evolução do 3g_4gh

8/21/2019 Evoluo Do 3G_4Gh

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3G and 4G WirelessAdvances and Challenges


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3G and 4G WirelessAdvances and Challenges

Where are we?

3G Wireless Summary

Where do we Want to go?

Evolution to Seamless Networking

4G Wireless

Challenges

The one who stays still is left behind


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Where are We?

Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

US Universal coverage achieved early 1980s

Wireless First Generation Analog Systems Speech

AMPS, TACS

Second Generation Digital Systems

Enhanced Capacity

CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC 2.5 Generation Systems

Low Speed Data

GPRS, EDGE

Third Generation Systems

INTERNET on Wireless

WiFi/HyperLAN WiMAX/HyperWAN CDMA2000/WCDMA

Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP


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Representative Wireless Standards

GSM/TDMA

Time Division Multiplexing based access

CDMA

Code Division Multiplexing based access

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Many toys to play with


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TDMA/FDMA

slot 1 slot 2 . . . Slot nFrequency 1 Circuit Circuit Circuit

Frequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit

.

. Downlink Path

.

Frequency Frequency n Circuit Circuit CircuitDomain



.

. Uplink Path

.

Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit

Give the same air to all


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CDMA

t

Freq:

Chips

user 1

user 2

usern

Separated by PN codes

t

Message

t

Resulting Signal

X

I I I

All persons are created equal

Channelization code: Separate xmissions

from a single source from each other

Scrambling code: separate different sourcesfrom each other

Spreading Code = Channelization code x

Scrambling code


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Multipath Arrival of Signals

Transmitted

symbol

received signal Modified with the combined

at each time delay channel estimate symbol

finger #1

finger #2

finger #3

YY


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CDMA Rake Receiver

Input signal

(from RF)

correlator

code

generatorchannel

estimator

phase rotator delayequalizer

Timing (Finger allocation)

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

Matched filter

SUM I

SUM Q

Combiner

I

QI

Q


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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA

Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient

manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11aand 802.16)

Based on use of IFFT and FFT

Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality inCDMA using Walsh Code


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3G Services

2MHz video telemedicineconferencing Video on Mobile

demand TV

electronic

Internet radio newspaper

Bandwidth paging

audioconferencing messaging Mobile

radio

Fax

voice

1KHz

bi-directional unidirectional Broadcast/

multicast

Who is first?the customer; who is second? - No one


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Key Mobility Services

Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)

Text, sounds, images, and video

Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)

Open Internet standards for messaging

Web Applications

Information portals

Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals usingWireless Application Protocol (WAP)

Location Communications Services

Location Awareness Based

Personalization of information presentation format Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)


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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Mobile user ISP corporate server

Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality

Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services

Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

Subscriber profile, charging information, Serviceinformation, numbering information

Integration of array of services, content conversion toheterogeneous services, network user profile, locationaware services

Take the claims with a grain of salt


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GSM Network

BSS

HLR

AuC

C, D

Gw-MSC C

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM

04.08

MSC

VLR

A

UE

SMS-GW

Billing

Center

SCP

STPIN

gsm

SCFSSP

Circuit domain


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GSM & GPRS

BSS

HLR

AuC

C, D

Gw-MSCC

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM

04.08+

MSCVLR

A

UE

SMS-GW

Billing

Center

GGSN

PDN

Gi

Gb

SGSN

Data,

voice,video

call

GSM

04.08+

Gr

Gc

Gn

CGw

Ga

Ga

SCP

STPIN

gsm

SCFSSP IP Services

Circuit domain Packet domain


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WCDMA/UMTS

UTRAN

HLR+

AuC

C+, D+

Gw-MSC C

PSTN/ISDN

ISUP

GSM

04.08++

3G-MSCVLR

Iu-cs

UE

SMS-GW

Billing

Center

GGSN

PDN

Gi+

Iu-ps

3G-SGSN

Data,

voice,video

call

GSM

04.08++

Gr+

Gc+

Gn+

CGw

Ga+

Ga+

SCP

STPIN, CAMEL

gsm

SCFSSP IP Services

Circuit domain Packet domain


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GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services

