guia vi (2). ingles doc

7/28/2019 GUIA VI (2). Ingles Doc

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GUIA PARA SEXTO SEMESTRE TURNO VESPERTINO

AUTOR. PROFESORA LINDA DEL ROCIO QUINTANA QUEZADA

BE USED TO+ ING

PARTE ICOSTUMBRE O HABITO EN EL PASADO

USED TO (sola, acostumbraba a)Observa esta estructura gramatical: Subject + USED TO + verb

Robert used to live in the country.(Roberto sola vivir en el campo)

REGLAS BASICAS:

1) Puedes utilizar la forma infinitiva sin "to" del verbo BE despus del sujeto perono puedes utilizar las formas was, were, been o being del mismo verbo.Ejemplos:

I used to be a waiter when I was young.


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Observa estas 3 estructuras gramaticales:

a) Subject + MUST HAVE + participle + past time

There's a message on the machine. Monica must have called last night.(Hay un mensaje en el contestador. Mnica debe haber llamado anoche)

b) Subject + MUST BE > ing form + present time

The phone is ringing. Monica must be calling now.

(Est sonando el telfono. Mnica debe estar llamando)

c) Subject + MUST + verb + repeated time

Monica's father is ill in bed. She must call often.

(El padre de Mnica est enfermo. Ella debe llamar seguido)

Te das cuenta de la diferencia? Una observacin en el presente puede servir de base para una extraer una

conclusin acerca de algo que ocurri en el pasado.

Por ejemplo, "There is a message on my answering machine" (Hay un mensaje en micontestador). Puede deducirse que "my friend must have called last night" (mi amiga debehaber llamado anoche).

REGLAS BASICAS:

1) No utilices con esta estructura should o can en lugar de must.

3) Es incorrecto utilizar un verbo comn en lugar de have + participio cuando te

refieres a un hecho del pasado.

EJEMPLOS:

Incorrect: The streets are wet; it should have rained.

Correct: The streets are wet; it must have rained last night.

(Las calles estn mojadas. Debe haber llovido anoche

Pronoun QUANTITATIVE

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Pronouns are notional words which indicate objects and their properties without

indicating them, e. g.He rose. Many have come. Some did not do it., where thesubjects

are not named.

Semantic classes of the pronoun[1]

Semantic class Pronouns Notes

Personal Personal pronouns according to cases: This class has

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pronouns

Nominative case

I, he, she, it, we, you, they

Objective caseme, him, her, it, us, you, them

two cases: the

nominative

case, the

objective case.

Personal

pronouns arenoun-pronouns

- they occupy

the position of

nouns.

Possessive

pronouns

Two kinds of forms:

Conjoint

my, his, her, its, our, your, their

Absolutemine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs

Conjoint

pronouns are

used as

adjective-

pronouns,

absolutepronouns are

used as noun-

pronouns.

Demonstrativepronouns

this (pl. these), that (pl. those), same, such, it

This and that

have the

pseudo-

category of

number. this

(pl. these), that

(pl. those),same are both

noun- and

adjective-

pronouns.such

is always an

adjective-

pronoun.

Reflexive

pronouns (self-

pronouns)

myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,

themselves, oneself

There is

division into

two classes:

reflexive,

emphatic (e.g, I

had myselfseen

a charming

Battersea box

quite to her

taste).

Reciprocal

pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns according to cases:

Common case

each other, one another

Possessive caseeach other's, one another's

Function as

noun-pronouns.

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Indefinite

pronouns

Classification ofIndefinite pronouns:

Indefinite proper pronouns

some, somebody, someone, something, any,

anybody, anyone, anything, one (meaning

some)

Distributive pronounsall, every, everybody, everyone (every one),

everything, each (one), both, either, another,

other

Negative pronouns

no, nobody, no one, none, nothing, neither

Quantitative pronouns

many, much, (a) few, (a) little

Some and any

are both noun-

and adjective-

pronouns, one

is only an

adjective-pronoun. The

compounds

with them are

only noun-

pronoun. Those

with -body and

-one have the

category of

case (common

and possessive,

or genitive).

Commonly

some and

compounds

with it occur in

affirmative

sentences. But

their use is

possible in

interrogativesentences,

firstly, when

the question

does not refer

to the pronouns,

that is, when

the sentence

expresses rather

an offer or

request, e.g.

"Would youlike to have

some coffee?";

"Can I have

some of those

nuts?",

secondly when

the pronouns

imply previous

knowledge, e.g.

"Do you know

something? Itall sounds kind

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of fantastic.";

'Can I ask you

something?'.

