dos(5)

8/18/2019 DOS(5)

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5. fMLd vkWijsfVax LVe

(Disk Operating System)

5.1 ifjp; (Introduction)

MkWl ¼fMLd vkWijsfVax LVe½ ekbØks dEI;wVjks esa lcls

vf/kd dke esa vkus okyk vkWijsfVax LVe ga! vkb"# c$#

%e#(IBM) us vius ekbØks dEI;wVjksa ds fy% lcls igys MkWl dke esa

fy;k! vkb"# c$# %e# &kjk fod' MkWl PC-DOS dgyk'k ga!ekbØkslks(V us )k$ I*+el ,-,./,-,, ifjokj ds ekbØksdEI;wVjksa

ds fy% MkWl dke esa fy;k! ekbØkslks(V &kjk fod' MkWl MS-

DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) dgyk'k ga!

vf/kd'j ekbØks dEI;wVjksa esa MS-DOS g$ dke esa vk'k

ga v'0 MkWl dk i;k"; cu x;k ga! v'0 ;g v/;k; M123 ds

la*)k" esa fy4kk x;k ga!MS-DOS %d axy ;w+j vkWijsfVax LVe ga!

MS-DOS ds olZu~l (Versions)

ol"u5l d$ ifjd6iuk %d fd'kc ds laLdj7k (editions) d$ 'jg ga!

vkWijsfVax LVe esa l8/kkj o c*yko gks's jg's ga o u;s u;s ol"u

fod' gks's jg's ga! 9*kgj7k'0 M123 ds e84; ol"u5l :1- 1- <1- =1- >1- .1- o ?1- ga! ?1- @;wu'e ol"u ga!

vc MS-DOS ds LAkku ij fo7Mksa B>CB, (Windows 9!9")

vkWijsfVax LVe dk vf/kd 9i;ksx gks'k ga! v'0 ekbØkslks(V

us vc bl vkWijsfVax LVe ij dk;" djuk yx)kx lekI' dj f*;k ga!

MS-DOS dh dqN fo'ks"krk,+ (Features of MS-DOS)

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¼:½ MS-DOS 9i;ks2'k dks vk*sDkksa ij vk/kkfj'

b7Vjsl F*ku dj'k ga! 9i;ks2'k M123 ds vk*sDkksa

dk F;ksx djds dEI;wVj ij dk;" dj ld'k ga!

MS-DOS dEI;wVj eku$Vj ij %d FksEIV *Dkk"'k ga!

9i;ks2'k 9l FksEIV ds ck* vk*sDk Vkb"i dj ld'k ga!

blds ck* 9i;ks2'k +ls g$ %@Vj #ey *ck'k ga M123

bl vk*sDk ds vu8lkj dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls dk;" dj'k ga o

ifj7kkeksa dks eku$Vj ij *Dkk"us ds ck* i8u0 FksEIV

f*4kk'k ga! blds ck* 9i;ks2'k *wljk vk*sDk *s ld'k

ga! vk*sDk ds xy' gksus ij MS-DOS 9i;82'

G8fVHla*sDk ($rror Message) )k$ eku$Vj ij *Dkk"'k ga!

¼½ MS-DOS kb""y Fca/ku (%i&e Management) ds fy%

cg8' ls vk*sDk F*ku dj'k ga! f+ud$ lgk;'k ls ge

kb"yksa ij fof)k@u FfØ;k% (operation) dj ld's ga +ls

fd kb"y dkWi$ djuk kb"y dk uke c*yuk kb"y

fMy$V (de&ete) djuk kb"y dks fF@V djuk kb"y dkseku$Vj ij *s4kuk bJ;kf*!

¼<½ MS-DOS kb"yksa dks l83;ofLAk' Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj'

djus ds fy% Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ ifjd6iuk dke esa ys'k ga!

Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lgk;'k ls kb"yksa dks vklku$ ls ox$"K'

fd;k +k ld'k ga!

¼=½ MS-DOS kb"yksa dk cdvi ysus d$ o cdvi lskb"yksa d$ fjLVksj ('estore) djus d$ l8fo/kk F*ku dj'k

ga!

¼>½ MS-DOS cg8' l$ ;8fVfyfV +ls d$ lksV" o'+ o

%fMV ($dit) F*ku dj'k ga!

¼.½ MS-DOS f6Vj vk*sDk (%i&ter commands) )k$ 9iyN/k

djok'k ga!

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¼?½ MS-DOS bui8VHvk9Vi8V fjMkbjs2Dku ('edirection)

d$ l8fo/kk )k$ F*ku dj'k ga!

¼,½ MS-DOS ;8f2';ksa devices dks )k$ kb"y d$

'jg g$ dke esa ys'k ga f+lls 9i;ks2'k dks dk$

vklku$ gks'$ ga!

¼B½ MS-DOS lkek@;'0 dke vkus oky$ l)k$

bui8VHvk9Vi8V ;8f2';ksa dks dke esa ysus ds fy%

9i;ks2'k dks vkoD;d vk*sDk 9iyN/k djk'k ga!

!kZ# dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Fi!e)

M123 kb"y d$ '8yuk ge vkWfl kb"y ls dj ld's ga!

f+l Fdkj ge vkadMksa o l8Oukvksa ds )k7Mkj7k ds fy% vkWfl

kb"y dke esa ys's ga P$d 9l$ Fdkj f&'$;d LeQQf' esa )k7Mkj7k

ds fy% ge kb"y dke esa ys's ga! MkWl kb"y es ge l)k$ Fdkj

ds vkdMsR lwOuk% o FksxSke )kaMkfj' dj ld's ga!

vkWfl kb"yksa dks ge 9i;82' uke *s's g +ls fd il"uykb"y ijOs+ kb"y ls6l kb"y bJ;kf* 'kfd +Tj' iMRus ij ge

kb"y dk uke *s4kdj g$ lg$ kb"y dk O;u dj ldsa! 23 P$d bl$

Fdkj kb"yksa dks )k$ uke *suk vkoD;d gks'k ga! +Tj' iMRus ij

ge fdl$ )k$ kb"y dks 9ldk uke *sdj f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkI' dj ldsa

o 9ls eku$Vj ij *s4k ldsa ;k fF7Vj ij fF7V dj ldsa!

5." !kZ# ds ukedj%k ds fu;e (#u!es of $aming Fi!es)

vkWfl kb"y d$ 'jg FJ;sd MkWl kb"y dk )k$ uke gks'k

ga f+ls ge kb"y use (%i&e ame) dg's ga!

fdl$ )k$ kb"y ds uke ds *ks )kkx gks's ga!

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¼:½ uke okyk )kkx (ame Part)

¼½ %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx ($tension Part)

• bu *ksuksa )kkxksa ds c$O esa *Dkeyo (Period) dke

esa fy;k +k'k ga% +ks b@gs vyx djus dk dke dj'k ga!

• uke okys )kkx esa : ls , 'd djs2Vj gks ld's ga!

• %2lVsaDku okys )kkx esa : ls < 'd djs2Vj gks ld's ga!

;g )kkx vfuok;" ug$sa g vAkk"' kb"y ds uke

esa %2lVsaDku gksuk +Tj$ ug$a ga!

• bu ukeksa esa * ls + 'd o7k"ekyk ds vUkj ¼cMRs o

ksVsH,pper Case .ower Case½ - ls B 'd vad (digits) o

d8 foDksk F'$d (Specia& Sym/o&s) +ls 01 21 31 -1 41 51 61 71

81 (1 )1 H bJ;kf* dk 9i;ksx fd;k +k ld'k ga!

• kb"y ds uke esa 4kky$ +xg (/&ank space) dkek o fuEu

F'$dksa (Sym/o&s) dk 9i;ksx ug$a dj ld's --!1 1 :1 ;1 <1 =1

>1 ?1 @1 A1

• d8 DkN* l8jfUk' ('esered Words) gks's ga v'0 vudk

9i;ksx kb"y ds uke d$ +xg ij ug$a dj ld's! ;s DkN*

CO1 COME1 COMF1 COMG1 COMH1 *,1 .PJE1 .PJF1 .PJG1

P'1 ,.. vkf* ga!

