gestão de sistemas energéticos 2015/2016 introdução classe # 1 prof. tânia sousa...
TRANSCRIPT
Docentes
• Tânia Sousa– [email protected]
• Samuel Niza– [email protected]
• Patrícia Baptista– [email protected]
Avaliação
• Exame (50% ou 100%) com nota mínima 9.5 val.
• Avaliação Contínua (50%)– Trabalhos feitos por grupos de 2/3 alunos– Os trabalhos começam nas aulas práticas e são para terminar
em casa – A avaliação é feita individualmente nas aulas e com os
trabalhos – Matéria que sai nos trabalhos sai no exame
Aulas
• Trazer um portátil por grupo para as aulas práticas
• Slides das aulas teóricas e exercícios das aulas práticas serão postos no fénix
Objectivos da UC
1. Compreender e modelar os fluxos energéticos à escala do país, à escala sectorial e em sistemas industriais, em edifícios ou equipamentos complexos.
2. Definir acções que permitam racionalizar o uso da energia, quantificando os benefícios económicos e ambientais destas acções.
Sistema Energético Portugal 2010
Industry
Leisure
DEMAND
HousingAgriculture
Serv
ices
Transports
Electricity
PrimaryEnergy
Non-Renewable
Current paradigm
PrimaryEnergy
Non-Renewable
Renewable
Industry
Leisure
DEMAND
HousingAgriculture
Serv
icesPrimary
EnergyNon-Renewable
Renewable Heating
Cold
ElectricityTransportes
• Energy as a service• Energy Efficiency• Distributed “Production”• Environmentally friendly• Quality of service• Demand side
management• The power of the
individual options
Emerging Paradigm
Paradigm Change
Energetic Systems
Per capita energy use
kW/capita GJ/capita Region 1990 2008 1990 2008
USA 10.2 10.0 320.5 314.0
EU-27 4.6 4.7 144.9 147.0
Middle East 2.2 4.0 69.9 125.2
China 1.0 2.1 31.8 67.0
Latin America 1.3 1.6 40.6 51.9
Africa 0.8 0.9 25.5 28.1
India 0.5 0.7 15.9 22.6
Others* 2.9 2.7 90.8 85.9
The World 2.2 2.4 69.9 76.6
Energy and Power
• How much energy does your electric heater that has a power of 2000W spends in 1 hour?
• Convert it to Joules
“Empty vs. Full World”
Energia - Recursos
• Escassez vs. Substitubilidade
Murphy, 2013
Energia - Recursos
• Densidade Energética
Energia - Impactos Ambientais
A brief history of Humankind …
Environment
Economy
De-growth
Smart growth
BAU
Sistema Energético
• Tem como objectivos satisfazer necessidades energéticas da sociedade:
Sistema Energético
• Formas de energia útil:Cullen and Allwood, 2010
From useful energy to energy services
• Passive systems are the final technical part of the energy chain and do not convert energy; instead they loose energy as low-grade heat (Cullen and Alwood, 2010).
Sistema Energético
• Transformação de EnergiaCullen and Allwood, 2010
First Law energy efficiencies
• First Law EfficiencyRelevant energy output Relevant energy input
Heat and Work - Joule’s Experiment
• Equivalence between Heat (Q) and Work (W)
Is the first law enough?
• What has the first law has to say about what happens in the following case?
Energy vs. Exergy
160ºC 25ºC
Potential Work = 34 MJ Potential Work = 1.8 MJ
environment20ºC
Energy = 105 MJ Energy = 105 MJ
Exergy = 34 MJ Exergy = 1.8 MJ
Course Contents – S1
• Energy & Economic Growth & Environment
Course Contents – S1
• Energy & Economic Growth & Environment– Statistical evidence on the links between Energy Use &
Economic Growth & Environment– Important Issues in modeling of the interactions between
economy, energy and the environment– Integrated Energy-Economic models (CITY On, Energy
Wars)
• Learning Outcomes– Identify the interactions between energy use, economic
growth and environmental quality
• Bibliography:– Chap. 2 & 6 “Energy at the Crossroads” Smil, V.
Course Contents – S1
• Methods to compute primary energy for renewable electricity
• Learning Outcomes– Critically evaluate statistics and political goals on the weight of
renewables on primary energy mixes at the country level.
• Bibliography:– Cap. 6 “Energy Balances of OECD countries”, IEA
• Block Diagrams Energy Analysis– Block diagrams methodology– Treatment & recycling operations
• 2nd Practical Class– Exercises
• Learning Outcomes– Compute the energy intensity of a product or service, i.e., the
energy required directly & indirectly to produce it– Compute the impact of efficiency measures on the specific
energy consumption
• Bibliography: – Cap. 5 da Sebenta “Gestão de Energia”, Águas, M.
Course Contents – S2
Course Contents – S3
• Input-Output Methodology– Analysis at the Macroeconomic scale
• 3rd and 4th pratical classes & 1st assignment – Each group computes energy demand scenarios for Portugal
for 2 & 5 & 10 years based on changes in the economic structure & compares with reality
• Learning Outcomes– Compute Direct and Indirect Effects in the Energy System of
changes at Macroeconomic scale
• Bibliography: – Chapter. 5 from “Ecological Economics”, Common & Stagl.
