim bkw. M pxm c`xx` s`wem xpa`wik" ` xpa`w` ksé lmf`" k `|ix

sænhik c` x`p mtmxsm" mp x`fk" k epbl`w nèmswkgkblkcmwk" {p` x`wik k{p`bk {p` nèm sè k wò`

wick fmwnkck c` swkgkblm omwk cm bkw. Skb hmnh`táèm é iww`kb" tmix a`wkbe`ns` m twøtwim bkw hmn

;< Kt`xkw c` {p` kbapekx epcknákx c` awknc` ietmwsçnhik xø mhmwwè epism c`tmix" hmem é m hkxm ck

tmxisivkáèm ck Bì ;;.834-744?" ekix hmnl`hick hmem Bì Ekwik ck T`nlk" owpsm c` bpskx cm emvie`nsm c`

oèinixsk. ,HMXSK `s kb." 74;;" t. 770).;9 M nöe`wm c` `v`nsmx cm sitm hmnaw`xxmx ` mpswmx `nhmnswmx omi ietw`xximnkns` nk céhkck c` ;9<4" x`fk ènåv`b nkhimnkb mp ins`wnkhimnkb `b`x ktkw`hè invkwikv`be`ns` è smckx kx `ciáð`x cm Epbl`wim.



81

xixs` è ëwcpk fmwnkck c` swkgkblm" sknsm tkwk kx {p` xme`ns` k `b` x` c`cihke {pknsm ä{p`bkx

{p` xèm mt`wëwikx.

Nk twieìwk `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;k)" k epbl`w é w`swkskck t`bk hmbpnixsk Hkw

eè ck Xibvk hmem kbapée {p` hlàk k tw`hixkw c` eibkaw`x" `xt`hikbe`ns` {pkncm x` cì|k

b`vkw k xispkáð`x {p` x` tkw`hè ekix hme kwekciblkx" hmem tmw `|ètbm6

Epbl`w`x fë c` h`wsk ickc`" xè w`hpwxmx `hmnóeihmx ` hpbspwkix" c`t`nc`ncmsmskbe`ns` cm hmetknlìwm tkwk xpk xpgxixsænhik twøtwik ` cmx oiblmx" ` xptmwskncmgwpskbickc`" ekpxswksmx" lpeiblkáð`x" m `|`whåhim c`xtøsihm cm tmc`w `hmnóeihm `ck kpsmwickc` ekwiskb. ,XIB_K ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k).

@xsk hmnciáèm nèm x` swksk c` xispkáèm wkwk" ekx" km hmnswëwim" såtihk ck epbl`w ck

céhkck c` ;9<4" `xt`hikbe`ns` {pkncm x` swksk ck mnk wpwkb. K e`xek hmbpnixsk khw`cisk {p`

k epbl`w ck{p`bk céhkck é pe v`wckcìwm xåegmbm c` ietmsænhik xmhikb ` {p` x`ncm kxxie"

hmem ‒{pè tmc` ok ` {pè nèm tmc` w`k―" `bkx kt`bke `|kske`ns` tkwk k oé è eibkaw`x"

eibkaw`x `xs`x {p` khw`ciske {p` `bk" k hmbpnixsk" é hktk c` w`kbikw. K epbl`w ck céhkck c`

;9<4 x` emxswk tkxxåv`b c` x`w `|tmxsk km c`xkgkom kaw`xxivm ksé e`xem cm ekix mtwieicm `

owkhm cmx lme`nx. Tkwkb`bke`ns`" Xibvk ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k) hwisihk mpswmx kxt`hsmx ck

hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w ä étmhk ` xpk xpfìáèm ` xpgeixxèm kmx lme`nx {p` c`sée smcm m

hmnswmb`6

K `hmnmeik {p` nmx cixhwieink nm e`whkcm ` nmx xkbëwimx: k `xsksåxsihk {p`c`s`weink x` ` {pkncm c`vèmx swkgkblkw omwk mp oihkw è hkxk" tkwiw mp `viskwoiblmx: k hiænhik {p` còin` nmxxk nkspw`k nmx s`wemx ekix hmnv`ni`ns`x kmxins`w`xx`x c`b`x6 epbl`w é cøhib" tkxxivk" a`n`wmxk" kgnàkck" xø x` w`kbik kswkvéx ckc`cihkáèm kmx mpswmx" sè ekix `xswìsk koinickc` oiximbøaihk hme k vkxxmpwk" mskn{p`" kx tkn`bk" m `xowàèm. Z...U Ksé k eks`wnickc` `b`x x` ktwmtwike. Oihke hme mtëswim tmc`w ` cì|ke tkwk nøx mx hpickcmx hmsiciknmx" k w`xtmnxkgibickc`" kxtw`mhptkáð`x" k tw`x`nák {p` mgwiak km hmnoinke`nsm nm bkw. ,XIB_K ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k" t. 3).

K e`xek hmbpnixsk kinck khw`ciskvk {p`" kt`xkw c`xxk twmgbèësihk xmhikb ksinaiw

k awknc` ekimwik ckx epbl`w`x" fë lkvik episkx {p` nèm `xskvke ekix ä `xt`wk c` pe eibkaw`

nk céhkck c` ;9<4. Kbapekx epbl`w`x hme`ákvke k wmet`w k gkwwìwk ck ‒inhmepnihkáèm―

,xih) {p` okik hkck hkxm tkw`h`w pe twmgbèk önihm" tkwsincm twk k cixhpxxèm kg`wsk" tkwk k

hmepnihkáèm xmbicëwik ` k omwekáèm c` awptmx {p` t`weisike pe hmnl`hie`nsm ekix ketbm

ck xispkáèm w`kb cm smcm ` kbapek emgibikáèm mp eibisçnhik" `xskvke tkwkncm c` ekns`w m

xibænhim tkwk ‒tw`x`wvkw k iekaè― twøtwik" cm tkwhìwm" ck okeåbik ` ckx inxsispiáð`x xmhikix

{p` ike awkcpkbe`ns` cì|kncm c` x` x`nsiw mgwiakckx k smb`wkw.

K mwaknikáèm ckx epbl`w`x nk céhkck c` ;9<4 nèm oihmp nk mgxhpwickc`" t`bm

hmnswëwim" xpk hktkhickc` c` emgibikáèm ` c` kabpsinkáèm c` incivåcpmx hlkemp k ks`náèm c`



8<

awptmx tmbåsihmx tkwsicëwimx {p` s`nskvke x` ktwm|iekw `-mp hmnswmbkw mx emvie`nsmx oèini

nmx ` oèinixskx è twmvìsm twøtwim" hmem c`npnhimp k hmbpnixsk Ekwik Hkwnìwm ck Hpnlk

nk xàpnck `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g)" okbkncm ckx hmeèmwkáð`x c` < c` ekwám" m Cik

Ins`wnkhimnkb ck Epbl`w.

Mpswm c`gks` ietmwskns` khmblicm t`bm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g: t. 1) omi k iekaè ck

epbl`w tw`x`ns` nkx w`vixskx oèininkx ck Keéwihk Bksink. Nk céhkck c` ;9<4" `xxk iekaè

nèm hmnciik hme k w`kbickc`" okbkvk c` pek epbl`w hmnxpeicmwk74 km e`xem sètm è {p`

wòmwákvk `xs`w`øsitmx c` pek epbl`w cmeinkck ` xpgeixxk. Tkwk Bèmx ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<?: ?70" t. 1) W`vixskx oèininkx hmem Xkgwink" Giknhk" Föbik mp Håwhpbm cm Kemw `nsw`

mpswkx" wòmwákvke mx `xs`w`øsitmx c` xpgeixxk ` ‒wkinlk cm bkw― tmw ins`weécim c` pek `xté

hi` c` ‒tmwnmawkoik oèinink― {p` `wk cio w`ns` ck ekxhpbink nmx xàpins`x kxt`hsmx6

Nkx hlkekckx “w`vixskx ekxhpbinkx’ k opnáèm tmwnmawëoihk `xsë `|tbåhisk" `n{pknsm{p` n`xskx tpgbihkáð`x lë pek okhlkck wmeçnsihk `nhmgwincm `xxk opnáèm. Nèm lë"c` oksm" episkx h`nkx c` w`bkhimnke`nsm x`|pkb ` `bkx `xsèm xètw` è eìm k pekswkek c` vinaknák" tki|ð`x ` ekb`ns`ncicmx" hmixk {p` nk tmwnmawkoik ekxhpbink ésmskbe`ns` c`xn`h`xxëwik" mp e`blmw" nk tmwnmawkoik ekxhpbink k swkek é n`h`xxëwikkt`nkx nk e`cick è {p` t`weis` pe c`x`nwmbkw c` h`nkx x`|pkix c`xhwiskxc`skblkcke`ns`. @e ‒Xkgwink―" km hmnswëwim" nèm x` e`nhimnke øwaèmx x`|pkix còmwek hbkwk" pxkncmx` tkwk ixsm `|tw`xxð`x hmem ‒x`nsip k wiaic` ekxhpbink― m twøtwim ksm x`|pkb oihk xpg`ns`ncicm è `|tw`xxð`x cm sitm ‒x` `nswàmp―" ‒x`nsip mkgixem cm c` xìm―. ,B@EMX ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<?g" t. 1).

[pkncm m kxxpnsm é `xs`w`øsitm" k céhkck c` ;9<4 omi ekwhkck tmw kbapnx hmem"

tmw `|ètbm" m c` ‒eè`―. K hmbpnixsk Hkweè Gkwwmxm" kxxie hmem Inæx Hkxsiblm" c`xhw`v`p"

nk xàpnck `ciáèm cm t`wiøcihm ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. <9)" m `xs`w`øsitm via`ns` c` ‒eè`―

ck xàpins` omwek6

Z...U k ic`mbmaik cmeinkns` nmx okik hw`w {p` k eks`wnickc` `wk omns` in`{påvmhk c`kbàwik" `|hbpxivke`ns`. @ {p` kx epbl`w`x `wke nkspwkbe`ns` cmskckx ckx{pkbickc`x n`h`xxëwikx km hpickcm ckx hwiknákx" hmnh`gicm hmem xpk opnáèm xptwèk

nk xmhi`ckc`. Nèm xø ixxm" ekx k icéik cm kemw eks`wnm sinlk pe hkwës`w önihm `nsw`mx ko`smx lpeknmx6 inc`t`nc`ns` c` {pkb{p`w `xhmblk mp {pkb{p`w hmnciáèm `|s`wnk"inhmncihimnkb" twmopncm" hmnxskns` ` ins`weinëv`b. K twøtwik vmnskc` c` s`w oiblmx`wk `b`vkck ä hksàmwik c` inxsinsm gimbøaihm in`bpsëv`b. ,GKWWMXM ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. <).

Hme k wò`wick ic`mbmaik kwwkiakck nm iekainëwim hmepe ck xmhi`ckc`" k epbl`w

sinlk è xpk hmnciáèm xmhikb pek `xtéhi` c` viaåbik mp oixhkbikáèm hmnxskns` tkwk {p` hpe

twixx` mx w`{pixismx cm `xs`w`øsitm eks`wnm `" {pkncm nèm m okik" tkakvk pek t`nk xmhikb. K

74

Nk v`wckc` lkvik bpskx oèinixskx hmnswk h`wsmx twmcpsmx. Xàpncm Hketmx ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 8)"nm inåhim ck céhkck c` ;914" awptmx oèinixskx cixswigpåke kc`xivm hme mx ci`w`x ‒@xs` twmcpsm `|tbmwk kxepbl`w`x― tkwk {p` `bkx tpc`xxè hmbkw `xt`hikbe`ns` è c`xmcmwkns`x ånsiemx ` twmcpsmx tkwk èkaw`h`w.



89

epbl`w" tmw `xs` xs`w`øsitm" c`v`wik mgwiaksmwike`ns` c`x`fkw kwc`nsè`ns` s`w oiblmx" hmbmhkw

k twmhwikáèm hmem k hmixk ekix ietmwskns` è xpk vick" nèm s`w n`nlpek cioihpbckc` nm w`bk

himnke`nsm hme hwiknákx" fkekix x` kokxskw cm emc`bm ic`kb c` tkhiænhik" c`cihkáèm ` ks`náèm

hmnxskns`x" ` hmnxàpiw" hme `xx` emc`bm" hwikw hwiknákx o`bi`x ` xkpcëvìx" hkxm hmnswëwim

c`v`wik kxxpeiw xminlk k w`xtmnxkgibickc` t`bm {p` x`wik pe owkhkxxm c` xpk tkws`. É nmsëv`b

{p` `xxkx okblkx" tmw xpk kgwknaænhik" ksinaike twksihke`ns` smckx kx epbl`w`x è kbape

{p`xism" skegée é nmsëv`b m {pknsm `xx` `xs`w`øsitm `xskvk kxxmhikcm ä twøtwik oèinibickc`"

tmix okblkw n`b` xianioihkvk kbam hmem x`w e`nmx epbl`w cm {p` kx mpswkx.

Skegée hme k epbl`w hwiknák" mp x`fk" k e`nink" nèm é cio`w`ns`" e`xem kns`x

c` ktw`nc`w k okbkw ciwìsm fë bl` hmbmhkvke pek gmn`hk nmx gwkámx" tkwk {p` twksihkxx` c`xc`

h`cm xpk vmhkáèm c` x`w eè`. Kbiëx" civ`wxkx ‒vmhkáð`x― c`vike x`w twksihkckx c`xc` h`cmkswkvéx cmx gwin{p`cmx ` ckx gwinhkcìwkx" omaèminlm" hkxinlk" hmeicinlk" ek{pika`ninlk"

v`xsicinlmx" `sh. Hmem cixx` Hkxsiblm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. 9)" m tkt`b c` eè` `wk

sèm hmgwkcm ` `|iaicm ck epbl w {p` nèm `wk cì|kcm `xtkám tkwk {pkb{p`w mpswk cie`nxèm cm

x`w epbl`w.

M `xs`w`øsitm c` eè` kinck inhbpåk mpswmx kgxpwcmx {p` äx v``x `wke kcmskcmx

t`bm twøtwim amv`wnm gwkxibìwm ` civpbakcmx tkwk smck tmtpbkáèm kswkvéx c` hketknlkx cm

Einixséwim ck Xköc`. Pe `|ètbm cixsm é k icéik c` {p` keke`nskw é t`woìske`ns` tmxxåv`btkwk {pkb{p`w eè` è {pkb{p`w hkxm ` xispkáèm" gkxskncm kt`nkx {p` `bk {pìwk" ` kxxie" tmw

`|s`nxèm" `ns`nc`x` {p`" x` nèm keke`nsk" é xietb`xe`ns` tmw xpk hpbtk" tmw{p` nèm {p`w

keke`nskw. M twøtwim hmns`öcm cmx knönhimx" hme t`xxmkx gmniskx" xkpcëvìx è kegi`ns`x

c` bp|m ` hme smcm sètm cixtmnåv`b hmnswkxskvk hme k w`kbickc` ckx tmtpbkáð`x hkw`ns`x k

{p` x` c`xsinkvk. N`xx` x`nsicm Hkxsiblm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 9) t`wapnskvk6 ‒Ina`

npickc` mp eë oé=―. Nk vixèm c`xxk hmbpnixsk" `xx` sitm c` ic`mbmaik x`wv` tkwk ekxhkwkw mp

siwkw k ks`náèm c` mpswmx emsivmx epism ekix hmepnx tkwk k eè` nèm keke`nskw" hmem" tmw`|ètbm" m c`xhpetwie`nsm ckx bìx swkgkblixskx tmw tkws` ckx ètw`xkx" a`wickx tmw lme`nx.

@bk koiwek6 ‒K bì {p` mgwiak smckx kx ètw`xkx ,hme ekix c` 84 swkgkblkcmw`x hme ickc`

khiek c` ;? knmx k ekns`wè hw`hl`x tkwk g`gæx c` 4 k ? e`x`x) ` cë ä epbl`w cpkx eìkx

lmwkx ciëwikx tkwk keke`nskw x`p oiblm nè x`{p`w é bègwkck― ,HKXSIBLM ktpc EPBL@

WIM" ;9<;h" t. 9). Kbée cixxm" m twøtwim wisem ow`nésihm ck vick nk{p`bk étmhk fë cioihpbskvk k

keke`nskáèm6

K cioihpbckc` ,c` eknìwk epism xietbixsk) é k xàpins`6 cë tkwk x` c`s`w `keke`nskw" hme k vick {p` x` b`vk lmf`" è ëw`k pwgknk= M emcm c` vick mhic`nskb"k xmhi`ckc` `xswpspwkck hme m cmeånim ck `bis` ekxhpbink" m xixsèk mnc` m bphwm" k



34

vknskaè" m cinlìwm" hmnxsispè m ins`w`xx` twinhitkb cì|ke bpakw tkwk k twësihkck keke`nskáèm= ,W@K ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7g" t. 3).

Nk s`whìwk `ciáèm cm fmwnkb" k hmbpnixsk Ekwik Wisk J`lb ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<;h" t. ;<) s`h` ietmwskns` hme`nsëwim xmgw` mpswk okh`sk cm cmeånim xmhikb cmx lme`nxxmgw` kx epbl`w`x kswkvéx cmx eìmx c` twmcpáèm c` hpbspwk" hmem" tmw `|ètbm" ck okbsk c`

cèmhwkhik nk hmnh`xxèm c` w`c`x c` s`b`vixèm {p`" kbée c` twivibàikw hknkix ` twmawkekx

ekhlixskx {p` w`twmcpè k hmnciáèm xmhikb xpgeixxk ck epbl`w mp c` mgf`sm c` c`x`fm x`|p

kb" x`{p`w inhbpåwke `bkx" kx epbl`w`x" n`xxk smekck c` c`hixèm. Kx cpkx nmvkx hmnh`xxð`x

w`h`ns`x sinlke xicm tkwk Xåbvim Xknsmx ` tkwk Kcmbtlm Gbmhl.

@p skegée nèm amxsm c` v`w m hmwtm ck epbl`w swknxomwekcm è e`whkcmwik" è

vìhpbm c` twmtkaknck" hmixk tbëxsihk ` emwsk" xè xpgf`sivickc`. Skegéehmnxic`wm n`pwøsihk pek xmhi`ckc` {p` tw`hixk khkgkw hme k x`|pkbickc` oèinink"iet`ciw smskbe`ns` xpk `|tw`xxèm nm {p` sè c` g`bk ` c` kaw`xxivk" tkwk c`tmixw`hpt`wkw x`p hmnsmwnm xè vick hmem {pè hmb`himnk gmwgmb`skx emwskx twàkckxè kboin`s`x. Skegée nèm e` kawkck {p` smcm m `xtkám hwiksivm ` önihm cm e`piekainëwim" ck einlk ko`sivickc`" ck einlk 'txi{p`'" cm e`p amm nm x`nsicm ekixketbm cm s`wem" x`fk invkcicm ` `bkgmwkcm tmw pek incöxswik hpbspwkb {p` nèm e`kbi`nk kt`nkx ckx skix w`bkáð`x c` twmcpáèm" ekx khkgk tmw e` kbi`nkw cm {p` é ekixinsiem" ekix twøtwim c` eie e`xek. ,J@LB ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. ;<).