Note that the

use ofany andcompounds

with it is typical

ofif-clauses,

e.g. 'It'll cost us

our jobs if

anything goes

wrong.'

The pronouns

all, each, both,

either, another,

otherare both

noun- and

adjective-

pronouns, every

is only an

adjective-

pronoun, the

compounds

with every and

each are onlynoun-pronouns.

The latter have

the grammatical

category of

case (common

and possessive,

or genitive).

Anotherhas the

grammatical

category of

case (commonand possessive,

or genitive).

Otherhas the

grammatical

categories of

number and

case, e.g. She's

cleverer than

any of the

others. The

main differencebetween every

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(body) and each

(one) is that the

former occurs

when the

members of agroup have

something in

common,

whereas the

latter denoting

the same draws

attention to

some point of

difference

between them.

Both implies

two persons or

things. It

functions both

as a noun-

pronoun and an

adjective-

pronoun, e.g.

Both are well.

It also functionsas a

predeterminer,

e.g.Both the

boys were at

school now.

Both does not

occur in

negative

sentences.

Eitheralso

implies twopersons or

things, but

unlike both, is

followed by a

singular noun

and verb, e.g.

They walked on

either side of

the girl.

In informalEnglish each

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and eithercan

take a plural

verb, especially

if they are

followed by anof + Ns, e.g.

Each of the 2

girls upstairs

is/are

beautiful.In

informal

present-day

English

compound

pronouns with

the second

element -body

or-one are

associated with

plural

pronouns, e.g.

Everyone

thinks they

have the

answer.

Allimplies

more than two

persons or

things. It is

both a noun-

pronoun and an

adjective-

pronoun, e.g.It

devoured all of

his energy and

thought. It canfunction as a

predeterminer,

e.g. We walked

all the way.

Neither, like

either, is both a

noun- and

adjective-

pronoun,

applied to twopersons and

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things only and

is normally

followed by a

singular noun

or verb, e.g.Neither of these

/two/ cars is

what I want.

None is a

noun-pronoun

only, it is

applied to more

than two per-

sons or things

or to a

complete

absence of

them, e.g.None

of my problems

are solved.

No is an

adjective-

pronoun only,

nobody,

nothing and noone are noun-

pronouns.

Nobody and no

one have the

grammatical

category of

case (common

and genitive, or

possessive),

e.g. nobody's

fool(phras.expres.).

All of them are

both noun- and

adjective

pronouns.

Many and (a)

few are used

with counts and

much and (a)

little withuncounts.

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Interrogative

pronounswho, whose, what, which

Who is a noun-

pronoun,

'whose is an

adjective-

pronoun, what

and which areboth noun- and

adjective

pronouns. Who

has the

grammatical

category of

case (nomi-

native and

objective).

Conjunctive

pronounswho, whose, what, which

They are thesame pronouns

as interrogative

but used to

introduce

subject,

predicative,

object and

appositive

clauses.

Conjunctive

pronouns havethe same

grammatical

categories as

the

interrogative

ones.

Relative

pronouns

that, who, whose, which, as Relative

pronouns are

used to

introduceattributive

relative clauses,

e.g.But the few

years that

separated us

were wider

than an ocean.,

Liberty is an

illusion to those

who have never

known it.,That's the man

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whose house

was burned

down..As

correlates with

the pronouns

same andsuchin the main

clause, e.g.

Dead there on

the slope on

such a day as

this is. Only

who changes:

has the

category of

case.

The prop-

word one

one It is used to

avoid the

repetition of a

noun already

mentioned. It

has the

grammatical

category of

number, e.g.

Are those your

books? I wantto borrow a

good one/some

good ones on

farming.One

can be preceded

by the definite

article, nouns,

demonstratives,

adjectives,

ordinal

numerals, e.g.

The officer is

the one who

gives the

orders. On the

other hand, the

prop-word one

cannot be

preceded by a

noun the

possessive case,cardinal

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numerals, the

indefinite

pronounssome,

any, the

adjectives

severalandown

THIRD CONDITIOAL

The structure of a third conditional sentence

Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if"

clause and a main clause:

ifclause main clause explanation

If I had studied

harder,

I would have passed

the exam.

I failed the exam, because I didn't study

hard enough.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second,

there is no need for a comma:

main clause ifclause

I probably would have passed the exam if I had studied harder.

We use different verb forms in each part of a third conditional:

ifclause if+ subject + past perfect verb*

main clause subject + would (OR could, OR might) have + past participle

*The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle (orthird form) of the verb.

Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted:

Full form If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam.

Contracted form If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam.

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Using the third conditional

The third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past.

If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little

strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret:

Example Explanation

If you had driven more carefully, you

would not have had an accident.