9*kgj7k 0

accoKntdat

sa&arywkE

addFc

kb"y ds uke okyk )kkx lk/kkj7k'0 9lesa

)k7Mkfj' vkadMRks o lwOukvksa dks *Dkk"'k g

+cfd %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx Fk;0 9l lks(Vos;j dks

*Dkk"'k g f+ldk 9i;ksx djds kb"y cuk;$ x;$ ga!

9ij f*;s x;s 9*kgj7kksa LwkE esa yksVl d$ kb"y esa

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


dke vk'k ga LCX;g *Dkk"'k g fd bl kb"y esa LCX

dk FksxSke g dat Fk;0 ;g *Dkk"'k g fd bl kb"y esa

d8 vkdMRs g blds vykok d8 %sls %2lVsaDku )k$

gks's ga f+udk MkWl esa foDksk vf)kFk; gks'k ga

+ls fd LCOM1 L$$1 LB*JX vkf*!

5.% Mkjs&Vjh dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Directory)

%d g$ le; esa f&'$;d LeQf' esa g+kjksa kbysa gks ld'$ ga!

kb"y dks dsoy uke ls g$ igOkuk +k ld'k ga v'0fd@g$ )k$ *ks

kb"yksa ds uke leku ug$a gksus Okfg%! fdl$ )k$ u;$ kb"y dkuke j4k's le; gesa igys dke vk O8ds l)k$ ukeksa dks /;ku esa

j4kuk iMsRxk! ;g cg8' dfPu o vlE)ko lk dk;" ga!

%d vkWfl esa cg8' l$ kb"ysa gks ld'$ ga o

f)k@uHf)k@u fo)kkxksa d$ kb"yksa ds uke )k$ %d ls gks

ld's ga! vkWfl kb"yksa dks P$d Fdkj ls ox$"K' djus ds fy;s

ge kb"y dfcusV dke esa ys's ga! vyxHvyx kb"y dfcusVesa leku uke oky$ kb"y gksus ij )k$ ge 9uesa v@'j dj ld's

ga! %d g$ dfcusV d$ vyxHvyx Dk6 )k$ gks ld'$ ga! *ks

Dk6ksa esa leku uke oky$ kb"ysa gkus ij 9uesa )k$ v@'j

fd;k +k ld'k ga!

P$d 9l$ Fdkj ls kb"y dfcusV o Dk6 ds LAkku ij dEI;wVj

esa kb"yksa dks ox$"K' Ti esa )kaMkfj' djus ds fy% geMkbjs2Vj$ dke esa ys's ga! Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ '8yuk kb"y

dfcusV ls dj ld's ga o Dk6 d$ '8yuk lcHMkbjs2Vj$

(sK/directory) ls dj ld's ga!

MkWl esa kb"yksa dks ox$"K' djds f)k@uHf)k@u

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa j4k ld's ga! blls )k7Mkj7k dk dke dk$

l83;ofLAk' gks +k'k ga!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


MkWl esa Mkbjs2Vj$ dks )k$ kb"y d$ 'jg uke *suk

iMR'k ga! kb"y ds ukedj7k ds fu;e Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% )k$

ykxw gks's gaa!

Vh Mkjs&Vjh lajpuk (&ree Directory Structure) H +ls d$

Yij OOk" d$ x;$ g ge kb"yksa dks vyxHvyx Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk dj

)k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga! ij@'8 %slk )k$ lE)ko ga fd fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$

esa cg8' vf/kd kb"y gks +k;sa! MkWl gesa Mkbjs2Vj$ ds v@*j

)k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ cukus d$ l8fo/kk *s'k ga! v'0 %d Mkbjs2Vj$

esa vf/kd kb"y gksus ij ge 9@gsa vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj)k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga! fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ds v@*j cu$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks

lcHMkbjs2Vj$ dg's ga! v'0 fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vf/kd

kb"yksa ds gksus ij ge 9lesa vkj lc Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj 9u

kb"yksa dks P$d Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga!

MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk d$ '8yuk ge %d isMR (tree) ls dj

ld's ga! f+ldk vkjE)k +MR (root) ls gks'k gsa vkj fj 9lesacg8' l$ Dkk4kk% (BrancNes) gks ld'$ ga! FJ;sd Dkk4kk d$ )k$

vusd Dkk4kk% gks ld'$ ga vkj lg Øe fuj@'j Oy ld'k ga!

MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk ewy (root) Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k

gks'$ ga vkj blesa ge vkoD;d'ku8lkj fd'u$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ o lc

Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga! MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk *Dkk"us ds

ge root dks lcls Yij f*4kk's ga vkj fj bld$ f)k@uHf)k@u Dkk4kk% vAkk"' Mkbjs2Vj$ *Dkk"'s ga!

#oot

De'es a!pana

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


8/18/2019 DOS(5)


iAk uke ds vk/kkj ij ge buesa v@'j dj ld's gaa! vki iAk uke dks

kb"y 'd ig8Ous dk jkL'k )k$ le\ ld's ga! %d kb"y ds iAk

uke esa 'oo+ ls vkjE)k djds 9l 'd ig8Ous esa vkus oky$ l)k$

Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke )k$ vk's ga o v@' esa Lo;a kb"y dk uke

vk'k ga! *ks lc Mkbjs2Vj$ ds c$O esa ge LX dke esa ys's ga!

iAk uke dk vkjE)k Fk;0 ] ls gks'k ga +ks root Mkbjs2Vj$ dks

*Dkk"'k ga!

9*kgj7k ds fy% fOG >1: esa *Dkk";$ x;$ kb"y L/iodataX dk

iAk dk uke g H

deesNpersona&/iodata

;f* Mkbjs2Vj$ dEI;wVj d$ gkM" fMLd ij ga 'ks iAk uke 0

N:deesNpersona&/iodata

gksxk! ;gk LC :XgkM f"MLd ds fy% dke esa fy;k x;k ga o

LC: gkM" fMLd d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!

bl$ Fdkj ;f* root Mkbjs2Vj$ (yksi$ fMLd esa gks 'ks kb"y

dk iAk uke gksxk H*:deesNpersona&/iodata

MkWl esa iAk uke dks *Dkk"us ds *ks 'j$ds ga H

¼:½ iAk uke 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k fd;k +k ld'k

ga!

¼½ iAk uke dks o'"eku (CKrrent) Mkbjs2Vj$ ls )k$

vkjE)k fd;k +k ld'k ga! vki %d le; esa fdl$ )k$ %d Mkbjs2Vj$ esadke dj ld's ga! o'"eku esa vki f+l Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dke dj jgsa

ga 9ls cKrrent directory dg's ga!

*- fujis/k i.k uke (+,so!ute *at $ame) H fujisUk iAk

uke gesDkk Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k gks'k ga! 9*kgj7k ds fy;s

LscNoo&X lc Mkbjs2Vj$ esa kb"y dk fujisUk iAk uke ga H

ka&panascNoo&docE

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*-0 lkis/k i.k uke (#e!ati'e *at $ame) H ;f* VZ$

lajOuk esa db" L'j gks 'ks kb"y dk fujisUk iAk uke dk$ cMRk

gks ld'k ga! vf/kd'j 9i;ks2'k viu$ kb"ysa vyxHvyx

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa j4k's ga! v'0 dke dj's le; os 9l lc Mkbjs2Vj$

dks dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga f+lesa d$ 9ud$ vf/kd'j

kb"ysa ga!

%sls esa ge kb"yksa dks dsoy 9uds uke ls ;k lc

Mkbjs2Vj$ ds ck* okys iAk ls )k$ igOku ld's ga! bls ge lkisUk

iAk uke dg's ga!

