guia lectores con_sentidos

8/17/2019 Guia Lectores Con_sentidos

1/50

Ráh`lDltrfsZlr gl

^dfe Efjghefd `l Dljturf y LsjrgturfA f e u f d l s y J f r t g d d f s

9

DLJPHRLZJHE-ZLEPG@HZ

˔Ouáf `l ush pl`foúogjh

`l df Jhdljjgúe `l Fudf pfrfld orf`h Prfesgjgúe


2/50

Dljthrls Jhe-sletg`hs

Ouáf `l ush pl`foúogjh `l df Jhdljjgúe `l Fudf

pfrf ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe

Zlrgl Ráh `l DltrfsAfeufdls y Jfrtgddfs ÊDL

© Agegstlrgh `l Lùjfjgúe, 2>6<© @lrljmhs rlslrvf`hs pfrf th`hs dhs futhrls, 2>6<

^rgalrf l`gjgúe, Bhohtæ, hjtubrl `l 2>6<

Jhhr`gefjgúe l`gthrgfd;Kufe ̂ fbdh Ahkgjf Oúalz

@gslöh y `grljjgúe `l frtl;Afrtmf Jf`lef

GZBE;7?=-7)

Aúegjf Rfaárlz ̂ löuldfJhhr`gef`hrf ̀ l Ihrafjgúe Zgtuf`f (^PF 2.>)

Lqugph pl`foúogjh; Legtm Khmfef Jgiuletls Ædvfrlz, Oghvfeey Jfstföl`f Rhkfs, Ehraf Dhrlef YæsqulzDfsprgddf, Fstrg` Zhdfrtl Afejlrf, Wleey Jfrhdgef ̂ çrlz Phrrls, Kleey JfrhdgefRhkfs Dlúe.Ihraf`hrls ̀ ld ̂ rhorfaf pfrf df Lxjldlejgf Fjf`çagjf y @hjletl Ph`hs f Fprle`lr

(^PF 2.>)

Jhhr`gefjgúe pl`foúogjf; ^ftrgjgf Egöh Rh`ráoulz, Jhhr`gef`hrf `ld Jhapheletl`l Ihrafjgúe f Al`gf`hrls (ÊDL)

Afurgjgh Egöh Efvfrrh, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`h, ^rhorfaf

pfrf ld @lsfrrhddh `l Jhapltlejgfs JhauegjftgvfsAúegjf Rfaárlz ̂ löuldf, Jhhr`gef`hrf ̀ l Ihrafjgúe, (^PF 2.>)

Duz @fry Jfstldbdfejh, ^rhilsghefd `ld Lqugph Agsghefd, (^PF 2.>)

Furf Afrjldf Blefvg`ls Zfragleth, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f, (^PF 2.>)

Dgef Afráf Dúplz Egöh, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f, (^PF 2.>)

Duz Ylel` Ife`göh Ihrlrh, ̂ rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f, (^PF 2.>)

@hrgs Fe`rlf Zuærlz ^çrlz, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f,Zub`grljjgúe `l Jfdg`f` ^rgalrf Geifejgf

F`rgfef Jfrhdgef Ahdfeh Yfrofs, ̂ rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f,Zub`grljjgúe `l Jfdg`f` ^rgalrf Geifejgf

Duz Afofddy ^çrlz Rh`ráoulz, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`f, Zub`grljjgúe `l Rlilrletlsy Lvfdufjgúe - @grljjgúe `l Jfdg`f` pfrf df Lùjfjgúe `l ^rllsjhdfr, Bæsgjf y Al`gf

Jfrdhs Fdblrth Fb`fdæ, ^rhilsghefd Lspljgfdgzf`h, Zub`grljjgúe `l Rlilrletls yLvfdufjgúe - @grljjgúe `l Jfdg`f` pfrf df Lùjfjgúe `l ^rllsjhdfr, Bæsgjf y Al`gf

Rlslrvf`hs th`hs dhs `lrljmhs. Zl plragtl df rlprhùjjgúepfrjgfd h thtfd `l df hbrf phr jufdquglr al`gh h tljehdhoáf,sglaprl qul sl `le dhs jrç`gths jhrrlsphe`gletls fd futhr,fd Agegstlrgh `l Lùjfjgúe Efjghefd y fd ^dfe Efjghefd `lDljturf y Lsjrgturf.

Dljthrls Jhe-sletg`hs ; ouáf `l ush pl`f oúogjh `l dfjhdljjgúe `l fudf pfrf ld orf`h trfesgjgúe. -- 6f. l`. -- Bhohtæ ;Agegstlrgh ̀ l Lùjfjgúe Efjghefd, 2>6


3/50

Jhetleg`h

LB

Jfrtf f dhs `hjletls 0

Getrh`ujjgúe <

^ræjtgjfs `l dljturf le ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe 9

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf 6>

Lxplrglejgfs 6<

Bgbdghorfiáf 0=

^

G

J


4/50

0Jfrtf f dhs ̀ hjletls

Jfrtf f dhs `hjletls

Vulrg`hs ̀ hjletls ̀ l Prfesgjgúe,

LB^G

e df jhestrujjgúe `l ue eulvh pfás, `ls`l ld sljthr `l df lùjfjgúeehs mlahs pulsth df altf ̀ l slr df efjgúe aæs lùjf`f ̀ l df rlogúele 2>2³ (^PF 2.>), jhah pfrtl `l dfs fjjghels pfrf ihrtfdljlr su fjha-pföfagleth pl`foúogjh f dhs `hjletls y lstu`gfetls `l Prfesgjgúe, letrloú dfJhdljjgúe `l Fudf Dljthrls Jhe-sletg`hs. Zl trftf `l uef sldljjgúe `l tátudhsqul busjf ofrfetgzfr ld fjjlsh `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs f aftlrgfd `l dljturf `ljfdg`f`, qul ifvhrlzjf ld `lsfrrhddh `l jhapltlejgfs y df olelrfjgúe `l fabgle-tls `l fprle`gzfkl3 `l lethrehs le dhs qul f trfvçs `l df dljturf sl fbrf pfsh f dflxpdhrfjgúe ̀ ld al`gh qul rh`lf fd dljthr, f df olelrfjgúe ̀ l prlouetfs, y fd ohjl`ld kuloh y `ld frtl.

Zge labfroh, pfrf qul lstf jhdljjgúe juapdf jhe sus hbkltgvhs, ls gaprlsjge-`gbdl df al`gfjgúe `l ustl`ls, `hjletls, qul jhe su jhehjgagleth pl`foúogjh,

`l`gjfjgúe y prhilsghefdgsah she prhtfohegstfs ̀ l lstf trfesihrafjgúe. ̂ hr lddh,dls prlsletfahs Dljthrls Jhe-sletg`hs. Ouáf `l ush pl`foúogjh `l df Jhdljjgúe `l Fudfpfrf ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe, ue dgbrh qul hirljl mlrrfagletfs bæsgjfs pfrf ld trfbfkhjhe jf`f ueh `l dhs trljl tátudhs qul jhaphele lstf jhdljjgúe3 ue dgbrh qul,f`laæs, mf sgoegigjf`h df frtgjudfjgúe letrl ld ̂ PF, ld ̂ dfe Efjghefd ̀ l Dljturf yLsjrgturf, df Zub`grljjgúe `l Rlilrletls y Lvfdufjgúe, y df @grljjgúe `l ^rgalrfGeifejgf `ld Agegstlrgh `l Lùjfjgúe Efjghefd.

Jhe lstl lsiulrzh lsplrfahs qul dfs g`lfs qul fquá sl prlsletfe dhs gespgrle, dhsgequgltle y dls plragtfe jhestrugr eulvfs fjtgvg`f`ls, lxplrglejgfs y prhyljthsle dhs jufdls dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs sl `lsjubrfe suklths dljthrls y lsjrgthrls, fdtglaph qul ustl`ls f`ldfetfe su jfageh mfjgf df lxjldlejgf `hjletl.

Jhah sglaprl, forf`ljlahs su trfbfkh, `l`gjfjgúe y jhaprhagsh jhe df jfdg-`f` lùjftgvf `l eulstrh pfás.

Jhe lspljgfd rljhehjgagleth,

Yájthr Zffvl`rf Alrjf`h

Ygjlagegstrh ̀ l Lùjfjgúe ^rllsjhdfr, Bæsgjf y Al`gf


5/50

,`ld Agegstlrgh `l Lùjfjgúe Efjghefd, y jhah rlsudtf`h `ld trfbfkh frtgjudf`hletrl ld ^rhorfaf, df Zub`grljjgúe `l Rlilrletls y Lvfdufjgúe, df @grljjgúe `l^rgalrf Geifejgf y ld ^dfe Efjghefd `l Dljturf y Lsjrgturf «Dllr ls ag juleth³

(ÊDL), prlsletfahs Dljthrls Jhe-sletg`hs. Ouáf `l ush pl`foúogjh `l df Jhdljjgúe `lFudf pfrf ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe.

Lstf ouáf tglel jhah hbkltgvh brge`fr fdouefs hrgletfjghels f dhs `hjletls pfrfld ush y `gefagzfjgúe `l df Jhdljjgúe `l Fudf, le ld afrjh `l lxplrglejgfs `lfprle`gzfkl qul `lsfrrhddle jhapltlejgfs le dhs lstu`gfetls `l Prfesgjgúe yf`laæs qul fphyle su ihrafjgúe jhah dljthrls. Df jhdljjgúe `l df qul pfrtl dfouáf lstæ jhapulstf phr trljl tátudhs qul, sgougle`h df agsaf alth`hdhoáf `ljheihrafjgúe `l df Jhdljjgúe Zlagddf6 `ld ÊDL, phel fd fdjfejl `l dhs egöhs ydfs egöfs dgbrhs geihraftgvhs, dgbrhs ædbua y `l phlsáf.

Ld prgalr jfpátudh rlthaf fdouehs prgejgpghs pl`foúogjhs bæsgjhs pfrf letle-

`lr ld duofr `ld dleoufkl y df dgtlrfturf le ld `lsfrrhddh `l jhapltlejgfs jh-auegjftgvfs le ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe. Ld sloue`h jfpátudh gevgtf f mfjlr `l lstfjhdljjgúe uef bgbdghtljf `l fudf, letle`g`f jhah ue fabgletl ̀ l fprle`gzfkl qulgestfurf uefs `geæagjfs pfrtgjudfrls fdrl`l`hr `ld dgbrh y df dljturf, dfs jufdlsshe gaphrtfetls le df ihrafjgúe `l dljthrls.

Ld tlrjlr jfpátudh, qul ls ld jletrh ̀ l lstf pubdgjfjgúe, hirljl uef slrgl ̀ l lxplrglejgfs gespgrf`hrfs qul rljrlfe præjtgjfs pl`foúogjfs fdrl`l`hr `l jf`f ueh `l dhstrljl tátudhs `l df jhdljjgúe. Pfdls lxplrglejgfs iuejghefe jhah lklapdhs `lfdouefs ̀ l dfs phsgbgdg`f`ls qul hirljl jf`f tátudh, vgsths jhah rljurshs f trfvçs`l dhs jufdls dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs `lsfrrhddfe sus jhapltlejgfs jhauegjftgvfs,jgu`f`fefs y iásgjfs, fsá jhah su plesfagleth aftlaætgjh y jgletáigjh.

@l lstf afelrf, dhs gevgtfahs f rljhrrlr lstf ouáf jhah uef mlrrfagletf qulplragtl lejhetrfr phsgbdls jfagehs pfrf df dljturf y df lsjrgturf le ld fudf `lPrfesgjgúe. Jhe lddf lsplrfahs prhahvlr le dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs præjtgjfs`l dljturf qul sl jfrfjtlrgjle phr df jhestrujjgúe fjtgvf `l sletg`hs, sglaprl leiuejgúe `l dfs eljlsg`f`ls y prhyljths `l jf`f jhdlogh y f pfrtgr `l `gilrletlsjdfvls `l `gstgetf efturfdlzf qul plragtfe fprle`lr, tlelr lxplrglejgfs lstçtgjfsy ohzfr df dljturf.

ls`l ld prgejgpgh, dllr ls getlrrhofr ue tlxth, ls `ljgr jhestrugrfjtgvfaletl ue sgoegigjf`h, le iuejgúe `l sus eljlsg`f`ls y susprhyljths, f pfrtgr `l `gilrletls jdfvls, `l `gstgetf efturfdlzf, y `l

lstrftlogfs plrtgeletls pfrf frtgjudfrdfs. Eh sl trftf `l ue lùjf`hrmfjgle`h «prlouetfs `l jhaprlesgúe³ shbrl ue tlxth, she dhs egöhs qul «getl-rrhofe³ f ue tlxth pfrf ldfbhrfr su sgoegigjf`h.

Khslttl Khdgblrt (677


6/50

9^ræjtgjfs ̀ l dljturf le ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe

^ræjtgjfs `l dljturfle ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe

LBGJ

Aujmh fetls `l df fpfrgjgúe `l dfs prgalrfs pfdfbrfs, ld dleoufkl ah`gigjf dffrqugtljturf jlrlbrfd y `ltlragef orfe pfrtl `l dfs hphrtueg`f`ls `l jhaueg-jfjgúe, `lsfrrhddh y fprle`gzfkl. @ls`l ld pueth `l vgstf elurhdúogjh, df vfrgl-`f`, ld `lsfiáh y df jfdg`f` `l dhs lstáaudhs vlrbfdls y eh vlrbfdls jhestruyle ldplesfagleth `l dhs egöhs y egöfs, fd tglaph qul fphrtfe fd lstfbdljgagleth `lváejudhs filjtgvhs jhe dfs plrshefs aæs jlrjfefs qul jhetrgbuyle le df jheigou-rfjgúe `l su subkltgvg`f`.

Bruelr (67=9) figraf qul df getlrprltfjgúe y df elohjgfjgúe jhaglezfe le ldahaleth le qul dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs letrfe le df lsjlef muafef y qul, fd

getletfr usfr ld dleoufkl pfrf dhorfr sus igels, aæs fddæ `l `hagefr ue jú`goh,lstæe jhejlrtfe`h prhjl`gagleths y sgoegigjf`hs3 ls `ljgr, lstæe fprle`gle`hdhs jfagehs `l df judturf y `ld dleoufkl.

Le lstl sletg`h, df dgtlrfturf le df prgalrf geifejgf sl lejuletrf le dhs dgbrhs,plrh tfabgçe le th`fs fqulddfs jrlfjghels le dfs jufdls sl afegiglstf ld frtl `lkuofr y `l rlprlsletfr df lxplrglejgf f trfvçs `l df dleouf. Lstf eh sl rlstrgeollxjdusgvfaletl fd jú`goh lsjrgth, puls gevhdujrf th`fs dfs afegilstfjghels `ldleoufkl ‐hrfd, lsjrgth, pgjtúrgjh‐ qul sl pdfsafe le shphrtls aftlrgfdls (pf-pld, dglezh, pfetfddf, pfrl`, letrl htrhs) h f trfvçs `l df trf`gjgúe hrfd.

@ls`l lstl pueth `l vgstf, letle`lahs phr dleoufkl df jfpfjg`f` `l jhauegjf-jgúe3 phr dleouf, ld sgstlaf `l sgoehs vlrbfdls jhapfrtg`hs phr df jhaueg`f`f df qul sl plrtleljl3 y phr dgtlrfturf, ld frtl `l lxprlsfr df pfrtgjudfrg`f` mu-afef al`gfetl ld trfbfkh jhe dfs pfdfbrfs. Fsá, df dgtlrfturf hirljl f dhs egöhs ydfs egöfs phsgbgdg`f`ls pfrf jhauegjfrsl, lxprlsfr su sgeoudfrg`f`, jhehjlrsly jhehjlr f dhs `laæs, fprle`lr, hplrfr jhe sáabhdhs, jhaprle`lr df judturf ysgoegigjfr ld aue`h.

\e jfageh pfrf sgoegstjfr ld aue`h

hs egöhs y dfs egöfs sl jhauegjfe y lxprlsfe f trfvçs `l `gvlrshsdleoufkls qul lstrujturfe su plesfagleth. Lstl ls ue prhjlsh le`hbdl váf, puls ld plesfagleth sl eutrl `l dleoufkl y, f df vlz, ld

dleoufkl vf eutrgle`h ld plesfagleth. Zl trftf `l ue ahvgaglethplrafeletl le ld jufd dhs f`udths `lslaplöfe ue pfpld iue`faletfd.

Fsá, dhs bfdbujlhs, dfs pfdfbrfs, dhs olsths, dfs agrf`fs, ld ddfeth y ld julrph, letrlhtrhs ifjthrls, jheigourfe dfs phsgbgdg`f`ls qul ld dleoufkl y ld plesfagleth dlsbrge`fe f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs pfrf jhauegjfrsl y `htfr `l sletg`h ld aue`h.