Criticism: You had an accident because you

didn't drive carefully enough.

If we had played a little better, we could

have won the game.

Regret: We didn't play well, so we lost the

game.

If you had saved your money, you could

have bought a computer.

Criticism: You didn't save your money, so

now you can't afford a computer.

If it had snowed, we could have gone

skiing.

Regret:It didn't snow, so we couldn't go

skiing.

MODALS IN PAST

Past modals come in two forms. The first type is the easiest and usually requires only a simple word

change:

I can drive.

I coulddrive when I was 16.

I have to go to California.

I hadto go to California.

Lenny will pay tomorrow.

Lenny said he wouldpay tomorrow.

(present ability)

(past ability)

(present obligation)

(past obligation)

(future intention)

(future reported from the past)

Past modals with have

Somepast modals can be formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after

the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.)

However, since modals expresspossibility, intention, obligation, etc., they do not always indicate a definite

tense. Therefore, when usingpast modals with have, special meanings need to be considered.

I should go to the funeral.

I should have gone to the funeral.

Lex might take Karen to the airport.

Lex might have taken Karen to the airport.

Lex could have taken Karen to the airport.

(I feel an obligation to go--later.)

(I didn't go. Now I regret it.)

(It's a future possibility.)

(He may be on his way there now.)

(Most likely he didn't.)

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Lex would have taken Karen to the airport.

Otis didn't come to work yesterday.

He had to take care ofhis children.

His children must have been sick.

(He didn't. He had an excuse.)

(past fact)

(past obligation)

(conjecture about the past)

See also:

Grammar: Common Modal Usage

Textbook Recommendation:

Touchy Situations, Chapter 19

If you have questions or comments about this page, please contact us.

Be sure to include the title of this page in the Subject line of your e-mail

MIXED CONDITIONALS

Mixed Conditionals

Those of you who have been following the Conditional Tutorial should now be

familiar with present, past and future conditional verb forms. Sometimes UnrealConditional sentences are mixed. This means that the time in the if-clause is notthe same as the time in the result. Study the examples below to learn how tomix conditional verb forms like a native speaker.

Verbs in green are in the Present Unreal Conditional.

Verbs in red are in the Past Unreal Conditional.

Verbs in purple are in the Future Unreal Conditional.

Mixed Conditional Patterns

PAST PRESENT

Examples:

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.BUTIDIDN'TWINTHELOTTERYINTHEPASTAND IAMNOTRICHNOW.

If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job

opportunities.BUTIDIDN'TTAKEFRENCHINHIGHSCHOOLAND IDON'THAVEMANYJOBOPPORTUNITIES.

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If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa towork here.BUTSHEWASN'TBORNINTHEUNITED STATESANDSHEDOESNEEDAVISANOWTOWORKHERE.

PAST FUTURE

Examples:

If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining ustomorrow.BUTSHEDIDN'TSIGNUPFORTHESKITRIPLASTWEEKANDSHEISN'TGOINGTOJOINUSTOMORROW.

If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to

Shanghai.BUTMARKDIDN'TGETTHEJOBAND MARKISNOTGOINGTOMOVETO SHANGHAI.

If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas,he would go to Mexico with us next month.BUTDARRENWASTEDHIS CHRISTMASBONUSGAMBLINGINLAS VEGASANDHEWON'TGOTO MEXICOWITHUSNEXTMONTH.

PRESENT PAST

Examples:

If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.BUTIAMNOTCURRENTLYRICHANDTHATISWHYIDIDN'TBUYTHEFERRARIYESTERDAY.

If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.BUTSAMDOESN'TSPEAKRUSSIANANDTHATISWHYHEDIDN'TTRANSLATETHELETTER.

If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party lastnight.BUTIHAVETOWORKALOTANDTHATISWHYIDIDN'TGOTOTHEPARTYLASTNIGHT.

PRESENT FUTURE

Examples:

If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on thecruise to Alaska next week.BUTIDOHAVEALOTOFVACATIONTIMEAND IWILLGOONTHETRIPNEXTWEEK.

If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York

to work on the new advertising campaign.BUTCINDYISNOTCREATIVEANDTHECOMPANYWON'TSENDHERTO NEWYORKTOWORKONTHENEWCAMPAIGN.

If Dan weren't so nice, he wouldn't be tutoring you in math tonight.BUTDANISNICEANDHEISGOINGTOTUTORYOUTONIGHT.

FUTURE PAST

Examples:

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If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would haveaccepted that new assignment at work.BUTIAMGOINGTOGOONABUSINESSTRIPNEXTWEEK,ANDTHATISWHYIDIDN'T

ACCEPTTHATNEWASSIGNMENTATWORK.