9*kgj7k ds fy;s ;f* dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&pana ga 'ksLscNoo&X lc Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ LdocE kb"y ds fy% ge fuEu lkisUk iAk

uke dke esa ys ld's ga H

scNoo&dotE

;g lkisUk iAk uke 9l$ kb"y dk g f+ldk fujisUk iAk uke fuEu

ga H

ka&panascNoo&docE

MkWl *ks foDksk F'$d dke esa ys'k g f+uls lkisUk iAk

ukeksa dk 9i;ksx cg8' g$ vklku gks +k'k ga! ;s fuEu g H

*Dkeyo (period) dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!

dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ ijs7V (parent) Mkbjs2Vj$ vAkk"' %d

L'j Yij oky$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga H

9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panaaccoKntX gks 'kslkisUk iAk uke LscNoo&X Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panascNoo&X dks *Dkk"'k

g 2;ksafd LaccoKntX d$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panaX ga!

5. !kZ# o ;qf&r;ksa ds 1hp lekurk (Fi!e De'ice

Independence) --

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


MkWl kb"y o bui8VHvk9Vi8V ;8f2';ksa esa )ks* ug$a

dj'k! 9*kgj7k ds fy% MkWl fF7Vj dks %d ^[JX uke d$ kb"y

eku'k ga! ;f* vki [J kb"y esa d8 fy4ksaxs ;k )k7Mkfj' djus

dk F;kl djsaxs 'ks og fF7Vj ij fF7V gks +k;sxk! bl$ Fdkj MkWl

d@lksy d$ cksM" _ eku$Vj ½ dks %d N3 uke d$ kb"y eku'k

ga! ;f* vki ^N3X kb"y esa d8 fy4ksaxs ;k )k7Mkfj' djus dk

F;kl djsaxs 'ks og eku$Vj ij *fDk"' gksxk! bl$ Fdkj vki ;f* ^N3

kb"y ls d8 j$M Jead djsaxs 'ks og d$HcksM" ls j$MR

gksxk!

5./ 12fVax (0ooting)

dEI;wVj d$ jkse J3M esa %d foDksk FksxSke gks'k ga

f+ls ge cwVLVZsi yksMj (/ootstrap &oader) dg's gas! +ls g$ ge

dEI;wVj d$ ikWoj fLoO vkWu dj's ga cwVLVZsi yksMj dk fuik*u

vkjE)k gks +k'k ga! cwVLVZsi yksMj MkWl ds %d )kkx dks

f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM Load dj *s'k ga! MkWldk ;g )kkx dEI;wVj dk fu;aG7k vius gkAk es ys ys'k g o eku$Vj

ij MkWl FksEIV f*4kk'k ga +ks fd lkek@;'0

C: gksx$!

;g FksEIV ;g *Dkk"'k g fd dEI;wVj vc 9i;ks2'k ls vk*sDk

ysus ds fy;s ';kj ga! dEI;wVj dk fLoO vkWu djus ls FksEIV

eku$Vj ij vkus ds c$O d$ FfØ;k dks ge cwfVax dg's ga!cwVLVZsi yksMj *ks kb"yksa LMSDOSSSX o LIOSSX dks

FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj'k ga! bu kbyksa esa MkWl dk d8

)kkx gks'k ga! MkWl dk ;g )kkx kb"y COMM*DCOMX dks

FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj'k ga! LCOMM*DCOMX dks ge

MkWl Dky )k$ dg's ga! dEI;wVj ij FksEIV *Dkk"us dk dke MkWl

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


Dky g$ dj'$ ga! lkAk g$ MkWl Dky dEI;wVj o 9i;ks2'k ds

c$O %d b@Vjsl dk dke )k$ dj'$ ga!

MkWl Dky 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa CO%IQSS kb"y d$

9ifLAkf' d$ )k$ +kO dj'$ ga o blesa f*;s x;s fooj7k ds vu8lkj

dEI;wVj ds dk;" djus ds fy;s ok'koj7k ($nironment) ';kj (ConfigKre)

dj'$ ga!

MkWl Dky 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa L*,JO$$CB*JX kb"y d$

9ifLAkf' d$ )k$ +kO dj'$ ga o blesa f*;s x;s vk*sDkksa d$

ikyuk djus ds ck* g$ eku$Vj ij fFEIV *Dkk"'$ ga!

5. okZ$M dkMZ djs&VlZ (2i!d-ard aracters)

MkWl esa *ks foDksk F'$dksa (Specia& sym/o&s) ` o > dk dk$

egJo gks'k ga! ;s okb"6M dkM" djs2Vl" dgyk's ga!

MkWl kb"y LVe esa g+kjksa kb"ysa gks ld'$

ga! %sls esa kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke ;k* j4kuk

dk$ e8fDdy dk;"" ga! db" ckj gesa kb"y ;k Mkbjs2Vj$ds uke dk d8 )kkx g$ ;k* jg'k ga! %sls esa okb"6M

dkM" djs2Vj dk$ lgk;d gks ld's ga!

¼:½ okZ$M dkMZ djs&Vj 3

kb"y uke esa fdl$ )k$ djs2Vj d$ +xg ge ` dk 9i;ksx dj

ld's ga! bldk 9i;ksx 'kDk ds 4ksy esa +ksdj d$ 'jg ga!

9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* vki kb"y uke S*.$``` *sa 'ks ;g S*.$S

ds uke ls vkjE)k gksus oky$ o vkP djs2Vj oky$ l)k$ kb"yksa

ls esy 4kk'k ga! v'0 ;g fuEu kb"yksa d$ igOku esa 9i;ksx$

gksxk H

S*.$SR*1 S*.$S%%B1 S*.$SEFG bJ;kf*!

bl$ Fdkj C*PJ$'? fuEufyf4k' kb"yksa ls esy 4kk'k ga H

C*PJ$'E1 C*PJ$'F bJ;kf*!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


;f* ge LC*PJ$' X uke ds vkjE)k gksus oky$ l)k$

kb"yksa ij dkb" FfØ;k (Operation) djuk Okgsa 'ks )k$

okb"6M dkM" ` dk$ lgk;d gksxk!

¼½ okb"6M dkM" djs2Vj >

;g okb"6M dkM" ` ls )k$ ;k*k egJoiw7k" ga! bldk

9i;ksx kb"y uke esa fd'us )k$ djs2Vl" ¼Dkw@; ;k vf/kd½ ds

fy% gks ld'k ga!

9*kgj7k 0

>C bldk vAk" g dj7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa %2LVsaDku oky$l)k$ kb"ysa!

9udk uke okyk )kkx d8 )k$ gks ld'k ga!

>> bldk vAk" g dj7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"ysa! uke

okys )kkx esa uke d8 )k$ gks ld'k ga! bl$ Fdkj

%2LVsaDku okys )kkx esa dk vAk" g fd %2LVsaDku d8

)k$ gks ld'k ga!CNap>> bldk vAk" g fd oks l)k$ kb"ysa f+uds uke ds

igys Okj djs2Vl" ga! buds ck* uke esa dkb" )k$

djs2Vl" vk ld's ga! bl$ Fdkj %2LVsaDku d8 )k$ gks

ld'k ga!

5.3 MkWl ds vk4s'k (DOS ommands)

cwfVax ds ck* ge eku$Vj ij C: \ FksEIV *s4k's ga! bl

FksEIV ds ck* ckjHckj fVefVek'k g8vk dl"j f*4kkb" *s'k ga! ;g

bl ck' dks lwfO' dj'k g fd vc ge dEI;wVj dks okaf' vk*sDk *s

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


ld's ga! vkids &kjk Vkb"i fd;s x;s vk*sDk dl"j okys LAkku ij

*Dkk";s +k;sasxs vkj +lsH+ls vki Vkb"i djsaxsa dl"j vkxs

cR'k +k;sxk!