Xàpncm @eiw Xkc`w ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<g" t. 8)" k céhkck c` ;9<4" `xt`hi

kbe`ns` k tkwsiw c` ;9<7" hme k c`hbkwkáèm moihikb ck hlàkck ck KICX nm Gwkxib" omi ekwhkck

tmw pek nmvk mnck c` w`tw`xxèm äx oèinixskx ` big`wsëwikx {p` sknsm gkskblkwke t`bk big`wck

c` x`|pkb nk hmnswkhpbspwk ckx cpkx céhkckx kns`wimw`x. K KICX wòmwámp ` swmp|` nmvke`ns`

ä smnk m cixhpwxm hmnx`wvkcmw" emwkbixsk ` w`biaimxm opncke`nskbixsk hmnc`nkncm m twk`w k

pek nmvk knaöxsik6 k w`xtmnxkgibickc` håvihk. K wò`wick `xhwismwk inomwek {p` ‒hme k KICX"

k Hl`hmxbmvë{pik" k PWXX" k Gébaihk c`hicè twmh`xxkw {pè hmnskein` m tkwhìwm. Ekx m

e`xem okè kx “big`wkix’ Xpéhik ` Cinkekwhk. Nk Owknák `|ixs` pe twmf`sm tkwk siwkw bl`x m

g`nòå him ck tw`vicænhik xmhikb― ,XKC@W ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<g" t. 8).

Ekx" x` c` pe bkcm k ò`sivkáèm cmx ksmx x`|pkix omi w`twieick t`bk mnck ck

KICX" m hmnswëwim khmns`h`p hme k inomwekáèm ` m hmnl`hie`nsm xmgw` x`|m. Xàpncm Gkwwm

xm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<g" t. ?)" epbl`w`x ckx ekix vkwikckx mwia`nx" hbkxx`x xmhim`hm

nóeihkx ` hpbspwkx cio`w`ns`x" tkwk kx {pkix m x`|m xianioihkvk kns`x v`wamnlk ` e`cm" hme`

ákvke twmaw`xxivke`ns` k okbkw hkck v` ekix kg`wske`ns` xmgw` m kxxpnsm" t`wapnskncm xpkx

cövickx ` hmetkwsiblkncm xpkx `|t`wiænhikx. Ekix {p` pe ciwìsm c` ok`w m x`|m" k epbl`w ck

céhkck c` ;9<4 inihimp k bpsk tkwk s`w ciwìsm c` okbkw xmgw` `b`.

Xàpncm B`nk Gkxsmx ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1i" t. 9)" kt`xkw c` smck xptw`xxèm `

hmnswmb` xmgw` k epbl`w hkwkhs`wåxsihmx ck céhkck c` ;9<4" `bk npnhk cì|mp c` tkwsihitkw c`



3;

civ`wxmx awptmx" mwaknikáð`x ` emvie`nsmx nèm xme`ns` è twmb ck epbl`w hmem tmw mpswkx

hkpxkx. Pe `|ètbm cixxm omi k tkwsihitkáèm ins`nxk ck epbl`w nm Emvie`nsm cmx Swkgkblk

cmw`x Xè S`wwk ,EXS)6

M emvie`nsm cmx xès`wwk é w`kbikcm k tkwsiw cm nöhb`m okeibikw" x`ncm {pèpbl`w`x ` hwiknákx `xsèm n`xsk bpsk tmw{p` m tkt`b ck epbl`w é opncke`nskb" k omwákoihk cmgwkck. Nmx khketke`nsmx k xispkáèm nèm é nkck oëhib6 Okbsk kbie`nsm ``|ixsè episkx hwiknákx ` epbl`w`x awëvickx. Ekx k epbl`w bpsk tkxxm k tkxxm hme mlmeè" Z...U C`gki|m c` pek gkwwkhk" nm xmb" nm w`b`nsm" okbsk ëapk" kbie`nskáèm"ekx k a`ns` sè c` bpskw tkwk hmn{pixskw k s`wwk. K a`ns` bpsk t`bmx oiblmx twë ckwpek s`wwk tkwk `b`x. Hmem ` {p` `b`x vèm viv`w c`tmix= ,EIBISKNS@X CM EXSktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<i" t. 9).

_æx` {p` k céhkck c` ;9<4 omi pek ckx {p` ekix kpe`nskwke k tw`xxèm ` k m

tw`xxèm xmgw` k epbl`w" ekx km e`xem sètm omi skegée pek ckx {p` ekix vip w`káèm tmwtkws` c`bkx. Xàpncm m fmwnkb Epbl`wim ,;9<1a)" m Inxsispsm Gwkxibìwm c` A`mawkoik ` @xsksåx

sihk ,IGA@) lkvik civpbakcm {p` m nöe`wm c` x`tkwkáð`x fpcihikix twmemvickx t`bkx epbl`w`x

lkvik kpe`nskcm h`whk c` ;44% `nsw` ;9<7 ` ;9<1" {p` k epbl`w `xsë awkcksivke`ns` kgkn

cmnkncm k vick cmeéxsihk ` inaw`xxkncm nm e`whkcm c` swkgkblm" {p` m knkbokg`sixem oèini

nm `xskvk cieinpincm gkxskns`.

@e s`wemx tmbåsihmx" k céhkck c` ;9<4 vip nkxh`w m tkwsicm _`wc` ,T_)" c` O`w

nkncm Akgìwk" pe cmx wkwmx {p` cò`ncik iapkbe`ns` icéikx `hmbøaihkx ` oèinixskx. Hmem kxoèinixskx" kbée c` cò`nc`wè m twøtwim oèinixem" cò`ncike iapkbe`ns` k `hmbmaik. M T_

x` smwnmp" nk mtinièm c` Xknskekwik Xibvìwk ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1`" t. 1)" pek mtáèm

epism ins`w`xxkns` tkwk kx epbl`w`x" `xt`hikbe`ns` cikns` cm `|ètbm ck Kbèknlk mnc` kx

oèinixskx lkvike `nswkcm tkwk m T_ hmnxàpincm `xtkám" ktmim ` 70 ekncksmx nk `bìáèm cm

tkwbke`nsm.

K epbl`w ck{p`bk céhkck" è a`wkb" `nswmp nk tmbåsihk nèm kt`nkx tkwk oiapwkw

hmem pek hkncicksk" hmem pek epbl`w tmbåsihk" ekx xie tkwk `|`wh`w m tmc`w tmbåsihm kswk

véx c` xpk hmnxhi`nsikáèm ` mwi`nskáèm oèinixsk ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<7h" t. <;;).

X` k epbl`w epcmp nk céhkck c` ;9<4" `bk xmow`p kx inobpænhikx nèm kt`nkx ciw`

skx c`xxkx epcknákx twøtwikx" ekx skegée kx inciw`skx ckx epcknákx c` x`px hmetknlìwmx"

kt`xkw c` s`w xicm è e`nmw ins`nxickc` ` `xhkbk" tmix nkxh`wke mx ‒tkix {p` swmhke owkbckx"

b`vke mx oiblmx tkwk tkxx`kw" cèm ekekcìwkx" gwiake nk fpxsiák t`bk apkwck c`b`x Z...U ― ,BI

EK ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1`" t. 8). Kbiëx" `xx` {pkcwm c` epcknákx w`swksk fpxske`ns` m

såspbm ` m hmns`öcm ck ekséwik vìhpbkck nm fmwnkb è ;9<06 ‒Mx twmgbèkx nèm khkgkwke"

ekx k hmnxhi`nsikáèm kpe`nsmp Z...U― ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<0g" t.8).



37

Tmw oie" mpswm o`nóe`nm xmhikb ck{p`bk céhkck" lë {p` x` c`xskhkw" omi k emgibi

káèm nkhimnkb t`bkx `bìáð`x ciw`skx tkwk tw`xic`ns`" {p` oihmp hmnl`hick t`bm ems` ‒ciw`skx

Fë―. Ktwmvìskncm pek `xtéhi` c` ‒hkwmnk― n`xx` emvie`nsm" kx epbl`w`x `nswkwke hme k

hketknlk nmws`kck t`bm ems` ‒Ciwìsmx Fë― ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<3k" t.3).

Kcèkix" xàpncm Gmwa`x ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<3k" t. ;3;0)" k céhkck c`

;9<4 omi ietmwskns` tkwk k epbl`w skegée nm çegism cm `xtmws`. Twmigickx {p` `wke c` tkwsi

hitkw ckx Mbietåkckx c`xc` k Awéhik knsiak" omwke aknlkncm `xtkám kmx tmphmx ` nk{p`bk

céhkck mhmww`wke kx ekimw`x hmnxmbickáð`x c` xpk tkwsihitkáèm è civ`wxkx emckbickc`x.

3.7.7 Kxt`hsmx bkgmwkix

Twmvkv`be`ns` m twmgbèk ekix ktkw`ns` ` c` ekix oëhib c`s`háèm nk {p`xsèm swk

gkblixsk ck epbl`w ck céhkck c` ;9<4 ` {p` fë é kgmwckcm bmam nk twieìwk `ciáèm cm Epbl`%

wim é k {p`xsèm c` {p`" nm iekainëwim hmepe" k epbl`w nèm tmc`wik s`w {pkb{p`w twmoixxèm"

kxxie hmem m lmeè" `" bmam" omwke c`s`weinkckx kbapekx twmoixxð`x ` mhptkáð`x hmem

‒såtihkx c` epbl`w―. @xxk icéik kwwkiampx` nk hpbspwk c` epismx tmvmx ` okeåbikx" omi bkxswm c`

cmpswinkx w`biaimxkx hlàkncm k ko`skw ksé e`xem inxsispiáð`x ` m twøtwim `xskcm c` ciwìsm.

Tkwk kx twmoixxð`x nèm hmnxic`wkckx hmem twøtwikx tkwk kx epbl`w`x" kx inxsispiáð`x c` `nxinm

x`{p`w mo`w`hike vkakx nmx hpwxmx.

K twmoixxèm c` ‒ètwàkck cmeéxsihk― fë `wk kcmskck nm oèininm tmw vik c` w`

awk" x`ncm `|h`áèm m ‒ètwàkcm cmeéxsihm― {p` a`wkbe`ns` sinlk mpswmx wøspbmx hmem emw

cmem" hlò" fkwcinìwm" emsmwixsk" kp|ibikw" `sh. Swkskvkx`" xàpncm m Epbl`wim ,;9<;k)" c`

pek omwek c` hmnh`nswkw è pek e`xek epbl`w `|tbmwkáèm" tw`hmnhìsm" cixhwieinkáèm"

mtw`xxèm ` c`xw`xtìsm. K cmeéxsihk a`wkbe`ns` sinlk fmwnkck c` swkgkblm iwwàpbkw" `wk hmn

swkskck e`xem {pkncm kinck e`nmw" w`h`gik xkbëwimx `|swèke`ns` w`cpicmx" nèm w`h`gik

lmwkx `|swkx" `wk xpge`sick k skwòkx inkc`{pkckx" wixhmx ` inxkbpgwickc`" `wk kbvm c` kxxécim

x`|pkb ` c` gpbbyina7;" `wk iet`cick c` `xspckw ` s`w civ`wxmx sitmx c` bk`w. Kx ètwàkckx

e`nmw`x c` ickc`" è kbapnx hkxmx" x`{p`w `wke tkakx" tmix `wke hmnxic`wkckx hmem ‒hwikx―

ck hkxk.

7; Nms`x` {p` `xsk `|tw`xxèm kinck nèm `wk psibikck ä étmhk.



38

Nm Gwkxib" é `|swkmwcinkwike`ns` awknc` k tw`x`nák ck ètwàkck cmeéxsihk. Lëpek céhkck `xsiekvkx` {p` h`whk c` pe s`wám ckx swkgkblkcmwkx gwkxibìwkx `wkhmnxsispåcm c` ètwàkckx cmeéxsihkx. X` k `xskx x` xmekxxè kx cèkix epbl`w`x{p` swkgkblkvke kpsmnmeke`ns` xè mx g`nòåhimx insàwkix ck bàixbkáèmswkgkblixsk" hlàkvkx` okhibe`ns` ä hkxk cmx 04%. ,XKOOIMSI ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<;h" t. 3).

Kt`xkw c` nèm lkv`w tkswèm ` nè w`bkáèm ètwàksåhik" k epbl`w nk hmnciáèm c`

oiblk mp `xtmxk è a`wkb sinlk" nk céhkck c` ;9<4" `nsw` kx civ`wxkx ‒mgwiakáð`x― k c` bkvkw"

tkxxkw" hminlkw" ok`w k ok|ink" hpickw c` hwiknákx ` spcm m ekix {p` k eknps`náèm c` pek

hkxk `|ia` cikwike`ns`. @e kbapnx hkxmx" `wk tw`hixm skegée a`wiw m `xsm{p`" ok`w hmetwkx"

kceinixswkw k `hmnmeik cmeéxsihk `" è hkxmx ekix wkwmx" ekx nèm in`|ixs`ns`x" ksé t`{p`nmx

hmnx`wsmx ` kfpxs`x è ktkw`blmx" eøvìx ` `{pitke`nsmx. Ksé e`xem nk kspkbickc` nèm x`

hmnxic`wk ixxm hmem pe kxt`hsm swkgkblixsk" t`bm e`nmx nèm nk kh`táèm {p` m ciwìsm hmno`w`km s`wem" ck e`xek eknìwk {p` nèm x` hmnxic`wke swkgkblixskx kx ksivickc`x cm lmeè {p`

swkgkblk è x`p twøtwim nàøhim. @wk hmxspe` ` twësihk pxpkb ` emwkb {p` kt`nkx k epbl`w

kwhkxx` hme `xx`x swkgkblmx" e`xem {pkncm `bk" è té c` iapkbckc` hme m ekwicm" sinlk mp

swm swkgkblm omwk c` hkxk. Nk xàpnck `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g" t.;0) pek ekséwik w`tmwsk

vk hme h`wsm `xtknsm m hkxm c` pek okeåbik è {p` smcmx civicike kx skwòkx cmeéxsihkx"

w`v`bkncm {p` tkwk k vixèm ck étmhk x` swkskvk c` ‒pek omwek t`hpbikw c` cèmhwksikáèm cmx

`nhkwamx cmeéxsihmx―. Oihk hbkwm {p` nk céhkck c` ;9<4 k epbl`w sinlk xkbëwimx ino`wimw`x kmx tkamx tkwk

mx lme`nx `|`wh`ncm k e`xek opnáèm mp hkwam" ` {p` tkwk k ekimwik `xx` twmgbèk xø x`

w`xmbvik kswkvéx ck fpxsiák" ixxm x` tmc` mgx`wvkw nk s`whìwk `ciáèm cm fmwnkb {p` ci6

_mhæ `xsë w`h`g`ncm xkbëwimx e`nmw`x cm {p` mx c` x`px hmbàkx lme`nx tkwk`|`wh`w opnáð`x iapkix= Pek ckx xkåckx é kgwiw pe twmh`xxm swkgkblixsk hmnswk kètw`xk" fë {p` k eë|iek c` ‒xkbëwim {pkb tkwk swkgkblm iapkb― é hmnxkawkck t`bk bì.Nmx @xskcmx Pnicmx" è ;9<4" h`ns`nkx c` epbl`w`x mtskwke t`bk vik bàkb tkwkw`hbkekw x`px ciwìsmx" ` nm oinkb cmx twmh`xxmx aknlkwke xpgxsknhikix inc`nikáð`x.

K ekimw inc`nikáèm omi tkak t`bk Omwc Emsmw Hm. 78 eiblð`x c` Cøbkw`x. Mxtwmh`xxmx c` ‒iapkbckc` c` mtmwspnickc` c` ètwàm― ksinaè skegée mx øwaèmxtögbihmx ` kx pniv`wxickc`x. K Kxx`xxmwik c` Ietw`nxk cm amv`wnm ke`wihknmtkamp;? eiblð`x c` Cøbkw`x k `nhkc`wnkcmwkx ` k Pniv`wxickc` c` Einn`xmsk. ;4eiblð`x k twmo`xxmwkx. ,HKETMX ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 8).

Tw`xximnkckx t`bk c`xiapkbckc` ` `xt`hikbe`ns` t`bkx cioihpbckc`x c` kwwpekw

ètwàmx incivicpkix" episkx epbl`w`x gpxhkwke w`nck kswkvéx ck hwikáèm c` xixsèkx xmbicë

wimx" {p` c` h`wsk omwek mo`w`hike civ`wxkx vknska`nx ` `wk pek omwek c` `xhktkw cmx twm

gbèkx swkgkblixskx ck céhkck c` ;9<4. Pe `|ètbm é ckcm t`bk hmbpnixsk Vknkssk ,ktpc

EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 8)" é m hkxm c` pe awptm c` emwkcmwkx ck mnk wpwkb c` Xèm Fmxé" nm

epnihåtim c` Nmvm Gwkxib ,AM)" {p` tkxxmp k w`kbikw swkgkblmx hmb`sivmx c` oikw kbamcèm6



33

‒Kwwpekwke cinlìwm tkwk hmetwkw pek kwwmgk c` kbamcèm ` fë lë cmix knmx m awptm x` ekn

sée pnicm" s`h`ncm m kbamcèm ` k keikc` Z...U―.

X` nk kspkbickc` k epbl`w gwkxibìwk sè ciwìsm k pek bih`nák eks`wnickc` c` ;<4

cikx ` kx xàpwkckx t`bm INXX kinck hmnske hme m xkbëwim eks`wnickc` cpwkns` ;74 cikx" `

kcihimnkbe`ns` `|ixs` k bih`nák tks`wnickc`" nk céhkck c` ;9<4 kx hmixkx nèm `wke gè kxxie.

@e ;9<;" {pkncm k bih`nák eks`wnickc` `wk c` 94 cikx ` nè xètw` `wk w`xtìskck" cpwkns` k

twmtmxiáèm c` pe kpe`nsm c`xx` twkm nkx cixhpxxð`x moihikix cm Einixséwim cm Swkgkblm"

xàpncm m fmwnkb ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. ?)" k fpxsioihksivk tkwk nèm kpe`nskw m twkm omi k

c` {p` {pkb{p`w e`cick twms`himnixsk km swkgkblm ck epbl`w khkgkwik kpe`nskncm k cixhwiei

nkáèm ä xpk eèmc` mgwk" w`cpincm" tmwsknsm" xpk ètwàkgibickc`. N`xx` x`nsicm m Fmwnkb

Epbl`wim x` eknio`xsmp twmtmncm m {p` nk étmhk `wk kinck pek inmvkáèm tkwk m Gwkxib6 `xs`nc`w k bih`nák tkwk mx tkix" smekncm hmem `|ètbm k bàixbkáèm c` mpswmx tkåx`x.

