empreendimentos hidrelétricos e o futuro da ictiofauna · upstream strata contribute to downstream...
TRANSCRIPT
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Empreendimentos hidrelétricos e o
futuro da ictiofauna
Fernando Mayer Pelicice
Universidade Federal do Tocantins Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecótonos
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Eletrólatras
Aneel (2008)
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1. Situação atual?
2. Impactos sobre a ictiofauna?
3. Soluções correntes?
4. Soluções Alternativas?
5. Porque se preocupar?
6. Fim da ilusão...
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1. Situação?
Extensão do problema?
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Agostinho et al. (2008)
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Aneel (2012)
UHE
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Aneel (2012)
UHE
PCH +
~ 60.500
MW
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Agostinho et al. (2009)
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Cortesia: Alberto Akama (UFT)
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83%
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2. Impactos?
Barragens afetam mesmo a ictiofauna?
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Agostinho et al. (2008)
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Biologia
Comportamento
Demografia
Recrutamento
Estrutura genética
Composição de espécies
Diversidade
Distribuição espacial
Fluxo de energia
Níveis tróficos
Produção pesqueira
Qualidade do pescado
Recreação
Sistema de pesca
Relações sociais
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Indivíduo
Populações
Comunidades
Ecossistemas
Sociedade
Biosfera
Barragem
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Peterson et al (1998)
Reorganização ecológica profunda...
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Hoeinghaus et al. (2009)
Itaipu, rio Paraná...
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Hoeinghaus et al. (2009)
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1977 1987 1997
Valor de Mercado
Custo energético
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3. Soluções?
Estamos conservando a ictiofauna?
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Programas de Manejo
1. Estocagem (peixamento)
2. Introdução de espécies
3. Aqüicultura
4. Mecanismos de transposição
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Conservar... ou piorar?
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Ausência de monitoramento
Metodologia inadequada
Falta de avaliação de riscos
Desconhecimento do problema
Objetivos pouco claros ou ambíguos
Desconhecimento do sistema
Ausência de avaliações
Abordagem inadequada
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Funcionou?
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Síndrome de Coca-Cola?
1. Resolve todos os problemas
2. Refresca
3. Faz mal
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Estocagem
Repovoando o
ecossistema?
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Peterson et al (1998)
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Agostinho et al. (2010)
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Cowx (1999)
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Molony et al. (2003)
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Agostinho et al. (2008)
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Competição intra-específica
Abundância de presas
Hábito alimentar de predadores selvagens
Privação alimentar
Exceder a capacidade suporte
Competição inter-específica
Introdução de doenças e parasitas
Gargalo genético
Perda de diversidade genética e fitness
Extinções
Mudanças ecossistêmicas (regime)
Impactos no ambiente físico
Perda de recurso financeiro
Riscos? Molony et al. (2003)
Agostinho et al. (2010)
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Introdução de espécies
Inovando no
ecossistema?
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
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Riscos?
CAVEIRA
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Aqüicultura
Produzindo no
ecossistema?
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Godinho (2008)
VOLTA GRANDE (MG)
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PRODUÇÃO
ESTOCAGEM
X ESTOCAGEM
PRODUÇÃO
ou +
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FURNAS (MG)
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Agostinho et al. (2007)
ITAIPU (PR)
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Transposição
Restaurando a livre
passagem?
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Nem todas as espécies ascendem
Algumas ascendem em grande quantidade
Contexto e comportamento da fauna
devem balizar decisões
Desorientação no STP é comum
Algumas espécies conseguem atravessar o
reservatório rio acima
STP é ponto de elevada predação
Ausência de migração descendente
(ovos, larvas e adultos)
?
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Pompeu et al. (2012)
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Self-sustainable population up and downstream the dam
Yes
No
Self-sustainable down and unsustainable up
Upstream strata contribute to downstream recruitment
No
Passage of fish is
recommended with
monitoring, including
the up- and
downstream
movements of adults,
juveniles, eggs and
larvae
Yes
Passage of fish only under strictly control and genetic and demographic monitoring
(passes for downstream are also required)
No Yes
Self-sustainable up and not sustainable down
Upstream strata contribute to downstream recruitment
Passage of fish is
recommended with
monitoring
NO SENSE
Other management strategy
Yes
Passage of fish is not recommended for conservation
A preliminary protocol to take decision on the passage of fish
Agostinho et al. (em preparação)
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Pelicice & Agostinho (2008)
Ecological traps?