If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a

nice trip just for the two of us to Napa Valley.BUTMYPARENTSAREGOINGTOCOMETHISWEEKEND,ANDTHATISWHYIDIDN'TPLANATRIPFORTHETWOOFUSTO NAPA VALLEY.

If Donna weren't making us a big dinner tonight, I would havesuggested that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.BUTSHEISGOINGTOMAKEUSABIGDINNERTONIGHT,ANDTHATISWHYIDIDN'TSUGGESTTHATWEGOTOTHATNICEITALIANRESTAURANT.

FUTURE PRESENT

Examples:

If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.BUTIAMNOTGOINGTOGOTOTHATCONCERTTONIGHTANDTHATISWHYIAMNOTEXCITED.

If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.BUTSANDYISNOTGOINGTOGIVEASPEECHTOMORROWANDTHATISWHYSHEINNOTNERVOUS.

If Seb didn't come with us to the desert, everyone would be verydisappointed.BUTSEBWILLCOMEWITHUSTOTHEDESERTANDTHATISWHYEVERYONEISSOHAPPY

Past wishes

Tags:

past

perfect

subjunctive

unreal

IF ONLY

WISH

WISH/IF ONLY + SUBJECT + PAST PERFECT

If only I hadnt gone to that party! = I wish I hadnt gone to that party! (= I regret

going/having gone to that party.)

Note the similarity between the subordinate clause of the third conditional and the one

mentioned above. Actually, if you complete the sentence above, you will get a third

conditional sentence.

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If only I hadnt gone to that party, I wouldnt have met him again!

Present Perfect Continuous

[has/have + been + present participle]

Examples:

You have been waiting here for two hours.

Have you been waiting here for two hours?

You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in thepast and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and"since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present PerfectContinuous.

Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour.

She has been working at that company for three years.

What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?

James has been teaching at the university since June.

We have been waiting here for over two hours!

Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as"for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of"lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize thismeaning.

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Examples:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.

Have you been exercising lately?

Mary has been feeling a little depressed.

Lisa has not been practicing her English.

What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or"recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as"Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or

unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that yousmell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you cansee, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someoneby using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in anycontinuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbscannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present PerfectContinuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.

Examples:

Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct

Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

Past Perfect Continuous

FORM

[had been + present participle]

Examples:

You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally

arrived.

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Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finallyarrived?

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when shefinally arrived.

Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the pastand continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for twoweeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, theduration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.

Examples:

They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

She had been working at that company for three years when it went

out of business.

How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day atwork.

James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before

he left for Asia.

A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to

Ankara?B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a goodway to show cause and effect.

Examples:

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

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Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or"since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuousrather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change

the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions,whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time beforesomething in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.

Examples:

He was tired because he was exercising so hard.THISSENTENCEEMPHASIZESTHATHEWASTIREDBECAUSEHEWASEXERCISINGATTHATEXACTMOMENT.

He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.THISSENTENCEEMPHASIZESTHATHEWASTIREDBECAUSEHEHADBEENEXERCISING

OVERAPERIODOFTIME. ITISPOSSIBLETHATHEWASSTILLEXERCISINGATTHATMOMENTORTHATHEHADJUSTFINISHED.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in anycontinuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbscannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuouswith these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.

Examples:

The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina

bought it. Not Correct

The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina boughtit. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.

Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners fortwo years before he moved to Paris.ACTIVE

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The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by ChefJones for two years before he moved to Paris. PASSIVE

NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common

PAST TENSES

2.4. Tiempos verbales-Verb tenses

2.4.2.1.Simple past tense- Pasado simple: Es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza

para expresar acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, sin que importe

excesivamente el momento del pasado en el que tuvieron lugar.

Ej.: John washed the dishes yesterday evening. (John lav los platos ayer por la

tarde).

Para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa del Simple Past, necesitamos laayuda del verbo auxiliar (to) do, esta vez con su tiempo en pasado, DID.

Forma negativa del Simple Past: Sujeto+ DID not/didn't+ Verbo de la accin

en infinitivo+Complementos.

Ej.: John didn't wash the dishes yesterday evening.

Forma interrogativa del Simple Past: DID+ Sujeto+ verbo de la accin en

infinitivo+ Complementos.

Did John wash the dishes yesterday evening?

En ingls, hay dos tipos de Simple Past o de pasado simple: el regular o el

irregular. Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past aadiendo el sufijo -ed al

infinitivo y los verbos irregulares forman su Simple Past sin seguir ninguna regla.

En este apartado de la pgina tienes acceso a la lista completa de todos los verbos

irregulares que hay en ingls.