;f* ge cwfVax ds le; g$ lkjs MkWl vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k'

FksxSke FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj*sa 'ks 9udk fuik*u dk$

'$oS xf' ls fd;k +k ld'k ga! ij@'8 blesa dk$ LeQf' csdkj gks

+k;sx$! *wlj$ 'j ;f* ge fdl$ )k$ MkWl vk*sDk ls lEcf@/k'

FksxSke dks cwfVax ds le; LeQf' esa yksM ug$a djas 'ks

vk*sDkksa dk fuik*u /k$e$ xf' ls gksxk 2;ksafd +c vki vk*sDk

*saxs ')k$ lEcf@/k' 23 FksxSke f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf'esa yksM gksxk! v'0 ge de FkAkfed LeQf' ls dke Oyk ld's ga

ij@'8 vk*sDkksa dk fuik*u /k$e$ xf' ls gksxk!

vk*sDkksa ds F;ksx d$ *j dks /;ku esa j4k's g8% MkWl ds

vk*sDkksa dks *ks sf7k;ksa esa fo)kkf+' fd;k x;k ga H

¼:½ vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDk (Interna& DOS Commands)

¼½ ck MkWl vk*sDk ($terna& DOS Commands)

5.3.1 vkarfjd MkWl vk4s'k (Interna! DOS ommands) H ckjHckj

dke vkus okys MkWl vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k' FksxSke cwfVax

ds le; g$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM gks +k's ga! Fk;0 ;s

MkWl Dky (COMM*DCOM) dk )kkx gks's ga! bu

vk*sDkksa ds fuik*u ds fy% gesa vkj fdl$ kb"y d$vkoD;d'k ug$a gks'$! ;s cwfVax ls ysdj dEI;wVj ds fLoO

vkW gksus 'd bld$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa jg's gaa v'0 budk

fuik*u cg8' '$oS xf' ls gks'k ga!

d8 lkek@;'0 dke esa vkus okys vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDk H

CDI' or CD P'OMPJ

C.S 'D or 'MDI'

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


COP '$ or '$*M$

D*J$ JIM$

D$. or $'*S$ JP$

DI' T$'

MD or M#DI' TO.

P*J

*50 1k6 MkWl vk4s'k (4terna! DOS ommands) H

'8yukJed Ti ls de dke vkus okys vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k' FksxSke

f&'$;d LeQf' esa kb"yksa esa gks's ga! +Tj' iMRus ij g$ ;s

FksxSke f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM gks's ga! budkfuik*u vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDkksa d$ '8yuk esa /k$e$ xf' ls gks'k

ga 2;ksafd buls lEcf@/k' FksxSkeksa dks yksM gksus esa d8

le; yx'k ga!

d8 lkek@;'0 dke esa vkus okys ck MkWl vk*sDk H

*JJ'IB %ID '$SJO'$

B*C#,P %O'M*J SO'J

C#DS# .*B$. SS

DIS#COMP P'IJ J'$$

DIS#COP COP

*57 MkWl vk4s'k dk Lo8i (Format of DOS ommands)

H %d MkWl vk*sDk ds '$u )kkx gks ld's ga! vk*sDk dk igyk )kkx9ldk uke (ame) gks'k gaa! ;g vkoD;d ga! *wljs )kkx esa

ijke$Vl" gks's ga +ks %d ;k %d ls vf/kd gks ld's ga! d8

vk*sDkksa esa ijke$Vj okyk )kkx ug$a gks'k! 9*kgj7k ds fy%

;f* vki %d kb"y dks fMy$V djuk Okg's ga 'ks vkids vk*sDk ds

uke ds lkAkHlkAk 9l kb"y dk uke )k$ *suk gksxk f+ls vki

fMy$V djuk Okg's ga! ;gk kb"y dk uke %d ijke$Vj ga! ;f*

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


vki %d kb"y d$ dksi$ djuk Okg's ga 'ks vkidks dksi$ djus ds

vk*saDk ds lkAk g$ *ks ijke$Vj *aus gksaxs! igyk ijkefVj 9l

kb"y dk uke gksxk f+ld$ dksi$ dju$ g o *wljk ijke$Vj 9l

kb"y dk uke gksxk f+lesa kb"y dksi$ dju$ ga!

vk*sDk dk '$ljk )kkx fLoO (switcN) dgyk'k ga! ;g vk*sDk d$

lkek@; dk;"Dky$ dks ifjof'"' dj *s'k ga!

9*kgj7k ds fy% ge Mkbjs2Vj$ *s4kus ds fy% 2IJ vk*sDk dke

esa ys's ga! ij@'8 ;f* ge bl vk*sDk ds lkAk fdl$ fLoO dk F;ksx

djsa +ls fd 2IJ/[ +ks bldk ifj7kke vyx gksxk! vk*sDk ds uke ds

ck* L! (%orward S&asN) yxkdj ge 9lds vkxs fLoO dk F'$d fy4k's ga+ks lkek@;'0 %d djs2Vj dk gks'k ga!

*9 vkarfjd MkWl vk4s'k (Interna! DOS ommands)

bl )kkx esa MkWl ds vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk o7k"u f*;k x;k

ga!

6S H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx eku$Vj ij fy4k$ l)k$ lwOukvksa

MkWl FksEIV ds vf'fj2'½ dks gVkus ds fy% fd;k +k'k ga! eku$Vj

ij fy4k$ lwOukvksa dks gVkus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk Vkb"i djds

EEJ d$ *ck;sa

C:C.S

;gk d$ cksM" d$ $J$' d$ dks *ckus ds fy% lads' dk F;ksxfd;k x;k ga! FJ;sd MkWl vk*sDk ds ck* EEJ d$ dks *ckuk

vkoD;d gks'k ga ')k$ vk*sDk dk fuik*u vkjE)k gks'k ga!

bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ds ck* dEI;wVj eku$Vj ls l)k$ lwOuk%

feV +k;sax$ o eku$Vj ds 9ij$ ck;s dksus (Jop &eft Corner) esa

FksEIV C: f*4kk;$ *sxk!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


&IM4 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge dEI;wVj d$ vka'fjd kMR$

Nlock dk le; *s4k ld's ga vkj ;f* 2ykWd lg$ le; ug$a f*4kk

jg$ gks 'ks bls c*y ld's ga!

;g vk*sDk fuEufyf4k' 'j$ds ls f*;k +k'k ga H

C: JIM$

blds fuik*u ds ck* eku$Vj ij vki fuEu la*sDk *s4ksaxs H

CKrrent time is : EU : GU : HU

$nter new time :

;f* vki le; dks c*yuk ug$a Okg's 'ks $J$' d$ *ck;sa! blds

ck* i8u0 MkWl FksEIV vk +k;sxk!;f* le; lg$ ug$a gks 'ks vki lg$ le; Vkb"i djus ds ck* $J$'

d$ *ck;sa! blls dEI;wVj d$ vka'fjd 2ykWd dk le; c*y +k;sxk o

*wckjk JIM$ vk*sDk *sus ij 2ykWd dk c*yk g8vk le; eku$Vj ij

f*4kk;$ *sxk! le; ds '$u )kkxksa dks V: &kjk vyx djds *Dkk";k

x;k ga! ls '$u )kkx ØeDk0 kaVs fefuV o ld7M *Dkk"'s ga!

D+&4 H vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge LVe d$ f*ukad vka'fjd

2ykWd d$ f*ukad½ *s4k ld's ga! vkoD;'ku8lkj ge f*ukad dks

c*y ld's ga!

o'"eku f*ukad F*fDk"' djus ds fy% fuEufyf4k' vk*sDk Vkb"i

djas H

CD*J$

blls fuEu la*sDk eku$Vj ij f*4kk;$ *s'k ga!