K bpsk tmw e`blmw t`wåmcm c` bih`nák eks`wnickc`" bih`nák tks`wnickc`" hw`hl`x `

nèm cèixxèm c` swkgkblkcmwkx {p` `nawkvicke t`we`mp smck k céhkck c` ;9<4" s`ncm xicm

ekwhkck tmw civ`wxkx emgibikáð`x c` çegism nkhimnkb ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<c" t. ;<). Omi xm

e`ns` è ;9<< {p` kx epcknákx sèm c`x`fkckx ` twmtmxskx lë céhkckx t`bkx swkgkblkcmwkx `

swkgkblkcmw`x gwkxibìwmx hme`ákwke k x` hmnxmbickw" tmw ins`weécim ck Kxxègbéik Hmnxsisp

ins` ` ck Hmnxsispiáèm o`c`wkb c`bk w`xpbskns`6

Mx swkgkblkcmw`x hmnxàpiwke kbapekx visøwikx tkwhikix nk Hmnxsispins`6 tkake`nsmcm kvixmtwévim twmtmwhimnkb km sètm c` x`wviám" bih`nák eécihk ketbikck tkwk ;74cikx ä a`xskns`x" `xskgibickc` tkwhikb cm ètwàm" w`cpáèm ck fmwnkck c` swkgkblm `lmwk`|swk tkak è cmgwm. ,S@I\@IWK ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<i" t. 3).

X` m x`smw twivkcm nèm `wk oëhib tkwk k epbl`w ck céhkck c` ;9<4 m tögbihm ske

gée `wk t`we`kcm tmw tw`hmnhìsm ` cixhwieinkáèm" hmem hmnsk Gkwwmxm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<1)6

K kceinixswkáèm tögbihk é pek ietmwskns` omns` c` ètwàmx tkwk kx kepbl`w`xgwkxibìwkx" hpfk tmwsk c` kh`xxm" kbée cm hmnhpwxm" é m hbi`ns`bixem tmbåsihm ` mhkxke`nsm. Nm `nsknsm" k kxh`nxèm oèinink n`xxk `xo`wk hmnsinpk k x`w cioihpbskckt`bk cixhwieinkáèm x`|pkb. ,GKWWMXM ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1`" t. <).

Äx v``x" ksé e`xem tkwk `xhktkw c` smcmx `xx`x twmgbèkx" kx epbl`w`x khìsk

vke twmtmxskx tkwk swkgkblmx kwsåxsihmx hmem cknákwinkx `-mp hknsmwkx è tkåx`x `xswknaìwmx"

xè xkg`w {p` tmw swëx cmx xptmxske`ns` gmnx xkbëwimx mo`w`hicmx ` cm abkempw `nvmbvicm"

lkvik xietb`xe`ns` pe ambt` ck eëoik ins`wnkhimnkb cm swëoihm c` epbl`w`x tkwk `xhwkvicèmx`|pkb. Nk céhkck c` ;9<4 `xxk emckbickc` c` hwie` ` `|tbmwkáèm hw`xh`p gkxskns`" hlàkncm



30

k h`whk c` 744 våsiekx tmw eæx" {p` `wke b`vkckx tkwk mpswmx tkåx`x" cì|kckx xè cinlìwm `

mgwiakckx k x` twmxsispiw" hme vimbænhik" ke`kákx mp hmkáèm6

C` khmwcm hme pe cmxxiæ `bkgmwkcm è ;9<? t`bm H`nswm c` Inomwekáèm twmEpbl`w`x cm S`whìwm Epncm" x`cikcm è Vpwi{p`" m Gwkxib `nhkg`ák k bixsk c``|tmwskcmw`x c` epbl`w`x tkwk k Xpåák" km bkcm ck Skibçncik ` ck W`tögbihkCmeinihknk. Z...U Kbée ck Isëbik" m ekimw nöe`wm c` ‒hmnvis`x― vè ck Xpåák"Awéhik" Hlink ` Fktèm" båc`w kgxmbpsm nk bixsk. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<c" t.9).

É h`ciám hmnhbpiw {p` episkx c`xxkx hiwhpnxsçnhikx k {p` `xskvke xpge`sickx kx

epbl`w`x cm t`wåmcm `xspckcm c`hmwwè c` pek l`wknák lixsøwihk {p` t`wekn`h` ksé mx cikx

kspkix" ègmwk x`fk øgvim {p` epism x` e`blmwmp" `xt`hikbe`ns` nm Gwkxib" {pknsm ä kh`xxigi

bickc` ck epbl`w nmx e`whkcmx c` swkgkblm" inhbpxiv`" xmg hmnciáð`x c` iapkbckc` è w`bkáèm

kmx cèkix.

3.7.8 Kxt`hsmx c` vimbænhik

Kinck è xpk twieìwk `ciáèm" m Epbl`wim ,;9<;k) fë c`xskhkvk m sèk ck vimbæn

hik hmnswk k epbl`w e`nhimnkncm k xàpins` `xsksåxsihk6 ‒Npek t`{p`nk t`x{pixk {p` oièmxè cpkx c`bàkhikx ck hickc`" hmnskemx nmx e`x`x c` x`sègwm k nmvègwm tkxxkcm swæx kx

xkxxinksmx c` epbl`w x" 84 s`nsksivkx c` lmeihåcim" 0? `xtknhke`nsmx ` pe `xsptwm t`bm tki.―

,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;k" t. 7).

M sèk vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w é w`hmww`ns` è smcmx mx knmx ck céhkck c`

;9<4" `xskncm tw`x`ns` nk awknc` ekimwik ckx `ciáð`x cm fmwnkb Epbl`wim. Nk xàpnck `ciáèm

cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g) é ktw`x`nskcm m ‒XMX Epbl`w―" pek `nsickc` eknsick ` mt`wkck tmw

awptmx oèinixskx hme m mgf`sivm c` tw`v`niw ` hmegks`w k vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w. Inxskbk

ck è pek t`{p`nk xkbk" nm gkiwwm Tinlìwmx ck mnk m`xs` c` Xèm Tkpbm" ` hmnskncm hme pe

önihm s`bòmn`" k `nsickc` w`h`gik cikwike`ns` hlkekcmx c` c`nönhikx ` t`cicmx c` xmhmwwm

c`vicm k vëwikx omwekx c` vimbænhik" {p` ike c`xc` sktkx k `xsptwmx ` kxxkxxinksmx. Nk e`xek

étmhk k xmhi`ckc`" `xt`hikbe`ns` kx epbl`w`x" `xskvk kgkbkck hme m kxxkxxinksm c` cpkx ep

bl`w`x einìwkx tmw x`px ekwicmx inhmnomwekcmx hme k x`tkwkáèm" ` hme m kxxkxxinksm c` @bi

kn` c` Awkeemns t`bm hknsmw Bincmekw Hkxsiblm.

K vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4 nèm tkwsik kt`nkx c` ekwicmx mp

kekns`x hmem tmxxk tkw`h`w" ekx c` twksihke`ns` {pkb{p`w lmeè" iweèm" twiem" tki" oiblm"

sim mp `xswknlm" kbée c` tmc`w tkwsiw c` inxsispiáð`x" mwaknikáð`x ` ksé amv`wnmx c` tkåx`x"



3?

hmem omi m hkxm ck båc`w oèinixsk Kbkåc` Omttk" nk Apksèkbk" xàpncm k hmbpnixsk Hksl`wi

nk Slinj`w nm Epbl`wim ,;9<;g).

Kt`xkw cmx hkxmx c` vimbænhik hkpxkck tmw hiöe`x mp kaw`xxèm x`|pkb" k epbl`w ck

céhkck c` ;9<4 xmowik skeknlm hmnswmb` ` xpgeixxèm {p` ksé e`xem ksivickc`x xè n`nlpek

w`bkáèm hme x`|pkbickc`" kemw mp hiöe`x tmcike a`wkw vimbænhik" x` mx ekwicmx" iweèmx mp

tkix ins`wtw`skxxè c` kbapek omwek {p` x` swkskvk c` pek eknìwk c` gpwbkw kx wàwkx a`wkix

{p` `b`x e`xemx ietpnlke. @|ètbm c` pe hkxm kxxie omi ckcm tmw Vknkssk ,ktpc EP

BL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 8) {p` hmnsk xmgw` pe ekwicm {p` `xtknhmp k `xtmxk ` {p`gwmp spcm c`n

swm c` hkxk xietb`xe`ns` tmw{p` `bk tkxxmp k ok`w tkws` c` pe epsiwèm c` epbl`w`x ck e`x

ek hmepnickc` wpwkb tkwk oikw kbamcèm. Xàpncm m ekwicm" k vimbænhik omi pxkck tmw{p` `b`

khlmp {p` `wke w`pnið`x ‒tkwk okbkw ekb c` lmeè―. É nmsëv`b m oksm c` m xpfìsm x`{p`w hmetkw`h`w k pek ckx w`pnið`x tkwk v`wioihkw cm {p` x` swkskvk ` kxxie" xietb`xe`ns`" tw`

xpeincm" kaiw twmnske`ns`.

Nèm x` tmc` ci`w c` eknìwk a`néwihk {p` smckx kx epbl`w`x gwkxibìwkx ck céhk

ck c` ;9<4 x` xpge`s`wke hkbkckx ä vimbænhik {p` `xskvk inxsisphimnkbikck. Civ`wxmx awptmx

eibiskns`x x` mwaknikwke" hmem hmnsk Xibv`wxsìn ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 30). C`xx`

emcm" m cik ;4 c` mpspgwm omi `bìsm è ;9<; tkwk x`w ekwhkcm tmw civ`wxkx eknio`xskáð`x

hmnswk k vimbænhik ciwiaick ä epbl`w è vëwikx hickc`x gwkxibìwkx. E`cikns` w`pnið`x c` civ`wxmx awptmx c` oèinixskx ` ksivixskx omwke `bkgmwkckx w`xmbpáð`x ck hketknlk" ckx {pkix x`

c`xskhke6

k) {pkncm lmpv`w fpbake`nsm c` lme`nx kxxkxxinmx c` epbl`w`x" mx awptmx bmhkix

c`v`wèm hmepnihkw k cksk kmx cèkix tkwk {p` tmxxke `nvikw w`tw`x`nskns`x.

Tkwkb`bke`ns`" x`wèm oìskx tihlkáð`x è smcmx mx bmhkix" hme tkbkvwkx c` mw

cè hmepnx ` hiskáèm cm nme` ck epbl`w kxxkxxinkck. Xpa`xsð`x6 ‒Xè tpni

áèm" ekix epbl`w`x emww`wèm6 hmetw` `xxk gwiak―. ‒[pè kek nèm eksk― ` ‒M xibænhim é höetbih` ck vimbænhik―:

g) inh`nsivkw k hwikáèm c` `xswpspwkx c` ks`ncie`nsm sitm ‒XMX―" tkwk kgwiakw pe

`xtkám hmnhw`sm äx epbl`w`x {p` xmowè {pkb{p`w sitm c` vimbænhik. Kå c`nswm"

tmcè `|ixsiw mpswkx `xswpspwkx" hmem m ‒XMX Hmwtm―77. Tkwkb`bke`ns`" twmhp

wkw hmnxswpiw pe ketbm emvie`nsm c` epbl w`x hmnswk k vimbænhik" hwikncm mw

aknikáð`x è gkiwwmx" bmhkix c` swkgkblm" `sh.:

77

Awptm omwekcm inihikbe`ns` nk étmhk tmw ;4 epbl`w`x nm W`hio` hme m mgf`sivm c` `nxinkw ` civpbakw hmem x`kpsm `|keinkw" `xspckw kx cm`nákx ain`hmbøaihkx ekix ow`{p`ns`x ` s`nskw hpwëbkx hme tbknskx ` wèécimxhkxìwmx.



31

h) w`kbikw pek hketknlk nkhimnkb t`bk `|sináèm cm w`hpwxm ä ‒bàåsiek cò`xk ck

lmnwk― hmem kwape`nsm tkwk k kgxmbviáèm c` lme`nx kxxkxxinmx c` epbl`w`x :

c) hme w`bkáèm ä vimbænhik hmsiciknk" emxswkw {p` k w`káèm ckx epbl`w`x é opnck

e`nskb" inh`nsivkw k twësihk ck ‒cò`xk t`xxmkb― ` xpa`wiw owkx`x xpa`xsivkx xm

gw` m kxxpnsm" k x`wè psibikckx nkhimnkbe`ns`.

@e kbapnx hkxmx k vimbænhik hmnswk k epbl`w fë `xskvk sèm kwwkiakck è pek hpbsp

wk bmhkb {p` k xpk kpxænhik tmw pe t`wåmcm `wk hmnxic`wkck hmem kbam `xswknlm" pek `|h`áèm

ä wàwk {p` hkw`hik c` `|tbihkáèm mp fpxsioihksivk. @xx` x`wik m hkxm ckx epbl`w`x w`ncìwkx

hkxkckx hme mx hmbmnmx kámwiknmx cm @xskcm c` Xknsk Hkskwink" hpfm `xtknhke`nsm `wk hmnxi

c`wkcm wmsink" ekx x` ins`wwmetik tmw ksé cpkx xèknkx c`tmix ck o`xsk hmnl`hick tmw ‒Okw wk

cm Gmi―78" {p` xptmxske`ns` t`weisik kmx lme`nx ‒c`xhkwwàkw― xpk vimbænhik nmx kniekix.C`xsk eknìwk `wk ckck pek `|tbihkáèm tkwk k kpxænhik c` `xtknhke`nsm ckx `xtmxkx cpwkns`

`xxkx cpkx xèknkx cm knm. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<c" t. 3).

@e mpswmx hkxmx" tkwk kbée ck xietb`x ietpnickc`" tmcik mhmww`w pek inv`wxèm

smskb ` m `xsptwkcmw tkxxkw k x`w hmnxic`wkcm hmem pek `xtéhi` c` l`wøi" hmem w`bkske Awmxxi

` Wikb ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1a" t. 8)6

L`nwi{p`" O`wnkncm" @cpkwcm ` Kb`|i" {pkswm fmakcmw`x cm Awæeim khpxkcmx cm

`xsptwm c` pek e`nink c` ;8 knmx nk Xpåák" omwke swknxomwekcmx t`bk ietw`nxkaköhlk è ‒l`wøix―" awkákx k pek xéwi` c` c`spwtkáð`x cmx oksmx ` cm hpbsm kmekhlixem. ,AWMXXI: WIKB ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1a" t. 8).

X` kspkbe`ns` `|ixsè hme tb`nispc` ` òihiænhik kx c`bàkhikx c` epbl`w`x" nk

céhkck c` ;9<4 `bkx `xskvke hme`ákncm k x`w hwikckx ` inxskbkckx" ekx hmem `xx` èt`nlm

`wk w`kbikcm nk ekimwik tmw lme`nx" nèm x` tmc` ci`w {p` lkvik episk gmk vmnskc`" hmem

omi m hkxm è G`bée cm Tkwë6

Z...U x` inxskbmp hme còihiænhikx ` cixskns` cmx tøbmx c` vimbænhik hmnswk kxepbl`w`x6 mx gkiwwmx c` t`wio`wik ck hickc`. Bmhkbikck npe gkiwwm c` `bis` c` G`bée"k c`bàkhik hmnsk kt`nkx hme pek sispbkw Z...U ` pek `xhwivè. Hme `xxk tw`hkwi`ckc`è x`p {pkcwm c` w`hpwxmx lpeknmx m øwaèm nèm tmc`wë inxskpwkw in{péwismx" episme`nmx ckwë tbknsèm nmspwnm. Z...U Xø cixtð` c` pek vikspwk ` nèm sè s`bòmn`.,G@BSWÈM ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1`" t. 74).

Omi nk céhkck c` ;9<4 {p` x` hmnxmbicmp k visiembmaik" pek hiænhik {p` `xspck k

vimbænhik k tkwsiw ck t`wxt`hsivk ck våsiek. Omi pe ekwhm ietmwskns`" `xt`hikbe`ns` tmw{p`"

kbée c` è kbapnx hkxmx wòmwákw k nkspw`k c` inmhænhik ck våsiek" è mpswmx cèmnxswkvk

78 Kt`xkw c` twmigick c`xc` ;99; nm Gwkxib" lë hme`nsëwimx c` {p` `xxk o`xsk hmnsinpk x`ncm twmemvick äx`xhmncickx mp ‒cixhw`ske ns`―.



3<

xpk tkwsihitkáèm ` ksé x`p c`x`fm c` x`w visiekck" kaincm è twmb c` x`p kbam 73. ,EPBL@

WIM" ;9<8k" t.7;).

3.7.3 Kxt`hsmx c` cixhwieinkáèm ` tw`hmnhìsm

Kbée c` xietb`xe`ns` x`w epbl`w" m {p` fë khkww`sk pek hkwak hpbspwkb c` cixhwi

einkáèm ` tw`hmnhìsm" pek epbl`w tmc` skegée s`w mpswkx hkwkhs`wåxsihkx {p` xèm kbvm c`

cixhwieinkáèm ` tw`hmnhìsm" hmem x`w c`x{piskck" eè` xmbsìwk" lmemxx`|pkb" nàwk" knè"

kbgink ` episkx mpswkx. Nk twieìwk `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;k)" lë k kgmwckaè ck {p`xsèmwkhikb ck epbl`w nàwk hmem våsiek c` pek swåtbih` cixhwieinkáèm nm Gwkxib6 xmhikb" wkhikb `

x`|pkb. N`xxk binlk" m sèk x` `xs`nc` ä x`|sk `ciáèm6

@xskemx hknxkcmx c` xkg`w {p` nè nk `xhmbk" nè nmx bivwmx mnc` ekncke k a`ns``xspckw nèm x` okbk ck ò`sivk hmnswigpiáèm ckx hbkxx`x tmtpbkw`x" ck epbl`w" cmnàwm cm åncim nk nmxxk omwekáèm lixsøwihk hpbspwkb. Nk v`wckc` m {p` x` ok éombhbmwikw smcmx `b`x. @ m {p` é {p` oihk= K Ietw`xxèm {p` xø mx lme`nx" mx lme`nxgwknhmx xmhikb ` `hmnmeihke`ns` twivibàikcmx omwke mx önihmx k hmnxswpiw `xx`tkåx. K `xxk e`nsiwk switbk cëx` nme` c`6 x`|ixem" wkhixem ` `bisixem.,AMNVKB@X ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. 8).

Nk {pkwsk `ciáèm cm fmwnkb m sèk ck epbl`w nàwk w`smwnk ä tkpsk. _`wioihkncm

ckcmx ck ‒T`x{pixk c` Kemxswk Cmeihibikw― c` ;91?" Amnëb` ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t.

<9) hmnxsksk {p` kt`xkw c` k omwák oèinink c` swkgkblm x` hmnh`nswkw nmx x`smw`x c` tw`xsk

áèm c` x`wviámx" xmhikb ` hmeéwhim c` e`whkcmwikx ,ètwàkckx cmeéxsihkx" twmo`xxmwkx" `n

o`weìwkx" gkbhmnixskx) k ekimwik ckx epbl`w`x nàwkx ,?9%) swkgkblkvk nk kawihpbspwk ` nk

tw`xskáèm c` x`wviámx ,cmeéxsihkx)" m {p` xianioihk {p` kx ksivickc`x xmhikix ` m hmeéwhim c`

e`whkcmwikx kgxmwvike twinhitkbe`ns` kx epbl`w`x gwknhkx. Mpswk mgx`wvkáèm omi k c` {p` kc`xiapkbckc` `nsw` epbl`w`x gwknhkx ` nàwkx `wk ekimw {p` k `nsw` epbl`w`x ` lme`nx6 ‒Nkx

mhptkáð`x c` nåv`b xpt`wimw kx epbl`w`x aknlke" è eécim" 80% k e`nmx {p` x`px hmbàkx

lme`nx" ekx kx nàwkx aknlke 3<% m e`nmx {p` kx gwknhkx Z...U―.