D


7/50

?^ræjtgjfs ̀ l dljturf le ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe

LB^GJ

Ld pfpld `l dhs fùdths le ldfjlrjfagleth f df dgtlrfturf

Df dgtlrfturf, f`laæs `l le dhs dgbrhs, lejuletrf duofr ledfs efefs, dhs kulohs `l pfdfbrfs, dfs rgafs, dfs f`gvgefe-

zfs, dfs jrlfjghels prhpgfs h dfs mgsthrgfs `l df trf`gjgúe hrfd. ^hr lddh, sl eutrllehralaletl `l df judturf pfrtgjudfr f df qul plrtleljl ue egöh h uef egöf, fsájhah `l dfs lxplrglejgfs qul vgvle le su jhtg`gfeg`f`.

@l fddá df gaphrtfejgf `l jhetfr jhe fùdths qul fjhapföfe jhe su vhz, suspfdfbrfs, sus olsths, su jhehjgagleth y sus prlouetfs df dljturf `l dfs gaæolelsqul lalrole fd pfsfr dfs pæogefs `l dhs dgbrhs3 fd dllr l getlrprltfr dhs sáabhdhsfûe ge`lsjgirfbdls pfrf dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs3 h fd lejf`lefr pfdfbrfs pfrf jfetfrh jhetfr. @l lstf afelrf ld fùdth sl jhaprhaltl `l ihraf tfd qul ld dgbrh lsdlá`h phr ld egöh h df egöf f trfvçs `l su rhstrh, su theh `l vhz y sus lahjghels,fsá jhah phr df jhelxgúe qul lalrol `l df lxplrglejgf dgtlrfrgf. Lstf sgtufjgúejhauegjftgvf jheddlvf f qul dhs egöhs y egöfs sl sgletfe f su vlz `lsjgirf`hs ledf bûsqul`f plrafeletl `l rlspulstfs f sus prlouetfs, le dfs jhestrujjghelsrldfjghef`fs jhe df vg`f, le ld ̀ gsirutl y ohjl qul lstfs dls olelrfe, y le su eljl-sg`f` `l getlrprltfr su lethreh shjgfd y judturfd.

Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs ddlofe fd jhdlogh jhe jurghsg`f` phr dfs pfdfbrfs, y ls `lblr`l lstl afetlelr y lxpdhrfr tfd getlrçs f trfvçs `l df plrtgeletl al`gfjgúe `ld`hjletl. Fd rlspljth, Whdfe`f Rlyls (2>>?) figraf;

^frf dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs dhs fùdths suldle sfblrdh th`h shbrl dfs pfdf-brfs3 phr lddh she ld ah`ldh pfrf fprhpgfrsl ̀ l dfs jhapdlkg`f`ls ̀ l df dle-ouf aftlref; sus thehs, sus lejf`lefagleths y dhs eulvhs vhjfbdhs qulsusjgtfe aûdtgpdls getlrprltfjghels dls prhphrjghefe ue letrlefaglethfu`gtgvh qul fyu`f f sletgr y «plesfr³ le ld iuejghefagleth ̀ ld dleoufklal`gfetl df phsgbgdg`f` `l `lsbfrftfr, rljhaphelr y kuofr jhe dfs pfdf-brfs. Dh agsah sujl`l jhe dfs mgsthrgfs efrrf`fs h dlá`fs qul plragtle`lsjubrgr júah sl hrofegzf ld tglaph le ld rldfth, júah sl lstrujturfe dhsfjhetljgagleths y júah lxgstl uef ihraf `gstgetf `l df dleouf; lsf dle-ouf lergquljg`f qul ls ld fejlstrh `l df lsjrgturf, le df jufd sl hrofegzfedhs sujlshs pfrf `frdls sletg`h l gdfjgúe (pæo. 2?).

@l lstf afelrf, ld tglaph pfrf dllr sl jhevglrtl le ue ahaleth `l dgblrtf`le ld qul sl lvg`lejgfe dfs `gilrlejgfs `l ousths, getlrlsls, eljlsg`f`ls, prloue-

tfs y ihrafs `l dllr qul jfrfjtlrgzfe f jf`f egöh y egöf3 f df vlz qul prhpgjgfld lejuletrh jhe sus pfrls y tfabgçe jhe dhs fùdths qul dhs fjhapföfe. Dhs`hjletls, fd lstfr ftleths f lstl fjlrjfagleth `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs f df dgtlrf-turf, lejuletrfe phsgbgdg`f`ls pfrf fapdgfr dfs lxplrglejgfs ̀ l fprle`gzfkl. Fsá,phr lklapdh, ue dgbrh pul`l olelrfr ld jhaglezh `l ue prhyljth `l fudf, pul`lfyu`fr f fjlrjfrsl fd sgoegigjf`h `l dfs pfdfbrfs qul she `lsjhehjg`fs pfrf dhsegöhs y dfs egöfs h pul`l jhevlrtgrsl le ue prltlxth pfrf jhevlrsfr y sfblr aæs`ld oruph.


8/50


9/50

7^ræjtgjfs ̀ l dljturf le ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe

LB^GJ

pfdfbrfs ̀ gilrletls mfe ̀ l lsjrgbgrsl jhe ̀ gilrlejgfs, usfe`h aæs h alehs dltrfsh lsjrgbgle`h le `gstgeth hr`le.

Jufe`h f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs sl dls hirljle lxplrglejgfs dgtlrfrgfs `he`l slvfdhrf df jhauegjfjgúe hrfd y lsjrgtf, sgletle ue lehral `lslh phr jhequgs-tfr ld dleoufkl. Fprle`le f mfbdfr, f dllr y lsjrgbgr phrqul quglrle jhauegjfr-sl jhe htrhs, lspljgfdaletl jhe fqulddfs plrshefs qul dls she sgoegigjftgvfs. Dfjhestrujjgúe ̀ ld dleoufkl pfrtl ̀ l dfs fjjghels qul dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs quglrlejhaletfr y `lsjgirfr3 le lsl sletg`h, ld `lsfrrhddh `ld dleoufkl ls ue prhjlshgetlreh qul sl ̀ f le df getlrfjjgúe jhe htrhs, ue prhjlsh ddleh ̀ l fjjghels, pfdf-brfs, rgsfs, prlouetfs, jhevlrsfjghels y `lsjubrgagleths.

@l lstf afelrf, prhahvlr ld `lsfrrhddh `l dfs jhapltlejgfs jhauegjftgvfs `ls-`l ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe ls phtlejgfr dfs mfbgdg`f`ls, fjtgtu`ls y jhehjgagleths`l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs pfrf jhauegjfrsl jhe dhs htrhs, jhestrugr sgoegigjf`hs,jhaprle`lrsl f sá agsahs y ftrgbugr sletg`h f su prhpgf lxplrglejgf.

Fapdgfs y vfrgf`fs fjtgvg`f`ls le threh f df dgtlrfturf plragtle f dhs egöhs ydfs egöfs `lsjubrgr `gilrletls iuejghels shjgfdls `ld dleoufkl lsjrgth y lxpdhrfr`gvlrshs tlxths, puls ls le df prgalrf geifejgf `he`l sl gegjgf ld jfageh pfrfdf jhestrujjgúe `l df dleouf hrfd y df lsjrgtf. Df l`ujfjgúe bæsgjf prgafrgf, phrsu pfrtl, jhetgeûf ld trfbfkh le threh fd sletg`h y sgoegigjf`h `l df lsjrgturf,mfjgle`h çeifsgs le df f`qugsgjgúe jhevlejghefd ̀ ld jú`goh lsjrgth y le df gejhr-phrfjgúe prhorlsgvf `l jhevlejghels hrthoræigjfs y sgoehs `l puetufjgúe. Zgelabfroh, fprle`lr f dllr y lsjrgbgr ls ue prhjlsh qul sl `f f dh dfroh `l df vg`f,yf qul jf`f vlz aæs sl jhapdlkgzfe dfs prh`ujjghels lsjrgtfs y dfs jhaprlesgh-els dljthrfs, getlrprltftgvfs y froualetftgvfs.


10/50

6>Df bgbdghtljf ̀ l fudf

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf

Df iuejgúe prgahr`gfd `l df bgbdghtljf `l fudf ls brge`fr f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfsfjjlsh f `gilrletls aftlrgfdls `l dljturf qul fphyle su ihrafjgúe jhah dljth-rls. Zge labfroh, `gjmh fjjlsh `lbl lstfr al`gf`h phr df fjjgúe `ld `hjletl,qugle prhphel uef slrgl `l fjtgvg`f`ls y lxplrglejgfs le dfs jufdls dhs egöhs ydfs egöfs sl lejuletrfe jhe ̀ gilrletls tlxths y prhpúsgths ̀ l dljturf. @l lstf ihr-af, le fdouefs hphrtueg`f`ls, ld fjjlsh dgbrl f aftlrgfd ls g`lfd pfrf prhahvlrld ousth phr df dljturf3 le htrfs hjfsghels, df al`gfjgúe `ld `hjletl tglel jhahprhpúsgth `lsfrrhddfr jglrtfs mfbgdg`f`ls, fjtgtu`ls h jhapltlejgfs lspljáigjfsrldfjghef`fs jhe dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs `l dhs tlxths sldljjghef`hs.

Le lstl sletg`h, df bgbdghtljf `l fudf eh ls ue duofr ráog`h, `he`l ld ush `ld dgbrhlstæ rlstrgeog`h f ahaleths jhetrhdf`hs phr ld ̀ hjletl. Ls ue lspfjgh ̀ l lejuletrhletrl dljthrls le ihrafjgúe, prhpgjgh pfrf getlrrhofrsl shbrl df judturf lsjrgtf, getlrlsfrsl

phr lddf, y pfrf dllr y lsjrgbgr. Zgle`h lstl ld mhrgzhetl `l trfbfkh, f jhetgeufjgúe

prlsletfahs fdouefs suolrlejgfs pfrf hrofegzfr y `gefagzfr df bgbdghtljf `lfudf. ¡Afehs f df hbrf!

f bgbdghtljf `l fudf ls ue lspfjgh `letrh `ld sfdúe `l jdfsl hrof-egzf`h fdrl`l`hr `l ue jhekueth `l aftlrgfdls `l dljturf ‐`gil-rletls f dgbrhs `l tlxth‐, `gspulsths pfrf qul lstçe `l afelrf

plrafeletl fd fdjfejl `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, y f pfrtgr `l dhs juf-dls sl olelrfe lxplrglejgfs `l fprle`gzfkl le threh f df judturf lsjrgtf.

D

L^GJ

\e lspfjgh `l lejuletrh letrl dljthrls

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf `lPrfesgjgúe ddlof le uef jfkf

¡Lxpdhrl df jfkf! y vlrgigqul qul jhetleof trljl dgbrhs,pfrf lddh mfy uef dgstf `l jmlqulh qul fjhapföf df

jhdljjgúe. F`laæs, `lbl lejhetrfr `hs J@; ueh jhe ue slejgddh fpdgjftgvh `lgevletfrgh ̀ l dhs dgbrhs qul mfe sg`h letrlof`hs y htrh qul jhetglel ld dgbrh Zfefqul sfef; uef jfejgúe pfrf th`f hjfsgúe. Le jfsh ̀ l qul ifdtl fdoûe aftlrgfd, rlpúrtl-dh jhe ld tuthr ̂ PF ̀ l su gestgtujgúe.

Jhehzjf df jhdljjgúe

Dhs dgbrhs qul jheihrafe df Jhdljjgúe ̀ l Fudf lstæe hrofegzf`hs ̀ l df sgougletlafelrf;

Dgbrhs geihraftgvhsZhe dgbrhs gdustrf`hs h jhe ihthorfiáfs qul prlsletfe jhejlpths bæsgjhs rldf-jghef`hs jhe Aftlaætgjfs, Jglejgfs Efturfdls h Jglejgfs Zhjgfdls. Lsths dgbrhs


11/50

66Df bgbdghtljf ̀ l fudf

LB^GJ

brge`fe df phsgbgdg`f` `l g`letgigjfr, ehabrfr, leualrfr, forupfr, jdfsgigjfr hjhapfrfr, letrl htrhs prhjlshs `l plesfagleth. ^ul`l qul ld tlxth geihraftgvhlstç gejhrphrf`h f ue rldfth, plrh df prlsletfjgúe ̀ ld jhejlpth ls dh jletrfd. Dhsdgbrhs geihraftgvhs `l lstf jhdljjgúe she;

• Fegafdls ̀ ld zhhdúogjh • Dhs jhdhrls • Ag prgalr 6 2 : • Ag prgalr `gjjghefrgh `l df F f df [ • \e juf`rf`h, ue járjudh y ue trgæeoudh • Wh vgvh fquá

Dgbrhs ædbuaZhe dgbrhs efrrftgvhs qul lstrujturfe rldfths f pfrtgr ̀ l gaæolels h ̀ l gaæolelsy tlxths jhrths. Le lddhs sl prlsletfe plrshefkls qul `lsfrrhddfe rutgefs jhtg`gf-efs h uef slrgl `l fjjghels le dfs jufdls mfy sljulejgfs tlaætgjfs y tlaphrfdls.Dhs dgbrhs ædbua `l df jhdljjgúe she;

• Bulehs `áfs

• Ld dæpgz • Dhs jhjh`rgdhs jhpghels • f̂rf lsh she dhs fagohs • Mgsthrgfs ̀ l rfthels

Dgbrhs `l phlsáfDhs dgbrhs `l phlsáf gejduyle jfejghels, rgafs h kulohs rátagjhs. Jhe lddhs, dhsegöhs y dfs egöfs tglele df phsgbgdg`f` ̀ l rlfdgzfr kulohs jhrphrfdls h ̀ l pfdfbrfs,

fsá jhah `l lejhetrfr rloudfrg`f`ls le ld sgstlaf lsjrgth. Dhs dgbrhs `l phlsáf`l df jhdljjgúe she;

• Ld dgbrh ̀ l Fetúe ̂ grudlrh • Zfef qul sfef; uef jfejgúe pfrf jf`f hjfsgúe

Ph`hs dhs dgbrhs lstæe prhjlsf`hs tçjegjfaletl, ls `ljgr, ddlofe ihrrf`hs pfrf qulrlsgstfe ld ush `gfrgh y jhe df igjmf `l prçstfah . Fsgagsah, fd goufd qul dhs dgbrhs `ldf Jhdljjgúe Zlagddf h `l jufdquglr bgbdghtljf lsjhdfr, le df pfrtl geilrghr `lddhah sl lejuletrf ld rútudh pfrf su jdfsgigjfjgúe y hrofegzfjgúe `letrh `l dfbgbdghtljf6.

\e duofr pfrf df bgbdghtljf `l fudf \ef vlz mfyf vlrgigjf`h ld lstf`h `l df jhdljjgúe, ubáqul-df `letrh `ld fudf, pfrf lsth tleof le juletf;

• Jhevlrsl jhe dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs shbrl df ddlof`f `l dhs dgbrhs eulvhs y`ljg`f jhe lddhs ld duofr `he`l dhs ubgjfræe.

6. Ylr jfpátudh «Gestrujtgvh pfrfdf hrofegzfjgúe `l df JhdljjgúeZlagddf³ le Jhdljjgúe Zlagddf;Dgbrhs pfrf slabrfr y jhsljmfr

bgbdghtljfs lsjhdfrls - Jftædhoh2>60 (pæo. 699) @gsphegbdl le;mttp;//ohh.od/D@s?zJ.


12/50


LB^GJ

• Ld duofr `he`l qul`l df jhdljjgúe `lbl plragtgr f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs ldfjjlsh f dhs dgbrhs, pfrf lsth pul`l hrofegzfrdhs le jfkfs, le lstfetls mljmhsle jfrtúe h af`lrf h le lxmgbg`hrls tgph bhdsgddh. Lstf ls uef hphrtueg`f` pfrfmfjlr uef prgalrf lxpdhrfjgúe `l dhs dgbrhs jhe dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, mfbdfr `l sus

jfrfjtlrástgjfs, jdfsgigjfrdhs y olelrfr getlrçs phr dhs agsahs3 gejdush pul`l slr uef fj-

tgvg`f` le df qul pul`le pfrtgjgpfr dhs pf`rls `l ifagdgf.

• \ef vlz ubgjf`hs dhs dgbrhs, sl ̀ lbl mfjlr `l lstl lspfjgh fdoh lspljgfd `letrh`ld sfdúe. Jhevglel `ljhrfrdh, phelrdl fdoûe ehabrl ddfaftgvh y mfjlr quljhevhqul f dhs egöhs f lejhetrfsl jhe df jhdljjgúe3 pfrf lsth, phr lklapdh, slpul`le jhdhjfr jhkgels jhe ld ige `l mfjlr ld duofr aæs fjhol`hr.

• Dhs dgbrhs `lble jhdhjfrsl jhe df jfrætudf mfjgf fd irletl, tgph lxmgbgjgúe.Pfabgçe `lble lstfr fdlkf`hs `l ifjthrls fabgletfdls qul pul`fe `ltlrgh-rfrdhs, jhah ld fouf.