CKrrent date is Sat UG-E-FUUE

$nter new date : (mm-dd-yy) :

;f* vki f*ukad *s4kus ds ck* $J$' d$ *ck;sa 'ks i8u0

MkWl FkEIV eku$Vj ij vk +k;sxk! ;f* vki f*ukad dks c*yuk Okgsa

'ks u;$ f*ukad Vkb"i djus ds ck* $J$' d$ *ck;sa! f*ukad ds

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


'$u )kkxksa dks ls vyx djds *Dkk";k x;k ga! ;s '$u )kkx ØeDk0

eg$uk f*u o ok" *Dkk"'s ga!

V4# H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge dEI;wVj esa F;82' MkWl dk

ol"u *s4k ld's ga! VO6 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge gkM"

fMLd ;k (ykWi$ fMLd dk yscy (.a/e&) *s4k ld's ga!

gkM" fMLd dk oks6;we yscy *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: TO. C:

blls fuEu vk9Vi8V eku$Vj ij *Dkk";$ *sxk H

To&Kme in drie C: is CB

To&Kme Seria& nKm/er is UEEF-EF%%

(ykWi$ dk ok6;we yscy *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: To& * :

DI# H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk'

kb"yksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga! ;f* gevk*sDk ds lkAk dksb" ijke$Vj ug$a *s 'ks eku$Vj ij djs7V

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk' kbyksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$

+k;sx$!

;f* vki fuEu vk*sDk *s 'ks H

C: DI'

eku$Vj ij ewy (root) Mkbjs2Vj$ C d$ kbyksaa 'AkklcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ f*4kk;$ *sx$! +lk d$ fOG >1 esa *Dkk";k

x;k ga!

C:dir To&Kme in drie C Nas no &a/&eTo&Kme Seria& Km/er is FH%-EU"Directory of C :

*,JO$$C O.D GGU UE-FG-UE EU:HGa *,JO$$CO.D*.D,S ADI' EF-FU-UU X:U9a *.D,SE fi&e(s) GGU /ytesE dir(s) F1HX MB freec:

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


fp( *0 : DI# vk4s'k dk vkViqV

9ijks2' fOG esa F*fDk"' lwO$ fuEu lwOukvksa dks *Dkk"'$

g H

• FAke iaf2' esa gkM" fMLd dk yscy vkids &kjk f*;k x;k

:: djs2Vj dk uke½ F*fDk"' gks'k ga!

• *wlj$ iaf2' esa gkM" fMLd dk Øekad (Seria& Km/er)

F*fDk"' gks'k ga!

• '$lj$ iaf2' esa 9l Mkbjs2Vj$ dk fujisUk iAk uke vk'k

ga f+ld$ kbyksa d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$ x;$ ga!

• blds ck* kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ 0

dkWyeksa esa *Dkk";$ +k'$ gaa! FAke dkWye esa

kb"y ;k Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ dk uke vk'k ga! *wljs

dkWye esa kb"y uke dk %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx vk'k

ga! '$ljk dkWye dsoy Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% dke vk'k

ga! ;f* igys o *wljs dkWye ds uke %d Mkbjs2Vj$ ds

gks 'ks '$ljs dkWye esa fy4kk +k'k ga! OkAks

dkWye esa kb"yksa dk vkdkj ckb"V5l esa *Dkk";k

+k'k ga! ikOosa dkWye esa ADI' kb"y o

Mkbjs2Vj$ cukus ;k vaf'e ckj kb"y esa d8 djus d$

f'Ak$ gks'$ ga! Ps dkWye esa le; *Dkk";k +k'k

ga!

• kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ ds ck* *ks vkj

iaf2';k gks'$ ga! igy$ iaf2' esa d8y kb"yksa

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


¼djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$½ d$ la4;k o djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ dk

ckb"V5l esa vkdkj *Dkk";k +k'k ga!

*wlj$ ;k vaf'e iaf2' esa lcMkbjs2Vj$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$½

d$ d8y la4;k o iwj$ fMLd esa 4kky$ +xg dks ckb"V5l esa *Dkk";k

+k'k ga!

;f* gesa djs7V Mkbjs2vj$ ds vykok fdl$ vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ d$

lwO$ *s4ku$ gks 'ks ge 9l Mkbjs2Vj$ dk uke ijke$Vj ds Ti esa

*s ld's ga! 9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* vki fuEu vk*sDk *sa 'ks

C:DI' CO'$.D'*W

eku$Vj ij LCO'$.D'*WX lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$+k;sx$!

fLop ;k <#=x dk >;ksx (7se of s8itc or f!ag) H fLoO ;k (yx

dk 9i;ksx djds ge fdl$ )k$ vk*sDk d$ dk;"Dky$ esa c*yko yk

ld's ga! DI' vk*sDk ds lkAk cg8' ls fLoO dke esa fy;s +k ld's

ga! d8 e84; fLoO o 9uds F)kko dks fuEu lkj7k$ esa *Dkk";kx;k ga!

fLoO F)kko

DI'!P H blls ge %d ls cMR$ lwO$ dks )k$ eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's

ga! vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki igyk is+ eku$Vj ij

*s4ksaxs vkj is+ ds v@' esa vkidks (Press any key to

continKe) la*sDk f*4kk;$ *sxk! fdl$ )k$ (#ey) d$ dks

*ckus ij lwO$ dk *wljk is+ f*4kk;$ *sxk! bl Fdkj

vki %dH%d djds l)k$ is+ *s4k ld's ga!

DI'!W H ;f* kbyksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ cg8' yEc$ gks

+ks OkMRkb" (WidtN-wise) esa kb"yksa o

Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke *s4kus ds fy% bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


dj ld's ga! blls kb"y o Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke ikO

dkWyeksa esa f*4kkb" *saxsa!

DI'!O Hbl vk*sDk ls kb"yks o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ uke ds

vkjksg$ (*scending) Øe esa f*4kk;$ *sx$!

DI'!OD Hbl vk*sDk ls kb"yks o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ f'Ak$ o

le; ds Øe esa f*4kk;$ *sx$!

DI'!*D Hbl vk*sDk ls vki dsoy lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *s4k

ld's ga!

okZ$M dkMZ dk i;ksx (7sing 2i!d ards)

DI' vk*sDk ds lkAk ge okb"6M dkM" djs2Vl" )k$ dke esa

ys ld's ga!

fuEu lkj7k$ esa budk 9i;ksx le\k;k x;k ga H

DI# 9. -- bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa

fLAk' 9u l)k$ kbSyksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs

f+uds uke dk %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx LCX ga!DI# :+*&4# ; bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$

d$ 9u l)k$ kb"yksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs f+uds

uke ikys )kkx ds igys lk' djs2Vj LC*PJ$' X ga

o 9lds ck* vkPosa LAkku ij dksb" )k$ djs2Vj

ga!

DI# :+*&4# 9.9 bl vk*sDk ls vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ 9ul)k$ kb"yksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs f+uds uke

ikys )kkx ds igys lk' djs2Vj YYC*PJ$' X gks o

9lds ck* uke okys )kkx o %2lVsaDku okys )kkx

esa dksb" )k$ djs2Vj gksa!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


MD<MDI# (Make Directory ommands) ) gesa kb"yksa

dks P$d Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj' djus ds fy;s Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ +Tj' iMR'$

ga! bl vk*sDk ls vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ;k fdl$ v@; Mkbjs2Vj$ esa

u;$ Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld'ss ga!

9*kgj7k ds 'kj ij %d vkfl d$ kbyksa dks P$d Fdkj ls j4kus

ds fy;s ge ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$ ØeDk0

.$JJ$'S1 $P$S$ o ICOM$ ds uke ls cukuk Okg's ga!