High

Bit Rate, Kbps

Low

TextMessagingMobility

Voice

76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s9.6 14.4HSCSD

CS

Data

F

ax

GSM

HSCSD

GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

(stationary)

(Car / Train)


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3G Evolution

GSM

HSCSD

15.2 kbps

GPRS

170 kbpsEDGE

473 kbps EDGE Ph2

GRAN

473 kbps

TDMA

CDPD

43.2 kbps

TD-SCDMA

284 kbps

TD-SCDMA

Ph 2

2 Mbps

PDA/PDC-P

14.4 kbps

WCDMA FDD

2 MbpsWCDMA TDD 2 Mbps

WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps

cdmaOne

76.8 kbps

CDMA2000 1x

307 kps

1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps

1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps

WLAN

IEEE 802.11b

11 Mbps

HyperLAN2

54 Mbps

IEEE 802.11 a/h

54 Mbps

Harmonized

HyperLAN2

And IEEE 802.11a

Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002

3.5G2.5G

WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix


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Some Representative Current Wireless Options

3G Cellular (WCDMA)

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink areseparated in frequency(symmetric)

Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated intimeallows asymmetric traffic (adjust time slots in uplink anddownlink)

3G Cellular (CDMA2000)

Wi Fi

802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2 2.4 GHz band

WiMAX

802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (portable)

5.8 GHz band; 1020 Mbps symmetrical BW

Blue Tooth

RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage

2.4 GHz band

Darwins Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest


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3G WCDMA

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Domains, Protocols, and Channels

Radio Resource Management

Network Dimensioning and Optimization

Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services

The favored twin sister of CDMA2000


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Release 99

Radio Bearer Negotiations

Traffic Classes

Complex Scrambling

Speech Codec(eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)

Battery Life

Transmission spatial/antenna diversity

Compressed Mode

Measurements in multiple frequency Use of transmission time reduction techniques

# PDP Contexts per IP Address

QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver

Short and Long Spreading Codes

Multicallseveral simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers ofindependent traffic and performance characteristics

Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)Phase 3

A lot to gobble


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Release 4

Bearer Independent Core Network

Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation

(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC) Low Chip Rate TDD Operation

Network Assisted Cell Change

FDD Repeater

NodeB Synchronization for TDD IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and

non-real time traffic

Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW(Connection management subtasks)

Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment


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Release 5

IP Transport in UTRAN

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)

Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)

IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)

Guaranteed End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain

Global Text Telephony

Support for Real Time Services in packet domain

CAMEL Phase 4


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HSDPA

Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps

Same spectrum by both voice and data

Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)

Fast link Adaptation

Both code and time division for channel sharing

Transmission Time interval 2 ms

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)

Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreadingfactor fixed to 16

Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)

New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info


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WCDMA Domains

User EquipmentDomain

AccessNetworkDomain

CoreNetworkDomain

InfrastructureDomain

Cu

MobileEquipmentDomain

USIMDomain

Home

NetworkDomain

TransitNetworkDomain

Uu Iu

[Zu]

[Yu]

ServingNetworkDomain

Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)


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WCDMA Protocol Layers

Application

Protocol

Data

Stream(s)

ALCAP(s)

TransportNetwork

Layer

Physical Layer

Signalling

Bearer(s)

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Control Plane User Plane

TransportUser

NetworkPlane

Transport NetworkControl Plane

Radio

NetworkLayer

Signalling

Bearer(s)

Data

Bearer(s)


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WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer

L3

con

trol

con

trol

con

trol

con

trol

Logical

Channels

Transport

Channels

C-plane signalling U-plane information

PHY

L2/MAC

L1

RLC

DCNtGC

L2/RLC

MAC

RLC

RLCRLC

RLC

RLCRLC

RLC

Duplication avoidance

UuS boundary

BMCL2/BMC

RRC

control

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

DCNtGC

L3/RRC


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WCDMA Channels

Logical Channels Control Traffic

BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH

Mac -b -c/sh -d

Common Dedicated

Transport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH

Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels Dedicated

PCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH

CPICH

AICH

PICH

CSICHCD/CA-ICH

Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface

Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface

Channels made by soft hats


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Mapping Between Channels

SCHCPICH

AICH

PICH

CSICH

CD/CA-ICH

CCCHDCCH

DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH

DCCH

DTCH

RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH

Logical

Channels

Transport

Channels

Uplink Downlink

PCCPCH SCCPCHPRACH DPDCH

DPCCH

PDSCHPCPCH

Mapped

Physical

Channels

DedicatedPhysical

Channels

DPDCH

DPCCH

N to M


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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples

Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channelsDCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH

Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only

Downlink in TDD

Code Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes

bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared shared

cell cell cell btw users btw users

Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes No

Soft handover Yes No No No No No

Suited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium

data amounts data data medium or large or large

amounts amounts data data data

amounts amounts amounts

Suited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yesdata

Flexibility comes with responsibility


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Radio Resource Management

Power Control

Handover

Access Control

Load and Congestion Control

Packet Scheduling


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WCDMA Power Control (near = far)

YY

NodeB

Keep received power

levels P1 and P2 equal

Power control commands

to the UEs

UE1

UE2

Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)Open Loop Power Control

Closed Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)


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WCDMA Handovers

YY

sector 1

sector 2

RNC

The same signal is sent

from both sectors to UE

RNC

YY

YY

NodeB1

NodeB2

The same signal is sent from

both NodeB's to UE, except for the

power control commands

macro diversity

combining in uplink

Hard and Inter-frequency handovers

Intersystem cell-reselection

Equivalent PLMN mode (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)

Softer

Soft


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Handover Algorithm

Pilot Ec/IOof cell 1



Reporting_range

- Hysteresis_event 1A

T T T

Reporting_range

+ Hysteresis_event 1B

Hysteresis_event 1C

Connected to cell 1

Event 1A

- add cell2

Event 1C

= replace cell1

with cell3

Event 1B

= remove cell3

A relay race with multiple batons


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Network Dimensioning and Optimization

Dimensioning Criteria

Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service

Dimensioning

Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor

Estimation of average interference power

Coverage end Outage probabilities

Optimization

Performance Requirements

Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes

Dont force a round peg in a square hole


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WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)

Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer

Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate

Authentications

Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class Background

Fundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is not

characteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data

information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain timethe stream entities of the integrity Preserve data

Conversational pattern stream integrity

(stringent and low

delay)

Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Background

application videotelephony multimedia network games download of emailsvideo games

One way communications is no communications

S ( CS)


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Location Services (LCS)

SMLC

UE

Node B

LMU

type B

HLR

Gateway

MLC

External

LCS client

LeLg

Lh

LMU

type A

Um

Iu

Iub

gsmSCF

Lc

MSC

BSC

BTS

LMUtype B

A/ (Gb)/

(Iu)Abis

SRNCSMLC

Lb

Ls

Uu

(R98 and 99)

SMLC

Lp

UTRAN

GERAN

Cell ID based

Observed Time Difference ArrivalIdle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)

Network Assisted GPS

You can run but you cannot hide

Wh M T d 4G?


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Why Move Towards 4G?

Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia,full motion video, wireless teleconferencing

Wider Bandwidth Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards

hampering global mobility and service portability

Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs; need a newintegrated network

Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally moreefficient modulation schemes

Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and convergedvideo and data

Incessant human desire to reach the sky

Wh D W W t t G ?


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Where Do We Want to Go?