Course Contents – S4
• The Portuguese Energetic Balance:– Supply, Conversion & Demand– Energy Carriers
BALANÇO ENERGÉTICOtep Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo Gás Natural
(*)
Gases o Outros
Derivados
Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos
IndustriaisRenováveisSem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL
2008 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+38+46
IMPORTAÇÕES 1. 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 24 022 754 PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA 2. 1 142 338 39 800 3 190 679 4 372 817 VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 - 837 97 193 SAÍDAS 4. 24 949 3 680 661 112 918 17 634 3 836 162 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216
PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048
CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 7. 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519
CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 1 275 842 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 18 572 807
ACERTOS 9. 9 851 - 47 340 - 1 382 12 279 - 38 580 CONSUMO FINAL 10. 71 319 9 829 035 1 505 343 4 159 087 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 209 18 611 387 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS 10.1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS 10.2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10.3 71 319 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 38 680 615 382 5 332 628
CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10.4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784
TRANSPORTES 10.5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 452 6 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO 10.6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 750 3 191 292 SERVIÇOS 10.7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 579 2 111 677
Course Contents – S4
• 5th & 6th pratical classes & 2nd assignment – Each group analyses the PEB for a specific year and compares
it with 2012 (bring the computer)
• Learning Outcomes:– Be able to retrieve information from the Energetic Balance of a
country/region– Compute electricity production efficiencies and other 1st law
efficiencies for the country level
• Bibliography: – Chap. 2 “Balanço Energético Nacional - Metodologia de
Elaboração, Evolução da Estrutura e do Consumo Energético Primário”, Ramos, A.
– Chap. 2 “Energy Economics”, Bhattacharyya.
• From Primary Energy to Energy Services
Course Contents – S5
IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012
Course Contents - S5
Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”
Energy Transition Energy Transition biomass to coal coal to oil
• World and national patterns of energy use• Energy Transitions
Course Contents - S5
• Sankey diagrams for different scales
• 1st and 2nd Law Efficiencies
Course Contents – S5• 7th & 8th pratical classes & 3rd assignment
– Each group draws the Sankey diagram using e-Sankey for the PEB for a specific year for Portugal
• Learning outcomes:– Understand concepts of primary, final & useful energy– Historical perspective on world energy use & transitions– Use Sankey diagrams to analyse energy systems
• Bibliography: – Cap. 2 da sebenta “Gestão de Energia”, Águas, M. – Chapter 1 & 16 GEA, IAASA– Cullen and Alwood “The efficient use of energy: Tracing the global
flow of energy”, Energy Policy 2010.
Course Contents S6-S8
• Energy and Entropy Balances for Closed & Open Systems
• Thermodynamic Cycles: power cycle, heat pump & refrigerator cycle
• Bibliography– “Fundamental of Engineering
Thermodynamics” Shapiro & Moran
Course Contents S6-S8
• Energetic and Exergetic Efficiencies• Energy Efficient Heating• Waste Heat Recovery• Combined Heat and Power:
– Co-geração e Tri-geração
• Energy Efficient Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
• Bibliography– “”Energy, Management, Supply and Conservation” Clive
Beggs
• Energy use in industry– Use of energy in different types of industries and impact from
energy saving measures
• SGCIE: Energy efficiency in industry
• 9th Practical Class– Exercises
• Learning Outcomes– Apply & understand the SGCIE legislation
• Bibliography: – DL n.º 71/2008; Despachos nº 17449/2008 & 17313/2008– Chap. 6 “Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy
Services” Danny Harvey
Course Contents – S9
Course Contents – S10
• Energy use in Buildings– Factors controlling energy use in buildings
– Techniques to reduce energy use:• Passive solar heating, ventilation and cooling
techniques • Efficient mechanical equipment to meet
the remaining loads
Course Contents – S10
• Legislation: Energy efficiency in buildings• 10th Practical Class
– Exercises
• Learning Outcomes– Learn about strategies to reduce energy use in buildings and their
impact – Apply & understand the legislation
• Bibliography:– Chap. 4 “Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy Services”
Danny Harvey– Decreto-lei n.º 118/2013
• Energy use in Agriculture and Food System– Nitrogen fertilizer and the N cycle– Phosphorus fertilizer and potential supply constraints– Reducing fertilizer energy use– Pesticides– Direct Energy Use on Farms– Comparative energy use and yield of conventional and low
input systems– Energy Use by Fisheries– Impact of consumer shift to less energy-intensive diets– Globalized vs. localized agriculture
Course Contents – S11
Course Contents – S11
• 11th practical class & 4th assignment – Comment on a paper
• Learning Outcomes– Learn about factors that influence energy use in agriculture and
the food system and strategies & technologies that reduce the energy use in and their environmental impact
• Bibliography:– Chap. 7 “Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy
Services” Danny Harvey
Course Contents – S12
• Energy use in Transports– Factors controlling private passenger energy use
• Urban form• Vehicle choice
– Technical measures to reduce energy use in automobiles and light truks
– Energy use and Technical measures to reduce energy use in urban and intercity buses, air travel
– Energy use and Technical measures to reduce energy use in freight
Course Contents – S12
• Legislation• 12th & 13th practical classes and 4th assignment
– Exercises
• Learning Outcomes– Learn about factors that influence energy use in transports and
strategies & technologies that reduce the energy use in and their environmental impact
– Apply & understand the legislation on transports
• Bibliography:– Chap. 5 “Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy
Services” Danny Harvey
• Pollution Economics of Energy – Externalities – Taxes and tradeable pemits for CO2
• 13th practical class– Exercises
Course Contents – S13 & S14