$P$S$S Mkbjs2Vj$ esa *ks lcMkbjs2Vj$ O%%IC$' o C.$'#

ds uke ls ga! bl$ Fdkj ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$

ØeDk0 C*S1 BI..S o IJ$'$SJ ds uke ls ga! IJ$'$SJ

Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ )k$ *ks lcMkbjs2Vj$ ØeDk0 B*+*' o B*#S ds

uke ls ga!

bl lajOuk dks fuEu Fdkj ls *Dkk";k +k ld'k g H

'oot dir (c:)

fp( ** : Mkjs&Vjh lajpuk

+lk d$ fOG >1> es *Dkk";k x;k g fd ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ C: ds

v@'x"' '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$ .$JJ$'S1 $P$S$S o ICOM$ ga!

Interest 0i!!s

4penses 6etters Income

0a=ar

Officers as

0anks

!erk

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


fuEu vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx djds ge ls lcMkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's

ga H

C: MD .$JJ$'S

C: MD $P$S$S

C: MD ICOM$S

djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ C: g v'0 9ijks2' l)k$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ C:

esa g$ cusax$!

;f* djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ C : ds vykok dksb" vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ gks

'ks vkidksa C: esa lcMkbjs2Vj$ cukus ds fy% fujisUk iAk uke *suk

gksxk!'c vki fuEu vk*sDk *s ld's ga H

C: MD.$JJ$'S

C: MD $P$S$S

C: MD ICOM$

lcMkbjs2Vj$ $P$S$S esa ge fuEu vk*sDkksa d$ lgk;'k ls

)k$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga HC: MD $P$S$SO%%IC$'S

C: MD $P$S$SC.$'#S

gesa ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ysdj lcMkbjs2Vj$ 'd dk fujisUk ;k

lkisUk iAk uke *suk iMRsxk!

;f* vki djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ dks c*y dj

C:$P$S$S dj *sa ;g vxys )kkx esa le\k;k x;k ga 'ks vkiu;$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ C:$P$S$S cukus ds fy;s ds lkisUk iAk uke *s

ld's ga +lk fd u$Os f*4kk;k x;k ga H

C:$P$S$S MD O%%IC$'S

C:$P$S$S MD C.$'#S

bl$ Fdkj vki ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa )k$ fuEu vk*sDkksa ds

ek/;e ls lcMkbjs2Vj$ C*S1 BI..S o IJ$'$SJ cuk ld's gsa!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


C: MD ICOM$C*S

C: MD ICOM$BI..S

C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJ

vki C:ICOM$ dks djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj fuEu vk*sDk )k$

*s ld's ga H

C:ICOM$ MD C*S

C:ICOM$ MD BI..S

C:ICOM$ MD IJ$'$SJ

bl$ Fdkj d$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ cukus ds fy;s fuEu vk*sDk *s ld's

ga 0C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJB*+*'

C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJB*#S

;fn ICOM$IJ$'$SJ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ gks 'ks fuEu vk*sDk

ls )k$ vki lcMkbjs2Vj$ B*+*' o B*# cuk ld's ga H

N:ICOM$IJ$'$SJ MD B*+*'

C:ICOM$IJ$'$SJ MD B*#S

D>:DI# (ange Directory ommand) H cwfVax ds ck* vki

ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa gks's ga! bl vk*sDk ds ek/;e ls ge fdl$ )k$

Mkbjs2Vj$ dks djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga! Mkbjs2Vj$ c*yus

ds fy% CD ds ck* Mkbjs2Vj$ dk fujisUk ;k lkisUk uke *suk gks'k

ga!ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kus ds fy;s vkidks fuEu vk*sDk

*suk gksxk H

C:CD ICOM$

blds ck* MkWl FkEIV fuEu gksxk H

C:ICOM$

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


;f* vki ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls C*S lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa +kuk

Okg's g 'ks CD vk*sDk ds lkAk lkisUk ;k fujisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx

dj ld's ga! v'0 vki fuEu vk*sDkksa esa ls dksb" lk )k$ vk*Dk

*s ld's ga H

C:ICOM$ CD C*S

;k

C:ICOM$ CDICOM$C*S

lkisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx vklku ga! bl vk*sDk ds ck* MkWl

FkEIV fuEu gksxk H

N:ICOM$ C*S

;f* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ga vkj okl l$/ks ewy Mkbjs2Vj$

esa +kuk Okg's g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *s 0H

C:ICOM$ C*S CD


C:

vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vkus ds fy%CD vk*sDk dke esa ys ld's ga!

;f* vki B*#S lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa g vkj bld$ ijs7V

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kuk Okg's g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJB*#S CD


C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJ

vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls 9ld$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kus

ds fy% CD vk*sDk dke esa ys ld's ga!

#D or #MDI# ( #emo'e Directory ommands) Hbl vk*sDk dk

9i;ksx fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks f&'$;d LeQf' esa ls gVkus ds fy%

(De&ete) gks'k ga!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


bl vk*sDk ls vki %d Mkbjs2Vj$ dks ')k$ fMy$V dj ld's ga

+cfd H

og Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ gks vAkk"' 9lesa dksb" )k$ kb"y o

lcMkbjs2Vj$ u gks!

f+l Mkbjs2Vj$ dks fMy$V djuk g og djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ug$s

gksu$ Okfg;s!

;f* vki B*+*' lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa ga vkj bls gVkuk (De&ete)

Okg's ga 'ks igys vkidks blesa ls l)k$ kbyksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$

gVkuk gksxk! blds ck* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ c*y dj 9ld$ ijs7V

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vk;sa! %slk vki fuEu vk*sDk ls dj ld's ga HC:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJB*+*' CD


C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJ

vc ;f* B*+*' Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk ls vki

bls gVk ld's ga H

;f* Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ ga 'ks vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ B*+*'

ds vykok esa ls fujisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx djds bls gVk ld's

ga! ;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk ls B*+*'

Mkbjs2Vj$ gVk ld's ga H

C:'DICOM$IJ$'$SJB*+*'

D46 or 4#+S4 Hbl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls vki fdl$ )k$ kb"ydks f&'$;d LeQf' esa ls gVk ld's ga!

;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ (C:) esa ga vkj 9lesa fLAk' %d

kb"y *CCO,JD*J dks gVkuk Okg'sa ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa

H

C: D$. *CCO,JD*J

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


;f* ;g kb"y ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ug$a ga 'ks fuEu G8fV

la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

fi&e not foKnd

fujisUk o lkisUk iAk ukeksa dk 9i;ksx djds vki fdl$ )k$

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa jg's g8% *wlj$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ kb"ysa gVk ld's

ga!

9*kgj7k ds fy;s C:D*S$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls l)k$ FksxSke

kb"ysa¼f+udk %2lVsaDku LP'QX g gVkus ds fy% vki fuEu vk*sDk

*s ld's ga H

C:D$. DB*S$ >P'Q

fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"yksa dks gVkus ds fy% fuEu

Fdkj vk*sDk *sa H

C: D$.

bl vk*sDk dk vi;ksx cg8' g$ lko/kku$ ds lkAk djuk Okfg%

2;ksafd lkj$ kb"ysa fMy$V gks +k'$ ga!

;f* vki %d Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls vf/kd'j kb"ysa gVkuk Okg'saga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

D$. >>!P

;g vk*sDk *sus ij kbS"yksa ds uke %d ds ck* %d djds

f*4kk;s +k's ga vkj 9i;ks2'k dks ] ;k ] Vkb"i djus ds fy%

FkEIV fd;k +k'k ga! ;f* vki ] Vkb"i dj's g 'ks kb"y fMy$V

gks +k'$ ga v@;Akk ug$aa!

#4$ or #4$+M4 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls vki fdl$ )k$

kb"y dk uke c*y ld's ga!