Seamless Roaming

Integrated standard Networks

Mobile Intelligent Internet

Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks

We are no longer in Kansas, Toto

U i


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Upcoming

3.5 G

Evolved radio Interface

IP based core network

4G

New Air Interface

Very high bit rate services

Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds

And Now for Something Completely Different


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R-SGW

Gi

Mr

Gi

Ms

MGW

MGCF

MRF

PSTN/

Legacy/External

Mm

Mw

Legacy mobile

signaling

Network

Mc

Cx

Alternative

Access

Network Mh

CSCF

Mg

T-SGW

CSCF

HSS

MSC Server

Gi

MGW

GMSC Server

NbMc Mc

NcT-SGW

Iu

3G All-IP Reference Architecture

Iu

Gi

R Uu

Gn

Gc

Gp

Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Signalling Interface

Gr

Other PLMN

Gn

Applications& Services

SCP

CAP

TE MT

SGSN

GGSN

HLR

SGSN

GGSN

Multimedia

IP Networks

UTRAN


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N_B

PSTN/ISDN

N_B

RNCRNC

Iub

IubIur

Internet/Intranet/ISPWireless

DataServer

www,

email

IP

SGSN

GGSN

IP

Firewall

HLR

AuC

PCMSS7

3G-MSC

ATM GTP+/IP

N_B

Internet/Intranet/ISPPSTN/ISDN

N_B

RNCRNC

Iub

IubIur

ATM GTP+/IP

Wireless

DataServer

www,

email

IP

PCMSS7

IP

Firewall

GGSN

IP

PSTN/ISDN

MGCFHSS CSCF SGW

MGW

MRF

(G)MSC

ServerMGW3G-MSC

SGSN

GGSN

WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network

UTRAN

3 5G R di N t k E l ti


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3.5G Radio Network Evolution

High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access

Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission

schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signalingoptimization

Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHzspectrum

Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50ms (dormant to active)

> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum

Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz

Eliminate dedicated channels; avoid macro diversity in DL

Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL

Support voice services in the packet domain

Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel QualityIndicator (CQI) measurements

3 5G WCDMA E ol ed S stem Architect re


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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture

Evolved Packet Core

Evolved RANS1 Gi

Op.

IPServ.(IMS,PSS,etc)

Rx+

S2

GERAN

UTRAN

GPRS Core

Gb

Iu

S3

MMEUPE

Inter ASAnchor

S4

non 3GPPIP Access

HSS

PCRF

S5

S2

S7

S6

WLAN3GPP IP Access

* Color coding: redindicates new functional element / interface

Source: www.3gpp.org

Key 3G and 4G Parameters


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Key 3G and 4G ParametersAttribute 3G 4G

Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data asadd-on

Converged data and VoIP

Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybridintegration ofWireless Lan (WiFi), BlueTooth, Wide Area

Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 28 GHz

Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-band adapters

Smart antennas; SW multi-band; wideband radios

Bandwidth 520 MHz 100+ MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20100 Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;

turbo

Concatenated Coding

Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational ~2003 ~2010

Key 4G Mobility Concepts


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Key 4G Mobility Concepts

Mobile IP

VoIP

Ability to move around with the same IP address

IP tunnels

Intelligent Internet

Presence Awareness Technology

Knowing who is on line and where

Radio Router

Bringing IP to the base station

Smart Antennas

Unique spatial metric for each transmission

Wireless IP IP Wireless

4G Networks Advances


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4G Networks Advances

Seamless mobility (roaming)

Roam freely from one standard to another

Integrate different modes of wireless communicationsindoornetworks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals;radio and TV; satellite communications

100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)

IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, andvideo

IP RAN Open unified standards

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Successor to SS7; replacement for TCP

Maintain several data streams within a single connection

Service Location Protocol (SLP) Automatic resource discovery

Make all networked resources dynamically configurable throughIP-based service and directory agents

The demise of SS7

4G Networks Advances contd


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4G Networks Advancescont d

Diameter

Successor to Radius

Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)

HSS

Unified Subscriber Information

Application developers, Service providers, and contentcreators

Expand beyond the circle

Key Challenges


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Spectral Efficiencies

Challenge Shannons fundamental law of data communications(BW, Sig/No)

Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for FrequencyHop (FH) systems

Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)

Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)

Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels

MC-CDMA; OFDM

Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Add cyclic extension or guard band to data

Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak toAverage Ratio (PAVR)

No pain, no gain

Key Challenges contd 1


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Key Challenges - cont d - 1

Signal Processing and optimizations

Handling extremely large number of users

Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions

Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes

Spectrum Pollution

Multi path re-enforcement / interference

Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interferencesuppression techniques (ISI and MAI)

Key Challenges contd 2


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Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)

N Dimensional vector spaces

IFFT, FFT

Advanced DSPs for parsing and processing data

Smart / Intelligent Antennas

Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI

Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays

Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

Manage Entropy

Key Challenges - contd - 3


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More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs

Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity,

tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques

Tight closed Loop power control

Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments

Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios Error Correction Coding

Perfect Synchronization / phase alignment betweenXmitter and Receiver

Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero

crossing)

Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals

A/D and D/A transformations

4G RF/IF Architecture Example


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4G RF/IF Architecture Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm

4G Transreceiver Processing Example


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4G Transreceiver Processing Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm



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All IP Network

Tunneling and Firewalls

Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime locationtracking, distributed policy management

Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic

Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversionsPlanetary Interoperability

Integration across different topologies

Multi Disciplinary Cooperation

WPANWLAN

WWAN WMAN

There is packet at the end of the tunnel

+ IP



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Key Challenges cont d 5

Distribute intelligence to the edges

Very Smart User equipment; away from network Centric

architecture Access routers

Miniaturization esp User Equipment

Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)

Encryption Protocols; Security and trust of information

Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness

Dynamic optimization of scarce resources

Advanced Used interactions / presentation

Improved User interfaces

advanced Speech recognition and synthesis

Flexible displays



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Key Challenges cont d 6

Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs

Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents

Web Adaptivenessglobal database schemes, global errorcorrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learningalgorithms

Symbolic manipulation

Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse

information sources

Standardizations and Regulatory

Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming

Spectrum

Cooperation/coordination among global SpectrumRegulators

4G Forums


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4G Forums

Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe

Next-Generation Internet (NGI)

Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,NIH etc.)

High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),

Internet2

US Universities Initiated

Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)

Summary


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Summary

Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications

Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable userbandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive userinterface

Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas

Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G

Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fastmanipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls

Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, one standard,authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation

Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physicalspace, esp. User Equipment (UE)

IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G

IP in the sky with diamonds


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Back-up

1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems


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1 Generation Analog Cellular Systems

Standard Region Frequency

(MHz)

Channel

Spacing

kHz

No. of

Channels

Modulation Data Rate

(kbps)

AMPS USA 824-849

869-894

30 832 FM 10

TACS Europe 890-915

935-980

25 1000 FM 8

ETACS UK 872-915

917-950

25 1240 FM 8

NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5463-467.5

25 180 FM 1.2

NMT 900 Europe 890-915

935-960

12.5 1999 FM 1.2

C-450 Germany

Portugal

450-455.74

460-465.74

10 573 FM 5.28

RTMS Italy 450-455

460-465

25 200 FM -

Radiocom

2000

France 414.8-418

424.8-428

12.5 250 FM -

NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3

JTACS /

NTACS

Japan 860-870

915-925

25 400 FM 8.0

2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems


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2 Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems

System

Country

IS-54

USA

GSM

Europe

IS-95

USA

CT-2

Europe,

Asia

CT-3

DCT-90

Sweden

DECT

Europe

Access

Technology

TDMA /

FDMA

TDMA /

FDMA

CDMA /

FDMA

(DS)

FDMA TDMA /

FDMA

TDMA /

FDMA

Frequency

Band

BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900

MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849

Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD

RF Channel

Spacing

(kHz)

30 200 1250 100 1000 1728

Modulation Pi/4

DQPSK

GMSK BPSK /

QPSK

GFSK GFSK GFSK

Frequency

Assignment

Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic

Power

Control

MS Y Y Y N N N

BS Y Y Y N N N

Speech

Coding

VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM

Speech rate(kbps)

7.95 13

8(variable

rate) 32 32 32

Channel Bit

Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152

Channel

Coding

1/2 rate

convolution

1/2 rate

convolution

1/2 rate

forward,

1/3 rate

reverse,

CRC

None CRC CRC

3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards


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UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000

"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOne

Cell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing

Each cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset

code for spreading of same scrambling code for spreadingComplex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand Over

Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length

of 10 ms 215

- 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different

site offset of 64 chips

OVSF Codes Walsh Codes

Cdma2000 Layered Structure


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y

Unique to cdma2000

Signaling

Services

Packet Data

Application

Packet Data

Application

Packet Data

Application

TCP UDP

IP

PPP

High SpeedCircuit Network

Layer Services

LAC Protocol Null LACLAC

MAC

Control

State

Best Effort Delivery RLP

QoS ControlMultiplexing

MAC

Physical Layer

Upper

Layers(OSI 3-7)