C` {pkb{p`w emcm" nèm é kt`nkx nk {p`xsèm c` swkgkblm ` w`nck {p` k cixhwieink

áèm ` m tw`hmnhìsm tmcè x`w hmnxskskcmx nm Gwkxib c` ;9<4. Mx twøtwimx bkámx ekswiemnikix

w`v`bke pek swkciáèm lmemaçeihk inswkwwkhikb6

73

K gmwckaè s`øwihk {p` x` mgx`wvk è epismx `xspcmx tmxs`wimw`x {p` okbke ck ‒t`wh`táèm xmgw` hmem kxepbl`w`x bicke hme k xispkáèm c` vimbænhik" k w`bkáèm `nsw` m bpakw c` våsiek mp höetbih`" m kxt`hsm w`bkhimnkbcmx tktéix c` epbl`w kaw`cick ` lmeè kaw`xxmw.― ,HWPV" 7447" t. 90).



39

Z...U <0% ckx `xtmxkx cmx lme`nx gwknhmx xèm gwknhkx" ;7% xèm tkwckx ` kt`nkx 7%xèm tw`skx. Nm hkxm c` lme`nx nàwmx" 00% c` xpkx `xtmxkx xèm nàwkx" ;1% xèmgwknhkx ` 7?% xèm tkwckx. @" nm hkxm c` hlò`x c` okeåbik tkwcmx" 14% c` xpkxepbl`w`x xèm tkwckx" 7?% xèm gwknhkx ` 0% xèm nàwkx. [pkncm x` kwsihpbkw`ncie`nsm e`nxkb hme knmx c` `xhmbkwickc` cm hlò`" hmnxskskx` {p` k

lmemakeik wkhikb é epism ekix kh`nspkck `nsw` mx gwknhmx ,8-3 cmx hlò`x gwknhmx{p` aknlke ksé pe xkbëwim eåniem ` sæe e`nmx c` pe knm c` inxswpáèm" ` h`whk c`98% cmx {p` aknlke ekix c` hinhm xkbëwimx eåniemx ` sè ekix c` ;; knmx cìnxswpáèm hkxkex` hme epbl`w`x gwknhkx). ,AMNVËB@V ktpc EPBL@WIM";9<;c" t. 9).

K {p`xsèm ck cixhwieinkáèm wkhikb `wk sèm omws` {p` kx epbl`w`x" tmw xpk hmnciáèm

oèinink" tkxxkwke k x` pniw" kx gwknhkx hme kx nàwkx" tkwk bpskw hmnswk m wkhixem. @wke

hmepnx awptmx omwekcmx tmw nàwkx ` gwknhkx" hmem m ‒Hmb`sivm ckx Epbl`w`x Nàwkx ck

Gki|kck Xknsixsk―. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<c" t. ;1).

X` kx epbl`w`x nàwkx `wke cixhwieinkckx nkx `xhmblkx ekwiskix cmx lme`nx" hme

kx e`ninkx nàwkx k c`xhwieinkáèm fë hme`ákvk nk `xhmbk" mnc` e`nmx x` `xt`wk. C` khmwcm

hme Bmt`x ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<<g" t. ;4)6 ‒Ksé e`xem npe `xtkám bieiskcm hmem é k

`xhmbk tögbihk" mnc` kx mtmwspnickc`x s`mwihke`ns` xèm iapkix" k cixhwieinkáèm é pe oksm `vi

c`nhikcm t`bm wkhixem ` nàkáèm cm vkbmw ck wkák ` hpbspwk nàwkx Z...U―.

Pek icéik tw`hmnhìspmxk {p` iet`wkvk nk céhkck c` ;9<4 `wk hme w`bkáèm km in

s`b`hsm ck epbl`w" hmnxic`wkcm invkwikv`be`ns` ino`wimw km cm lmeè ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c"

t. ;7;0)" hmem `|tmxsm nm fmwnkb6

T`wxixs` kinck" omwsè`ns`" k hmnh`táèm c` {p` tmbåsihk nèm é hmixk c` epbl`w mp c`{p`" nm eë|iem" `bk c`v` tkwsihitkw c` omwk" ktw`nc`ncm k okbkw cm kxxpnsm tkwkcèmnxswkw hpbspwk a`wkb. Tmix koiweke" k epbl`w nèm sè k ins`biaænhik" k hmwkaè` k omwák n`h`xxëwikx tkwk `now`nskw k vick tögbihk. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. ;7).

@e v`wckc`" k cixhwieinkáèm nèm `wk kt`nkx pe hkxm c` `xhmbl`w opnhimnëwimx"

xøhimx" hkpxkw cio`w`nákx xkbkwikix mp `xhmbl`w k `xtmxk" swkskvkx` c` kbam ånsiem ` kwwkiakcm

nk twøtwik `xxænhik ekxhpbink cm lmeè gwkxibìwm è x`px c`x`fmx ` xmnlmx ck epbl`w ic`kb"

hmem hmnsk k hmbpnixsk B`ck G`hj è pek ekséwik xmgw` mx tkcwð`x c` g`b`k nm Gwkxib ck

céhkck c` ;9<46

Fmxé" 84 knmx" hmww`smw c` xàpwmx" còinip xè l`xiskw pek epbl`w gmnisk hmemx`ncm ‒bmiwk" c` Mblmx kpix" {pìekck c` xmb―. Kinck {p` m ‒{pìekck c` xmb― x`fkpek hmnh`xxèm sptini{pie" é xpwtw``nc`ns` {p` npe tkåx c` e`xsiámx m tkcwèm c`g`b`k oèinink {p` vè ie`cikske`ns` ä e`ns` c` pe gwkxibìwm eécim x`fk k bmiwkc` mblmx kpix. ,G@HJ ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. ;7).

K cixhwieinkáèm ` m tw`hmnhìsm hmnswk k epbl`w" `xt`hikbe`ns` x` nàwk ` còihi

`ns` oåxihk nk céhkck c` ;9<4" tkw`hike `nhmnswkw gkwwìwkx e`xem t`wkns` k emwkb hwixsè.

Xàpncm Emss ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1i" t. ;0)" pe `|ètbm c`xxk koiwekáèm é m hkxm ck



04

tkpbixsknk c` 84 knmx" Wpsl Xmpk. @bk xmow`p pe khic`ns` ` e`xem kamnikncm hme lèmw

wkaik ` cmw`x k tmbåhik x` w`hpxmp k swknxtmwsëbk tkwk m lmxtiskb" s`ncm {p` x`w b`vkck tmw tkw

sihpbkw`x. Bë hlàkncm" s`v` {p` `xt`wkw tmw lmwkx t`bk kpsmwikáèm tkwk {p` w`h`g`xx` kn`xs`

xik ` siv`xx` xpk t`wnk ketpskck" c`tmix cixxm kinck `now`nsmp oixims`wktik" w`fìáèm c` twøs`x`

` pek b`nsk w`hpt`wkáèm" ekwhkck tmw oibkx cm `nsèm ‒Inxsispsm Nkhimnkb ck Tw`vicænhik Xmhi

kb― ,INTX). Ekx t`nxkvk {p` sinlk t`bm e`nmx m ketkwm c` x`px iweèmx ` iweèx ` cmx tkxsm

w`x ck iaw`fk6

@|ciaiskcmwk" tm`sk äx tmwskx ck omwekspwk cm hpwxm c` @xspcmx Xmhikix ,{p`wik x`wtwmo`xxmwk tmw hmnviháèm) vip m hmsiciknm swknxomwekwx` kxxpxskcmwke`ns`. Kw`bkáèm hme m hmetknlìwm omi ko`skck t`bk ietmxxigibickc` c` amkwè m bk`w fpnsmx ,` t`bk n`h`xxickc` c` hpickcmx `xt`hikix ` t`bk ietmxxigibickc` c` w`kbikw

mx e`xemx swkgkblmx cmeéxsihmx= skbv`) ` t`bm tw`hmnhìsm. Hme`áke k ktkw`h`wnmivkx" epbl`w`x nmwekix" kbapekx c`bkx mo`w`hickx k `b` t`bmx eègwmx ck e`xekiaw`fk `vknaébihk {p` twmo`xxkvk. ,EMSS ktpc EPBL@WIM";9<1i" t. ;0).

Xàpncm Hm`blm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<1h" t. ;?) ` S`bb`x ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

,;9<1k" t. ?)" k epbl`w incåa`nk" {p` `wk c`xhmnl`hick ck xmhi`ckc` cmx gwknhmx" kt`xkw c`

t`nxkwè hmnl`hæbk kswkvéx c` `xs`w`øsitmx" skegée xmow`p cptbke`ns` hme m tw`hmnhìsm `

k cixhwieinkáèm. Twieìwm tmw{p` sinlk {p` `now`nskw m ekhlixem ins`wnm" {p` k kskhkvk `n

{pknsm epbl`w" ` xàpncm tmw{p` `wk xpge`sick t`bmx gwknhmx äx e`xekx c`xktwmtwikáð`x c`

s`wwk" vimbænhik ` `|s`weånim {p` mx lme`nx incåa`nkx. Kt`xkw c` nèm tmc`w x`w hmnxic`wkck

tmgw`" k epbl`w incåa`nk omi t`wc`ncm km bmnam cmx knmx k hktkhickc` ` mx eìmx c` twmcpáèm

tkwk x` xpxs`nskw ` xpxs`nskw x`px oiblmx. @bk" k v`wckcìwk ` timnìwk cmnk c`xs` xmbm" tkxxmp k

viv`w è ‒w`x`wvkx― hkck v` e`nmw`x" e`nmx w`xtìskckx ` e`nmx xpoihi`ns`x" {p` ike awkc k

sivke`ns` x`ncm ckckx ` w`tkxxkckx tkwk ok`ncìwmx ` ètw`xëwimx ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<?g).

3.7.0 Kxt`hsmx w bkhimnkcmx ä xköc`

C`nsw` mx civ`wxmx emvie`nsmx oèininmx ` oèinixskx {p` x` inihikwke hmem

ekwhmx ck céhkck c` <4" `xsèm k{p`b`x vmbskcmx tkwk k xköc` ck epbl`w. Nk twieìwk `ciáèm

cm Epbl`wim ,;9<;k) é knpnhikcm m ‒Twieìwm @nhmnswm Ins`wnkhimnkb Epbl`w`x ` Xköc`― k x`w

w`kbikcm è A`n`gwk" c` ? k < c` fpnlm ck{p`b` knm. M `v`nsm kgmwckwik sèkx hmem ‒kx

epbl`w`x ` m xixsèk eécihm―" ‒k x`|pkbickc`―" ‒kx e`cihinkx nkspwkix― ` ‒mx kxt`hsmx tmbås i

hmx ck hmnswkh`táèm ` cm kgmwsm― `nsw` mpswmx.



0;

@xx` omi m t`wåmcm è {p` ekix x` hmnxmbicmp k e`cihkbikáèm cm tkwsm. Skb o`

nóe`nm nkspwkb" w`kbikcm tmw eiblð`x c` epbl`w`x nm eìm ck eksk" è w`c`x mp hkgknkx

wöxsihkx c` civ`wxmx tmvmx" swigmx ` nkáð`x" tkxxmp k x`w nk xmhi`ckc` mhic`nskb vixsm hmem

kbam c` hmet`sænhik ck e`cihink è nåv`b hiwöwaihm ` hme kn`xs`xik. N`xx` x`nsicm" Hkxsiblm

,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. 9)" km x` wò`wiw ä `nmwe` tw`xxèm xmhikb tkwk k epbl`w x`w eè`"

è hmnswktmxiáèm hme xpk cmeinkáèm ` w`tw`xxèm `n{pknsm x`w xmhikb" hmnsk {p` ksé m twk`w

cm tkwsm omi siwkcm ck epbl`w" nk e`cick è {p` bl` nàkvke k cmw cm e`xem ` xpk vivænhik"

kbée c` `bk nèm x`w ekix k twmskamnixsk cm tkwsm. M tkwsm {p` xètw` omi kbam in`w`ns` ä ep

bl`w" ä xpk insieickc` ` c` pek omwek a`wkb epism gè hmnl`hicm ` cmeinkcm tmw `bk è ei

blkw`x c` knmx c` lixsøwik" vipx` awkcpkbe`ns` e`cihkbikcm" inxsisphimnkbikcm. Tmw pe bk

cm" lmpv` vknska`nx nm tbknm gimbøaihm" ekx x` t`wc`p epism ekix ck lpeknickc` cm tkwsm"hmem xkbi`nsk m twøtwim Einixséwim ck Xköc` {pkx` ;0 knmx c`tmix6

Kt`xkw ck lmxtiskbikáèm s`w xicm è awknc` tkws` w`xtmnxëv`b t`bk {p`ck cèmwskbickc` eks`wnkb ` n`mnkskb" m h`nëwim c` nkxhie`nsm swknxomwempx`wkticke`ns`" smwnkncmx` c`xhmnl`hicm ` ke`cwmnskcmw tkwk kx epbl`w`x ` ekixhmnv`ni`ns` ` kxxétsihm tkwk mx twmoixximnkix c` xköc`. ,GWKXIB" 7448" t. ;<).

Kns`x" è pe sètm nèm epism bmnaån{pm" k epbl`w `wk tkwspwi`ns`" tkwsìwk ` k

fpckns`" `xskvk tw`x`ns` nkx hkxkx c` xpkx tkw`ns`x ` keiakx cpwkns` x`px tkwsmx" kxxie hmem

kx w`h`gik è xpk hkxk {pkncm hlàkxx` xpk v`. @wk k swkcihimnkb h`nk c` hmbmhkw mx lme`nx

tkwk omwk cm {pkwsm. Hme ixxm" lkvik pe hmnl`hie`nsm c` smcmx mx twmh`cie`nsmx" pek okei

bikwickc`" pek xàpwknák xmgw` m {p` ik khmns`h`w ` hmem ik khmns`h`w. Epism cioihibe`ns`

pek tkwspwi`ns` fë nèm s`wik vixsm mp kp|ibikcm kbapnx tkwsmx. Nk céhkck c` ;9<4" nk ekimw

tkws` ckx epbl`w`x fë sinlk cövickx gëxihkx xmgw` m {p` khmns`h` nk eks`wnickc`" kbée c`

omwekwè e`cmx ` knxìmx gkx`kcmx nm x`nxm hmepe ` nkx `xt`hpbkáð`x ck{pibm {p` mpvè

ci`w. Km e`xem sètm" k vixèm `nomhkck nm tkwsm gimbøaihm" h`whkcm c` hpickcmx c` kxx`txi

k" hme twkmx kt`wskcmx ` hmnskx k tw`xskw" ` {p` hmbmhk awknc` kpsmwickc` séhnihk nmx x`px

twmoixximnkix" c`xbmhmp k epbl`w c` x`p tkt`b c` twmskamnixsk cm tkwsm" hmem x` `bk `xsiv`xx`

kbi tmw e`wm inhic`ns` ` hmem x` spcm {p` `xsiv`xx` khmns`h`ncm omxx` c` hmet`sænhik ck{p`

b`x `xswknlmx" {p` episkx v``x `bk `xsë v`ncm t`bk twieìwk v`" hmem `|tð`" nmvke`ns`" m

twøtwim Einixséwim ck Xköc` {pkx` ;0 knmx c`tmix6

[pè é k twmskamnixsk ck h`nk c` tkwsm= K epbl`w tkwspwi`ns` `xsë hkck v ekixcixskns` c`xxk hmnciáèm6 smskbe`ns` inxàpwk" xpge`s`x` k smckx mwc`nx `

mwi`nskáð`x" xè `ns`nc`w hmem hmeginkw m tmc`w hmnsicm nkx ksispc`x ` tkbkvwkx{p` mpv` ` t`wh`g`" hme m oksm in`|mwëv`b c` {p` é `bk {pè `xsë hme cmw ` {pèvki tkwiw. ,GWKXIB" 7448" t. ;9).



07

É oksm {p` k céhkck c` ;9<4 omi ekwhkck tmw tkwkciaekx c` xköc` tkwk k epbl`w

{p` `wke omwsè`ns` mp insìwke`ns` gkx`kcmx è pek ic`mbmaik ekhlixsk c` cmeinkáèm `

hmnswmb` cm aæn`wm oèininm" hme `bè`nsmx hmnhìspkix cm xéhpbm kns`wimw. Nk xàpnck `ci

áèm cm fmwnkb" k hmbpnixsk Hmww`k ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g) swkák pe tkwkb`bm `nsw` m {p`

c`nmeink c` ‒tx`pcmn`pswkbickc`― ck ietw`nxk" hmnskncm {p` pek bìsmwk `nvimp ä ‒W`vixsk

Hktwihlm― pek t`wapnsk xmgw` x` lkv`wik kbapek xmbpáèm mp hiwpwaik tkwk x`p ‒twmgbèk― c`

‒hbismwix gkxskns` xkbi`ns`―" {p` fë lkvik oìsm `bk kcikw x`p hkxke`nsm. @e xpk w`xtmxsk" {p` ä

twieìwk vixsk tkw`h` x`w x`nxksk ` hme pe tmnsm c` vixsk n`pswm" séhnihm ` è lkwemnik hme

m t`nxke`nsm eécihm" k ‒W`vixsk Hktwihlm― s`wik xicm m `|ètbm ck wò`wick tx`pcmn`pswkbi

ckc`" hme m xàpins` s`|sm6

Xie. K mt`wkáèm tkwk cieinpipw m skeknlm cm hbismwix `|ixs` ,hbis`wic`hsmeik mpketpskáèm cm hbåsmwix). É pek khiwpwaik w`bksivke`ns` xietb`x" hme w`xpbskcmxxksixoksøwimx ` twksihke`ns` xè hmetbihkáð`x. @xs` hw`xhie`nsm `|ka`wkcm cmhbåsmwix tmc` mhmww`w tmw pxm incixhwieinkcm c` e`cihke`nsmx {p` hmns`nlkelmweónimx ekxhpbinmx. Ekx skegée tmc` mhmww`w tmw pe cixsöwgim lmwemnkb cmmwaknixem. M twieìwm tkxxm é ok`w pek hmnxpbsk hme pe eécihm ain`hmbmaixsktkwk pe `|ke` hmetb`sm. @b` tmc`wë ci`w x` m x`p hkxm é e`xem c` mt`wkáèm ` blòmwn`h`wë smckx kx inomwekáð`x n`h`xxëwikx. Oi{p` swkn{pibk" hkxmx hmem m x`p xèmepism ow`{p`ns`x. ,W@_IXSK HKTWIHLM ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. ;3).