\ef bgbdghtljf vgvf; phsgbdls

`geæagjfs `l ushDf bgbdghtljf eh juapdl su iuejgúe shdh jhe lstfr le ldsfdúe `l jdfsl. Df al`gfjgúe `ld `hjletl ls iue`faletfd

pfrf `frdl vg`f f lstl lspfjgh. ^hr lddh, suolrgahs fdouefs fjtgvg`f`ls fdrl`l`hr`l df bgbdghtljf `l fudf;

Jrlfr ue fjulr`h `l rlsplth y jug`f`h

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf ls tfabgçe ue lspfjgh pfrf fprle`lr shbrl dhs bglels jh-dljtgvhs y su jug`f`h, ̀ l mljmh pul`l slr uef ̀ l dfs prgalrfs lxplrglejgfs shbrl«dh pûbdgjh³. Le tfd sletg`h, ls iue`faletfd fjhr`fr jhe dhs egöhs y dfs egöfsdfs rlodfs bæsgjfs `l ush `l dhs dgbrhs. Lstl fjulr`h `lblráf jhestrugrsl jhdljtgvfaletlpfrf qul dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs pfrtgjgple ̀ l dh fjhr`f`h y jhaprle`fe dfs gapdgjfjghels ̀ l

eh slougr dfs rlodfs.

^hr htrh df`h, df jrlfjgúe ̀ l lstl fjulr`h pul`l ̀ fr pgl f ue lklrjgjgh ̀ l lsjrgturfjhdljtgvf; ld oruph `gjtf y df aflstrf thaf ehtf le ld tfbdlrh h le uef jfrtldlrf3h fdouehs egöhs jhe afyhr `hagegh `l df lsjrgturf thafe ehtf `l dhs fjulr`hs.Ld ̀ hjualeth igefd ̀ lbl lstfr le fdoûe duofr vgsgbdl ̀ ld sfdúe ̀ l jdfsl, puls slræue rlilrletl ̀ l jhesudtf plrafeletl.

Dljturf le vhz fdtf

Df dljturf le vhz fdtf ls uef præjtgjf qul fyu`f f `lsfrrhddfr prhjlshs `l jha-

prlesgúe `l dljturf y qul prhphrjghef f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs ue ah`ldh dljthr,ld `ld `hjletl. F`laæs, df dljturf le vhz fdtf ihrtfdljl ld váejudh filjtgvh letrlquglels lsjujmfe y ld f`udth qul dll. \e ahaleth `l dljturf le vhz fdtf, fd geg-jgfr h tlragefr ld ̀ áf lsjhdfr, pul`l slrvgr pfrf fprle`lr vhjfbudfrgh, alkhrfr dfftlejgúe, fjlrjfr f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs f ue tlaf f trftfr le jdfsl h jhevlrsfrshbrl dhs getlrlsls, ousths h agl`hs `l dhs egöhs.


13/50

6:Df bgbdghtljf ̀ l fudf

LB^GJ

Dljturf futúehaf

Pfabgçe she gaphrtfetls dhs lspfjghs `l dljturf futúehaf pfrf qul dhs egöhsy dfs egöfs pul`fe fjlrjfrsl f df bgbdghtljf, thafr ld dgbrh `l su getlrçs y dllr-dh sge df al`gfjgúe `ld `hjletl, fsá fûe eh jhehzjfe jhapdltfaletl ld jú`gohfdifbçtgjh. @lkfr f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs dllr f su afelrf, shdhs h le dhs oruphsqul `l ihraf lsphetæelf sl vfyfe ihrafe`h, dls fyu`f f vlrsl jhah dljthrls.Fsgagsah, ld `hjletl pul`l g`letgigjfr dhs getlrlsls y eljlsg`f`ls `l dhs egöhsy dfs egöfs f pfrtgr `l dhs dgbrhs qul ldgole y dfs jhevlrsfjghels qul letfbdfefdrl`l`hr `l lddhs (ALE, 2>60, pæo. 2?).

Jgrjudfjgúe y prçstfah `l dgbrhs

Dhs dgbrhs `l df bgbdghtljf `l fudf pul`le sfdgr `l lddf y prlstfrsl pfrf dhs ah-aleths `l rljrlh h gejdush pfrf slr ddlvf`hs f jfsf, sglaprl y jufe`h yf lxgstfeuefs ̀ geæagjfs ̀ l jug`f`h figfezf`fs le ld oruph. Ld prçstfah `f df g`lf fd egöh`l qul ld dgbrh ls ue hbklth pfrf slr jhapfrtg`h, qul sl pul`l dllr iulrf `ld fudfy lspljgfdaletl le ld mhofr. F`laæs, ld prçstfah prhaulvl uef sgtufjgúe le dfjufd sl phele le præjtgjf prhthjhdhs y sl sgoule ehrafs fjhr`f`fs; letrlofrdhfd `áf sgougletl, jug`frdh, eh rfyfrdh eg `lsprle`lr sus mhkfs.

^frf phelr le præjtgjf df jgrjudfjgúe, jf`f dgbrh juletf le df pfrtl `l ftræs jheuef igjmf `l prçstfah. Lstf, f`laæs, ls ue prltlxth pfrf jrlfr uef sgtufjgúe `llsjrgturf, puls she dhs agsahs egöhs quglels df `gdgolejgfe jhe dhs `fths bæsg-jhs3 fsá pul`le jhetgeufr jhe df lxpdhrfjgúe `l df lsjrgturf `l su ehabrl y dfiljmf, qul she rlilrletls jdfvls pfrf getlrrhofrsl phr ld fdifblth.

@l df dljturf f tlelrrfzhels pfrf lsjrgbgr

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf tfabgçe pul`l brge`fr f dhs `hjle-tls prltlxths pfrf olelrfr præjtgjfs `l lsjrgturf jhe dhs

egöhs y dfs egöfs, phr lklapdh;

• Jrlfr dgstfs `l jmlqulh le dfs jufdls, `l afelrf pûbdgjf h ge`gvgùfd, dhs eg-öhs y dfs egöfs ddlvle ue jhetrhd ̀ l dhs dgbrhs dlá`hs y dhs jfdgigqule jhe lstrl-ddfs, jhah le dfs rlslöfs `l dfs pldájudfs.

• Ldfbhrfr ue ̀ gfrgh ̀ l dljturf le ld jufd jf`f egöh y egöf lsjrgbf shbrl ld dgbrhifvhrgth `l df bgbdghtljf h ld qul sl ddlvú ùrfetl ld ige `l slafef. Lstl `gfrghpul`l slrvgrdl fd `hjletl pfrf ahegthrlfr ld prhjlsh `l jhestrujjgúe `ld sgs-

tlaf fdifbçtgjh le dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs. • Lsjrgbgr rlslöfs `l dhs dgbrhs aæs dlá`hs h `ld «dgbrh `l df slafef³. Lsth slddlvf f jfbh le `geæagjfs `l lsjrgturf jhdljtgvf h ge`gvgùfd, le dfs jufdlssl rlidlxghef shbrl quç ls uef rlslöf y juæd ls su lstrujturf3 tfabgçe plr-agtl f`ldfetfr prhjlshs `l rlvgsgúe y rlidlxgúe shbrl fspljths ihrafdls `ldf dleouf, f afelrf `l sljulejgf `g`æjtgjf h prhyljth, y jhe uef getlejgúejhauegjftgvf lxpdájgtf.


14/50


LB^GJ

Lstfs she fjtgvg`f`ls jhtg`gfefs qul pul`le olelrfr præjtgjfs plrafeletls `ldljturf f pfrtgr ̀ ld aftlrgfd ̀ gsphegbdl le df bgbdghtljf ̀ l fudf. ̂ frf jhehjlr aæsprhpulstfs `l fjtgvg`f`ls, sl pul`l jhesudtfr df Ouáf `l fjtgvg`f`ls `l dfs afrfth- els `l dljturf `ld ^dfe Efjghefd `l Dljturf y Lsjrgturf2.

Df bgbdghtljf `l fudf `lbl slr ue rlilrletl pfrf df jhesudtf l gejhrphrfjgúe `ldhs dgbrhs le lxplrglejgfs `l fprle`gzfkl aæs jhapdlkfs, frtgjudf`fs fd trfbfkhpl`foúogjh qul `lsfrrhddf ld `hjletl `l Prfesgjgúe y jletrf`fs le ld `lsfrrhddh`l jhapltlejgfs `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs. ^hr lddh, le ld sgougletl jfpátudh slprlsletfe fdouefs lxplrglejgfs gespgrf`hrfs qul ̀ lstfjfe jfrfjtlrástgjfs gaphr-tfetls `l dhs dgbrhs le iuejgúe `l dfs jhapltlejgfs y dhs prhjlshs qul pul`le`lsfrrhddfr dhs lstu`gfetls.

2. @gsphegbdl le;mttp;//ohh.od/\[i:O0.


15/50

B^GJ

Lxplrglejgfs


16/50

69Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

© ^lrfdtf, Afráf `ld Zhd (jhap.)

✒ Gdustrf`hrf; Aldh P., Mldlef

Ff @grljjgúe ausgjfd; ^rf`h, Rgjfr`h

✷ L`gthrgfd; Fdifoufrf, 2>60.

Zfrf ls uef `hjletl qul fjhapföf f ue oruph `l Prfesg-jgúe, jheihraf`h phr 2? egöhs y egöfs, le df zhef rurfd ̀ l

ue auegjgpgh `ld `lpfrtfaleth `ld Mugdf. Le olelrfd, df aftrájudf `l lstfgestgtujgúe sl ̀ lsjrgbl jhah phbdfjgúe idhtfetl y sus tglaphs le ld jhdloghrlsphe`le f df plrafelejgf `l dhs pf`rls le df zhef, quglels sl aulvleletrl dhs `gilrletls `lpfrtfaleths `l fjulr`h jhe dfs çphjfs `l jhsljmf,dfs jufdls afrjfe dhs plrgh`hs `l dhs lstu`gfetls le ld sgstlaf l`ujftgvh.

^hr dh fetlrghr, Zfrf mf jhesg`lrf`h fprhvljmfr alkhr ld tglaph qul dhs eg-öhs lstæe le df gestgtujgúe y ihrtfdljlr dfs præjtgjfs ̀ l dljturf qul prhpgjgf.Zgletl qul mfstf ld ahaleth sl mf dgagtf`h f lklrjgjghs `l jhaprlesgúebfsf`hs le df dúogjf prlouetf-rlspulstf, jfsg sglaprl `l hr`le dgtlrfd pfrf«qul dhs lstu`gfetls pul`fe `fr juletf `l geihrafjgúe prljgsf `l dh quldlylrhe h lsjujmfrhe³, y `u`f qul lsth lstç fyu`fe`h f `lsfrrhddfr jha-

pltlejgfs jhauegjftgvfs3 plrh f`laæs eh lstæ slourf `l qul dhs egöhs sllstçe getlrlsfe`h le dllr.

\e `áf, hrofegzfe`h y prlpfrfe`h ld aftlrgfd pfrf df sgougletl slsgúe,lejuletrf ue dgbrh qul ddfaf su ftlejgúe; Zfef qul sfef; uef jfejgúe pfrfjf`f hjfsgúe. Agletrfs dh rlvgsf, Zfrf sl `f juletf `l qul lstl rhapl jhe dflstrujturf `l dgbrh f df qul dhs egöhs y egöfs, y lddf agsaf, lstæe fjhstua-brf`hs, olelrfdaletl `l jhrtl efrrftgvh y `l ifetfsáf (juleths y iæbudfs).^hr ld jhetrfrgh, Zfef qul sfef prlsletf audtgpdgjg`f` `l rldfths, le goufd`gvlrsg`f` `l oçelrhs; rhe`fs, phlsáfs, jfejghels, f`gvgefezfs, rltfmádfs,letrl htrhs. Lddh `lkf fbglrtf df phsgbgdg`f` `l qul ld dgbrh slf dlá`h le `gil-

rletls ahaleths, `l `gvlrsfs ihrafs (le vhz fdtf, phr dhs egöhs, le dljturfjhapfrtg`f) y jhe `gilrletls prhpúsgths, dh jufd dl plragtl jfabgfr ld ls-qulaf qul dl fjhapföf `ls`l mfjl yf fdoûe tglaph.

Zfrf letgle`l qul lstl dgbrh dl hirljl df hphrtueg`f` `l `lsfrrhddfr uefpræjtgjf ̀ l dljturf le df jufd dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs sl fjlrqule f df trf`gjgúehrfd (rgjf le df zhef rurfd `he`l sl ubgjf ld jhdlogh), y sl mfof prlsletl ldkuloh y jglrtfs jhapltlejgfs iásgjfs. Rljulr`f tfabgçe ld vfdhr pl`foúogjh

Zfef qul sfef , `l jhaglezhf ste, th`h ue ilstáe

stl dgbrh ̀ l phlsáf y jfejghels jhapgdf rhe`fs ̀ l df trf-`gjgúe hrfd qul letrlalzjdfe rlfdg`f` y ifetfsáf. Jf`ftlxth lstæ fjhapföf`h ̀ l aûsgjf prhpgf ̀ l dfs ̀ gilrle-

tls rloghels `ld pfás y mfjl fdusgúe f rgafs, `gjmhs y rl-dfths `l `gilrletls sgtufjghels `l df vg`f.

LZfef qul sfef; uef jfejgúe pfrf jf`f hjfsgúe


17/50

6?Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

`l dfs rhe`fs pfrf fprhxgafrsl fd lethreh, pfrf lstfbdljlr rldfjghels, sl-ougr sljulejgfs `l tglaph y ubgjfjgúe `l fjulr`h jhe lspfjghs jhejrlths,sljulejgfs rátagjfs y afelkh `l lahjghels… ¡Ph`f uef hphrtueg`f`!

@lspuçs `l lstfs rlidlxghels, df `hjletl lxpdhrf dhs sfblrls `l dhs lstu-`gfetls shbrl dfs rhe`fs, dfs rgafs y dfs f`gvgefezfs, letrl htrfs lxprlsgh-els hrfdls. Gegjgf shdgjgtæe`hdls f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs qul kueth jhe suspf`rls, fbuldhs y táhs rlûefe tlxths qul juapdfe jhe lstfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs,dhs jufdls slræe jhapfrtg`hs le df sgougletl jdfsl. Le ld sfdúe, sl olelrf ue`gædhoh f pfrtgr `l dhs tlxths mfddf`hs y sl thaf ehtf le ld tfbdlrh `l dhsplrshefkls, `gjmhs y pfdfbrfs rljurrletls.

^hstlrghraletl, Zfrf prlsletf ld dgbrh Zfef qul sfef f dhs egöhs y egöfs, ytrfbfkf dhs trls prgalrhs tlxths. Lsths sl dlle le vhz fdtf, duloh sl trfbfkfejhe ld fu`gh y phr ûdtgah df `hjletl dhs jfetf kueth jhe dhs egöhs y dfs eg-öfs. @l lstf ihraf, Zfrf tglel df hphrtueg`f` ̀ l lxpdgjfr júah dfs pfdfbrfstglele shehrg`f` y sl pul`le fjhapföfr `l ahvgagleths, y dhs egöhs ydfs egöfs jhaprle`le jglrtfs gapdgjfjghels ̀ l dfs rhe`fs y kulohs ̀ l pfdf-brfs (júah iuejghefe dfs rgafs y ld slougr gestrujjghels).

Duloh `l lstf fjtgvg`f`, Zfrf dls pg`l f dhs egöhs y egöfs qul sl hrofegjlele oruphs `l trfbfkh y qul letrl lddhs rlthale dfs rgafs y `gjmhs qul trf-klrhe `l sus jfsfs. Prfs ue ahaleth `l `gsjusgúe, jf`f oruph ldgol uef `ldfs rhe`fs.

\ef vlz dhs lstu`gfetls mfe g`letgigjf`h df rhe`f, Zfrf dls pg`l qul jhe-vlrsle shbrl júah sl ph`ráf kuofr, y ehabrf le jf`f oruph f ue rldfthr

(ue egöh h egöf qul yf ̀ hagel ld jú`goh fdifbçtgjh) pfrf qul thal ehtf ̀ ljúah sl kulof df rhe`f. Prfs lstf fjtgvg`f`, jf`f oruph pfsf f shjgfdgzfr surhe`f, mfjgle`h alejgúe `l dfs rlodfs qul sl `lble slougr fd ahaleth `lkuofrdf. Zfrf rljhol jf`f uef `l dfs rldfthráfs y dfs plof le ue duofr vgsgbdl`ld sfdúe.

Le df sgougletl slsgúe, df `hjletl plragtl qul dhs egöhs rlthale dfs rhe-`fs, dlyle`h le vhz fdtf dfs rldfthráfs, y dls pg`l qul vhtle phr df qul aæsdls oustf. \ef vlz sldljjghef`f, dls ge`gjf qul sfdofe fd pftgh `l rljrlh fkuofr lsf rhe`f. Fddá Zfrf sldljjghef f ue egöh h egöf qugle, jhe su fyu`f,dll `l eulvh dfs gestrujjghels pfrf qul pul`fe kuofrdf.