Link

Layer

(OSI 2)

Physical

layer

(OSI 1)

UMTS Spectrum Allocation


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p

Europe

Japan

Korea

USA

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

GSM 1800

DLDECT

IMT-2000

TDD

IMT-2000

UL

MSS

UL

IMT-2000

TDD

IMT-2000

DL

MSS

DL

PHS

IMT-2000

UL

IMT-2000

DL

IMT-2000

DLIS-95

DL

IMT-2000

UL

PCS/UL PCS/DL

WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols


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PHY

Phy-up

MAC

RLC

RRC

MM

CM

ATM

AAL2

FP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

PHY

AAL5

SSCF-UNI

ALCAPNBAP

Phy-up

MAC

RLC

RRC

PHY

ATM

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

Iu

UP

AAL2

PHY

ATM

Q.2630.1

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

AAL5

Iu

UP

AAL2PHY

ATM

AAL2

FP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-UNI

SSCOP

PHY

AAL5

SSCF-UNI

ALCAP NBAP

UE Node B RNC Core

RANAP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

SCCP

MTP3B

RANAP

AAL5

SSCOP

SSCF-NNI

MM

CM

SCCP

MTP3B

CODEC

WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS


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SM

GMM

RRC

RLC

MAC-cd

PHY-up

FP FP

PHY-up

MAC-cd

RLC

RRC

NBAPALCAP ALCAPNBAP

AAL2

SSSAR

AAL2

SSSARSAALSAAL SAALSAAL

AAL5AAL5 AAL5AAL5

ATM ATM

PHY PHY

PHY

CDMA

PHY

CDMA

UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN

Uu Iub Iu-ps

WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS


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IP

RLC

PDCP

MAC

PHY-up

FPALCAP

PHY-up

MAC

RLC

PDCP

AAL2SAALAAL2 SAAL

FP ALCAP

ATM ATMPHY PHY

PHY

CDMA

PHY

CDMA

UE/MTE NODE B RNC SGSN

Uu Iub Iu-ps

HSDPA Protocol Architecture


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L2

L1

HS-

DSCH

FP

RLC

L2

L1

L2

L1

L2

L1

HS-DSCH

FP

Iub Iur

PHY

MAC

PHY

RLC

Uu

MAC-

hs

HS-

DSCHFPHS-

DSCH

FP

MAC-c/sh

MAC-D

IMS Architecture


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Standards


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IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)

IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)

IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)

IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)

IS-54: 1stGen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHzchannel

IS-88: CDMA

IS-91: Analog Callular air interface

IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface

IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)

IS-124: Call detail and billing record

IS-136: 2ndGenr TDMA (TDMA control channel)

IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)

IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability(WNP)

IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on toTIA/EIA 95-B)

Glossary3GPP:3G Partnership Project IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications


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AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting

AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)

ANSI:American National Standards Institute

ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

(Japan)

BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN2) 2.5 Mbps

CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced

Logic

CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access

CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards

group (China)

ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers AssociationEDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution

ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FDD:Frequency Division Duplex

FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access

GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMSC:Gateway MSC

GPRS:General Packet Radio Service

GSM:Global System for Mobile communicationGTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol

HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Network

HLR:Home Location Register

HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data

HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network

IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity

ITU:International Telecommunications Union

OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PDN:Public Data Network

PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network

PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network

QoS:Quality of ServiceRAB:Radio Access Bearer

RNC:Radio Network Controller

RRC:Radio Resource Control

SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node

SIM:Subscriber Identity Module

TDD:Time Division Duplex

TDMA:Time Division Multiple AccessTTA:Telecommunications Technology Association

(Korea)

TTC:Telecommunications Technology

Commission (Japan)

UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System

UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VoIP:Voice over Internet ProtocolWCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access

WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network

WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network

WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network

References


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1. www.3gpp.org

2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001

3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001

4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,

Artech House, 20015. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,

Beijing, 2002

6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000

7. www.mobileinfo.com
http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp.org/

evolução do 3g_4gh

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