;f* vki kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke c*y dj D$T$SDOC

djuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C:'$ BIOD*J*DOC D$T$SDOC

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ds ck* kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke

c*y dj D$T$SDOC gks +k;sxk! vki DI' vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds

*s4k ld's ga! ;f* D$T$SDOC uke ls igys g$ dksb" kb"y

gksx$ 'ks kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke ug$a c*ysxk vkj eku$Vj

ij G8fV la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

DKKp&icate fi&e or fi&e not foKnd

&?*4 H Vs2l5V (tet) kbyksa esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks ge

eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga!

ge kb"y *'$*JJ esa lafO' ]C FksxSke dks eku$Vj ij*s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx dj ld's ga H

JP$ *'$*C

O*? H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds ge fdl$ d$ kb"y d$

Ff'fy (Copy) cuk ld's ga! Ff'fy djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ;k fdl$ v@;

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa cuk ld's ga!9*kgj7k ds fy;s ;f* vkidks kb"y BIOD*J*DOC d$ Ff'fy

D$T$SDOC ds uke ls cuku$ g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *saH

C: COP BIOD*J*DOC D$T$SDOC

;f* vki bl vk*sDk ds ck* 2IJ vk*sDk *saxas 'ks lwO$ esa

*ksuksa uke d$ kb"ysa gksx$a! vk*sDk djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$

kb"yksa ij ykxw gks'k ga ij@'8 vki fujisUk ;k lkisUk i* ukeksadk 9i;ksx djds fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ kb"y dks fdl$ )k$ *wlj$

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ dj ld's ga!

fuEu vk*sDk ls vki D$T$S Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"yksa

dks #.*P** Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ dj ld's ga H

C: COPD$T$S>> #*.P**

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


dksi$ vk*sDk d 9i;ksx djds *ks kbyksa dks +ksMRdj '$lj$

kb"y esa )k$ dksi$ dj ld's ga! fuEu vk*sDk *CCE %oa *CCF

kb"yksa dks +ksMRdj *CCG kb"y esa dksi$ dj *sxk H

COP *CCE=*CCF *CCG

dksi$ vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds ge d$ cksM" ds &kjk Vkb"i

fd;s x;s djss2Vl" dks %d kb"y esa lafO' dj ld's gaa! MkWl d$

cksM" dks )k$ LYYCOX uke d$ kb"y eku'k ga! v'0 ge fuEu

vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds d$ cksM" ls Vkb"i fd;s +kus okys djs2Vl"

d$ J$MPJJ uke d$ kb"y esa dksi$ dj ld's gaH

C: COP CO J$MPJJ

bl vk*sDk ds *sus ds ck* vki +ks )k$ Vkb"i djsaxs og

J$MPJJ kb"y esa dksi$ gks'k jgsxk! okaf' djs2Vl" Vkb"i

djus ds ck* ge Ctr&=+ Contro& o + d$ dks %d lkAk *ckuk iMRsxk d$

*ckdj ge MkWl FkEIV ij okil vk ld's ga! N+'lR" kb"y ds v@'

dks *Dkk"'k ga! vAkk"' Ctr&=+ *ck's g$ d$ cksM" kb"y dk

v@' vk +k;sxk o blls igys vkius +ks d8 )k$ Vkb"i fd;k ogJ$MPJJ kb"y esa lafO' gks +k;sxk!

bl vk*sDk dks dke esa ys's le; lko/kku$ j4kuk vkoD;d ga!

;f* J$MPJJ kb"y igys ls g$ gks 'ks og fMy$V gks +k;sx$ o

9l$ uke ls u;$ kb"y cu +k;sx$! vAkk"' kb"y vksojjkb"V

(Oerwrite) gks +k;sx$!

MkZo dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Dri'e) H 9ijks2' )kkxksa

esa vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk v/;;u dj's le; ge ;g eku dj Oy jgs ga fd

vki gkM" fMLd esa dke dj jgs ga f+ls C: MZkb"o dg's ga!

vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx ge (yksi$ MZkb"o ij lafO' kb"yksa

ds fy;s )k$ dj ld's ga! (yksi$ MZkb"o dks lkek@;'0 *: MZkb"o

dg's ga! fdl$ dEI;wVj esa *ks yksi$ MZkb"o gks 'ks 9@gsa *

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


0 o B0 MZkb"o dg's ga! vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx ge gkM"

fMLd o (yksi$ *ksuksa d$ kb"yksa ij )k$ dj ld's g

lkek@;'0 ge fujisUk iAk uke dks V ls vkjE)k dj's ga o

MZkb"o ug$a c'k's! MkWl ;g eku dj Oy'k g fd ge vk*sDkksa dks

djs@V MZkb"o d$ kb"yksa ij ykxw djuk Okg's ga! ;f* vki

gkM" esa dke dj jgs ga ;kfu djs@V MZkb"o C: g vkj (yksi$ d$

kb"y dke esa ysuk Okg's ga 'ks vkidks fujisUk iAk uke esa

MZkb"o *: dk 9i;ksx djuk iMRsxk!

vAkk"' vkidks V d$ +xg *: dk 9i;ksx djuk gksxk 2;ksafd V

gkM" fMLd d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ C: dks *Dkk"'k ga!

bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki *: MZkb"o esa dke dj's g8% gkM" fMLd d$

kb"y dke esa ysuk Okgsa 'ks V ds LAkku ij NT 9i;ksx djuk

gksxk!

%d dEI;wVj esa %d ls ;k*k yksf+dy (&ogica&) gkM" fMLd )k$

gks ld'$ ga! ;f* *ks &ogica& gkM" fMLd gksa 'ks 9uds fy% ge

MZkb"o F'$d C: o D: dk 9i;ksx djsaxs! vc gkM" fMLd d$ kb"yd$ P$d ls igOku djus ds fy% gesa fujisUk iAk uke esa ewy

Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% ds V LAkku ij C: o D: dk 9i;ksx )k$ djuk iMR

ld'k ga! MZkb"o d$ ifjd6iuk dks ge d8 9*kgj7kksa ds lkAk

le\saxs!

MkZo dks 14#uk (anging Dri'e)

ekuk vki C MZkb"o esa dke jgs ga! blls eku$Vj ij FkEIV C:

f*4kkb" *sxk! vc vki MZkb"o *: esa dke djuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu

vk*sDk *sa H

C: *:

blls MkWl FkEIV c*y dj fuEu gks +k;sxk H

*:

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


;f* vki i8u0 C: MZkb"o esa vkuk Okgsa 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa

H

*: C:

vc vki i8u0 fuEu MkWl FkEIV *s4ksaxs H

NT` \

: MkZo esa dke djrs ?q, +: MkZo dh

!kZ#ksa dks 4s@kuk H ;f* vki : MZkb"o esa dke dj jgsa

ga o (yksi$ d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk' kb"y .$JJ$'JJ

esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks eku$Vj ij *s4kuk Okg's ga +ks fuEu

vk*sDk *sa HC: JP$ *: .$JJ$'JJ

;gk (yksi$ d$ ewy 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!

vA; 4k?j%k

¼:½ C0 MZkb"o ls *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ *s4kus ds

fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: DI' *:

¼½ C0 MZkb"o ls *0 d$ lcHMkbjs2Vj$ *CCO,J d$

lwO$ *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: DI' *: *CCO,J

¼<½ C0 MZkb"o esa *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls

.$JJ$'JJ kb"y gVkus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: D$. *: .$JJ$'JJ

¼=½ *0 MZkb"o ls gkM" fMLd d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa

fLAk' kb"y .$JJ$'DOC dk uke c*y dj .$JJ$'JJ j4kus ds fy%

fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

*: '$ C:.$JJ$'DOC C:.$JJ$'JJ

¼>½ *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ls l)k$ kb"yksa dks C0

d$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


*: COP >> C:

¼.½ C0 d$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ls l)k$ kb"yksa dks *

0 MZkb"o esa dksi$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa COP

>> *:

* MkWl ds 1k6 vk4s'k (4terna! ommands of DOS)

bl )kkx esa MkWl ds ck vk*sDkksa dk o7k"u fd;k x;k g!