Le al`gh ̀ ld kuloh, Zfrf jhaglezf f jhapdlkgzfr df rhe`f lsjhog`f getrh`u-jgle`h eulvfs gestrujjghels, jhah g`letgigjfr hpulsths (frrgbf, fbfkh, `l-rljmf, gzquglr`f)3 hrofegzfr y jhapfrfr; «dhs aæs plqulöhs f`ldfetl³, «dhsaæs fdths ftræs³3 pg`gçe`hdls qul sl leualrle pfrf hjupfr uef phsgjgúe`letrh `ld oruph; «prgalrh, sloue`h, tlrjlrh³3 h le ld lspfjgh; «f`ldfetl,ftræs, letrl, fd df`h `l³. @l lstf ihraf, afetlegle`h ld kuloh prhpgh `l dfrhe`f, «dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs jhaglezfe f ̀ fr juletf ̀ l df phsgjgúe rldftgvf


18/50

LB^GJ

• Olelrfjgúe `l lspfjghs `l jrlfjgúe jhdljtgvf pfrfgevletfr uef lstrhif aæs pfrf df rhe`f qul aæs dlsmfyf oustf`h f dhs egöhs y egöfs, h gevletfr uefeulvf f pfrtgr `l uef gafole `ld tlxth h uef pfdf-brf `l getlrçs.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs jrlfe gestrualeths ausgjfdlssgapdls jhe aftlrgfdls rljgjdfbdls pfrf fjhapföfrld jfeth `l dfs rhe`fs.

• F pfrtgr `l dhs rldfths qul prlsletf ld dgbrh, dhs eg-öhs y dfs egöfs lsjhole fdouehs plrshefkls y leue kuloh `l rhdls rlprlsletfe dhs jhaphrtfagle-ths qul tglele lsths, fquá sl mfjl ue trfbfkh `l

rljhehjgagleth `l lahjghels y jhaphrtfagleths`lslfbdls h eh.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs rlfdgzfe uef dgstf `l dhs hbkl-ths qul she ehabrf`hs le ueh `l dhs rldfths qulprlsletf ld tlxth y ld ̀ hjletl shdgjgtf qul dhs jdfsgig-

qule `l fjulr`h jhe sus ftrgbuths y jfrfjtlrástgjfs.^hr lklapdh, jdfsgigjfr phr tfaföhs, tlxturfs, jhdh-rls, ihrafs y ushs, letrl htrhs.

• Jhe df fyu`f `l dhs pf`rls h f`udths jlrjfehs, dhsegöhs y dfs egöfs rljhpgdfe rhe`fs y `gjmhs, y le ldjhdlogh mfjle uef fethdhoáf `l trf`gjgúe hrfd `ldf zhef. ¡Lsth pul`l slr th`h ue prhyljth `l fudf!

6=Lxplrglejgfs

¸Vuç aæs pul`l pfsfr8

`l dhs hbklths utgdgzfe`h su prhpgh julrph jhah rlilrlejgf³, tfd jhah rljh-agle`f ld Afeufd ̀ l gapdlaletfjgúe Lsjuldf Eulvf (thah G, pæo. 6>>).

Fd letrfr eulvfaletl fd sfdúe, Zfrf dls pg`l f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs qul mf-ofe ue plqulöh rljuleth shbrl ld lklrjgjgh qul sl ddlvú f jfbh le ld pftgh`l rljrlh y lddf thaf ehtf le ld tfbdlrh `l dfs «eulvfs gestrujjghels pfrfkuofr df rhe`f³. Le df jhevlrsfjgúe, dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs vfe ̀ fe`h juletf`l sljulejgfs efrrftgvfs y hr`lefjgúe jrhehdúogjf; quç rlfdgzfahs prgal-rh, quç mgjgahs ̀ lspuçs… Le lstl ahaleth ls gaphrtfetl df al`gfjgúe ̀ ldf `hjletl jufe`h sl prlsletfe sfdths qul sl sfdle `l df dúogjf; «¸slourhqul lsh pfsf prgalrh8, ¸Kufe, tû quç hpgefs8, ¸lsh iul fetls h `lspuçs `lfofjmfrehs8³.

Le uef slsgúe phstlrghr, Zfrf thaf eulvfaletl ld dgbrh Zfef qul sfef, y ldg-ol df mgsthrgf «F ag burrh³, rltfmádf f pfrtgr `l df jufd ls phsgbdl hbslrvfrsljulejgfs jrhehdúogjfs. @urfetl df jdfsl, Zfrf phel ld fu`gh `l df rltfmádfy dh fjhapföf jhe df dljturf le ld dgbrh, mfjgle`h çeifsgs le qul ld J@jhetglel ld agsah tlxth `ld dgbrh, shdh qul fjhapföf`h `l aûsgjf. Dlsletrlof ue dæpgz y uef mhkf f jf`f egöh y egöf pfrf qul, f al`g`f qul ls-jujmle df jfejgúe, lsjrgbfe jhe dfs orfiáfs qul afelkfe fqulddfs fjjghelsqul sujl`le f dh dfroh `l df mgsthrgf, `l ah`h qul fd igefd jf`f ueh pul`frljhestrugr df sljulejgf.

@lspuçs `l lstf fjtgvg`f`, Zfrf thaf ld dgbrh y, agletrfs qul df jfejgúesulef `l ihe`h, trfesjrgbl le ld tfbdlrh df rltfmádf pfrf qul dhs egöhs y dfsegöfs pul`fe jhapfrfr sus lsjrgths jhe ld `ld dgbrh, olelrfe`h ue `gædhohshbrl dfs dltrfs qul jhehjle y dh qul dls ifdtú f sus lsjrgths. @l lstf afel-

rf sl prhpgjgf ue lspfjgh `l jheirhetfjgúe letrl pfrls, jhe ld hbkltgvh `lrlidlxghefr shbrl ld jú`goh fdifbçtgjh. Fsá Zfrf lapglzf uef eulvf slrgl`l fjtgvg`f`ls jhe lstl prhpúsgth.


19/50

67Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

Afráf Khsç y Frturh she auy bulehs fagohs, fabhs lstæele ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe ̀ l su jhdlogh, ubgjf`h le Ld @giájgd,

uef phbdfjgúe `ld auegjgpgh `l Frgoufeá, le ld `lpfrtfaleth `ld Afo-`fdlef. \e `áf, Afráf Khsç y Frturh sl fjlrjfe f Lstlr, su `hjletl, y dl prl-ouetfe fjlrjf `ld sgoegigjf`h `l df pfdfbrf «Frgoufeá³. Lddf dls rlsphe`lqul ls ue vhjfbdh ge`áolef qul sgoegigjf jhrrgletl `l foufs jdfrfs. Dhs `hsegöhs, `l geal`gfth dl prlouetfe quç sgoegigjf «jhrrgletl³ y «jdfrfs‗³. Df`hjletl g`letgigjf fsá uef orfe hphrtueg`f` pfrf gegjgfr ue prhyljth leld jufd sl fbhr`l ld tlaf `l dhs jhdhrls y pul`fe lxplrgaletfr jhe lddhs.

Lstlr sl lejuletrf duloh jhe su jhdlof Rhsfrgh, qugle tfabgçe tglel f jfr-oh ue oruph `l Prfesgjgúe. Dl jhaletf df gequgltu` qul tglele sus lstu-`gfetls, y fabfs rljulr`fe qul le su bgbdghtljf `l fudf juletfe jhe ld

dgbrh Dhs jhelkgths fprle`le dhs jhdhrls . @lspuçs, dls jhauegjfe f sus lstu`gfe-tls qul prlpfrfræe dfs rlspulstfs f sus gequgltu`ls.

Fd sgougletl `áf, dfs `hjletls ddlvfe f sus egöhs y egöfs fd fudf aûdtgpdl,fddá dls jhaletfe qul vfe f dllr uef mgsthrgf shbrl uef jhelkgtf, qul ̀ lblelsjujmfr jhe ftlejgúe y sletfrsl júah`faletl. Lstlr thaf df pfdfbrf,agletrfs Rhsfrgh sl sgletf kueth f dhs lstu`gfetls. Dh prgalrh qul mfjlLstlr ls ahstrfrdls f dhs egöhs y egöfs df jfrætudf `ld dgbrh y mfjlrdls prl-ouetfs jhah; «¸sfble juæd ls ld tátudh `l lstl dgbrh8, ¸quç vle le df jfræ-tudf8, ¸quç jrlle qul sujl`l jhe df jhelkgtf y lstfs tfzfs `l pgeturf8, ¸quçsfble fjlrjf `l dhs jhdhrls8, ¸sg yh pglesh le fzud, shdh mfy ue theh `l

fzud8, ¸juæetfs thefdg`f`ls `l fzud pul`h vlr le lstl sfdúe8³. @l lstf ihr-af, df `hjletl ahtgvf f dhs egöhs y egöfs f qul mfofe prl`gjjghels fjlrjf`l dh qul vfe f lejhetrfr le ld dgbrh, pfrf duloh laplzfr jhe df dljturf levhz fdtf `ld tlxth.

\ef vlz tlragef df dljturf, Lstlr y Rhsfrgh jhapfrtle irletl f sus lstu`gfe-tls juæd ls su jhdhr ifvhrgth y quç ldlaleth ldgoglrhe pfrf rlprlsletfrdh.Lstlr afegiglstf qul su jhdhr ifvhrgth ls ld efrfekf y pgetf ue orfe shd le

© Bfclr, Fdfe y ^ltty, Cftl

Ff Prf`ujjgúe; Afrtmf @hegs

✷ L`gthrgfd; Dfrhussl, 2>60

\ef lxplrglejgf `l `lsjubrgagleth

Dhs jhelkgths fprle`le dhs jhdhrls

e lstf hbrf, uef jhelkgtf bdfejf lejuletrf trls orfe`lsrljgpgletls `l pgeturf y `ljg`l zfabuddgrsl le jf`fueh pfrf vlr júah dujl jhe dhs `gilrletls jhdhrls. Le

lstl kuloh df jhelkgtf sl fshabrf fd `lsjubrgr qul sg jha-bgef dhs jhdhrls rlsudtfe htrhs `gilrletls y lxplrgaletf df «tlaplrf-turf³ `l lsths.

L


20/50


21/50

26Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

Df `hjletl Jfrhdgef trfbfkf jhe ue oruph `l vlgetg`úsegöhs y egöfs `ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe, juyfs l`f`ls hsjgdfe

letrl dhs slgs y hjmh föhs `l l`f`. Lsths lstu`gfetls sglaprl fsgstle `lafelrf rloudfr fd jhdlogh y sus ifagdgfs, phr dh olelrfd, lstæe `gspulstfs ffphyfr f df gestgtujgúe le sus prhjlshs y, le lspljgfd, f mfjlr ld fjhapföf-agleth eljlsfrgh f sus mgkhs l mgkfs.

Jfrhdgef mf hbslrvf`h qul sus lstu`gfetls, le dhs `gstgeths lspfjghs `llejuletrh, utgdgzfe `gilrletls hbklths `ld lethreh pfrf jhestrugr y rljrlfrmgsthrgfs rldfjghef`fs jhe su jhtg`gfeg`f`. F pfrtgr `l lstl jhehjgagleth,y jhe df getlejgúe `l ihrtfdljlr le dhs egöhs y egöfs ld ush `l df gafogef-jgúe y df jrlftgvg`f` phr al`gh `l `gilrletls lxplrgaleths slejgddhs, prl-pfrf uef fjtgvg`f` gespgrf`f le ld dgbrh \e juf`rf`h, ue járjudh y ue trgæeoudh ,`l Fdlkfe`rh Afofddfels.

Lstl dgbrh ifvhrljl ld rljhehjgagleth `l dfs igourfs f pfrtgr `l sus rlsplj-tgvfs prhpgl`f`ls y ftrgbuths, sus `gilrlejgfs y slalkfezfs, f trfvçs `l dfjdfsgigjfjgúe y rhtfjgúe `l dfs agsafs le df jhestrujjgúe `l dfs gaæolelsrljrlf`fs. Pfabgçe ihaletf ld `lsfrrhddh `l dfs jhapltlejgfs jhauegjf-tgvfs, rljurrgle`h f df rgqulzf `l df efrrfjgúe hrfd3 y, f`laæs, rlsfdtf df ga-phrtfejgf `l df dleouf, df gafogefjgúe y df lxpdhrfjgúe le dhs prhjlshs `ldljturf, lsjrgturf y jhaprlesgúe `ld aue`h qul ehs rh`lf.

Le df jdfsl, Jfrhdgef letrlof f jf`f egöh y egöf trls igourfs olhaçtrgjfs ‐ue juf`rf`h, ue járjudh y ue trgæeoudh‐ `l `gilrletls jhdhrls3 dlspg`l qul jhestruyfe jhe lddhs ue hbklth `l su lethreh, dh ploule le uef

mhkf bdfejf y dh `ljhrle jhe `gilrletls jhdhrls, usfe`h su gafogefjgúe yjrlftgvg`f`.

Fd tlragefr df rljrlfjgúe `l gaæolels, Jfrhdgef dls prhphel lxphelrdfs.Dhs lstu`gfetls plofe sus jrlfjghels le ld tfbdlrh, pfrf qul fsá th`hs pul-`le hbslrvfrdfs. Df `hjletl duloh dl pg`l f jf`f ueh qul ldgkf df gafole

‐`gilrletl f df prhpgf‐ qul aæs dl mfyf oustf`h y qul jhapfrtf dfs rf-zhels phr dfs jufdls df lsjhogú.

Fbstrflr l gafogefr; «¡Ls ue fvgúe!¡Ls ue pækfrh! ¡Ls… !³

gbrh ædbua qul prlsletf le jf`f pæogef uef gaf-ole jhestrug`f f pfrtgr `l ue juf`rf`h, ue járjudh yue trgæeoudh `l `gilrletls jhdhrls. Jf`f gafole lstæ

fjhapföf`f `l uef hrfjgúe qul busjf `frdl sletg`h.

D© Afofddfels, Fdlkfe`rh

✷ L`gthrgfd; L`gjghels Ld Efrfekh, 2>60

\e juf`rf`h, ue járjudh y ue trgæeoudh


22/50

22Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

Gvæe, ue egöh auy ahtgvf`h phr df fjtgvg`f`, gesgstl le thafr df pfdfbrf ydls ̀ gjl f sus jhapfölrhs qul df gafole qul aæs dl oustú iul df ̀ l su jha-pfölrf Pftgfef, phrqul pfrljl ld rh`f`lrh `ld pfrqul `l df sl`l. Jfrhdgefdl prlouetf f Pftgfef quç rlprlsletú le df gafole, y df egöf dl rlsphe`lqul jhestruyú ue pfgsfkl jhe ahetföfs y shd. Df ̀ hjletl lsjrgbl lethejls,le df pfrtl suplrghr `l df mhkf `l Pftgfef, «Ahetföfs y shd³, y rlfdgzf ldagsah prhjlsh jhe htrhs lstu`gfetls, `lsfrrhddfe`h uef sljulejgf `l ef-rrftgvf hrfd jhe ld oruph, le threh f df rljrlfjgúe `l gaæolels.

Lstl ahaleth `l df fjtgvg`f` dls plragtl f dhs lstu`gfetls rljhehjlr qulfuequl jf`f ueh tglel ue pueth `l vgstf `gstgeth fd `l dhs `laæs, ls phsg-bdl lxprlsfrsl `l ihraf rlspltuhsf, jhapfrtgr y lsjujmfr jhe ftlejgúe fdhs htrhs jhapfölrhs jufe`h pfrtgjgpfe le oruph.

F jhetgeufjgúe, Jfrhdgef gevgtf f sus lstu`gfetls f prlpfrfrsl pfrf ldahaleth `l df dljturf, sletf`hs shbrl jhkgels le ld suldh ihrafe ue

slagjárjudh pfrf ph`lr getlrfjtufr y jhevlrsfr le threh fd dgbrh.Df `hjletl dls aulstrf df jfrætudf `ld dgbrh \e juf`rf`h, ue járjudh yue trgæeoudh . Fdouehs lstu`gfetls aulstrfe shrprlsf, htrhs fdloráf,y th`hs lapglzfe f pdfetlfr mgpútlsgs fjlrjf `l dh qul vle le dfjfrætudf. Jfrhdgef dls prlouetf quç jrlle lddhs qul sujl`lræ le lddgbrh y juædls she dfs igourfs qul vfe f lejhetrfr le çd. Le lsl ah-

aleth dhs lstu`gfetls rljulr`fe dfs rlprlsletfjghels rlfdgzf`fsphr sus jhapfölrhs y dfs `lsjrgpjghels `l jf`f ueh.

Jfrhdgef fbrl ld dgbrh y dls aulstrf f dhs egöhs y egöfs df prgalrf igourfqul sl prlsletf. Dhs ahtgvf f mfjlr geilrlejgfs l getlrprltfjghels, jhe prl-

ouetfs jhah; «¸quç pul`l slr lsth8³3 duloh dll ld tlxth qul fjhapföf dfgafole; «Al fshah f df vletfef³. Ahstræe`hdls df gafole, dls prlouetf`l quç jhdhr ls df vletfef, qugçe sl fshaf f df vletfef, quç ls ld járjudh ledf gafole, sg ls `l `áf h `l ehjml. Fsá dhs lstu`gfetls g`letgigjfe `gvlrsfsihrafs `l su lethreh.

Df ̀ hjletl duloh dls pg`l qul jhapfrle lsf gafole jhe fdouef jrlf`f phrsus jhapfölrhs, l g`letgigqule juæd ls df aæs y df alehs pfrljg`f. Fdou-ehs `gjle qul df `l su jhapfölrh Fe`rçs ls df aæs pfrljg`f, phrqul le sugafole fpfrljl uef plrshef jrlf`f jhe ue járjudh y ue juf`rf`h, y qulle df pæogef `ld dgbrh tfabgçe mfy uef plrshef juyf jfblzf ls ue járjudh3

htrh lstu`gfetl jhesg`lrf qul df qul alehs sl pfrljl ls df `l Gsfbld, phr-qul mgzh ue pfgsfkl jhe dfs agsafs trls igourfs.