K e`blmw eknìwk {p` k hmbpnixsk Hmww`k ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g) `nhmnswmp

c` `|tmw m {p` x`wik pe tkwkciaek c` xëpc` ck epbl`w gkx`kcm è ic`mbmaik ` `|tbihiskcm

kswkvéx c` tx`pcmn`pswkbickc` omi `bkgmwkw pe s`|sm emxswkncm hmem x`wik pek w`xtmxsk w`k

bixsk ` v`wckcìwk cm Fmwnkb Epbl`wim x` w`h`g`xx` pek t`wapnsk hmem `xxk c` pek bìsmwk6

Xie" `xsk mt`wkáèm `|ixs`6 `bk omi inv`nskck t`bmx eécihmx cm xéhpbm tkxxkcm tkwk‒hpwkw― kx eknio`xskáð`x ck x`|pkbickc` oèinink {p` omxxè hmnxic`wkckxc`xvikns`x cmx wåaicmx tkcwð`x c` hmetmwske`nsm ietmxsmx äx epbl`w`x ck{p`bkétmhk. K ekxspwgkáèm `wk `nsèm ktmnskck hmem k hkpxk c` vëwimx cm`nákx ` mmwakxem episkx v``x còinicm hmem pek cm`nák è xi e`xem. Km c`xhmgwiwè{p` m hbisøwix é pek mnk tkwsihpbkwe`ns` x`nxåv`b cm hmwtm ck epbl`w" mx eécihmx

hwikwke nm Mhic`ns` k hbismwic`hsmeik" kbée c` mpswkx mt`wkáð`x epsibkcmwkx cmhmwtm oèininm. Ekxs`wx ` Fmlnxmn" è xpkx t`x{pixkx k w`xtìsm ck x`|pkbickc`"emxswkwke {p` k wèmáèm ck `|swèickc` cm hbisøwix" {p` tmxxpi n`wvmx biakcmx kmxixsèk n`wvmxm a`wkb cm hmwtm" b`vk ä t`wck ck x`nxigibickc` `wøsihk nk epbl`w `tmc` hmncpiw ä owiaic` nkx w`bkáð`x x`|pkix. [pkncm kx epbl`w`x hme`ákwke kcixhpsiw xmgw` x`p hmwtm k tkwsiw c` xpkx twøtwikx `|t`wiænhikx" ` nèm ekix apikckxt`bmx eknpkix eécihmain`hmbøaihmx" k w`c`xhmg`wsk cm hbisøwix hmem omns` c`twk`w omi pek hmn{pixsk ietmwskns`. Mpswk omi k ktw`ncikaè c` {p` m hbisøwix étkws` ck knksmeik oèinink ` tmc` vkwikw è skeknlm c` epbl`w tkwk epbl`w hmemvkwik m vmbpe` cmx xìmx mp k bkwapwk cmx {pkcwix. Kxxie" m {p` x` hmxspek hlkekwc` ‒hw`xhie`nsm `|ka`wkcm― cm hbismwix tmc` x`w xietb`xe`ns` pek s`nsksivk c`w`cpiw smckx kx epbl`w`x k pe e`xem tkcwèm c` hmnomwekáèm hmwtmwkb. Tmc` x`wskegée k `|tw`xxèm ck hmnopxèm {p` k tw`x`nák c`xs` øwaèm oèininm" sèm tkw`hicm

hme m tænix ekx sèm cio`w`ns` c`b`" hkpxk nk hkg`ák cmx lme`nx. ,HMWW@K ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;g" t. ;3).



08

Xàpncm k hmbpnixsk Xkooimsi ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 3)" nm Gwkxib ck céhkck

c` ;9<4 k epbl`w nèm sinlk ciwìsm bàkb km kgmwsm `" x`ncm kxxie" x` xpge`sik k inxsispiáð`x

iwwàpbkw`x" è hmnciáð`x episkx v``x ietwmvixkckx" xè m wiamw n`h`xxëwim tkwk `xx` s itm c`

ins`wv`náèm ` nk ekimwik ckx v``x xè kn`xs`xik70.

Tkwk kbée ck xköc` è s`wemx séhnihmx mp gimbøaihmx" k epbl`w ck céhkck c` ;9<4

` kinck lmf`" é hkgåv`b ci`w" skegée `now`nsmp awkv`x twmgbèkx c` w`bkáèm twmoixximnkb hme

mx eécihmx lme`nx ` x`p kpsmwiskwixem6 ‒Xèm wkwmx mx eécihmx {p` b`vke xpkx hbi`ns`x k xéwim

` {p` x` tw`mhptke è omwn`h`wbl`x kx inomwekáð`x n`h`xxëwikx tkwk {p` tmxxke tkwsihitkw

nkx c`hixð`x {p` ko`ske xpkx twøtwikx vickx Z...U― ,GKWWMXM ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t.

<).

K cmeinkáèm cm xixsèk `cphkhimnkb hme k hmncpsk cmx eécihmx hwimp pek xmhi`ckc` è {p` k epbl`w a`wkbe`ns` x`{p`w hmnl`hik k xi e`xek" k x`p hmwtm. Xàpncm Xibv`wx

sìn ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 0)" pe `|ètbm cixxm omi m mhmwwicm nm ‒I @nhmnswm Oèi

nixsk Bksinmke`wihknm ` cm Hkwig`―" `nvmbv`ncm epbl`w`x c` ;< tkåx`x ` w`kbikcm è Gmam

së" nk Hmbóegik. N`xs` `nhmnswm mhmww`p h`wsk hmemáèm ckx tkwsihitkns`x km `|t`wie`nskwè

m hmnl`hie`nsm ` m hmnswmb` xmgw` x`px twøtwimx hmwtmx. Ixsm {p` hlàmp k cì|kw kx epbl`w`x

ck céhkck c` ;9<4 èmhimnkckx ok tkws` nk kspkbickc` cm hmns`öcm wàpbkw ckx cixhitbinkx cm

`nxinm eécim6

Pe cmx tmnsmx kbsmx ckx cixhpxxð`x nm awptm c` x`|pkbickc` ` xköc` omi k x`xxèm c`kpsmkfpck" mwaknikck tmw cpkx tmwsmwi{p`nlkx. Nm eìm c` pek hmetkhsk `xib`nhimxk tbkséik" `bkx `|tbihkwke hme awknc` tkhiænhik ` hkwinlm k `xswpspwkoiximbøaihk cm hmwtm oèininm" hme ænokx` nm xixsèk w`twmcpsmw. C`xhw`v`wkekbapekx ckx cm`nákx ekix ow`{ò`ns`x nkx epbl`w`x ` kbapekx kbs`wnksivkx nkspwkix `nèm hme`whikix kmx e`cihke`nsmx v`ncicmx nkx okweëhikx. Okbkwke cmx kxt`hsmxtmxisivmx ` nàksivmx c` hkck eésmcm c` hmnswmb` ck nkskbickc`. Ekx m tmnsm ekixxianioihksivm ck `|tmxiáèm omi" c` bmna`" xpk cèmnxswkáèm ck séhnihk c` kpsmkfpck.@xxk cèmnxswkáèm kbhknámp x`px mgf`sivmx c` hmnxhi`nsikáèm ck epbl`w xmgw` x`phmwtm ` c` mo`w`h`wbl` inomwekáèm xpoihi`ns` tkwk smwnëbk hktk c` ok`w x`p kpsm

cikanøxsihm. Swkskw c` kbapekx c` xpkx cm`nákx ` hmnv`wxkw hme x`p eécihm hmeekix xàpwknák. Episkx epbl`w`x oihkwke gkxskns` èmhimnkckx km s`xsèpnlkw t`bktwieìwk v`" m {p` xianioihk nk twësihk s`w hmnswmb` xmgw` m twøtwim hmwtm.,XIB_@WXS@IN ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 0" awiom nmxxm).

Hpwimxke`ns`" nk{p`bk céhkck" è {p` mx eécihmx wìnkvke kgxmbpsmx hmem öni

hmx c`s`nsmw`x cm xkg`w è xköc`" s`ncm hmnxàpicm twksihke`ns` `|hbpiw smcmx mx cèkix

ka`ns`x swkcihimnkix ` eib`nkw`x ` inxsispincm m ksm eécihm tkwk hmigiw hme awkv`x xknáð`x

t`nkix mx {p` s`nskxxè ktw`x`nskw xmbpáð`x kbs`wnksivkx ä e`cihink kbmtësihk ` okwekhæpsihk"

70 Xàpncm m Epbl`wim ,;9<1a" t. 78)" è ;991 h`whk c` 0 eiblð`x c` epbl`w`x okike knpkbe`ns` m kgmwsmx`ncm {p` c`xskx" 344 eib emwwike è viwspc` c` eésmcmx `{pivmhkcmx ` téxxiekx hmnciáð`x c` liai`n`.



03

omi {p` xpwaiwke mx twieìwmx tkxxmx è s`wemx c` hmnswke`cickx tkwk k làèmnik eécihk.

X` kspkbe`ns` k `no`weìwk hme hpwxm xpt`wimw tmc` ok`w hmnxpbsk" w`kbikw `|ke`x c` hmbm

c` ös`wm" w`hìskw kbapnx e`cihke`nsmx ` kx tkhi`ns`x xkgè ok`w m kpsm`|ke` ckx ekekx"

`nsw` mpswmx hmnl`hie`nsmx ` twësihkx" spcm ixxm hme`ámp nk céhkck c` ;9<46

Omi nmx tkåx`x wihmx" nk{p`b`x è {p` m `|h`xxm c` kxxixsænhik eécihk c`xw`xtmnxkgiiimp kx t`xxmkx okh` ä xpk xköc`" {p` nkxh`p m emvie`nsm hlkekcm x`bol`bt ,kpsmkfpck). Z...U Swmhkcm è eiöcmx" kpsmkfpck {p`w ci`w {p` k xköc` é ekixpe twmgbèk c` tw`v`náèm ` c` `cphkáèm cm {p` pe twmgbèk eécihm. Smcmepncm c`v`wik hmnl`h`w e`blmw x`p twøtwim hmwtm ` x`w hktk c` hpickw c`b`" `viskwoihkw cm`ns`" hmnxpeiw e`nmx wèécimx ` tkakw e`nmx hmnxpbskx eécihkx.,MBI_@IWK ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. ;1;<).

K céhkck c` ;9<4 omi ekwhkck" hmem hmnsk G`hj ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t.

;7;8)" tmw pe kpe`nsm xianioihksivm è w`bkáèm äx céhkckx kns`wimw`x nk cixtmnigibikáèm `

nm hmnxpem c` hmxeésihmx" twmh`cie`nsmx hbånihmx `xsésihmx" hiwpwaikx tbëxsihkx" `{pitke`n

smx ` kh`xxøwimx" twøs`x`x" swkske`nsmx ` twmh`xxmx tkwk mx hkg`bmx" pnlkx ` t`b` ` civ`wxmx

mpswmx x`wviámx ` twmcpsmx mwipncmx c` pek v`wckcìwk incöxswik ` pxkcmx t`bkx epbl`w`x tkwk

ksinaiwè m tkcwèm c` g`b`k {p` `xsiv`xx` nk emck. Mgvike`ns` `xs`x twmcpsmx ` x`wviámx

hmgwkvke x`p tw`ám è òìsmx hmbks`wkix" hmetbihkáð`x" x`{p`bkx ` ksé øgismx.

Nk céhkck c` ;9<4 omi hmnxic`wkck inmvkcmwk k tw`x`nák c` pek x`|øbmak ` pe

ain`hmbmaixsk nm kegpbksøwim cm ‒Lmxtiskb ckx Hbånihkx― c` Xèm Tkpbm" mo`w`h`ncm m x`wviám

c` x`|mbmaik ` ain`hmbmaik txihmxxmeësihk" c`xsinkcm è awknc` tkws` tkwk kx epbl`w`x hme

twmgbèkx è x`nsiw twk`w nm x`|m. Xàpncm Mbivìwk ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k)" k xköc`

e`nskb ck epbl`w `wk hmetwme`sick nm {p`xism x`|m `xt`hikbe`ns` c`vicm ä w`tw`xxèm6

Pe cmx twmgbèkx {p` ktkw`h` ekix ow`{p`nsè`ns` nm LH é k w`tw`xxèm cm c`x`fmx`|pkb. Lë pe awknc` nöe`wm c` epbl`w`x {p` nèm x` t`weisè x`nsiw c`x`fm ``|hiskáèm. @bkx x`nsèx` hpbtkckx c` s`w c`x`fm" hmem x` tpc`xxè x`w hmnopncickxhme twmxsispskx. Hmnviv`w hme kx èmáð`x c` hpbtk vinhpbkckx km c`x`fm `

`|hiskáèm é sèm cioåhib {p` episkx omaè ck xispkáèm xietb`xe`ns` w`twieincm mc`x`fm. ,MBI_@IWK ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t.;1).

K ‒Xåncwme` ck Iepnmcòihiænhik Kc{piwick― mp KICX" {p` hlàmp km Gwkxib `n

sw` ;9<4 ` ;9<7 ` xpwaip `xt`hikbe`ns` `nsw` lme`nx lmemxx`|pkix" eiawmp awkcpkbe`ns`

tkwk kx epbl`w`x km bmnam ck céhkck c` ;9<4. Nm inåhim ck{p`bk céhkck m nöe`wm c` epbl`

w`x `nsw` mx kicésihmx `wk c` h`whk c` 1% ,kt`xkw c` kspkbe`ns` tkxxkw cmx 04%)6

M kpe`nsm cmx hkxmx c` epbl`w`x hme Kicx vè tw`mhptkncm k X`hw`sëwim c` Xköc`c` xèm Tkpbm" m @xskcm mnc` x` wàixswk m ekimw nöe`wm c` kicésihmx nm Tkåx. @e;9<0" lkvik 30 lme`nx hmnskeinkcmx tkwk hkck epbl`w. Nm knm tkxxkcm" ktwmtmwáèm `wk c` cm` tkwk pe ` nmx twieìwmx e`x`x c`xs` knm fë hkip t`bk e`skc`"mp x`fk" xìx tkwk pe. Kx epbl`w`x tkxxkwke k x`w ekix ksinaickx nk e`cick è {p`



00

x` wàixswk ekimw inhicænhik ck cm`nák `nsw` gixx`|pkix ` lme`nx c` vick x`|pkbtwmeåxhpk. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<c" t. 8).

@e o`v`wìwm c` ;9<< m Fmwnkb Epbl`wim ,;9<<g" t. 78) knpnhikvk k tåbpbk kgmwsi

vk" hwikck t`bm twmo`xxmw owknhæx @si`nn`@eib` Gkpbi`p ` gksikck c` WP 3<? ‘ tmxs`wimwe`ns` c` Eio`twixsmnk ‘ ` {p` x`wik hme`whikbikck nk Owknák nm knm xàpins`" hme ktbihkáèm

è a`xskns`x c` ksé ;4 xèknkx. C` emcm cio`w`ns` cm kgmwsm hiwöwaihm {p` ietbihkvk nm wix

hm c` ino`háèm" k tåbpbk kgmwsivk `wk xàpwk m xpoihi`ns` tkwk x`w pxkck è hkxk" hkpxkncm k

`|tpbxèm cm ègwièm `nsw` 3< ` 17 lmwkx ` pe xknawke`nsm biaìwke`ns` ekimw {p` m e`nx

swpkb {p` tmc`wik cpwkw ksé cpkx lmwkx.

3.7.? Kxt`hsmx `cphkhimnkix

X` k epbl`w sinlk pek hmnciáèm xmhikb nk {pkb `wk cmeinkck ` mtwieick t`bmx

lme`nx" nèm `wk tmxxåv`b tkwk `b`x" `n{pknsm awptm cmeinkns`" ekns`w `xx` xskspx incòini

cke`ns`" tmix kx epbl`w`x fë cmeinkckx `nv`bl`hike ` nkspwkbe`ns` emwwike" kxxie `wk tw`

hixm tw`tkwkw kx nmvkx a`wkáð`x oèininkx tkwk k xpgeixxèm. K `cphkáèm" è hkxmx kxxie" é

xètw` k twieìwk o`wwke`nsk c` eknitpbkáèm. Xàpncm Wmxèg`wa ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<;h)" `xx` ‒swìnke`nsm― fë hme`ákvk nk ekix s`nwk inoçnhik" kswkvéx cmx bivwmx ` hmnsmx

inoknsix6

N`xx`x bivwmx" kbée c` ekix ow`{p`ns`x" mx t`wxmnka`nx ekxhpbinmx xèm a`wkbe`ns`w`v`xsicmx c` ekimw ietmwsçnhik tmw xpk hmnciáèm c` l`wøix" tmw x`wè inhbpåcmx nmsispbm ck `xsøwik mp" kinck" tmw tmxxpåwè pek incivicpkbickc`" ks`xskck t`bk tmxx`c` pe nme`. Skegée xèm ekxhpbinmx mx t`wxmnka`nx {p` mhptke kx e`blmw`xtmxiáð`x nk li`wkw{pik mhptkhimnkb" c`xèt`nlkncm mhptkáð`x vkbmwikckx xmhikb ``hmnmeihke`ns`. Z...U K epbl`w é {pkx` {p` pnihke`ns` vixsk kswkvéx c` x`pxhmetmn`ns`x `|tw`xxivmx6 m hpickcm hme m mpswm ,ekwicm ` oiblmx)" k vickcmeéxsihk" x`p oåxihm. Km lmeè xèm w`x`wvkckx kx opnáð`x inxswpe`nskix6 mswkgkblm" m `nxinm" k gpxhk ` k hpwimxickc`. @bk oihk hiwhpnxhwisk äx {pkswm tkw`c`x cmbkw: `b`" iwwkcikns`" nm epncm. ,WMX@EG@WA ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. ?).

K epbl`w ck céhkck c` ;9<4 gpxhkvk wmet`w hme m tkwkciaek hbëxxihm c` `bkgm

wkáèm ck bis`wkspwk inoknsib" hlìm c` còìsmx ` hmnskeinkáð`x ic`mbøaihkx" è gpxhk c` pe

emc`bm nèm kt`nkx ekix ò`sivke`ns` `cphkhimnkb hmem skegée ekix w`kbixsk" hmem o` @vk

Opwnkwi nk hmb`áèm ‒Tì|` _ivm―6 ‒Xpk hwiknák `xsë vivk" gwiak" hmww`" gks`" ktknlk ` ok kx

tk`x" hlmwk ` wi ` kawic` ` é s`wnk" spcm okhibiskncm k ic`nsioihkáèm hme m t`{p`nm bìsmw {p`x` tmc` w`hmnl`h`w nm s`|sm.― ,T@WWMSSI ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 7;).



0?

Nèm w`xske cövickx c` {p` k `cphkáèm omi ketbke`ns` psibikck hmem ietmwskns`

o`wwke`nsk nm twmh`xxm c` cmeinkáèm ` xpgeixxèm xmhikb ck epbl`w" ksé e`xem s`xs`x hi`nsi

oihke`ns` hmncpicmx omwke oìsmx tkwk hmwwmgmwkw ixxm. K kpxswkbiknk Ckb` Xt`nc`w `xhw`v`p

pek w`ckáèm hmem x` omxx` `xspckns` ` ktw`x`nsmp tkwk k kvkbikáèm c` civ`wxmx twmo`xxmw`x"

mwk kxxinkck hmem e`ninm ` mwk hmem e`nink. Kx nmskx omwke ekix okvmwëvìx {pkncm k kx

xinkspwk `wk c` e`ninm. Hmnsinpkncm xpk inv`xsiakáèm" c`xhmgwip ekix kinck6 ‒Mx e`xsw`x

c`cihke ekix sètm kmx e`ninmx" hiske kns`x x`px nme`x ` hmnl`hè ekix c`skbl`x t`xxmkix

c`b`x cm {p` ckx e`ninkx. Ekix awkv`6 sæe ksispc`x ekix okvmwëvìx kmx kbpnmx cm x`|m ekx

hpbinm ` s`ncè k ckw nmskx ekix kbskx tkwk `xx` awptm.― ,FMWCÈM ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<;h" t. 1).