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Un ejemplo de Simple Past regular es el del verbo (to) wash= (lavar), cuyo Simple

Past es washed y un ejemplo de verbo irregular es el de (to) break= (romper) ,

cuyo Simple Past es broke.

2.4.2.2.Past Continuous/Progressive Tense- Pasado continuo: Es un tiempo

verbal en el que se expresan acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, pero en un

momento concreto. Este tiempo verbal se forma con el pasado del verbo (to) be

(was o were)+ el verbo de la accin en gerundio (infinitivo+-ing).

Ej: John was washing the dishes at eight o'clock last night. (John estaba lavando

los platos a las ocho ayer por la noche).

Forma negativa del Past Continous/Progressive: Sujeto+ Was not o

wasn't/were not o weren't+ Verbo de la accin en gerundio+

Complementos.

Ej.: John was not/wasn't washing the dishes at eight o'clock last night.

Forma interrogativa del Past Continuous/Progressive: Was/were+Sujeto+Verbo

de la accin en gerundio+ Complementos?.

Ej.: Was John washing the dishes at eight o'clock last night?

2.4.2.3.Present Perfect tense- Pretrito Perfecto: Es un tiempo verbal que se

utiliza para expresar acciones que han tenido lugar en el pasado, pero en un

pasado muy reciente. Este tiempo verbal se forma con el presente del verbo (to)

have, has o have+el participio del verbo de la accin: Regular (Infinitivo+ed) o

Irregular (tercera columna de la lista de verbos irregulares).

Ej.: John has washed the dishes this morning. (John ha lavado los platos esta

maana).

Forma negativa del Present Perfect Tense: Sujeto+ has not o hasn't /have not

o haven't + Verbo de la accin en participio+ Complementos.

Ej.: John has not/ hasn't washed the dishes this morning.

Forma interrogativa del Present Perfect Tense: Has/Have+ Sujeto+ Verbo de la

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accin en participio+ Complementos.

Ej.: Has John washed the dishes this morning?

2.4.2.4.Past perfect tense-Pretrito pluscuamperfecto: Es un tiempo verbal

que expresa acciones que han tenido lugar en el pasado, pero en un pasado menos

reciente que el que se expresa en el Present Perfect. Es lo que se denomina el

pasado del pasado (past in the past). Se forma con el verbo (to) have en pasado,

had+ el participio del verbo de la accin: Regular (Infinitivo+ed) o Irregular

(tercera columna de la lista de verbos irregulares).

Ej: John had washed the dishes at two in the afternoon. (John haba lavado los

platos a las dos de la tarde).

Forma negativa del Past Perfect Tense: Sujeto+ had not/hadn't+ Verbo de la

accin en participio+ Complementos.

Ej.: John had not/hadn't washed the dishes at two in the afternoon.

Forma interrogativa del Past Perfect Tense: Had+ Sujeto+ Verbo de la accin en

participio+ Complementos.

.

LEADING TO FIRST CERTIFICATE

Quin reconoce el FCE?

Muchas instituciones educativas aceptan elFCE como prueba de nivel de ingls y tambinempresas multinacionales como American Express, Siemens o Procter & Gamble.

Por qu hacer el FCE en el British Council?

Un milln de personashacen sus exmenes con el British Council. En Espaa tenemosmuchos aos de experiencia con el FCE y con otros ttulos de la Universidad de Cambridge.

Proporcionamos ayuda para la preparacin del examen y un servicio profesional y eficiente

para hacer que tu experiencia en el da del examen sea lo ms agradable posible.

En qu consiste el examen?

El FCE est dividido en cinco partes:

Comprensin de textos

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Expresin escrita

Gramtica

Comprensin auditiva

Expresin oral

What's in theexam?

Paper

Content

Marks

(% of

total)

Purpose

Reading

(1 hour)

3 parts/30

questions20%

Shows you can deal confidently with different types of text, such as

fiction, newspapers and magazines.

Writing

(1 hour 20 minutes)

2 parts 20%Requires you to be able to produce two different pieces of writing,

such as letters, reports, reviews and short stories.

Use of English

(45 minutes)

4 parts/42

questions20%

Your use of English will be tested by tasks which show how well

you can control your grammar and vocabulary.

Listening

(about 40 minutes)

4 parts/30

questions20%

Requires you to be able to follow and understand a range of

spoken materials, such as news programmes, presentations and

everyday conversations.

Speaking

(14 minutes per pair

of candidates)

4 parts 20%

Tests your ability to communicate effectively in face-to-face

situations. You will take the Speaking test with one or two other

candidates

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guia vi (2). ingles doc

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