Df `hjletl pfsf f df sgougletl pæogef y dll; «Ylh df duef³, y mfjl prloue-tfs jhah; «¸`l quç jhdhr ls df duef8, ¸phr quç ls `l ehjml8, ¸`úe`l lstæ dfduef8, ¸qugçe lstæ vgle`h df duef8, ¸quç ls ld trgæeoudh8³, y fetls `l pfsfrf df sgougletl pæogef dhs gevgtf f geilrgr shbrl dh qul jrlle qul vfe f lejhe-trfr le lddf. Dhs egöhs y egöfs lxprlsfe `gilrletls g`lfs, afetlegle`h uef


23/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs lstu`gfetls mfjle slrgls utgdgzfe`h dfs trls ig-ourfs olhaçtrgjfs `ld dgbrh `l `gilrletls ihrafs;FBFB, FBJ, FFBJ, FBBJ, FFBBJJ.

• Df `hjletl rljhol dfs gaæolels mljmfs phr dhs ls-tu`gfetls y dfs lxphel le jdfsl pfrf rlpfsfr ld prh-púsgth jrlftgvh y rlprlsletftgvh `l jf`f uef jhahrutgef, fetls `l gegjgfr htrfs fjtgvg`f`ls le ld fudf.

• Dhs lstu`gfetls g`letgigjfe dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs ̀ l dhsjárjudhs, dhs trgæeoudhs y dhs juf`rf`hs, lxpdhrfe`hjhe igourfs `l sloue`f `galesgúe. \tgdgzfe vlrbhs,ehabrls y f`kltgvhs pfrf `lsjrgbgr dfs igourfs; eû-alrh `l lsqugefs, df`hs, jhdhrls, tfaföhs, ltj.

• ^frf fphyfr ld prhjlsh `l fprle`gzfkl `l dfs pfrtls`ld julrph, dhs egöhs y egöfs jrlfe ue futhrrltrf-th utgdgzfe`h shdh dfs trls igourfs olhaçtrgjfs `ld

dgbrh. Rlprlsletfe th`fs dfs pfrtls ̀ ld julrph gejdu-yle`h dhs `ltfddls `l df jfrf.

• Fd tlragefr ld futhrrltrfth, Jfrhdgef dls lxpdgjfjúah pul`le jdfsgigjfr dfs igourfs olhaçtrgjfs qulutgdgzfrhe l gevgtf f jf`f ueh f mfjlr ue oræigjh `lbfrrfs ̀ l dfs trls igourfs olhaçtrgjfs pfrf sfblr quçigourf utgdgzfrhe aæs le su jrlfjgúe.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, kueth jhe sus pf`rls, g`letgig-jfe slrgls ̀ l ̀ gilrletls hbklths le sus jfsfs y thafeihths h ddlvfe dhs hbklths fd jhdlogh pfrf jhapfrtgrdfs slrgls qul lejhetrfrhe jhe sus jhapfölrhs. Fd-ouehs lejuletrfe slrgls le dhs jhblrthrls, le dfspfrl`ls ̀ ld bföh, le sus juf`lrehs, le dhs aulbdls,le df rhpf, ltj.

2:Lxplrglejgfs


sljulejgf efrrftgvf3 duloh dls prlouetf júah jrlle lddhs qul slpul`l ddlofr f df Duef. Dhs lstu`gfetls pfrtgjgpfe `l ihraf fjtgvfy Jfrhdgef dls aulstrf df sgougletl gafole y dll ld tlxth qul dffjhapföf; «Yhy f df Duef³. Fsá jhah dh mgzh fetls, dls prlouetfshbrl dfs `gilrlejgfs y sgagdgtu`ls qul mfy letrl df gafole `lddgbrh y dfs qul lddhs jrlfrhe, y ihraudf prlouetfs jhah; «¸quçlrf ld trgæeoudh le df pæogef fetlrghr8, ¸fmhrf quç rlprlsletf8,y ¸ld juf`rf`h8, y ¸ld járjudh8³.

^frf mfjlr qul df fjtgvg`f` slf aæs `geæagjf, Jfrhdg-ef gevgtf f ue lstu`gfetl f prlsletfr df sgougletl

gafole `ld dgbrh, y jhe fyu`f `l df `hjletl dhslstu`gfetls dlle df irfsl; «Zualrog`h vlh f uetgburúe³. Ld lstu`gfetl qul prlsletf df gafolemfjl lethejls prlouetfs f sus jhapfölrhs;«¸`l quç jhdhr ls df pæogef8, ¸quç igourf ls ld tg-burúe8³. Fd ueásheh sl lsjujmfe dfs rlspulstfs;

fzud y trgæeoudh. Jfrhdgef dls pfsf ld dgbrh f dhs eg-öhs, y agletrfs dh mhklfe pfrtgjgpfe jhe fdloráf le

df fjtgvg`f` y mfjle dfs jhapfrfjghels rlspljtgvfs.

Df fjtgvg`f` jhetrgbuyl f qul dhs lstu`gfetls rlprlsletle su lethrehy sus hbklths f pfrtgr `l trls igourfs olhaçtrgjfs3 jhe lddf rljrlfe y «rl-sgoegigjfe³ jf`f uef `l dfs igourfs, `lple`gle`h `l su phsgjgúe y jhdhr3y ̀ lsfrrhddfe df jrlftgvg`f` y dhs prhjlshs aletfdls ̀ l fbstrflr l gafogefr,f pfrtgr `l plrjgbgr dfs ihrafs olelrfdls y dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs pfrtgjudfrls`l dhs hbklths.


24/50

20Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

© Fe`rgjfáe, Zlrogh y Rh`ráoulz, Fethegh

(jhap.)

✒ Gdustrf`hr; Gvfr @f Jhdd

✷ L`gthrgfd; ^fefalrgjfef L`gthrgfd, 677=

Jdfu`gf ls ̀ hjletl ̀ ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe le df jgu`f` ̀ l Yf-ddl`upfr, jftfdhof`f jhah df juef `ld vfddlefth, y phr tfd

rfzúe jhesg`lrf`f jhah ueh dhs jletrhs aæs gaphrtfetls `l df aûsgjf, dfjudturf y ld ihdjdhr `ld pfás. Jdfu`gf `ljg`l ldlogr df dgtlrfturf jhah ue ldl-aleth prhvhjf`hr pfrf lergquljlr ld fprle`gzfkl ̀ l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs qultglel f su jfroh. Busjf le su bgbdghtljf `l fudf y lejuletrf Ld dgbrh `l Fetúe^grudlrh , dh ldgol phr df vfrgl`f` y rgqulzf `l tlxths `l trf`gjgúe hrfd qul jhe-tglel. Jdfu`gf jhesg`lrf qul dhs tlxths rljhog`hs le lstf hbrf she plrtgeletlspfrf ld `lsfrrhddh `l uef lxplrglejgf lstçtgjh-dgtlrfrgf, y f`laæs dl plragtlejheljtfr `l afelrf `grljtf jglrths fspljths `l dfs jhpdfs y rltfmádfs jhe ldl-aleths prhpghs dhs `l df trf`gjgúe ausgjfd vfddleftf `l su jgu`f`.

Df `hjletl dls feuejgf f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs qul vfe f lsjujmfr uef rltf-

mádf. Dls lxpdgjf qul lstfs she uef «slrgl ̀ l aujmfs jhsfs qul lstæe, sujl`leh sl alejghefe phr su hr`le³ (Jletrh ̀ l Ihrafjgúe FJE). Duloh dhs gevgtff `lsjubrgr ld kuloh `l pfdfbrfs, pg`gçe`hdls qul pheofe ftlejgúe y qul trf-tle `l alahrgzfr fdouefs pfrtls, pfrf qul duloh pul`fe rljgtfrdfs.

\ef vlz jhapfrtl dhs hbkltgvhs y lxpljtftgvfs `l df lxplrglejgf jhe suslstu`gfetls, jhah pfrtl `l df slesgbgdgzfjgúe, dls pg`l qul sl sgletle leld suldh, rlspgrle dletf y prhiue`faletl pfrf rldfkfrsl, jglrrle sus hkhs ylsjujmle jhe thtfd ftlejgúe dhs sheg`hs f su fdrl`l`hr3 pfsf`h ue ageuthdf `hjletl dls pg`l f dhs egöhs y egöfs qul alejghele dh qul lsjujmfrhe.

Le sloug`f prlsletf f dhs futhrls ̀ ld tlxth, lxpdgjf df `gilrlejgf letrl futhry jhapgdf`hr, y tfabgçe mfbdf shbrl ld gdustrf`hr, Gvfr @f Jhdd. Dhs egöhsrljulr`fe qul Gvfr @f Jhdd ls ld futhr `ld dgbrh Jmgoôgrh vgfkf le jmgvf, quldlylrhe mfjl fdouehs `áfs, y vlrgigjfe lstf geihrafjgúe, busjfe`h le dfdgstf ̀ l dgbrhs dlá`hs qul tglele le su sfdúe. Df ̀ hjletl jhetgeûf jhe df prl-sletfjgúe ̀ ld tátudh ̀ ld dgbrh, alejghef qul le ld dgbrh lejhetrfræe jhpdfs,f`gvgefezfs y rltfmádfs, y dls rljulr`f f dhs lstu`gfetls fdouehs tlxths `llstl lstgdh qul yf mfe trfbfkf`h.

\ef lxplrglejgf lstçtgjf,judturfd y dgtlrfrgf

stf hbrf prlsletf uef jhdljjgúe ̀ l jhpdfs, rlirfels, rhe-`fs, f`gvgefezfs y rltfmádfs, prhpgfs ̀ l df trf`gjgúe hrfd.Dhs plrshefkls ̀ l df hbrf ‐df thrtuof Jftfdgef, ld plrrh

^çrlz‐ fd goufd qul dfs lsjlefs iulrhe gdustrf`fs phr ldlsjrgthr l gdustrf`hr jhdhabgfeh Gvfr @f Jhdd. Dhs tlxths iulrhe rljh-pgdf`hs phr Zlrogh Fe`rgjfáe y Fethegh Hrdfe`h Rh`ráoulz.

LLd dgbrh `l Fetúe ^grudlrh


25/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs jrlfe rltfmádfs jhe ̀ gbukhs ml-jmhs phr lddhs. Dfs rltfmádfs rlprlsletfe sljulejgfsle `gilrletls duofrls jhah; df jfsf, df mfbgtfjgúe,ld jhdlogh, ld sfdúe, ld pfrqul, df pdfyf, letrl htrhs.

• Df `hjletl jrlf jletrhs `l fprle`gzfkl hrgletf`hsf df g`letgigjfjgúe `l mæbgths `l df vg`f `gfrgf y jf-

rfjtlrástgjfs ̀ ld lethreh ̀ l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs. ̂ hrlklapdh, jhestruyle rltfmádfs jhe dfs fjtgvg`f`lsqul rlfdgzfe f ̀ gfrgh; `lsplrtfr, ̀ lsfyuefr, jfagefr,lstu`gfr, dllr, lsjrgbgr, vhdvlr f jfsf y `hragr.

• Dhs egöhs y egöfs, jhe df fyu`f `l df `hjletl, la-pdlfe ld vhjfbudfrgh aftlaætgjh, lspljáigjfaletl

dhs eûalrhs hr`gefdls, pfrf rlsuagr df sljulejgf ̀ luef rltfmádf; prgalrh, sloue`h, tlrjlrh...

• @urfetl df jldlbrfjgúe `ld Ilstgvfd Yfddlefth, dhslstu`gfetls jhaphele jfejghels, jhe jfrfjtlrástg-jfs `l rltfmádf, y trfbfkfe jhe df `hjletl `l aûsgjfpfrf jrlfr ld rgtah `l dfs agsafs.

• Dhs pf`rls `l ifagdgf pfrtgjgpfe le df jrlfjgúe `l

rltfmádfs gdustrf`fs h lsjrgtfs qul tleofe qul vlrjhe sus rutgefs, yf slfe `l th`f df ifagdgf h `l ueshdh aglabrh. Lstfs rltfmádfs sl jhapfrtle le «Dfehjml dgtlrfrgf³ `ld jhdlogh, lvleth le ld jufd jf`fifagdgf dfs rlprlsletf le ld sfdúe `l jdfsl.

2


26/50

29Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

Le df vlrl`f ̀ l Dfs ̂ fdafs, ̀ ld auegjgpgh ̀ l Zfe Kfjgeth, leld `lpfrtfaleth `l Bhdávfr, sl ubgjf df gestgtujgúe lùjftg-

vf le `he`l Afráf ls `hjletl `ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe. Fddá tglel f jfroh f ueoruph ̀ l vlgetgjgejh egöhs y egöfs jurghshs y ̀ lslhshs ̀ l jhehjlr ld aue`h.

Jhah pfrtl `l su prhpulstf pl`foúogjf, Afráf mf lstfbdljg`h `letrh `ldfs fjtgvg`f`ls jhtg`gfefs ue lspfjgh `l dljturf, le ld jufd dhs egöhs y eg-öfs dlle ̀ l afelrf ge`gvgùfd h mfjle dljturfs jhapfrtg`fs, f pfrtgr ̀ l dfssuolrlejgfs `ld oruph h `l df `hjletl. Lstl lspfjgh mfjl pfrtl `l dfs lstrf-tlogfs qul tglel pfrf fjlrjfr f dhs egöhs y egöfs f df dgtlrfturf y f `gvlrsfsafelrfs ̀ l lxprlsgúe.

\e `áf, uef `l dfs lstu`gfetls, Zhiáf, dl pg`l f Afráf dllr ld juleth Dhs jhjh- `rgdhs jhpghels , phrqul ls su ifvhrgth3 sge labfroh, yf sl fjlrjf ld ige `l dfkhref`f y df ̀ hjletl dl prhaltl qul dh dllræe fd `áf sgougletl. Duloh ̀ l ̀ ls-pl`gr f dhs egöhs, Afráf thaf ld dgbrh, dh dll `ltleg`faletl y lapglzf fgafogefr `gilrletls fjtgvg`f`ls qul pul`l prhpgjgfr le threh f su dljturf.Fsá surol df g`lf `l jrlfr uef jfkf `lehagef`f «Ld plrshefkl agstlrghsh³,pfrf ifvhrljlr df jurghsg`f`, ge`fofjgúe, jrlfjgúe `l mgpútlsgs, lxprlsgúey jhauegjfjgúe, letrl htrhs prhjlshs.

F df aföfef sgougletl, jufe`h ddlofe dhs egöhs y egöfs, lsths lejuletrfele ld jletrh `ld sfdúe uef jfkf `l jfrtúe qul ddfaf su ftlejgúe. Getletfefbrgrdf plrh lstæ slddf`f. Afráf dhs gevgtf f sletfrsl ihrafe`h ue járjudh,

`lspuçs ̀ l ̀ frdls df bglevleg`f y rlfdgzfr dfs fjtgvg`f`ls ̀ l rutgef. Dls prl-ouetf f sus lstu`gfetls quç sl gafogefe qul mfy `letrh `l df jfkf. Letu-sgfsaf`hs, th`hs rlsphe`le fd tglaph, phr dh jufd df `hjletl dhs gevgtf fthafr turehs pfrf qul jf`f ueh tleof df hphrtueg`f` ̀ l lxprlsfr sus g`lfs.

Duloh `l lspljudfr shbrl ld jhetleg`h `l df jfkf, Afráf dls feuejgf quljf`f slafef ue plrshefkl agstlrghsh vgsgtfræ ld sfdúe y qul df tfrlf `llddhs slræ `lsjubrgr `l qugçe h quç sl trftf. Le lstf hjfsgúe, dls `f f dhs

Ld plrshefkl agstlrghsh

e jhjh`rgdh, jfesf`h `l vgvgr rh`lf`h `l htrhs jhjh`rg-dhs qul gagtfe th`h dh qul mfjl, `ljg`l busjfr eulvhsduofrls pfrf ̀ gsirutfr y lstfr shdh, plrh sus fagohs sgla-

prl `lsjubrle df afelrf `l ddlofr fd duofr le ld qul sllejuletrf. Jufe`h igefdaletl dhorf lstfr shdh, lxtrföf f sus fagohsy su jfrgöh, dh jufd dl plragtl vfdhrfr df jhapföáf `l dhs `laæs.