Hme smck w`tw`xxèm ` hmnswmb` xmhikb ck epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4" in`viskv`be`ns` `bk x` smwnmp hmnxic`wkv`be`ns` c`xinomwekck xmgw` sèkx hmem m x`|m" `xt`hikbe`ns`

`xs` c`vicm km awknc` nöe`wm c` skgpx. Pek ckx w`xtmxskx `cphksivkx" n`xx` x`nsicm" omi pe

{pkcwm ktw`x`nskcm t`bk x`|øbmak Ekwsk Xptbihy cpwkns` k céhkck c` ;9<4 nm twmawkek ‒S_

Epbl`w― ck w`c` ‒Abmgm―. N`xs` {pkcwm" k x`|øbmak okbkvk c` eknìwk nkspwkb ` kg`wsk xmgw`

sèkx hmem k vimbænhik inxsisphimnkbikck hmnswk k epbl`w" twk`w" mwakxem ` hbisøwix" `nsw`

mpswmx. Ekix {p` wkticke`ns`" m twmawkek" {p` `wk twksihke`ns` m önihm mwi`nskcm tkwk `xx`

tögbihm oèininm" tkxxmp k x`w h`nxpwkcm. Xàpncm m Epbl`wim ,;9<;h" t. ;<)" cikns` cixsm"civ`wxmx awptmx oèinixskx `nhkeinlkwke km ciw`smw cm ‒S_ Epbl`w― pek eknio`xskáèm ck

{pkb x` tmc` c`xskhkw mx xàpins`x kwape`nsmx6

k) npe tkåx mnc` kinck tw`cmeinke mx tw`hmnhìsmx è w`bkáèm k spcm m {p` x`

wò`w` ä `xo`wk x`|pkb" `b` Zm twmawkekU w`xtmnc` h`wske`ns` k pek n`h`xxick

c`. Nkck lë c` v`wamnlmxm mp c` inswinx`hke`ns` ekp nm x`|m" {p` tw`hixk

x`w `nhkwkcm hme ekix nkspwkbickc` ` nèm mhpbskcm ` w`twieicm hmem x` omxx`

pek skwk. K x`|pkbickc` é tkws` insàwkns` ck t`wxmnkbickc` lpeknk ` swksëbkc` omwek cixhwieinksøwik é hwikw ksispc`x tmphmx xkcikx" kbée c` tmphm cèm

hwësihkx:

g) inomwekáð`x mgf`sivkx ` è binapkaè kh`xxåv`b hmem k{p`bkx swknxeisickx tmw

Ekwsk XptIihy" emxswkncm m x`|m c`nswm c` pe hmnhìsm c` big`wckc` hme w`x

tmnxkgibickc` nèm hmnxsispè" c` omwek kbapek" inh`nsivm ä x`|pkbickc` iw

w`xtmnxëv`b mp ä tmwnmawkoik" hmem koiweke kbapnx tmphmx `xhbkw`hicmx. Km

hmnswëwim" k hmnxhi`nsikáèm x`|pkb `xsë nk mwcè inv`wxk ck tmwnmawkoik" tmix

`xsk xø tmc` `|ixsiw ` x` ekns`w è pe hbiek c` w`tw`xxèm ` skgp {p` k kbie`n

sk:



01

h) kx w`xswiáð`x oìskx {pknsm ä hmnv`niænhik cm lmwëwim skegée nèm okè ekimw

x`nsicm. Tmw{p` `xx` sitm c` `xhbkw`hie`nsm tmc` ` c`v` ksinaiw k oki|k c` tö

gbihm {p` inhbpi kcmb`xh`ns`x" hwiknákx ` epbl`w`x" skbv` kx ekix n`h`xxiskckx

c` inomwekáèm:

c) e w`bkáèm äx epbl`w`x" m {pkcwm c` Ekwsk hmnswigpi tkwk hmnxhi`nsikáèm" kfp

ckncmkx k e`blmw hmnl`h`w m twøtwim hmwtm" hmnswmbëbm ` `xsieëbm" hmnciáèm

incixt`nxëv`b tkwk k xpk w`kbikáèm hmem x`w`x lpeknmx insàwkix. Smck kbi`

nkáèm xpwa` ck ianmwçnhik ` nm hkxm ckx epbl`w`x" `bk hme`ák nm twøtwim hmw

tm.

@noie" sèx` {p`" nk céhkck c` ;9<4" k epbl`w nèm `wk mtwieick ` cixhwieinkck

kt`nkx è s`wemx `cphkhimnkix w`bksivmx km x`|m mp kmx hpwxmx xpt`wimw`x" ekx" ksé e`xem äkbokg`sikáèm" tkws` ekix gëxihk ck `cphkáèm {p` kinck `xskvk hme`ákncm" twinhitkbe`ns` nkx

hmepnickc`x ekix tmgw`x ` hme kx epbl`w`x nàwkx {p` `wke ekix `|hbpåckx. Tmw `|ètbm"

h`whk c` <4% ckx epbl`w`x ekwknl`nx`x ks`ncickx è twmawkekx c` kbokg`sikáèm `wke n`

awkx nk oki|k `sëwik `nsw` mx ;0 ` mx ;1 knmx ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<<g" t. 77).

3.7.1 Kxt`hsmx bàkix

Nk twieìwk `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim k hmbpnixsk Hkweè ck Xibvk" {p` fë swkgkblkvk

lë ;< knmx nk ‒W`vixsk Hbëpcik―" c`npnhik {p` m xixsèk fpwåcihm gwkxibìwm omi hmnxswpåcm tmw

lme`nx ` tkwk lme`nx" x`ncm" tmwsknsm" x`v`wm km eë|iem hme k epbl`w km nèm cì|kw tkxxkw

x`{p`w pe o`sm kgmwskcm" ekx big`wkncm c`xhkwkcke`ns` ‒`xs`bimnksëwimx `bàkns`x― hmem

Cmhk Xsw``s7? ` Eihl`b Owknj71. Nk xàpnck `ciáèm é kbpcicm m hknsmw Bincmwekw Hkxsiblm"

{p` e`xem c`tmix c` pe knm c` x`tkwkáèm" omi ksé pe gkw mnc` k `xtmxk x` ktw`x`nskvk ` k

7? K kpsmwk x` wò`w` k Wkpb O`wnkncm cm Kekwkb Xsw``s" hmww`smw c` káð`x gwkxibìwm {p` kgkncmnmp epbl`w òiblmx tkwk x` w`bkhimnkw hme Çna`bk Cini ` k kxxkxxinmp è 84 c` c`ègwm c` ;91?. S`ncm xicm fpbakcm" omiinmh`nskcm xmg m kwape`nsm ck ‒cò`xk ck lmnwk―" tmix s`wik xicm swkåcm. M hkxm omi ekwhkcm t`bk owkx`ketbke`ns` ciopncick nk eåcik ck étmhk {p` ciik {p` ‒`b` eksmp tmw kemw―. @e Cmhk Xsw``s 744? bknámp mbivwm ‒E`k Hpbtk―.

71 Kbpxèm é km eibimnëwim twmtwi`sëwim ck oëgwihk ` ekwhk c` w`bøaimx ‒Emnckin`― {p` è ;911 vimb`nsmp"smwspwmp ` kxxkxxinmp c` eknìwk kbske`ns` gwpskb Hbkpcik B`xxin Wmcwiap`x" kgkncmnkncm m hmwtm c`xoiapwkcm

` kekwwkcm hme kwke` tw`xm k pek ekbk hlìk c` t`cwkx. Opaip tkwk k Xpåák x` `xskg`b`h`ncm è Vpwi{p` ` bëomi inmh`nskcm tmw ‒okbsk c` twmvkx hmnxixs`ns`x― fpnsm ä fpxsiák gwkxibìwk" kt`xkw c` lkv`w pek s`xsèpnlkmhpbkw ` smck pek inv`xsiakáèm tmbihikb.



0<

eksmp k siwmx" x`ncm hmnc`nkcm k 1 knmx c` twixèm. M sèk ` `xx`x hkxmx `xt`håoihmx omwke

nmvke`ns` inhbpåcmx nk tkpsk ck x`|sk `ciáèm è Owkamxm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. ?1).

Nèm `wk kt`nkx nmx hkxmx ekix awkv`x" hmem m kxxkxxinksm" m `xsptwm mp k kaw`x

xèm" {p` mhmwwik k ietpnickc` ` k ‒vixsk awmxxk―. Hkxmx gè e`nmx awkv`x" ekx hme xéwik

hmnx`{pænhik tkwk kx epbl`w`x" skegée `wke ianmwkcmx xixsèksihke`ns`" hmem m `|ètbm

ck bì {p` mgwiakvk ètw`xkx k h`c`w cikwike`ns` nk fmwnkck c` swkgkblm cmix t`wåmcmx c` 84

einpsmx hkck tkwk kx eè`x keke`nskwè x`px g`gæx c` 4 k ? e`x`x è pek hw`hl` nk twøtwik

ètw`xk" hmem w`bksmp Hkxsiblm ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 9).

Xàpncm Hpnlk ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. ;0)" e`xem nmx hkxmx è {p` lk

vik bì ` {p` `xsk sinlk {p` x`w hpetwick" tmix nèm `wk tmxxåv`b xietb`xe`ns` ok`w vixsk awmx

xk" lkvik mpswkx eknmgwkx fpwåcihkx tkwk w`cpiw gkxskns` kx t`nkx" ixxm {pkncm nèm x` hmnxàpike t`nkx kt`nkx xiegøbihkx. Pe `|ètbm `wke kx eknmgwkx {p` x` ktwmvìskvke ck `|

tw`xxèm ‒hmnfpnáèm hkwnkb―" tw`x`ns` nm kwsiam 7;8 cm Høciam T`nkb via`ns` ,{p` kinck é m c`

;934)" ` hmnxixsike è ins`wtw`skw k wò`wick hmnfpnáèm kt`nkx hmem m hmism vkainkb. Nk kp

xænhik c`xs` mp ck hmetwmvkáèm c`xs`" inc`t`nc`ns` ck vimbænhik ètwàkck mp cm æ|ism è

hmism knkb" mwkb mp smckx kx mpswkx tmxxigibickc`x" m wép fë hkik tkwk t`nkx ekix b`v`x hmem kx

cm ks`nskcm km tpcmw. K hmbpnixsk khw`cisk {p` k bì xø hmnxic`wkvk k litøs`x` cm hmism vkai

nkb" tmw{p` xø c`b` tmcik w`xpbskw twmb`" incihkncm {p` m {p` x` twmsàik nk v`wckc` `wk ekixpe h`wsm sitm c` `xswpspwk okeibikw cm {p` twmtwike`ns` k t`xxmk ck epbl`w. Smckvik `|ixsike

t`bm e`nmx ekix swæx mpswkx cioihpbckc`x {p` b`vkvke k ekimwik ckx våsiekx c` `xsptwm k nèm

ok`wè k c`nönhik mp m twmh`xxm6

k) {pkncm k epbl`w w`xmbvik c`npnhikw" `nhmnswkvk pek xéwi` c` cioihpbckc`x. @x

skx tmcike mhmww`w fë nk c`bàkhik" mnc` epismx c`bàkcmx ` inv`xsiakcmw`x

s`ncike k hmnxic`wkw k c`nönhik hmem kbam c` e`nmw ietmwsçnhik mp k cpvi

ckw ck twøtwik `|ixsænhik cm oksm c`npnhikcm" {pkncm gkx`kcm kt`nkx nk ‒tkbkvwk ck epbl`w―. Khlkvke {p` x` swkskvk c` oknskxik" c` vinaknák t`xxmkb mp

c` pek omwek c` mgwiakw nkemwkcmx w`nis`ns`x k hkxkwè:

g) tkwk {p` x` hkwkhs`wikxx` m `xsptwm `wk tw`hixm {p` oihkxxè hmetwmvkcmx

sknsm m hmism vkainkb hmem k vimbænhik. K epbl`w `wk xpge`sick k `|ke` c`

hmwtm c` c`bism" ekx `xs` tmcik nèm x`w hmnhbpc`ns`" `xt`hikbe`ns` x` `bk nèm

omxx` ekix viwaè ` x` fë x` siv`xxè tkxxkcm episkx lmwkx c`xc` k mhmwwænhik"

tmix xinkix hmem `xt`wek nk vkaink ` hmna`xsèm ckx ephmxkx c`xktkw`hè

hme wktic`. Skegée é cioåhib hmetwmvkw k vimbænhik" x` nèm oihkwè ekwhkx



09

vixåvìx nkx wmptkx mp nm hmwtm ck visiek" m {p` khmns`h`" tmw `|ètbm" {pkn

cm `bk h`c` xmg ke`kák c` pek kwek:

h) cpwkns` m twmh`xxm" m kcvmakcm cm khpxkcm ik twmhpwkw c` smckx kx omwekx

c`xhkwkhs`wikw m hwie`" w`hmww`ncm k kwape`nsmx gkx`kcmx nk vick twàw`xxk

ck våsiek nk s`nsksivk c` twmvkw {p` lmpv` hmnx`nsie`nsm. S`nskvkx` `nsèm

cèmnxswkw {p` `bk sinlk pe hmetmwske`nsm cism iwwàpbkw" {p` `wk twmxsispsk

lkgispkb" `sh. K{pi" hmem è epismx mpswmx hkxmx c` hwie`x hmnswk epbl`w`x"

è {p` lë hmnmskáèm x`|pkb" k visiek tkxxk k hksàmwik c` wé" tmix k xpk vick `

m x`p hmetmwske`nsm é {p` xèm w`kbe`ns` fpbakcmx ` nèm mx cm khpxkcm. K

epbl`w sinlk xpk vick insiek invkcick ` c`vkxxkck.

K ietpnickc` x` `xs`ncik nèm xme`ns` kmx hwie`x twksihkcmx ciw`ske`ns` hmnswk kepbl`w" ekx skegée ä{p`b`x {p` ktwmvìskncm c` xpk owkaibickc` ` ietmsænhik xmhikb k ksin

aike inciw`ske`ns`" hmem omi m hkxm ck cmeéxsihk Ekwbi T`wìwk Xmkw`x {p` è ;9<4 s`v` xpk

hkxk invkcick tmw < tmbihikix eibiskw`x {p` kekwwkwke ` `xtknhkwke x`p oiblm c` ;< knmx è

xpk ow`ns` ` c`tmix m ekskwke k siwmx. X`s` knmx c`tmix" è ;9<1 m kpsmw cmx cixtkwmx omi kg

xmbvicm" tmw x` swkskw c` cò`xk ck lmnwk. ,EPBL@WIM" ;9<1h" t. ;3).

Lkvik pe twmgbèk c` civ`wxkx cie`nxð`x hme c`xsk{p` tkwk kx twøtwikx bìx {p`"

tmw v``x" `wke `|tbihiske`ns` ekhlixskx" xè x`{p`w x` tw`mhptkw è cixokwákw ixxm. Xàpncm m fmwnkb Epbl`wim ,;9<;h" t. 1)" m Høciam Hivib via`ns` nk{p`bk étmhk hmbmhkvk k epbl`w

è pek xispkáèm xpgkbs`wnk xè tmxxigibickc` c` cèmhwkhik" mp x`fk" e`xem {p` kbape ek

wicm x` hmnxhi`nsikxx` ` tkxxkxx` k viv`w è pe bkw cèmhwësihm" `b` `xskwik è c`xkhmwcm

hme k bì. Xmgw` k{p`b` Høciam Hivib" m fmwnkb c`xskhmp mx xàpins`x kxt`hsmx6

k) m kwsiam 788 `xskg`b`h` {p` ‒m ekwicm é m hlò` ck xmhi`ckc` hmnfpakb―. K `b`

hkg` k kceinixswkáèm cmx g`nx hmepnx cm hkxkb ` ksé cmx g`nx tkwsihpbkw`x ck

epbl`w:g) kinck nk {pkbickc` c` hlò`" é m ekwicm {pè `xskg`b`h` {pkb x`wë m cmeihåbim

cm hkxkb. X` k epbl`w w`h`g`w pek gmbxk c` `xspcm nm `|s`wimw mp pek swknxo`

wænhik c` ètwàm" tmw `|ètbm" xø tmc`wë iw hme m hmnx`nsie`nsm cm ekwicm:

hkxm hmnswëwim" xpk ksispc` x`wë hmnxic`wkck hmwnm ‒kgkncmnm cm bkw―" ekx x` m

ekwicm w`xmbv`w x` epckw" `bk s`wë {p` khmetknlëbm" e`xem hmnswk k vmnsk

c`" mp `nsèm c`v`wë w`hmww`w km fpi" m {p` é gkxskns` twmgbèësihm:

h) nm m kwsiam 788" é ckck k mgwiakáèm c` ―twmv`w k eknps`náèm ck okeåbik― hmem

w`xtmnxkgibickc` `|hbpxivk cm ekwicm:



?4

c) m kwsiam 783 t`weis` m ‒x`{p`xswm sètmwëwim c` tkws` cmx w`ncie`nsmx tkwsihp

bkw`x ck epbl`w― {pkncm ‒`bk kgkncmnk xè fpxsm emsivm k lkgiskáèm hmnfp

akb―:

`) m kwsiam 734 t`weis` {p` kt`nkx k epbl`w kcms` m xmgw`nme` cm ekwicm:

o) m kwsiam 8<4 ci {p` ‒cpwkns` m hkxke`nsm hmet`s` m tëswim tmc`w kmx tkix"

`|`wh`ncmm m ekwicm hme k hmbkgmwkáèm ck epbl`w―" ` nm hkxm c` civ`waænhik

‒tw`vkb`h`wë k c`hixèm cm tki" w`xxkbvkcm ä eè` m ciwìsm c` w`hmww`w km fpi―.