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4. E agora?
Fazer o que?
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Compreender que não temos tecnologia e não conhecemos forma de restaurar a biodiversidade na área afetada...
Compreender que Haverá perda de biodiversidade e qualidade ambiental...
1
2
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Pesquisa sobre fontes alternativas de produzir energia elétrica
Incentivo ao uso de fontes alternativas de eletricidade
Reduzir o desperdício
Reduzir perdas nos sistemas de transmissão
Reduzir a demanda
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Avaliações integradas
Avaliações ambientais sérias na fase de inventário
Preservação de bacias inteiras
Imputar prejuízos/custos ambientais ao empreendedor, Estado ou Sociedade
Planejamento hidrelétrico em nível de bacia e inter-bacia
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Compreender que ações alternativas devem ser consideradas para conservar a biodiversidade remanescente...
3
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Total responsabilidade do empreendedor pela manutenção da diversidade remanescente e qualidade ambiental/social
Monitoramento limno-biológico permanente
Ações preventivas e mitigadoras a eventos específicos (ex.: mortandade)
Ordenação do uso no entorno
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Preservação de trechos lóticos remanescentes
Vazão ecológica
Controle de espécies não-nativas
Preservação de tributários
Restauração de ambientes
Proteção da vegetação no entorno
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5. Problema?
Porque se importar?
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Thoropa saxatilis
Brachyplatystoma rosseauxii
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Edwards & Abivardi (1998)
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Economia
Sistemas
humanos
Ecossistemas
naturais
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Ecossistemas
naturais
Economia
Sistemas
humanos
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MEA (2005)
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NATURE (1997)
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U$ 33 tri/ano
PIB = U$ 18 tri/ano
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U$ 1,7 tri/ano
U$ 4,9 tri/ano
Rios e lagos wetlands
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Suprimento de água
Controle de distúrbios
Tratamento de poluentes e resíduos
Produção de matéria bruta
Provisão de habitats e refúgio
Regulação de gases
Regulação do ciclo da água
Produção de alimento
Recreação
Valor cultural
Bens e Serviços dos ecossistemaS
AQUÁTICOS
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Bens e Serviços dos ecossistemaS
AQUÁTICOS
Energia hidrelétrica
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6. Game over?
Fim da ilusão...
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Fim da ilusão...
Hidrelétrica X
Ictiofauna
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Fischer et al. (2012)
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Dá para piorar?
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Apagão ou relações de poder?
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Doutores: Planejamento econômico Economia História Econômica Engenharia Energia Planejamento energético Zoologia Biologia Ecologia Ciências Ambientais Entomologia Antropologia Ciências sociais Saúde Pública História Ciência Política Geografia
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Síndrome do
Apagão Gestores
Sociedade
inflação
R$ 4,6 bi. 19, 26, 32?
Hidrelétrica
Alumínio
Aço
Ferroligas
Celulose Concessionárias
Empreiteiras $ $
Beneficiado
exportado
Importado (U$)
Pro
f. C
éli
o B
erm
an
n (
En
tre
vis
ta a
E
lia
ne
Bru
m –
31
/10
/2011
)
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“... o grande processo em curso na década de 1980, que há de tomar milhões de anos para ser corrigido, é a perda da diversidade genética e de espécies pela destruição de habitats naturais. Esta é a loucura que nossos descendentes provavelmente menos nos perdoarão.”
Edward Wilson
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“O homem é algo que deve ser superado. (,,,) O homem é um corda estendida entre o animal e o super-homem - uma corda sobre um abismo. (,,,) O que há de grande, no homem, é ser ponte, e não meta: o que pode amar-se, no homem, é ser uma transição e um ocaso. (...)
Nietzsche
Amo os que não sabem viver senão no ocaso, porque estão a caminho do outro lado.”