\© Blìhr`, @fvg`

Ff Prfùjjgúe; Lagdy Bhdfa

✷ L`gthrgfd; Lcfrç, 2>>9

Dhs jhjh`rgdhs jhpghels


27/50

LB^GJ

• Ld oruph rlfdgzf ge`fofjghels shbrl ld mæbgtft ̀ l dhsjhjh`rgdhs, fsá fprle`le shbrl dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs `ldhs ráhs, dfohs, dfouefs y mual`fdls.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs rljrlfe le ue aurfd ld mæbgtft`l dhs jhjh`rgdhs, l gejduyle le çd f htrhs fegafdls,shbrl dhs jufdls tfabgçe gevlstgofe. Lstf fjtgvg`f`prhpgjgf df lxpdhrfjgúe `l `gvlrsfs tçjegjfs `l lx-prlsgúe pdæstgjf y vgsufd, f`laæs `l df bûsqul`f `l

geihrafjgúe le tlxths lsjrgths y fu`ghvgsufdls. • Df ̀ hjletl prhphel ld kuloh «F`gvgef qugçe³, le ldjufd jf`f egöh y egöf thaf turehs pfrf ldlogr uefgafole `l ue fegafd, sge ahstrærsldf f sus jha-pfölrhs. Ld egöh h df egöf `lbl gr alejghefe`h,f afelrf `l pgstfs, fdouefs `l dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs`l `gjmh fegafd, jhe ld ige `l qul sus jhapföl-rhs f`gvgele `l qugçe sl trftf. Jhe lstf fjtgvg`f`

sl ihrtfdljl df lxprlsgúe hrfd `l dhs lstu`gfetls, fdf vlz qul dls plragtl mfjlr geilrlejgfs y slougrge`gjghs.

• Zl hrofegzf uef jfrtldlrf le df qul sl vfe gejduyle-`h dfs pfdfbrfs eulvfs qul `lsjubrle dhs egöhs yegöfs. Df `hjletl, f`laæs, `gslöf tfrkltfs pfrf rl-ihrzfr df dljturf le vhz fdtf `l dfs pfdfbrfs qul mfeg`h `lsjubrgle`h `urfetl ld prhyljth, jhah; rlsbf-

dhsf, `lsglrtf, `gjmhsh, fprltukf`h, rlvhdjfr, pftf-dlfr, idhtfr, jmfphtlfr, fpgöfr, lsjfbuddgr, letrl htrfs.

• Jf`f egöh y egöf jrlf jhe aftlrgfdls rljgjdfbdls ‐al`gfs sge pfr, bhthels, tfpfs, jfkfs `l mulvhs,pdfths, vfshs, letrl htrhs‐, ue jhjh`rgdh qul sljhal dfs pfdfbrfs qul gegjgfe jhe uef dltrf pfrtgju-dfr, h qul sulefe sgagdfrls h `gilrletls, `l fjulr`hjhe dfs ge`gjfjghels `l df `hjletl.

2?Lxplrglejgfs


egöhs y egöfs fdouefs pgstfs shbrl ld plrshefkl; gaæolels ̀ l duofrls ̀ he`lpul`l vgvgr, fdgaleths qul dl oustf jhalr y pfrtls `l su julrph, y dl pg`lfd oruph qul hbslrvl dfs gaæolels le `ltfddl.

Afráf dhorf olelrfr orfe lxpljtftgvf le threh f df jfkf y su oruph sl auls-trf ahtgvf`h l getlrlsf`h phr `lsjubrgr fd plrshefkl agstlrghsh. ^frf ge`f-ofr aæs shbrl dfs g`lfs `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, df `hjletl ihraudf fdouefsprlouetfs jhah; «¸quç fegafdls vgvle le dhs ráhs8, ̧ quç fegafdls vgvle leld frrhyh qul pfsf phr df vlrl`f8, ̧ quç fegafdls jhehjle qul pul`le vgvgrle ld fouf y tfabgçe le df tglrrf8³, letrl htrfs. Dfs rlspulstfs `ld oruphdhs fjlrjf jf`f vlz aæs f `lsjubrgr df g`letg`f` `ld plrshefkl agstlrghsh.

@ghegsgh ls ld prgalrh le ̀ lsjubrgrdh, jhe theh iulrtl ̀ gjl; «¡ls ue jhjh`rg-dh!³. Df ̀ hjletl dl prlouetf phr quç lstæ slourh ̀ l lddh, y çd egöh rldftf quluef vlz su pfpæ dh ddlvh le jfehf phr ld ráh y vgh ue jhjh`rgdh qul lstfbfle df tglrrf y duloh sl altgú fd fouf, y qul le uef ̀ l dfs gaæolels fpfrljledfs agsafs afejmfs qul tleáf ld jhjh`rgdh qul vgh. Afráf rlidlxghef shbrldh afrfvgddhsh y dh gaphrtfetl qul ls ld mljmh `l qul dhs egöhs y egöfspul`fe rldfjghefr sus lxplrglejgfs jhe dh qul fjhetljl le ld fudf.

Df `hjletl, igefdaletl, fbrl df jfkf y sfjf `l lddf ue jhjh`rgdh `l kuoul-tl. @ghegsgh sl sgletl auy hrouddhsh phr mfblr `lsjubglrth fd plrshefklagstlrghsh. ^hr ue ahaleth dhs egöhs y egöfs kulofe jhe ld jhjh`rgdh, hb-slrvfe su jhdf, sus jhdagddhs, su jfblzf. Duloh, Afráf dhs gevgtf f dllr lddgbrh Dhs jhjh`rgdhs jhpghels . @urfetl df dljturf surole aujmfs prlouetfs lgequgltu`ls shbrl lsths fegafdls, y fsá jhaglezf ld prhyljth ̀ l fudf shbrldhs jhjh`rgdhs, jhe ld jufd sl græ ge`fofe`h y sl græe rlshdvgle`h dfs prl-

ouetfs `ld oruph, phjh f phjh, l græe surogle`h htrfs eulvfs.


28/50

2=Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

© Ohrbfjmlv, Yfdlrg

✷ L`gthrgfd; Ehraf, 2>><

Afrtmf ls `hjletl `ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe, fjhapföf fvlgetgjgejh egöhs y egöfs letrl dhs jgejh y slgs föhs `l

l`f` `ld jhdlogh Ld Jfrgth, `ld auegjgpgh `l Dhrgjf, le ld `lpfrtfaleth`l Júr`hbf. @urfetl ld rljrlh, Afrtmf hbslrvf y lsjujmf ftletfaletl fsu oruph y sl `f juletf `l qul Dujáf lstæ ddhrfe`h le ue rgejúe `ld pftgh.Zl fjlrjf f lddf l getletf jheshdfrdf. Jufe`h dhorf jfdafrsl, Dujáf dl jule-tf qul sl sgletl auy shdf phrqul egeouef `l dfs egöfs quglrl kuofr jhelddf. Df `hjletl dl `f ue iulrtl fbrfzh, jhevlrsf jhe lddf y duloh df gevgtf fjhapfrtgr dh qul qul`f `ld `lsjfesh jhe ld oruph `l htrf `hjletl.

Jufe`h rlorlsfe fd sfdúe, Afrtmf dl pg`l fd oruph qul sl sgletl ihrafe`huef al`gf duef, fddá dls lxprlsf qul quglrl jhapfrtgr jhe lddhs uef mgsth-rgf auy lahjghefetl qul mfbdf ̀ l df fagstf`. Ph`hs aulstrfe getlrçs phrlsjujmfr df mgsthrgf. ̂ frf qul pul`fe hbslrvfr alkhr dfs gaæolels, Afrtmf

utgdgzf dhs rljurshs tljehdúogjhs jhe dhs qul juletf ld jhdlogh, y prlsletfjf`f pæogef `ld dgbrh fapdgf`f, dh jufd plragtl qul th`hs vlfe dhs `ltfddls`l dfs gaæolels, jhah dhs hbklths ̀ l df lsjlef, dhs duofrls y dfs sgtufjghelsqul vgvle dhs plrshefkls.

\ef vlz aulstrf df jfrætudf y df jhetrfjfrætudf `ld dgbrh, Afrtmf prlsletffd futhr, Yfdlrg Ohrbfjmlv, qugle lsjrgbl l gdustrf juleths pfrf egöhs y eg-öfs. Fd lsjujmfr «Yfdlrg³, uef `l dfs lstu`gfetls, Afrgfef, jhrrgol f df `h-jletl y dl `gjl qul lsl ls ehabrl `l egöf, phr dh qul sl trftf `l uef futhrfy eh `l ue futhr. Afrtmf fprhvljmf df hphrtueg`f` pfrf lxpdgjfrdls qulmfy ehabrls qul le Jhdhabgf she ilalegehs plrh qul le htrhs duofrls

`ld aue`h she afsjudgehs.

Dls juletf qul ld ehabrl ̀ l Yfdlrg dh usfe dhs mhabrls le \jrfegf. «¸\jrfquç8³, prlouetf Afrtáe. ^frf qul ld oruph pul`f ubgjfrsl, df `hjletl pg`lprlstf`h ld odhbh tlrræqulh `l df bgbdghtljf. ^rgalrh slöfdf `úe`l sl le-juletrf Dhrgjf, y plof fddá uef jgetf pfrf g`letgigjfrdh, duloh ubgjf Ahe-tlráf y prlouetf qugçels mfe vgsgtf`h `gjmf jgu`f`, vfrghs `l lddhs fdzfe df

Jhestrujjgúe `l dfzhs jhe dhs fagohs

stf ls df mgsthrgf `l Jfbrf, qugle sl fdgstf uef aföfefpfrf gr f df jlef f df jufd df mf gevgtf`h su fagoh Jlr`h.Fd fshafrsl phr df vletfef, Jfbrf vl f Jlr`h ddhrfe`h

y sl prlouetf quç dl pu`h mfblr pfsf`h f su alkhr fag-oh. @lspuçs `l lspljudfr ue phjh, `ljg`l gr f fyu`frdh.

L^frf lsh she dhs fagohs


29/50

27Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

afeh y juletfe jhsfs jhah qul fddá mfy ue pfrqul orfe`l y qul df fbuldfvgvl le df jgu`f`, letrl htrfs.

Duloh, df `hjletl ubgjf f Jhdhabgf y ogrf ld odhbh tlrræqulh mfstf ddlofr fLurhpf y igefdaletl dls aulstrf ̀ úe`l lstæ \jrfegf. Dl prlouetf fd oruphquç trfesphrtl utgdgzfráfe pfrf ddlofr f \jrfegf, uehs `gjle qul ue fvgúe,htrhs `gjle qul ue bfrjh, fdouehs qul uef ahth y Aftáfs lxprlsf qul çdsl gráf f jfbfddh. Fsá sl olelrf uef slrgl `l mgpútlsgs shbrl dhs al`ghs `ltrfesphrtl.

Afrtmf y su oruph gegjgfe df dljturf `ld juleth. Zl `ltglele le df pfrtl lequl Jfbrf vl ddhrfr f su fagoh Jlr`h f trfvçs `l df vletfef. ^frf jfptfraæs df ftlejgúe ̀ l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, Afrtmf lsjrgbl le ld tfbdlrh; «¸^hrquç ddhrf Jlr`h8³, y fetls `l jhetgeufr jhe df dljturf, dhs gevgtf f qul rls-phe`fe df prlouetf. Afráf `gjl qul ls phrqul su afaæ eh dh `lkf kuofrle df jfddl, Plh `gjl qul ls `lbg`h f qul sl dl plr`gú su futh, Klrúegah jrllqul df rfzúe ls qul eh dl jhaprfrhe ue mldf`h, Dujáf `gjl qul sl `lbl fqul eh tglel fagohs. Df `hjletl fprhvljmf lsl ahaleth pfrf prlouetfr-dls sg fdoueh sl mf sletg`h trgstl h shdh3 aujmhs dlvfetfe df afeh, dh jufdshrprle`l f Dujáf, qugle sl ̀ f juletf ̀ l qul vfrghs ̀ l sus jhapfölrhs mfesletg`h dh agsah qul lddf.

Lethejls df ̀ hjletl dl pg`l f dhs egöhs y egöfs qul jglrrle dhs hkhs l gafog-ele quç pfsfráf sg ue `áf dhs fagohs qul tfeth quglrle eh qugsglrfe kuofrjhe lddhs. Df afyhráf ge`gjf qul sl sletgráfe auy trgstls y ddhrfráfe, jhahld plrshefkl `ld juleth. Fdouefs egöfs sl fjlrjfe f Dujáf y df fbrfzfe.Htrhs jhaletfe qul f vljls fdouehs ̀ l sus jhapfölrhs sl phrtfe afd jhe

lddhs y qul phr lsh sl fdlkfe, plrh qul trftfræe `l plr`hefrdhs y kuofr aæsjhe lddhs.

@lspuçs `l lstf rlidlxgúe, rlthafe df dljturf `ld juleth y df `hjletl pg`lf sus lstu`gfetls qul lstçe auy ftleths f dfs gaæolels y f df mgsthrgf pfrf`lsjubrgr df rlspulstf f df prlouetf «¸^hr quç ddhrf Jlr`h8³, dls prhphelqul slfe dhs gevlstgof`hrls qul fyu`fræe f Jfbrf f rlshdvlr ld agstlrgh `lJlr`h.

Fd igefdgzfr df dljturf th`hs rále fd `frsl juletf ̀ l qul sus mgpútlsgs gegjgf-dls lrfe auy ̀ gilrletls fd ̀ lsledfjl ̀ l df mgsthrgf. @lsjubrle qul mfy au-

jmfs rfzhels phr dfs jufdls fdougle pul`l ddhrfr. \eh `l dhs egöhs, Zgaúe,juletf qul su pfpæ dl `gjl qul dhs egöhs eh ddhrfe, qul dhs egöhs she iulr-tls. F dh jufd Dujáf dl rlsphe`l qul sá ddhrfe jufe`h dls ̀ uldl ld lstúafoh yeh sl foufetfe ld `hdhr, qul lsh dl pfsú f su mlrafeh. Lsth `f gegjgh f uefgetlrlsfetl jhevlrsfjgúe jhe ld oruph.

Afrtmf jhejduyl qul uef mgsthrgf pul`l lvhjfr sgtufjghels qul dls su-jl`le f dhs egöhs y f dfs egöfs, qul dhs pul`l gespgrfr f mfbdfr shbrl su


30/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs rlfdgzfe kulohs `l rhdls le dhsqul rlprlsletfe sus vgvlejgfs.

• Ld oruph `ljg`l jhestrugr uehs fjulr`hs `l jhe-vgvlejgf pfrf alkhrfr sus rldfjghels. Jf`f egöh yegöf ge`gjf dh qul dl pfrljl gaphrtfetl jhapfrtgrjhe sus fagohs, df `hjletl lsjrgbl dh qul ld oruph`gjl le uef jfrtldlrf orfe`l, qul qul`fræ f df vgstf`l th`hs.

• ^hr gegjgftgvf `l fdouehs egöhs y egöfs `ld oruphsl pdfetlf uef fjtgvg`f` le df jufd sl getlrjfabgfeletrl sá alesfkls `l fagstf`, lsjrgths phr lddhs ags-ahs. Df `hjletl prhaulvl lstf prhpulstf jrlfe`hue buzúe, le ld jufd dhs lstu`gfetls ph`ræe `lkfralesfkls h jfrtfs pfrf sus fagohs. Ld buzúe sl fbrlth`hs dhs vglrels, ahaleth le ld jufd sl letrlofedfs jfrtfs. Df `hjletl sl fslourf jhe fetldfjgúe `lqul th`hs rljgbgræe fdouef ehtf. Pfabgçe gevgtf fdfs ifagdgfs f qul dls `lkle ehtfs f sus mgkhs l mgkfs.

• Fd g`letgigjfr ld getlrçs `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs lejhehjlr df rfzúe phr df jufd df jlbhddf mfjl ddhrfr,df `hjletl prhphel fd oruph uef slrgl `l lxplrg-aleths jhe `gilrletls tgphs `l jlbhddfs, jhah dfjlbhddf jfblzhef bdfejf y ahrf`f, df jlbhddf dfrof,ld pulrrh, ld jlbhddáe, letrl htrhs. Fsá laprle`leue prhyljth shbrl dhs fdgaleths, sus jfrfjtlrástgjfs,bleligjghs y prhpgl`f`ls.

• Zl lsjrgbl ue rljltfrgh `ld oruph, jf`f egöh y egöffphrtf df rljltf `l su jhag`f ifvhrgtf y kueth jheue aglabrh `l su ifagdgf, dl leslöfe fd oruphjúah sl prlpfrf. F`laæs `l jhehjlr shbrl dhsfdgaleths, tfabgçe lxpdhrfe `gilrletls ihrafs `lal`gr df jfetg`f` rlqulrg`f `l jf`f georl`gletl,jhehjle dhs prhthjhdhs qul sl ̀ lble tlelr le jule-tf pfrf prlpfrfr fdgaleths, jhapfrtle dhs pdfths,fprle`le f lsplrfr y rlspltfr dhs turehs, f hbslrvfr,f slougr gestrujjghels, letrl htrfs leslöfezfs.

:>Lxplrglejgfs


prhpgf vg`f, shbrl dh qul lsjujmfe y hbslrvfe. \ef mgsthrgf, f`laæs, pul-`l prhvhjfr jhevlrsfjghels prhiue`fs, le dfs jufdls dhs egöhs y dfs egöfspdfetlle sus ̀ gdlafs, sus jlrtlzfs y sus gequgltu`ls. Df ̀ hjletl ge`gjf qulorfjgfs f lstf lxplrglejgf jhe su oruph sl `gh juletf `l qul dgtlrfturf dlsplragtl f sus lstu`gfetls phelr le pfdfbrfs dh qul vgvle y sgletle.