M c`xketkwm bàkb ` fpwåcihm ä epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4 nèm oihkvk kt`nkx nm

çegism ck bì" ekx skegée t`bmx twøtwimx mt`wkcmw`x cm ciwìsm" {p` `wke lme`nx è ekim

wik. K epbl`w sinlk {p` b`vkw ä fpxsiák pek hkpxk è {p` `wk våsiek c` pe wép lmeè" x`ncm

{p` x`p kcvmakcm" m twmemsmw" m fpi" m eìwinlm ` epismx mpswmx `wke smcmx lme`nx. Hmeixxm" hme`ákwke k xpwaiw kx epbl`w`x oèinixskx nm ciwìsm" hmem emxswk `xx` knönhim hbkxxi

oihkcm ‘ iet`nxëv`b tkwk mx cikx kspkix ck tëaink ;4 nk {pkwsk `ciáèm cm fmwnkb6

NM WIM. @XHWISMWIM C@ KC_MHKHIK O@EINIXSK Kx kcvmakckx HmegkEkw{p`x Tmwsm ` B`mnmw Npn`x c` Tkivk ` k `xskaiëwik Gwknhk Emwìwk Kbv`x kspkenkx ëw`kx c` okeåbik" håv`b" hwieinkb ` swkgkblixsk è cò`xk cmx ciwìsmx ck epbl`w"s`ncm è vixsk k bpsk hmnswk k cixhwieinkáèm tw`x`ns` è nmxxm xixsèk bàkb. @nc.6Wpk C`gw`s 78;;8;?. omn` 7349;84. ckx ;; lx ;<.84 lmwkx. Wim c` Fknìwm.,EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. ;4).

@xs` knönhim okik tkws` c` pe hme`ám ck hw`xh`ns` `nswkck c` epbl`w`x nm moåhim

cm ciwìsm. Tmphmx knmx c`tmix" è ;9<<" xàpncm m Fmwnkb Epbl`wim ,;9<<k" t. 7)" w`kbik

vkex` `v`nsmx hmem m ‒I Hmnaw`xxm @xskcpkb ck Epbl`w Kcvmakck―" è Xèm Tkpbm" w`pnin

cm ekix c` ;.044 tkwsihitkns`x.

@noie" tmc`x` ci`w {p`" è eìm äx inswknxiaænhikx" kx epbl`w`x omwke aknlkn

cm `xtkám nm eìm fpwåcihm bàkb" c` skb emcm {p` m kspkb Høciam Hivib ` m via`ns` Høciam

T`nkb nèm swkè ekix wàwkx kns`x tw`x`ns`x ` ìvkckx c` x`|ixem" hmem m w`hmnl`hie`nsm

c` c`v`w`x hmnfpakix hmepnx ` k c`xhwieinkbikáèm cm kcpbséwim.

3.7.< Kxt`hsmx `hmnóeihmx

K bìspwk cmx cèkix kxt`hsmx ck hmnciáèm ck epbl`w nk céhkck c` ;9<4 fë mo`w`h`

pek gmk icéik c` xpk hmnciáèm oinknhìwk. K `xekakcmwk ekimwik" c` omwek inc`t`nc`ns` c`xpk hbkxx` xmhim`hmnóeihk mp xskspx xmhikb" nèm sinlk w`nck twøtwik" x`ncm `hmnmeihke`ns`



?;

c`t`nc`ns` c` kbape lmeè" a`wkbe`ns` m tki ` c`tmix m ekwicm" `" {pkncm nk kpxænhik c`x

s`x cmix" tmc`ncm x`w ketkwkck tmw iweèmx" simx" oiblmx mp mpswmx. @wk hmepe {p` siv`xxè

‒e`xkck― mp k hkck n`h`xxickc` mp vmnskc` c` hmetwkw kbape twmcpsm mp x`wviám s`w {p`

t`ciw km tki mp km ekwicm" c` eknìwk knëbmak ä ckx hwiknákx.

Kbée ck awknc` cioihpbckc` tkwk mgs`w t`weixxèm cm tki mp cm ekwicm tkwk kwwp

ekw pe ètwàm kxxkbkwikcm" k epbl`w sinlk cioihpbckc`x kinck ekimw`x tkwk hme`ákw pe

nàøhim twøtwim. K h`nk c` pek epbl`w `nswkncm è pe gknhm ` tàkncm ètwéxsiem tkwk xi

mp `nswkncm è pek bmfk tkwk kgwiw pe hw`ciëwim xè pe lmeè tmw swëx `wk xietb`xe`ns`

kbam xpww`kb tkwk étmhk. Nk {pkwsk `ciáèm cm Epbl`wim" nk x`áèm c` hkwskx" pe hkxm t`xxmkb

ibpxswk epism gè" `xxk {p`xsèm6

Opi ok`w hmetwk nk E`xgbk c` Ekwåbik kgwiw pe hw`ciëwim ZxihU. Km tw``nhl`w koihlk" k opnhimnëwik `xhw`v`p ‒hkxkck― xè e` hmnxpbskw" tmix `p `xskvk èhmetknlik c` einlk oiblk. Ki t`wapnsmp6 ‒Nme` cm `xtmxm―. W`xtmnci6 ‒Nèm s`nlm`xtmxm" xmp xmbsìwk―. @bk mblmp `xtknskck tkwk einlk oiblk. @p6 ‒_mhæ npnhk vippek eè` xmbsìwk nk xpk ow`ns`=― ZEinlk oiblk é kcmskck" ekx" x` xmp eè` c`bk `hmem xmp+ xmp eè` xmbsìwk). @nsèm k opnhimnëwik x` wò` ` t`wapnsmp6 ‒_mhæ sè tki=― ‒Nèm― ‒Sè iweèm=― ‘ ‒Nèm.― ‒Nèm sè n`nlpe lmeè nk xpk hkxk=― ‒Mblk k{pi" einlk oiblk" `p ekns`nlm k einlk hkxk ` einlk oiblk xè tw`hixkw c`lmeè" x`wë {p` twk ok`w pe hw`ciëwim nk E`xgbk vmp s`w {p` kwwknfkw pe=― c`tmixcixxm omi tw`hixm okbkw hme m hlò`" ` khkgkwke khìskncm einlk oihlk ` hmww`ncm mwixhm c` v`nc`w twk pek epbl`w xè lmeè ... Nmsk6 {pkncm e` t`wapnskwke swæxnme`x c` t`xxmkx {p` tmc`wike e` w`hme`nckw" cì swæx nme`x c` keiakx.,WMCWIAP@X ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;c" t. 7).

Ekx k epbl`w ck{p`bk étmhk fë hme`ákvk k twmhpwkw xmbpáð`x tkwk ixxm. Hketmx

,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 8) hmnsk {p` è civ`wxmx tkåx`x kx hmmt`wksivkx c` hwécism tkwk

epbl`w`x vinlke g`nòihikncm t`xxmkx è civ`wxkx tkws`x cm epncm ` ixsm tmc`wik x`w pek

gmk mtmwspnickc` tkwk kx gwkxibìwkx x` omxx` ietbknskcm nm Gwkxib.

Kbiëx" k gpxhk tmw e`blmw hmnciáèm `hmnóeihk ck epbl`w nk{p`bk étmhk sinlk w`

ob`|mx" episkx v``x" è xpk mwi`nskáèm tmbåsihk" ok`ncmkx kc`wiw kmx tkwsicmx c` `x{p`wck"

hmem omi m hkxm ck Owknák" mnc` ‒Hknxkckx c` xmow`w kx hmnx`{pænhikx ck hwix` `hmnóeihk

xmgw` x`p ètwàm ` xmgw` x`p tmc`w k{pixisivm. t`bk twieìwk v` nk Owknák k ekimwik ckx

epbl`w`x c` e`nmx c` 04 knmx vmskwke nmx hkncicksmx c` `x{p`wck.― ,LIWKSK ktpc EP

BL@WIM" ;9<;h" t. 0).

Xàpncm Xkbè ,ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. <)" m knm c` ;9<; omi ekwhkcm tmw

pe `v`nsm ietmwskns`6 k `nswàk cm `xgmám mp kns`twmf`sm cm nmvm `xskspsm hivib ck epbl`w 7<

7<

Kt`xkw c` nèm s`w w`xpbskcm è n`nlpek bì `xt`håoihk" `xx` `xgmám omi gkx` ietmwskns` tkwk k wòmwek ``bkgmwkáèm cm Nmvm Høciam Hivib ` Høciam cm Twmh`xxm Hivib" w`vmakncm" emcioihkncm ` hwikncm kwsiamx cèmcm k cieinpiw hmnxic`wkv`be`ns` k c`xiapkbckc` `nsw` mx aæn`wmx.



?7

tkwk m tw`xic`ns` cm Hmnaw`xxm Nkhimnkb ` tkwk mx båc`w`x c` smcmx mx tkwsicmx tmbåsihmx ck

gknhkck.

E`xem hme smck cixhwieinkáèm" tw`hmnhìsm ` mtw`xxèm ck epbl`w nk céhkck c`

;9<4" `bk kinck w`tw`x`nskvk pe e`whkcm ietmwskns`" kinck {p` w`kbikncm hmnxpem inciw`sm"

kswkvéx ckx hmetwkx tkakx t`bm ekwicm. Xàpncm m fmwnkb ‒Hlkin― ,ktpc EPBL@WIM"

;9<7k" t. ;0;?)" `xs` tögbihm `wk kbske`ns` `|tbmwkcm kswkvéx c` pe tkhms` ic`mbøaihm ekn

sicm tmw pe omws` `x{pèk c` ekwj`sina {p` b`vkvk kx epbl`w`x k c`x`fkwè xètw` `xskwè

‒nk emck―" c` eknìwk c`xvinhpbkck cm vkbmw eks`wikb w`kb ` ck psibickc` mp cpwkgibickc` cmx

mgf`smx c` hmnxpem" emvie`nskncm incöxswikx eibimnëwikx6

Ekix pek v` mx `xsibixskx `pwmt`px okike m fmam c` x`px ètwàkcmw`x ‘ kincöxswik sæ|sib ` c` hmno`háð`x ietmncm äx epbl`w`x pek nmvk s`ncænhik tkwkkbivikw mx òìsmx ck inobkáèm ` ck w`h`xxèm nmx gkbknámx ckx ètw`xkx. Mp x`fk" mxtw`ámx ckx wmptkx xpgiwke ` k s`ncænhik `wk c` w`swkáèm nk cèknck" tmix tw`ámxkbsmx kokxske mx hmetwkcmw`x. Tmw ixxm k mo`wsk c` pe twmcpsm nmvm oìsm hmeeks`wikb gkwksm tmxxigibiskncm k w`cpáèm c` hpxsmx ` c` tw`ámx" h`wske`ns``xsiepbkwik k hmetwk c` vëwimx c`xx`x nmvmx kwsiamx. ,HLKIE ktpc EPBL@WIM";9<7k" t. ;0).

M {p` `wk c`nmeinkcm ` cixxèinkcm tkwk m tögbihm oèininm hmem ‒s`ncænhik―"

‒emck―" ‒ okxlimn―" ‒kpa`―" ‒hmb`áèm― ` mpswmx s`wemx såtihmx" nèm `wk nkck ekix {p` pek

okhlkck tkwk mx v`wckcìwmx emsivmx {p` nkck sinlke k v`w hme `xsésihk mp g`b`k" ` xie hme`hmnmeik" hme tw`ámx" hme vkwikáð`x c` e`whkcm ` vkbmw`x ` káð`x" a`wkbe`ns` nm `|s`wimw"

tkwk mnc` ieiawkvk m cinlìwm ckx epbl`w`x gwkxibìwkx. Hmetwkw pe s`hicm gkwksm" pxkw t`

{p`nkx {pknsickc`x ` hwikw t`ákx c` wmptk `|swèke`ns` `hmnóeihkx" ietwieiwbl` pek ekw

hk" pe nme` ` v`ncæbk tmw h`ns`nkx c` v``x m x`p hpxsm w`kb omi pek eknmgwk hmnxskns` nk

céhkck c` ;9<4 ` m kbvm" mp k våsiek `wk k epbl`w. Civ`wxmx twmcpsmx ` hmxspe`x {p` khkgk

wke x` hmnxmbickncm `nsw` kx epbl`w`x omwke kt`nkx m w`xpbskcm ck kbsk cm tw`ám c` kbapnx

eks`wikix ` k gki|k cm tw`ám c` mpswmx" {p` okik k incöxswik inv`nskw nme`x ` emckx6

Tkwk khmetknlkw m `xsibm c` wmptkx inomwekix ` opaiw ckx kbskx xph`xxivkx c` tw`ámck ekséwiktwiek hmpwm" `xxk e`xek incöxswik c`hicip {p` mx téx nm owim mp hkbmw c`vè `xskw twmsàicmx tmw sænix. @ mx sænix aknlkwke kx wpkx" hwikncm" nm Gwkxib" pee`whkcm kvkbikcm è ;0 giblð`x c` hwpìwmx. Z...U M x`smw c` hkbákcmx sè mpswm`|ètbm ins`w`xxkns` m ck emck cm tbëxsihm. Kx xkncëbikx c`xx` eks`wikb nèmhlàkwke tmw khkxm kmx téx c` xpkx hmetwkcmwkx. Z...U Mx okgwihkns`x gwkxibìwmx skegée ktwmvìskncm kx cioihpbckc`x ktw`x`nskckx tkwk k twmcpáèm c` hkbákcmx èhmpwm c`xhmgwiwke nm eks`wikb xinsésihm pek nmvk ` twmeixxmwk omns` c` bphwmx.,HLKIE ktpc EPBL@WIM" ;9<7k" t. ;?).

Cm `|tmxsm" v`wioihkx` {p` k epbl`w" ègmwk nèm `|`h`wh`xx` tb`nk big`wckc` nk`xhmblk c` xpkx c`hixð`x" t`wkns` m e`whkcm c` hmnxpem" `wk ‘ ` kinck é ‘ tkws` `xx`nhikb nk

cinçeihk cm h`nëwim `hmnóeihm.



?8

0 HMNHBPXÈM

Hme k w`vixèm ck gigbimawkoik x`b`himnkck ` hme m `xspcm ckx 89 `ciáð`x cm Fmwnkb Epbl`wim" vìhpbkckx `nsw` ;9<; ` ;9<< omi tmxxåv`b s`w pek icéik" kinck {p` xpt`woihikb `

a`n`wkbikck ck hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk nk céhkck c` ;9<4" tmix m fmwnkb twmtmw

himnk pek vixèm hmnxic`wëv`b ck hmetb`|ickc` c`xx` o`nóe`nm.

Kns`x c` knkbixkw `xxk hmnciáèm oèinink" é ietmwskns` c`xskhkw m oksm c` {p` m

fmwnkbixem x` emxswmp" n`xx` hkxm" epism ekix {p` nmsåhik" `nsw`s`nie`nsm" twms`xsm" inomwek

áèm mp mtinièm" x` hmnoiapwkncm hmem pek omns` c` lixsøwik.

@n{pknsm wàixswm lixsøwihm" m Fmwnkb Epbl`wim emxswmp kbapekx vknska`nx è w`bkáèm kmx bivwmx ` `xspcmx c` lixsøwik" xmhimbmaik ` knswmtmbmaik. E`xem nèm s`ncm xicm `bkgm

wkcm hme m e`xem wiamw hi`nsåoihm" mo`w`h`p h`wsk xàpwknák nk v`wkhickc` cmx oksmx ` nk x`n

xks` ckx mtinið`x vìhpbkckx c`vicm ä {pknsickc` c` ka`ns`x `nvmbvicmx" hmem fmwnkbixskx"

w`cksmw`x" `cismw`x" hmbkgmwkcmw`x" hkwskx c` bìsmw`x" ` kx mgwkx bis`wëwikx hme`nskckx. Spcm

ixxm tóc` x`w `xhwpsinkcm" ins`wtw`skcm" w`mwaknikcm ` xins`sikcm è pek iekaè ck hmnci

áèm xmhikb ck epbl`w nk{p`bk étmhk.

[pknsm km hmns`öcm eks`wikb" k céhkck c` ;9<4 s`v` pe tkt`b ins`we`ciëwim ie

tmwskns` ` t`we`kcm c` epcknákx npe`wmxkx" ins`nxkx ` twmopnckx `nsw` kx cpkx céhkckx kn

s`wimw`x ‘ nkx {pkix k xmhi`ckc` hme`ámp k tkwsiw" b`nske`ns`" ck swkciáèm tkwk k hmnswkhpbspwk

` tkwk k w`nmvkáèm c` hmnhìsmx ` tkwkciaekx xmhikix ‘ ` kx cpkx céhkckx xàpins`x" {pkncm m

owpsm ckx bpskx oèinixskx x` hmnxmbicmp km tmnsm c` m twøtwim oèinixem `xowikw" oihkncm e`

nmx ksivm.

É hbkwm {p` kx epcknákx ` hmn{pixskx mgsickx nèm omwke tb`nkx" smskix `" epism

e`nmx" cixswigpåckx lmema`n`ke`ns` nm Gwkxib. @e kbapekx wàið`x k epbl`w kinck é cixhwi

einkck" swkskck hme tw`hmnhìsm" mtwieick ` xpgeixxk" våsiek c` vimbænhik" w`tw`xxèm ` kxxkx

xinksm" ekx nè tmw ixxm cì|mp c` twmemv`w awknc`x epcknákx ` hmn{pixskx" tmix è mpswkx

wàið`x `bk sè big`wckc` è smcmx mx x`nsicmx" é cmnk c` xi e`xek" sè mx e`xemx ciwìsmx"

swkgkblmx ` xkbëwimx {p` mx lme`nx ` kxxie tmw cikns`.

X` m b`vkns` oèininm c` vm`x" hkwsk`x ` gkncìwkx hkpxkwik pek w`xtmxsk mtw`x

xivk twmtmwhimnkb" omi fpxske`ns` nk céhkck c` ;9<4 {p` `xx` b`vkns` ` `xxk w`xtmxsk ksinaiwke

m ktma`p. C` pe bkcm kx epbl`w`x" `xt`hikbe`ns` w`tw`x`nskckx t`bmx awptmx oèinixskx" awp

tmx c` cmnkx c` hkxk" c` eè`x" hmmt`wksivkx c` swkgkblkcmwkx ` båc`w`x c` xincihksm" gpxhkwke

ekix omwák kswkvéx c` tkwh`wik hme mwaknikáð`x" kxxmhikáð`x ` øwaèmx ` twmemv`wke pek



?3

v`wckcìwk `ticèik c` emgibikáð`x tmw kxxie ci`w. @xspckwke" hmetkwsiblkwke" civpbak

wke" wìvincihkwke" twms`xskwke" oi`wke aw`v`" ti|kwke ` epism ekix" inhmnomwekckx {p`

`xskvke hme k cixhwieinkáèm" m tw`hmnhìsm" k mtw`xxèm ` k vimbænhik äx {pkix `xskvke xpg

e`sickx.

C` mpswm bkcm" mx lme`nx" epism gè w`tw`x`nskcmx t`bm tmc`w inxsispåcm" `xskcm"

iaw`fk ` inxsispiáð`x xmhikix" pxmp ck ietpnickc` tkwk oihkw kinck ekix vimb`nsm" cm bmggy tkwk

v`skw kx káð`x tmbåsihkx ck oèinixskx" cm tmc`w `hmnóeihm tkwk mtwieiw kinck ekix kx swkgk

blkcmwkx" cm tmc`w bàixbksivm ` `|`hpsivm tkwk twmigiw" h`nxpwkw" `|ibkw" hkákw" ` xè cövick

smwspwkw" kxxkxxinkw ` ok`w c`xktkw`h`w kx ekix inhmnv`ni`ns`x.