31/50

:6Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

© Hralrh`, Kfe

✷ L`gthrgfd; ^dfzf & Kfeçs, 2>60

Lxplrglejgfs efrrf`fs phrsus prhtfohegstfs

Le ld auegjgpgh `l Juafrfd, `lpfrtfaleth `ld Altf,sl lejuletrf Jfrhdgef, uef `hjletl `ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe,

qugle fetls `l gegjgfr su khref`f dfbhrfd `gsirutf `ls`l df vletfef `l sujfsf `ld mlrahsh fafeljlr ddfelrh y rljulr`f qul f plsfr `l slr fùdtf,jhah dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs f quglels ouáf, lddf sl fshabrf phr df vg`f y dfefturfdlzf. Ld tglaph jhrrl letrl hrofegzfr df jfsf, prlpfrfr ld `lsfyuehpfrf sus `hs mgkhs y `gsphelrsl pfrf sfdgr, y fsá ddlof df mhrf `l gr fd jhdlogh.

Agletrfs jfagef, uef slrgl `l prlouetfs sl fohdpfe le sus plesfagle-ths; «¸júah slræ ld gegjgh `ld `áf `l sus lstu`gfetls y sus ifagdgfs8, ¸quçpfsfræ le jfsf `l Kufe, qul sglaprl ddlof jhe su afaæ kusth jufe`h sllstæ jlrrfe`h df pulrtf `ld jhdlogh8, ¸f quç mhrfs sl dlvfetfræe dhs egöhsy dfs egöfs8, ¸`l quç afelrf dfs ifagdgfs sl dfs frrlodfe pfrf fjhapföfr f

dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs le sus fjtgvg`f`ls jhtg`gfefs, jhah bföfrsl, vlstgrsl yjhalr8³. Fsá ls jhah ddlof f su aletl ld dgbrh Bulehs `áfs , ̀ l Kfe Hralrh`,ld jufd ph`ráf slr ue tlxth plriljth pfrf prhpgjgfr uef jhevlrsfjgúe jhe ldoruph, jhehjlr aæs `l jlrjf sus rutgefs l ge`fofr shbrl dfs `geæagjfs yrgtufdls ifagdgfrls qul fjhetljle fetls `l gegjgfr df khref`f lsjhdfr.

Jfrhdgef prlpfrf su alkhr shergsf pfrf `frdls df bglevleg`f f dhs egöhsy egöfs, jhevlrsf ue phjh jhe fdouefs táfs, fbuldfs, af`rls y pf`rls,quglels quglrle sfblr júah vfe dfs jhsfs le ld jhdlogh. Agletrfs tfeth,su oruph mhklf dhs juleths `l df bgbdghtljf `l fudf, uehs dlle `l afelrfge`gvgùfd, auy jhejletrf`hs3 htrhs dlle le oruph y fdouehs sl sgletfe f

jhevlrsfr shbrl dh qul mgjglrhe le jfsf ld `áf fetlrghr.

Fd lsjujmfrdhs, df `hjletl sl `f juletf `l júah sl mf ihrtfdljg`h df fu-thehaáf `l dhs egöhs y egöfs ùrfetl lsths prgalrhs alsls `ld föh. Dhslstu`gfetls `gfdhofe shbrl sus vg`fs, prlouetfe, lxprlsfe sus g`lfsy lahjghels, jhapfrtle lxplrglejgfs y fprlmle`le dhs rgtahs `l dfsjhevlrsfjghels, thafe turehs pfrf mfbdfr agletrfs lsjujmfe dhs rldfths`l sus fagohs.

gbrh ædbua, sge tlxth, qul efrrf jhe gaæolels df rutgef`l uef egöf le dfs aföfefs, fetls `l sfdgr `l jfsf, `ls-`l qul `lspglrtf, thaf su `lsfyueh, pfsf tglaph jhe

su ifagdgf, jug`f f su auöljf y sl vgstl, letrl htrfs fj-jghels. Df aföfef trfesjurrl letrl fjtgvg`f`ls jhtg`gfefs y ld jfrgöh`l sus pf`rls.

DBulehs `áfs


32/50

:2Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

\ef vlz ddlofe th`hs, df ̀ hjletl dls pg`l qul sl sgletle ihrafe`h ue járju-dh y jhaglezf f jfetfr uef jfejgúe qul dhs gevgtf f ahvlrsl y ̀ lsplrtfrsl3duloh dls pg`l f dhs egöhs y egöfs qul thale dhs dltrlrhs jhe sus ehabrlsy dhs ubgqule le ld df`h `l df jfrtldlrf `he`l sl ge`gjf qugçels fsgstglrhe.Lstl lklrjgjgh, f`laæs ̀ l fprhxgafr f dhs lstu`gfetls fd rljhehjgagleth ̀ lsu ehabrl, dls plragtl g`letgigjfr qugçels fsgstglrhe fd jhdlogh l getlrlsfr-sl phr sfblr quç pfsh jhe dhs qul eh ddlofrhe.

\ef vlz ld oruph rlvgsf df jfrtldlrf `ld jdgaf y lsjrgbl ld rlogstrh `ld `áf,Jfrhdgef prhphel f dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs jhevlrsfr shbrl dh qul mgjglrhefetls `l ddlofr fd jhdlogh. Phaæs, phr lklapdh, juletf qul sl dlvfetf auytlaprfeh jhe su pfpæ pfrf fdgaletfr f dfs ofddgefs, duloh sl bföf, sl vgstl,jhal frlpf y thaf jmhjhdftl, y sfdl jhe su táf pfrf ld jhdlogh. Dugsf, phr supfrtl, juletf qul lsf aföfef tuvh qul jhrrlr aujmh phrqul su afaæ slqul`ú `hrag`f y tuvh qul oufr`frdl ld `lsfyueh le df dhejmlrf pfrf qulsl dh jhaglrf fetls `l gegjgfr df jdfsl.

Fsá surole dhs rldfths qul gdustrfe df jhtg`gfeg`f` `l jf`f ueh `l dhs lstu-`gfetls. Jfrhdgef tfabgçe dl juletf fd oruph júah gegjgh su `áf, `lsjrgbldhs jhdhrls qul vgh fd fafeljlr y júah tuvh qul jhrrlr pfrf qul sus mgkhslstuvglrfe dgsths f tglaph pfrf gr fd jhdlogh.

Jufe`h tlragefe th`hs `l jhetfr sus mgsthrgfs. Df `hjletl dls prlsletfld juleth Bulehs `áfs . Fetls `l fbrgr ld dgbrh dls mfbdf shbrl su futhrf, ueflsjrgthrf l gdustrf`hrf fustrfdgfef, qugle prhphel mgsthrgfs `gvlrtg`fs le`he`l sl prgvgdlogfe dfs gdustrfjghels. Lethejls, ueh `l dhs egöhs, ^fbdh,prlouetf quç ls uef gdustrfjgúe. Df `hjletl dls lxpdgjf f th`hs qul she

dhs ̀ gbukhs qul fjhapföfe dhs tlxths, qul juletfe l getlrprltfe mgsthrgfs,y qul quglels rlfdgzfe lstf dfbhr she jhehjg`hs jhah gdustrf`hrls.

Duloh `l df lxpdgjfjgúe, th`hs sl `gsphele f dllr ld juleth. Fd vlr dfs prg-alrfs pæogefs ̀ ld dgbrh, Fdlkfe`rh pg`l df pfdfbrf y ̀ gjl qul dl mfjle ifdtfdfs dltrfs. Jfrhdgef fprhvljmf lstf getlrvlejgúe pfrf gevgtfrdhs f jhes-trugr df mgsthrgf letrl th`hs. ^rhphel ld gegjgh `l df mgsthrgf, y duloh dl

`f df pfdfbrf f dhs egöhs y egöfs pfrf qul efrrle dh qul lstæ pfsfe`h ledfs gdustrfjghels. Fsá, she lddhs dhs lejfrof`hs `l jhetfr y «frafr³ ld

juleth. Df ̀ hjletl jhesg`lrf qul ld mljmh ̀ l qul sl trftl ̀ l ue dgbrh`l shdh gaæolels, phsgbgdgtf qul dfs vhjls `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs dl

`le ihraf f df mgsthrgf, dh jufd gejletgvf df gafogefjgúe, df geilrle-jgf, df getlrprltfjgúe y df jhestrujjgúe `l tlxth jhe sletg`h.

Fd tlragefr ld lklrjgjgh, Jfrhdgef dl prhphel fd oruph hrofegzfr uefsljulejgf `l dfs fjtgvg`f`ls qul phr dh olelrfd rlfdgzfe le df aföfef,f afelrf `l rljuleth. @l lstf ihraf `lsjrgble sgtufjghels jhtg`gfefsutgdgzfe`h sljulejgfs y lxprlsghels jhah «fetls, `lspuçs, duloh y prg-alrh³, letrl htrfs. F pfrtgr ̀ l lsth Jfrhdgef `gslöf uef slrgl ̀ l tfrkltfs,


33/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs egöhs y egöfs hrofegzfe, `l afelrf lsphetæ-elf, `gilrletls kulohs `l rhdls le dhs jufdls rlprl-sletfe sgtufjghels jhtg`gfefs. Fdouehs fsuale ldpfpld `l df afaæ, `l df fbuldf, `ld táh, `l ue mlr-afeh, letrl htrhs, y jhestruyle dhs lsjlefrghs jhedhs ldlaleths qul lejuletrfe le ld sfdúe.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs, kueth jhe sus ifagdgfs, jrlfeirgshs `he`l juletfe júah ls ld gegjgh `l ue `áf lesus vg`fs, dh jufd plragtl jhehjlr aæs `l jlrjf dfhrofegzfjgúe ifagdgfr y sus `geæagjfs. • Ld oruph jhevlrsf shbrl júah sl pul`l al`gr ldtglaph. Mfjle lxplrgaleths jhe vfrgf`hs hbklthspfrf jfdjudfr juæeth tglaph pfsf letrl ld gegjgh y ldige `l uef fjtgvg`f`, phr lklapdh3 h kulofe f mfjlrjfrrlrfs letrl lddhs agletrfs htrhs vfe thafe`h ldtglaph qul sl `lahrfe le ddlofr f df altf.

• Ld oruph gegjgf uef gevlstgofjgúe fjlrjf `l dhsgestrualeths qul lxgstle pfrf al`gr ld tglaph3

mfbdfe shbrl dhs rldhkls feædhohs, `l frlef, `l shd h`gogtfdls, letrl htrhs.

• Le ld oruph surole prlouetfs jhah quç pfsf jheld shd jufe`h sfdl df duef h f`úe`l sl vf df duefjufe`h ld shd `lspglrtf, dfs jufdls `fe hrgole f ueprhyljth `l fudf.

• Dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs jhevlrsfe shbrl dh qul jhesu-ale le ld `lsfyueh, lsth `f pgl pfrf ge`fofr shbrldhs fdgaleths y df gaphrtfejgf `l fdgaletfrsl `lafelrf sfdu`fbdl. • Zl hrofegzf ue lejuletrh jhe dfs ifagdgfs pfrfjhevlrsfr shbrl dfs pfutfs `l jrgfezf le threh fdhs mæbgths `l sulöh, fdgaletfjgúe y hrofegzfjgúe`l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs. Jhah pfrtl `ld tfddlr sljhestruyle, le jhekueth, lstrftlogfs pfrf fphyfr ld`lsfrrhddh `l df futhehaáf `l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs`ls`l ld mhofr.

::Lxplrglejgfs


le dfs jufdls, f trfvçs `l ̀ gbukhs, sl prlsletfe sgtufjghels qul dls plragtlef dhs egöhs y egöfs jhestrugr mgsthrgfs lstfbdljgle`h sljulejgfs dúogjfs.Le dhs jfshs le dhs jufdls dfs mgsthrgfs eh rlsudtfe tfe jhmlrletls, sl busjfletfbdfr `gædhohs jhe ld oruph pfrf alkhrfr dhs rldfths.


34/50

:0Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

✷ L`gthrgfd; Df Ofdlrf, 2>>?

W tû, ¸`úe`l vgvls8 Khslif ls ̀ hjletl ̀ ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe. \ef aföfef, le dfalsf rl`he`f qul rlfdgzf jhe dhs egöhs y egöfs fd gegjgh

`l df khref`f pfrf prhpgjgfr ld `gædhoh, ̂ fbdh jhapfrtl qul vgh le df tldlvg-sgúe qul mfy jfsfs ̀ l mgldh. Ld rlsth ̀ l dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs sl aulstrfe ge-jrç`udhs. «¡¸@l mgldh8! Ls gaphsgbdl, sl `lrrltgráfe jhe ld shd³, `gjl Gsfbld.

Khslif fprhvljmf df jhevlrsfjgúe pfrf prlouetfr f dhs egöhs y egöfs ̀ l quçaftlrgfd lstæe jhestrug`fs sus jfsfs. Ahgsçs, phr lklapdh, rlsphe`l qul sujfsf lstæ jhestrug`f jhe tfbdfs3 Kudgtzf `gjl qul jhe fdoh auy `urh quleh df `lkf jflr3 Afrjh `gjl qul df suyf lstæ mljmf `l df`rgddhs3 y Afráf,jhah `fth jurghsh, `gjl qul lddf mf vgsth jfsfs mljmfs jhe mhkfs. @lspuçs`l qul th`hs mfe pfrtgjgpf`h, df `hjletl dls prlsletf ld dgbrh Wh vgvh fquá ,jhe ld prhpúsgth `l jhehjlr df `gvlrsg`f` `l vgvgle`fs qul lxgstle.

^frf fyu`fr f qul dhs egöhs y egöfs tleofe uef alkhr ubgjfjgúe lspfjgfd,

Khslif utgdgzf ld odhbh tlrræqulh qul mfy le df bgbdghtljf `l df gestgtujgúepfrf ahstrfrdls dhs `gstgeths duofrls `ld aue`h qul sl alejghefe le ld dg-brh. Df ̀ hjletl gevgtf fd oruph f hbslrvfr ̀ ltleg`faletl dfs ihthorfiáfs y f`lsjrgbgr dh qul lstfs gdustrfe, quç ihrafs tglele dfs jfsfs, `l quç aftlrgfdlstæe mljmfs, júah ls ld lspfjgh le qul sl ubgjfe, júah she dfs plrshefs yjúah ls df rhpf qul usfe, letrl htrfs.

F al`g`f qul hbslrvf dfs ihthorfiáfs, ld oruph jhapfrf uefs jfsfs jhehtrfs, fdouehs `gjle qul sl pfrljle f dfs `l lddhs, htrhs lxprlsfe qul dfsjfsfs qul lstæe mljmfs `l mhkfs y pfdhs sl vfe f jflr. Zl lahjghefe fd ls-jujmfr qul mfy jfsfs idhtfetls y qul vfe phr dhs ráhs, y htrfs qul she jhah

fuths y vgfkfe phr aujmhs duofrls. Jufe`h hbslrvfe df gafole `ld godû,^fbdh slöfdf qul lsfs she dfs jfsfs qul vgh le tldlvgsgúe.

Khslif fprhvljmf ld ahaleth pfrf ihraudfr uef prlouetf shbrl df gaf-ole `ld godû; ¸mfjl iráh h jfdhr8 F pfrtgr `l df duz y ld lethreh le dfs ihth-orfiáfs, fdouehs egöhs rlsphe`le qul df gafole aulstrf qul ls ue sgtghiráh. Df `hjletl prlouetf lethejls phr df rhpf aæs f`ljuf`f pfrf ld iráh ypfrf htrhs tgphs `l jdgaf. F lstf prlouetf sgoule htrfs bfsf`fs le hbklths

gbrh ædbua qul prlsletf le jf`f pæogef uef ihthorfiáfqul aulstrf pfgsfkls `l `gilrletls duofrls `ld aue`h,trfkls, jdgafs, `gvlrshs tgphs `l vgvgle`fs y dhs aftlrgf-

dls jhe dhs jufdls sl jhestruyle.

DWh vgvh fquá


35/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs lstu`gfetls laudfe ld dgbrh Wh vgvh fquá ahs-trfe`h ihthorfiáfs `l sus jfsfs y lsjrgbgle`h uetlxth brlvl shbrl lddfs.

• Dhs egöhs y egöfs mfjle `gbukhs `l sus jfsfs y dfsjdfsgigjfe phr oruphs; fqulddfs qul tglel aæs ̀ l ̀ hspgshs, dfs qul she plqulöfs, dfs qul lstæe le ld pul-bdh, dfs qul lstæe le ld jfaph, letrl htrfs.

• Khslif gevgtf fd frqugtljth qul trfbfkf le df fdjfd`áf`ld auegjgpgh pfrf qul jhevlrsl jhe ld oruph sh-brl júah sl jhestruyle dfs jfsfs. Lstl dls aulstrfpdfehs y dls leslöf júah lsths `gbukhs sgrvle `louáf f dfs plrshefs qul dfs jhestruyle.

• Ld oruph gegjgf df ldfbhrfjgúe `l ue pdfeh qul dlsplragtgræ jhestrugr uef jfsf ̀ l kulohs. Jf`f egöh yegöf rlfdgzf su prhpgh pdfeh y duloh mfjle ueh lejhekueth, le ld jufd sl rljhole dfs g`lfs `l th`hs.

• Dhs egöhs y egöfs jrlfe sus prhpgfs al`g`fs pfrfjfdjudfr dfs `galesghels `l dfs pfrtls `l df jfsf `l

kuloh utgdgzfe`h `gilrletls ldlaleths, jhah zfpf-ths, jhr`hels, igjmfs `l jhestrujjgúe h pfdhs, letrlhtrhs. Jhe lstl prhjlsh sl dhorf fjlrjfrdhs f df eh-jgúe `l «al`g`f³.

• Jhe ld fphyh `l df ifagdgf sl jhestruyl df lstruj-

turf `l df jfsf `l kulohs, jhe dh jufd dhs egöhs y dfsegöfs sl ahtgvfe aæs jhe ld prhyljth.

• Khslif trfl aæs ihthorfiáfs fd fudf shbrl `gilrletlsduofrls ̀ ld aue`h. Le lddfs sl pul`le vlr ftule`hsy pdfths tápgjhs, jhstuabrls y fegafdls prhpghs `ljf`f rlogúe, letrl htrhs.

• Ld oruph ldfbhrf ue dgbrh `l gaæolels le ld jufdsl aulstrfe jfsfs `he`l dls oustfráf vgvgr, y jrlfemgsthrgfs ifetæstgjfs qul `lsjrgble dhs aftlrgf-dls jhe dhs jufdls sl jhestruylrhe, `úe`l sl ubgjfey jhe qugçels vgvle, letrl htrhs.

:


36/50

:9Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

Ff Prf`ujjgúe; @gfef Oúalz

✷ L`gthrgfd; ^fefalrgjfef L`gthrgfd,

2>>9

^frlkfs `gvlrtg`fs ^frf df sljulejgf ̀ g`æjtgjf ̀ ld orf`h Prfesgjgúe, df ̀ hjle-tl Gsfbld, qugle tglel f jfroh ue oruph ̀ l vlgetgûe egöhs y

egöfs le ld auegjgpgh ̀ l Ogrúe, Zfetfe`lr, ̀ ljg`l hrofegzfr ue ̀ lsigdl jhe`gilrletls ftule`hs prhpghs ̀ l df rlogúe. ̂ frf lddh shdgjgtf f sus lstu`gfetlsqul busqule le sus jfsfs rhpf y zfpfths qul yf eh usle. Gsfbld lsplrf jhelddh phtlejgfr le lddhs ld rljhehjgagleth `ld julrph le iuejgúe `ld aue-`h qul dhs rh`lf, jhe ld ige `l `lsfrrhddfr jhapltlejgfs jhrphrfdls.

Gsfbld hrofegzf f dhs lstu`gfetls le pfrlkfs y dls letrlof ue pdgloh ̀ l pfpldy ue jhdhr. \e aglabrh `l jf`f pfrlkf sl fjulstf shbrl ld pfpld y ld htrhtrfzf df sgdultf `ld julrph jhe ld jhdhr. Duloh, df `hjletl dls prlouetf quçúrofehs y pfrtls `ld julrph sl rlprlsletfe le df sgdultf, juædls pfrtls `ldjulrph vglele `l f pfrls, juædls pfrtls `ld julrph she ûegjfs, y phr quç y

pfrf quç sgrvle dfs `gstgetfs pfrtls `ld julrph. Fd rlsphe`lr dfs prlouetfsdhs lstu`gfetls mfjle `lsjrgpjghels `l dfs pfrtls `ld julrph y su rldfjgúele iuejgúe `l df efturfdlzf muafef.

@lspuçs `l lsth, dfs pfrlkfs `ljhrfe ld julrph trfzf`h shbrl pfpld y dlforlofe lxprlsghels ifjgfdls, pldh, vlstgaletf, y dl `fe ue ehabrl. \efvlz tlragef`f df fjtgvg`f` phr pfrlkfs, dhs trfbfkhs sl lxphele le df jdfsly sgrvle pfrf `ljhrfr ld fudf.

@f`f df ahtgvfjgúe y jrlftgvg`f` `l dfs rlprlsletfjghels mljmfs phr dhslstu`gfetls, Gsfbld `ljg`l jhevlrsfr jhe sus lstu`gfetls fjlrjf `ld jug-

`f`h `ld julrph y dhs ldlaleths qul jheihrafe ld vlstufrgh. Df `hjletlutgdgzf jhah rljursh ue vg`lh jhe gaæolels `l vlstufrghs `l `gilrletlsrloghels. Jhe çd dhs lstu`gfetls lejuletrfe slalkfezfs y `gilrlejgfs quldls plragtle rljhehjlr ̀ gilrletls tgphs ̀ l vlstufrgh qul lergquljle df jud-turf jhdhabgfef y qul sl fkustfe f dfs jhe`gjghels jdgaætgjfs `l dfs `gil-rletls rloghels. Le lsl ahaleth, pfrtgle`h ̀ l dfs prlouetfs l gequgltu`ls`l dhs egöhs y egöfs, sl gegjgf ue eulvh prhyljth hrgletf`h fd `gslöh `l`gilrletls vlstufrghs.

trfvçs `l suolrletls gdustrfjghels `l hbklths jhtg`gfehs,lstl dgbrh gevgtf f dhs lstu`gfetls f usfr dhs eûalrhs ef-turfdls. ^hr al`gh `l hbslrvfjghels, jhapfrfjghels y

forupfjghels, dhs egöhs y egöfs sl fjlrjfe f `hs sgoegigjf-`hs ̀ l dhs eûalrhs ‐jfr`gefdls y hr`gefdls‐, f df vlz qul jhestruyleehjghels `l jhejlpths, jhah «forupfjgúe, irfjjghels, suaf y rlstf³.

FAg prgalr 6 2 :


37/50

LB^GJ

• Dhs lstu`gfetls rlfdgzfe jfageftfs `l hbslrvfjgúefdrl`l`hr `ld jhdlogh, rlfdgzfe`h ld jhetlh `l `gil-rletls hbklths, hbslrvfe`h y rlogstrfe`h `fths sh-brl lddhs. F`laæs, mfjle oræigjhs ge`gvg`ufdls h leoruph jhe dhs `fths hbtleg`hs.

• Le ld fudf `l jdfsl, df `hjletl jrlf le ld pgsh, jhe

jgetf `l leafsjfrfr, uef dáelf `l eûalrhs `ld 6 fd263 leirletl `l jf`f ueh `l lddhs, dhs lstu`gfetls slubgjfe le hr`le `l ddlof`f fd sfdúe y fsá vfe g`le-tgigjfe`h sg lstæe th`hs jhapdlths h ifdtf fdouehfetls `l gegjgfr df khref`f.

• ^frf prhahvlr df hrofegzfjgúe le ld fudf y ifjgdgtfrdhs trfsdf`hs `l ue duofr f htrh, df `hjletl gapdl-aletf ld ush `l dhs eûalrhs hr`gefdls pfrf mfjlrdf igdf. Le ue shbrl plof`h f df pulrtf, afetgleligjmfs jhe dhs ehabrls `l dhs eûalrhs hr`gefdls.

Fetls ̀ l sfdgr fd pfrqul h f df jfiltlráf dhs lstu`gfe-tls thafe ue eûalrh y sl ubgjfe le df dáelf qulsl lapdlú fd gegjgh `l df khref`f, `l fjulr`h jhe ldeûalrh hr`gefd qul dls jhrrlsphe`gú.

:?Lxplrglejgfs


Gsfbld prhphel f sus lstu`gfetls dfs fjtgvg`f`ls «Ld pfr plriljth³ y «Le-juletrf ld pfr³ ̀ l Ag prgalr 6 2 :, le dfs jufdls ̀ lble lstfbdljlr jhrrlsphe-`lejgfs 6-6 pfrf lejhetrfr dfs pfrlkfs; sl ̀ lbl ldlogr ue oufetl y lejhetrfrld htrh oufetl qul tglel dfs agsafs jfrfjtlrástgjfs, phr lklapdh. ^frf lddhdhs lstu`gfetls `lble `gsjrgagefr dfs jfrfjtlrástgjfs iásgjfs `l dhs hbklthsy, jhe bfsl le lddh, vfdg`fr sg dfs pfrlkfs lstæe jhrrljtfaletl jheihraf-`fs. Jhe lstfs fjjghels sl ihrtfdljl df mfbgdg`f` `l jftlohrgzfr y rljhehjlrsgagdgtu`ls y `gilrlejgfs, prhjlshs bæsgjhs pfrf letle`lr ld jhejlpth `leûalrh3 f df vlz qul lstfbdljle rldfjghels `l jhrrlsphe`lejgfs 6-6, iue-`faletfdls pfrf ld jhetlh.

@urfetl df fjtgvg`f` `l «Lejuletrf ld pfr³, f pfrtgr `l dh qul hbslrvfe ledf gdustrfjgúe, dhs lstu`gfetls ldfbhrfe `lsjrgpjghels `l dhs hbklths, `l dhsvlstufrghs y su iuejghefdg`f`. Lstl lklrjgjgh `l jfrfjtlrgzfjgúe `ld fa-bgletl plragtl qul dhs egöhs y dfs egöfs mfofe dfs fshjgfjghels eljlsfrgfspfrf lejhetrfr dhs pfrls `l dhs hbklths slöfdf`hs.

Lstfbdljlr jhrrlsphe`lejgfs `l pfrlkfs dls plragtl f dhs lstu`gfetls; f) rljh-ehjlr ueg`f`ls sgapdls; ue zfpfth, ue oufetl, uef al`gf, th`h hbklth qullxgstf jhah ueh3 b) rljhehjlr ueg`f`ls jhapulstfs; ue pfr `l zfpfths, uepfr `l al`gfs, ue pfr `l oufetls3 j) rljhehjlr oruphs `l hbklths ‐`hs, lelstl jfsh‐ qul phr su ush y le iuejgúe `l df eljlsg`f` `ld vlstufrgh, slfsuale jhah ueg`f`ls; ue pfr `l zfpfths, ue pfr `l oufetls, ltj.

Igefdaletl, dhs lstu`gfetls ldgole `gilrletls prle`fs `l vlstgr pfrf ldfbh-rfr su prhpulstf `l vlstufrgh. Dhs egöhs y egöfs rlfdgzfe ld `lsigdl `lsjrg-bgle`h dfs rfzhels phr dfs jufdls ldgoglrhe ld `gslöh jhrrlsphe`gletl y juæd

ls su iuejghefdg`f`. Gsfbld `lslaplöf ld pfpld `l ah`lrf`hrf y rlphrtlrfjhapgdfe`h dfs ihths `ld `lsigdl, qul duloh slrvgræe pfrf jheihrafr ue æd-bua qul sl dls ahstrfræ f dhs pf`rls `l ifagdgf. Le ld ædbua, sl lsjrgbl ldehabrl qul ld oruph dl `gh f jf`f ueh `l sus vlstufrghs.


38/50

:=Lxplrglejgfs

Lxplrglejgfs

LB^GJ

© Dhbld, Frehd`

Ff Prf`ujjgúe; ]hsç Afeuld Ohezædlz

Bfrrlgrh

✷ L`gthrgfd; Cfdfe`rfcf, 2>60

Zgltl prltlxths pfrf df phsgbgdg`f` Rgjfr`h ls `hjletl `l Prfesgjgúe le ue jhdlogh ubgjf`hle uef zhef urbfef ̀ ld auegjgpgh ̀ l ̂ fsth, Efrgöh. Jhes-

jgletl ̀ l dfs pfrtgjudfrg`f`ls y eljlsg`f`ls ̀ l sus vlgetl lstu`gfetls, jhe-shdg`f uef præjtgjf qul sl jfrfjtlrgzf phr ld jhestfetl `lslh `l gevhdujrfr`l afelrf fjtgvf f dhs egöhs y egöfs le dhs `gilrletls ahaleths `l df jdf-sl3 fsá, jf`f fjjgúe qul sl pdfetlf ̀ letrh ̀ ld fudf tglel uef getlejgúe jdfrf.

F pfrtgr `ld dgbrh `l Frehd` Dhbld, Mgsthrgfs `l rfthels , Rgjfr`h jrlf ue lklr-jgjgh qul ddlvfræ f jfbh le dfs sgougletls slsghels, f trfvçs `ld jufd lsplrffbrgr ue fbfegjh `l phsgbgdg`f`ls le dhs prhjlshs `l hrfdg`f` `l dhs lstu-`gfetls, frtgjudfe`h dfs fjtgvg`f`ls jhe su lxplrglejgf y rlfdg`f`, fd tgla-ph qul lxpdhrfe su lethreh.

^frf jf`f uef `l dfs sgltl mgsthrgfs qul sl efrrfe le ld dgbrh Rgjfr`h pglesf

le uef lstrftlogf `gilrletl, fsá;

• «Ld phzh `l dhs `lslhs³; prhjlshs `l froualetfjgúe, «quç pfsfráf sg…³. • «Eubls³; lxplrglejgf jrlftgvf, hbslrvfr dfs ihrafs qul fpfrljle le df

efturfdlzf. • «Rftúe auy fdth y rftúe auy bfkh³; dhs hpulsths. • «Ld rftúe y dhs vgleths³; efrrftgvf lxtrfhr`gefrgf. • «Ld vgfkl³; dh `lsjrgptgvh. • «Ld rftúe vglkh³; jhapltlejgfs jgu`f`fefs. • «Ld bföh³; df sljulejgf efrrftgvf.

\ef ̀ l dfs fjtgvg`f`ls qul aæs ddfaf df ftlejgúe ls df rlfdgzf`f f pfrtgr ̀ ldjuleth «Ld phzh `l dhs `lslhs³. Rgjfr`h gegjgf ld lklrjgjgh prlouetæe`hdlsf dhs egöhs y egöfs quç sfble fjlrjf `l pl`gr `lslhs3 f quç h f qugçe sl dlpul`l pl`gr ue `lslh, `l fjulr`h jhe dh qul mfe lsjujmf`h3 quç ls ue `l-slh3 y sg sl lejhetrfræe le uef sgtufjgúe le df qul pu`glrfe pl`gr `lslhs,quç pl`gráfe.

stl dgbrh rlûel sgltl mgsthrgfs brlvls le dfs jufdls sl pg-`le `lslhs, sl gafogefe ihrafs, sl prlouetf shbrl dhqul pul`l lejhetrfrsl le dh fdth, auy fdth, y le dh bfkh,

auy bfkh3 y sl mfjle vgfkls le dhs jufdls sl prlsletfe`gigjudtf`ls, qul tglele igefdls eh sglaprl lsplrf`hs.

LMgsthrgfs `l rfthels


39/50

LB^GJ

• @lspuçs `l dllr «Ld phzh `l dhs `lslhs³, dhs pf`rlsh fju`gletls mfbdfe le jfsf jhe sus mgkhs l mg-kfs fjlrjf `l dhs `lslhs qul tglel jf`f ueh `l dhsaglabrhs `l df ifagdgf. \tgdgzfe`h rljhrtls `l rl-vgstfs, jf`f aglabrh `l df ifagdgf phel su ehabrlle uef mhkf y rlprlsletf jhe gaæolels sus `lslhs

‐aáegah trls‐. Fd igefd, th`hs `ljhrfe uef mhkf,

qul slræ df phrtf`f `ld dgbrh ifagdgfr Dhs `lslhs `lag ifagdgf, jhsle dfs mhkfs y leváfe ld dgbrh fd jhdl-ogh pfrf qul ld egöh h df egöf sl dh aulstrl f susjhapfölrhs.

• Jhah lstrftlogf pfrf gejletgvfr df lsjrgturf le ldfudf, ld `hjletl jrlf «Ld bfûd `l dhs `lslhs³, jheuef jfkf `l jfrtúe qul `ljhrf jhe sus lstu`gfetls.Le lstl bfûd, dhs egöhs y egöfs pul`le prhphelrtlafs pfrtgjudfrls shbrl dh qul quglrle fprle`lr,dhs lxplrgaleths qul qugsglrfe rlfdgzfr, dfs plr-shefs f quglels qugsglrfe gevgtfr fd fudf `l jdfsl,

dfs jldlbrfjghels lspljgfdls qul `lslfráfe rlfdgzfr,

letrl htrhs. Ld jhetleg`h `ld bfûd dh dll shdfaletlld `hjletl, qugle usf df geihrafjgúe pfrf pdfelfr yhrofegzfr ld trfbfkh le ld fudf.

• @lspuçs `l dllr «Ld rftúe y dhs vgleths³, dhs lstu-`gfetls trfle `l jfsf uef jhaltf `gslöf`f le ifag-dgf, jhe ldlaleths qul `lsjrgbfe f df ifagdgf. Dhslstu`gfetls lxpdgjfe ld `gslöh `l df jhaltf le jdf-

sl y `l`gjfe uef tfr`l, jhe su ifagdgf, f ldlvfr dfsjhaltfs.

• @lspuçs `l dllr «Ld rftúe vglkh³, ld `hjletl olelrflspfjghs pfrf `gfdhofr shbrl ld rlsplth mfjgf dhs `l-aæs, ld bule trfth y df rldlvfejgf `l fyu`fr f qugl-els dh eljlsgtfe, fsá jh

guia lectores con_sentidos

Documents