É ietmwskns` mgx`wvkw {p` omi okbkcm c` oèinixskx ` lme`nx" ekx lkvik mpswk hk

sàmwik c` epbl`w`x ckx {pkix" skbv`" c`vkx` cixhmww`w `|hbpxivke`ns`6 k{p`bkx hpfk hpbspwk"hmnciáð`x ` eìmx nèm mo`w`hike n`nlpek tmxxigibickc` tkwk x`{p`w `xgmákw pe cixhpwxm"

pe a`xsm mp pek ksispc` c` big`wckc`" c` iapkbckc` c` ciwìsmx. @xxkx epbl`w`x omwke oiblkx

mg`ci`ns`x c` x`px tkix" ` c`tmix omwke swknxo`wickx tkwk ekwicmx" b`vkncm pek vick c` tmxx`"

c` cmeinkáèm" nàkáèm" twivkáèm ` xmowie`nsm. Nèm lë `xsksåxsihkx tkwk ixxm" ekx é tmxxåv`b

{p` s`nlk lkvicm nk céhkck c` ;9<4 h`ns`nkx mp eiblkw`x c` epbl`w`x kxxie" xpgeixxkx tkwk

hkck oèinixsk eibiskns`.

C` spcm" k hmnciáèm xmhikb ck epbl`w gwkxibìwk nk céhkck c` ;9<4" tmwsknsm" nèmtmc` x`w vixsk k tkwsiw ck gpxhk c` pe tkcwèm tkwk smckx kx epbl`w`x" ekx xie ck hmnxic`wk

áèm c` t`bm e`nmx cmix sitmx6 k{p`bkx {p` khkgkwke x`ncm xpgeixxkx" tmw pe t`wåmcm mp tmw

smck vick" ` k{p`bkx {p` kxxpeiwke m oèinixem" x`fk hmem eibiskns`x mp kt`nkx tkwk xi" è

x`p `xsibm c` vick.



?0

W@O@WÆNHIKX

KAPIKW" Eëwhim Eph`cpbk. K hmnxswpáèm ckx li`wkw{pikx xmhikix6 hbkxx`" wkák" aæn`wm ``snihickc`. Hkc`wnmx c` T`x{pixk cm HCLIX" v.74" n. 8?81" c`. 7441" t. <8<<.

KBI@W" _`w`nk Ekwsin`. [pkb é k epbl`w {p` e`w`hèmx= Hkc`wnmx c` T`x{pixk ckOpnckáèm Hkwbmx Hlkakx" v.;0" n.;" Fpb. ;910" t. ;87;83.

KB_@X" Gwpnm Owknhm: APIEKWÈ@X" Ekwink Mbivìwk. K inx`wáèm ck epbl`w nm e`whkcmc` swkgkblm gwkxibìwm6 ciwìsmx" c`xiapkbckc`x ` t`wxt`hsivkx. W`vixsk Kpapxspx" v. ;3" n. 7<"Kam. 7449" t. 8<33.

GKCINS@W" @bixkg`sl. Pe kemw hmn{pixskcm6 m eism cm kemw eks`wnm. Wim c` Fknìwm6Nmvk Owmnsìwk" ;9<0. 814 t.

GWKXIB. Einixséwim ck Xköc` ‘ X`hw`skwik c` Tmbåsihkx c` Xköc`. Tkwsm" kgmwsm ` tp`wtéwim6kxxixsænhik lpeknikck ä epbl`w. Gwkxåbik" 7448.

GWKXIB. Tw`xicænhik ck W`tögbihk. C`hw`sm n¶ ;.918 c` ;¶ c` Kamxsm c` ;99?. ;99?.Twmepbak k Hmnv`náèm Ins`wke`wihknk tkwk Tw`v`niw" Tpniw ` @wwkcihkw k _imbænhikhmnswk k Epbl`w" hmnhbpåck è G`bée cm Tkwë" è 9 c` fpnlm c` ;993. Gwkxåbik" ;99?.

GWKXIB. Tw`xicænhik ck W`tögbihk. C`hw`sm n¶ 3.8<< c` 70 c` X`sègwm c` 7447.Twmepbak m @xskspsm c` Wmek cm Swigpnkb T`nkb Ins`wnkhimnkb. Gwkxåbik" 7447.

GWKXIB. X`hw`skwik c` Tmbåsihkx Tkwk Epbl`w`x. Xis` moihikb. 74;7. Cixtmnåv`b è6 2lsst6--qqq.x`te.amv.gw->. Kh`xxm è 74-40-74;7.

GWPXHLINI" Hwixsink. M swkgkblm ck epbl`w nm Gwkxib6 s`ncænhikx w`h`ns`x. In6 Knkix cmIII @nhmnswm Nkhimnkb c` @xspcmx cm Swkgkblm. Xèm Tkpbm6 KG@S _mb.;" ;993.

GPISMNI" Cpbhåbik. Ietw`nxk oèinink. Xèm Tkpbm6 Ësihk" ;994.

HKWCMXM" Wpsl. Emvie`nsmx Xmhikix6 gkbknám hwåsihm. In6 XMWF" G`wnkwcm: KBE@ICK"Ekwik L`weånik S. ,Mwax.) Xmhi`ckc` ` Tmbåsihk nm Gwkxib tøx?3. Xèm Tkpbm6 Gwkxibi`nx`x";9<8.

HKW_KBLKW" Ckni`bb` Bkeìwinlkx. Aæn`wm ` `cphkáèm nm Gwkxib6 s`ncænhikx ckxtpgbihkáð`x nmx öbsiemx knmx. In6 @nhmnswm ck Kxxmhikáèm Nkhimnkb c` TøxAwkcpkáèm `

T`x{pixk è @cphkáèm" 7<" Hpwisigk" 7443. Knkix cm \\_III @NKNTKC" Hpwisigk" 7443.



??

HMWWÆK" B`hi Ekwik Xmwiknm Gmgxin. Kx {p`xsð`x c` aæn`wm ` k vkbmwikáèm cm hmwtm nkhmnxswpáèm c` ic`nsickc`x xmhikix. W`vixsk @b`swónihk c` Hiænhikx Xmhikix" v.;<" n.;"X`s.74;;" t. ?81;.

HMXSK" Gwpnk Xknsmx: OMNX@HK" Båvik Aie`n`x Cikx: XKNSMX" Bpnk Gmwa`x T`wìwk" `s kb. Ciwìsmx lpeknmx" aæn`wm ` hickcknik6 k `|t`wiænhik èknhitksøwik ckx twmemsmwkxbàkix tmtpbkw`x nm Cixswism O`c`wkb" Gwkxib. W`vixsk Tpnsm Aæn`wm" v.;" n.;" Kgw. 74;;" t.7;;77<.

HMXSK" Hbkpcik c` Biek. M bìsm c` Twmhpxsm6 Aæn`wm" binapkaè ` kx s`mwikx oèininkx.Hkn`wnmx Tkap" v. 7" n.;" ;993. t.;3;;13.

HWPV" Ekca` Tmwsm. K xköc` ck epbl`w è xispkáèm c` vimbænhik6 m {p` t`nxke mx

a`xsmw`x ` a`xsmwkx cm Xixsèk Önihm c` Xköc`. 7447" ;4; t. ,E`xswkcm è Xköc` Hmb`sivk)twmawkek c` TøxAwkcpkáèm è Xköc` Hmb`sivk ck Pniv`wxickc` o`c`wkb c` T`wnkegphm.W`hio`" 7447.

CINIV" Nmweébik Ekwik Owìw`: BMT@X" Wàink Böhik E`ncmnák: KBE@ICK" Ekwik Xibvk" `s kb. Txihmcwkek hmem `xswkséaik t`ckaøaihk6 vivænhikx nm `nxinm c` awkcpkáèm nk ëw`k c`ckepbl`w. W`vixsk BksinmKe`wihknk c` @no`wekaè" v. <" n.3" Kam. 7444" t. <<93.

OPNCKÁÈM HKWBMX HLKAKX. Pek lixsøwik. Zx.b." x.n.U" 74;7. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-lixsmwik.lseb>. Kh`xxm è6 79 eki.

74;7.

AKWHIK" Ekwhm Kpwébim. M aæn`wm nk eibisçnhik6 nmskx xmgw` kx tmxxigibickc`x c` pekmpswk lixsøwik ck káèm tmbåsihk. Hkc`wnmx Tkap v.<" n.9" Fkn. ;991" t. 8;9837

A@QKNCXVNKCF@W" O`wnkncm. Hiænhikx. 3´@c. Xèm Tkpbm6 Ësihk 74;;

AMLN" Ekwik ck Abøwik. S`mwik cmx Emvie`nsmx Xmhikix6 Tkwkciaekx hbëxxihmx `hmnsètmwçn`mx. 7¦ @c. Xèm Tkpbm6 Bmymbk" 7444.

AWMXXI" Tkswåhik Jwià w: SK_KW@X" Okgwåhim Kncwé: MBI_@IWK" Xiemn` Gkwwmx c`. Kw`c` c` twms`áèm ä epbl`w è xispkáèm c` vimbænhik cmeéxsihk6 kvknámx ` c`xkoimx. W`vixskKsl`n`k" v. ;3" n.;" Ekw. 744<" t. 7?17<4.

LPETLW@Y" Fmln. Xincihksm6 pe epncm ekxhpbinm. Nmvmx @xspcmx H@GWKT. Xèm Tkpbm"_mb. 7" N´ ;" Fkn. ;9<8" t. ;7;9

BKEKX" Ekwsk. Bmx w`smx c`b oèinixem. Inknnk6 Nöhb`m swknxcixhitbinkw c` inv`xsiakáð`x

c` x`|pkbickc`x" aæn`wmx ` cio`w`nákx-TPHPXT. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.inknnk.n`s.gw-74;7-47-ekwskbkekxbmxw`smxc`boèinixem.lseb>. Kh`xxm è674-40-74;7. ,Tkb`xswk è våc`m)



?<

EPBL@WIM. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" ;9<;;9<<. Gie`xswkb.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I" n. 4" ekw.-kgw. ;9<;k. 3 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I]4];9<;e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I" n. ;" eki.-fpn. ;9<;g. ;? t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I];];9<;e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I" n. 7" fpb.-kam. ;9<;h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I]7];9<;e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I" n. 8" x`s.-mps. ;9<;c. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I]8];9<;e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I" n. 3" nmv.-c`. ;9<;g. 77 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I]3];9<;e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. 0" fkn.-o`v. ;9<7k. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II]0];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. ?" ekw.-kgw. ;9<7g. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II]?];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. 1" ekim.-fpn. ;9<7h. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II]1];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxm

è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. <" fpb.-kam. ;9<7c. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II]<];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. 9" x`s.-mps. ;9<7`. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II]9];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm II" n. ;4" nmv.-c`. ;9<7o. 77 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-II];4];9<7e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.



?9

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm III" n. ;;" fkn.-o`v. ;9<8k. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-III];;];9<8e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm III" n. ;7" ekw.-kgw. ;9<8g. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-III];7];9<8e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm III" n. ;8" ekim-fpn. ;9<8h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-III];8];9<8e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm III" n. ;3" fpb.-kam. ;9<8c. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è6

2lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-III];3];9<8e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm III" n. ;0" x`s.-mps. ;9<8`. < t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-III];0];9<8e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I_" n. ;?" ekim-fpn. ;9<3k. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I_];?];9<3e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I_" n. ;1" fpb.-kam. ;9<3g. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I_];1];9<3e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I_" n. ;<" x`s.-mps. ;9<3h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I_];<];9<3e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm I_" n. ;9"nmv.-c`. ;9<3c. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-I_];9];9<3e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _" n. 74" fkn.-o`v.-ekw. ;9<0k. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_]74];9<0e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _" n. 7;" kgw.-ekim-fpn. ;9<0g. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_]7;];9<0e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxm

è ;; kgw. 74;7.



14

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _" n. 77" fpb.-kam.-x`s. ;9<0h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_]77];9<0e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _" n. 78" mps.-nmv.-c`. ;9<0c. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_]78];9<0e`nmw.tco>. Kh`xxmè ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _I" n. 73" fkn.-o`v. ;9<?k. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_I]73];9<?e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _I" n. 70" ekw.-kam. ;9<?g. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è6

2lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_I]70];9<?e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _I" n. 7?" x`s.-nmv. ;9<?h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_I]7?];9<?e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 71" c`.-o`v. ;9<1k. 7< t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]71];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 7<" c`.-ekw.-kgw. ;9<1g. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`bè6 2lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]7<];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 79" ekim-fpn. ;9<1h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]79];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 84" fpb. ;9<1c. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]84];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 8;" kam. ;9<1`. 87 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]8;];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 87" x`s. ;9<1o. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]87];9<1e`nmw.tco>.

Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.



1;

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 88" mps. ;9<1a. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]88];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 83" nmv. ;9<1l. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]83];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _II" n. 80" c`. ;9<1i. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_II]80];9<1e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _III" n. 8?" fkn. ;9<<k. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è6

2lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_III]8?];9<<e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _III" n. 81" o`v. ;9<<g. 73 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_III]81];9<<e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _III" n. 8<" ekw. ;9<<h. 78 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_III]8<];9<<e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

]]]]]]. Xèm Tkpbm6 Zx.n.U" knm _III" n. 89" kgw.-ekim ;9<<c. ;9 t. Gie`xswkb. Cixtmnåv`b è62lsst6--qqq.ohh.mwa.gw-hmns`pcmx`xt`hikix-epbl`wim-kw{pivm-_III]89];9<<e`nmw.tco>.Kh`xxm è ;; kgw. 74;7.

MBINSM" Ekwik S`w`xk Knx`bem. Wòb`|ð`x xmgw` m pxm cm hmnhìsm c` aæn`wm `-mp x`|mnk ticèimbmaik6 pe `|ètbm nmx emc`bmx li`wkw{pikcmx c` knëbix`. W`vixsk Gwkxibìwk c`@ticèimbmaik" v.;" n.7" O`v. ;99<" t. ;?;;?9.

TKHL@HM" Knk Bphik Tk`x gkwwmx. Epbl`w`x tmgw`x ` hlò`x c` okeåbik. 7440" 7?4 t. S`x`,Cmpsmwkcm è Txihmxxmhimbmaik) Twmawkek c` Cmpsmwkcm cm Inxsispsm c` Txihmbmaik ckPniv`wxickc` O`c`wkb cm Wim c` Fknìwm. Wim c` Fknìwm" 7440.

TINSM" H`bi. Emvie`nsmx Xmhikix6 `xtkámx twivibàikcmx ck epbl`w `n{pknsm xpfìsmtmbåsihm. In6 Pek [p`xsèm c` Aæn`wm. Xèm Tkpbm6 Wmxk cmx Sètmx" ;997.

WKAM" Ekwakw`sl. Mx oèinixemx nm Gwkxib6 cmx ‒knmx c` hlpegm― ä `wk abmgkb. Bkgwyx6`xspcmx oèinixskx. v. 8" n. ;" Fkn.-Fpb.7448" t. ;;;.

WMCWIAP@X" Fmih` Eìw`: EKW[P@X" @bik Hwixsikn` c` W``nc`. M hivibikw ck epbl`wnk lixsøwik ck `cphkáèm. In6 Hmnaw`xxm c` B`swkx" Binapkaè ` Hpbspwk6 Eöbsitbmx Mblkw`x"?" G`bm Lmwimns`" 7441. Knkix cm _I HMB@BIHPEM" G`bm Lmwimns`" 7441.



17

WMCWIAP@X" _kb`wik B`mni. K ietmwsçnhik ck epbl`w. Hkc`wnmx cm Twmawkek c`C`x`nvmbvie`nsm @cphkhimnkb ck X`hw`skwik c` @cphkáèm cm @xskcm cm Tkwknë ,TC@)" v.7"n.7. O`v. 744<" t. ;7<.

XKB@X" Sksikn` ck Xibvk. Epbl`w`x t`woìskx6 hmnciáèm xmhikb ` inxswpáèm oèinink è XèmBpåx ,;944;984). w`vixsk Mpswmx Sètmx" v. 3" n.;" Fkn. 7449" t. 04?9.

XKNSMX" A`mwaik E. c` Hkxswm. K wmptk k emck ` k epbl`w nk @pwmtk mhic`nskbe`ci`vkb6 wòb`|m ck mtw`xxèm xmowick t`bk epbl`w nk Ickc` Eécik ,Xéhpbm6 \I\_). 744?";09 t. Cixx`wskáèm ,E`xswkcm è kws`) C`tkwske`nsm c` TøxAwkcpkáèm ck Okhpbckc` c`Lixsøwik ck Pniv`wxickc` c` Gwkxåbik. Gwkxåbik" 744?.

XKNSMX" Bpåx Hkwbmx Gmwa`x cmx. K w`tögbihk _`blk ` m tmc`w ck ietw`nxk6

,c`x)hmnxswpáèm cm aæn`wm oèininm nmx eìmx eiciësihmx. W`vixsk Oksmx / _`wxð`x" v.8" n.?"Fpn. 74;;" t. 1394.

XHK_MN@" Bphibk. @xspcmx c` aæn`wm6 pek xmhimbmaik oèinixsk. W`vixsk @xspcmxOèinixskx" v.;?" n.;" Fkn.-Kgw. 744<" t. ;18;<?.

XHLB@X@N@W" Knk Tkpbk. Kg`bkwcm ` L`bmåxk6 hmnxic`wkáð`x xmgw` k xispkáèm ck epbl`wnk Ickc` Eécik. W`vixsk Knkb`hsk" v.3" n.;" Fkn.-Fpn. 7448" t. ?11?.

XHMSS" Fmkn Q. Aæn`wm6 pek hksàmwik ösib c` knëbix` lixsøwihk. @cphkáèm ` W`kbickc`" v.;?" n. 7" fpb.-c`. ;994" t.0.

XIB_K" Bphiknk Xknsmx. Aæn`wm6 pek hksàmwik knkbåsihk {p` swknxh`nc` km oèininm.W`vixsk @cphkáèm" A`xsèm ` Xmhi`ckc`" v.;" n.;" Ekw. 74;4" t. ;;8.

XIEIÈM" Ckni`b Xhlwm`s`w. Aæn`wm nm epncm cm swkgkblm. EIE@M. 7444. 9t.

XMKW@X" _`wk. Emvie`nsm Oèinixsk6 tkwkciaekx ` c`xkoimx. W`vixsk c` @xspcmxOèinixskx. Wim c` Fknìwm6 HI@H-@HM-POWF" N´ @xt`hikb" 7´ Xè. ;993.

SKGKJ" Oknny. K cmnk%c`%hkxk nm Gwkxib. In6 CPWKN" Ekwik Kna`b`x. K cmnk c` hkxk6hwåsihk tmbåsihk ck `hmnmeik cmeéxsihk. Wim c` Fknìwm6 @ciáð`x Awkkb" ;9<8.

S@B@X" Ekwik Keébik. Gw`v` Lixsøwik cm Oèinixem nm Gwkxib. Xèm Tkpbm6 Gwkxibi`nx`";998.



18

KN@\MX6

HKTKX CKX 89 @CIÁÐ@X TPGBIHKCKX CM FMWNKB EPBL@WIM



13



10



1?



11



1<



19



<4



<;



<7



<8



<3



<0



<?



<1



<<



<9



94



9;



97

jornalismo feminino - a década da mulher e a perspectiva do jornal mineiro

Documents