&#44 H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk dks *s4kus

ds fy% fd;k +k'k ga!;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ (C:) esa fLAk' l)k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ o

lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ VZ$ (tree) lajOuk *s4kuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu

vk*sDk *sa H

C: J'$$

blls VZ$ ds Ti esa C0 MZkb"o d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk eku$Vj ij

F*fDk"' gksx$!(yksi$ d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa

H

C: J'$$ *:

;f* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk esa Mkbjs2Vj$ o lcMkbjs2Vj$ ds

lkAk lkAk kb"yksa ds uke )k$ *s4kuk Okgsa 'ks fuEu vk*sDk

*sa HC: J'$$!%

!% fLoO ds 9i;ksx ls eku$Vj ij F*fDk"' VZ$ lajOuk esa

kb"yksa ds uke )k$ *Dkk";s +k's ga!

FO#M+& H %d ub" (yksi$ dks ge l$/ks dke esa ug$a ys

ld's! 9i;ksx esa ykus ls igys (yksi$ dks kWjesV (format) djuk

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


gksxk! +c %d (yksi$ dks MkWl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls kWjesV dj's

gas +ks blesa yksf+dy (&ogica&) VZs2l (tracks) o ls2Vj (sector) cu's

ga! blds lkAk g$ 4kjkc ls2Vjksa d$ igOku )k$ gks +k'$ ga o

9@gs fOf@g' Ma'k dj f*;k +k'k ga! blds ck* g$ ge (yksi$ ij

kb"ysa )k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga!

%d u;$ (yksi$ dks ksjesV djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: %O'M*J *:

bl vk*sDk ds ck* eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

Insert new diskette for drie *:

and press $J$' wNen ready

blds ck* (yksi$ MZkb" esa (yksi$ Mkysa f+ls ksjesV djuk

ga o bldk Mksj 2yks+ dj *sa! blds ck* vki +ls g$ $J$' d$

(key) *ck;saxs (yksi$ d$ kWjesfVax vkjE)k gks +k;sx$! d8 le;

iDOk'5 vki eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk *s4ksaxs H

CNecking eisting disk format

Terifying EHH M

%ormat comp&ete

To&Kme &a/e& (EE CNaracters1 $J$' for none) ?

;gk ij (yksi$ d$ igOku ds fy% :: djs2Vl" dk uke *s ld's ga

f+ls oks6;we yscy (To&Kme &a/e&) dg's ga! blds ck* EEJ d$

key *ck;sa! vki fcuk dksb" uke Vkb"i fd;s )k$ $J$' d$ (key)

*ck ld's ga!blds ck* kWjesfVax iwj$ gks +k'$ ga vkj vki eku$Vj ij

d8 bl Fdkj dk la*sDk *s4ksaxsH

E1H1XXH /ytes tota& disk space

E1H1XXH /ytes aai&a/&e on disk

EF /ytes in eacN a&&ocation on disk

F1"H a&&ocation Knits aai&a/&e on disk

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


To&Kme seria& nKm/er is GCXC-E$UF

format anotNer (y!n) ? -

;f* vkj )k$ (yksi$ kWjesV dju$ gks 'ks ] Vkb"i djs

v@;Akk ] Vkb"i djsa!

;f* vki fdl$ %sl$ (yksi$ dks kWjesV dj jgs ga f+lesa igys ls

g$ d8 lwOuk% ga +ks /;ku jgs kWjesfVax ds ck* l)k$j i8jku$

lwOuk% uV gks +k;sax$!

;f* vki (yksi$ dks LVe (yksi$ cukuk Okg's ga 'ks

ksjesV djus ds fy;s fuEu vk*sak *sa H

%O'M*J *:!S

bl vk*sak lsa yksi$ kWjesV 'ks gksx$ ij 9lesa MkWl d$

LVe kb"y +ks cwfVax ds fy;s vko;d ga! )k$ dksi$ gks

+k;asx$ bl yksi$ fMLd dks dEI;wVj dks cwV djus esa dke esa

fy;k +k ld'k ga!

kWjesV vk*sDk dk vf/kd'e 9i;ksx (yksi$ kWjesV djus

esa g$ gks'k ga ij@'8 blls gkM" fMLd dks )k$ kWjesV dj ld'sga!

DISO*? H bl vk*sDk ls vki %d (yksi$ fMLd ij )k7Mkfj' l)k$

duVs7Vl (contents) *wlj$ (yksi$ ij dksi$ dj ld's ga! %d (yksi$ ds

l)k$ ls2Vj (sector) %dH%d djds *wlj$ (yksi$ ij dki$ gks's ga! v'0

(yksi$ dk oks6;we yscy )k$ dksi$ gks +k'k ga! f+l (yksi$ dksdki$ dj's ga 9ls lksl" (SoKrce) (yksi$ dg's ga o f+l (yksi$ ij

dksi$ dj's ga 9ls VkjxsV (target) (yksi$ dg's ga! ;f* VkjxsV

(yksi$ u;$ g +ks dksi$ ds *kjku og kWjesV )k$ gks +k'$

gaa ;g +Tj$ ga fd *ksuksa d$ )k7Mkj7k Uke'k leku gksu$ Okfg%!

;f* vki ds dEI;wVj esa *ks (yksi$ MZkb"o ga 'ks (yksi$

d$ dki$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


DIS#COP *: B:

blds ck* eku$Vjj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

Insert soKrce diskette in drie *:

Insert target diskette in drie B:

Press enter wNen ready

vki $J$' *ckus ls igys ;g fufDO' djsa fd MZkb"o ! esa lksl"

fMLd ga o MZkb"o B esa VkjxsV fMLd ga!

+ls g$ vki EEJ d$ *ck;saxs dEI;wVj lksl" fMLd dks

VkjxsV fMLd esa dksi$ djuk vkjE)k dj *sxk! dki$ lEkkI' gksus ds

ck* fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk HCopy Comp&ete

Do yoK want to make anotNer copy (y!n) ?

;f* vki lksl" fMLd d$ vkj dksi$ ug$a cukuk Okg'sa 'ks ]

Vkb"i djsa! ;f* vki ] Vkb"i dj's ga 'ks iwj$ FfØ;k fj ls

*ksgjk;$ +k;sx$ 'Akk lksl" fMLd d$ %d ls ;k*k dki$ cuk ld's ga!

;f* vki ds dEI;wVj esa %d g$ MZkb"o gks 'ks lksl" d$ dksi$djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *saH

DIS#COP *: *:

MkWl vkidks igys lksl" (yksi$ Mkyus ds fy% la*sDk *sxk!

MkWl lksl" (yksi$ ds co*+e*+s dks FkAkfed LeQf' esa dksi$ dj

ysxk o 9lds iDOk'5 vkidks VkjxsV (yksi$ Mkyus ds fy% la*sDk

*sxk! +ls g$ vki VkjxsV (yksi$ *: MZkb""o esa Mkysaxs MkWlFkAkfed LeQf' ls lksl" (yksi$ ds dks VkjxsV (yksi$ esa contents

dksi$ djuk vkjE)k dj *sxk!

DISOM* H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge *ks (yksi$ fMLdksa

ds d$ '8yuk dj ld's ga! vkids dEI;wVj esa %d g$ (yksi$ MZkb"o

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


gks 'ks *ks (yksi$ fMLdksa d$ '8yuk djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa

H

C: DIS#COMP *: *:

blds ck* eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

Insert diskette in drie * :

Press any key to continKe

vc %d (yksi$ fMLd dks MZkb"o esa Mkydj dksb" )k$ key

*ck;sa! d8 le; iDOk'5 eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk f*4kk;$ *sxk H

Insert anotNer diskette in drie * :

Press any key to continKe

vc igy$ (yksi$ fMLd fudky dj *wlj$ (yksi$ MZkb"o esa

Mkysa vkj dksb" )k$ d$ (key) *ck;sa!

*ksuksa (yksi$ ds %dH%d VZs2l o ls2Vj d$ '8yuk gksx$! ;f*

*ksuksa (yksi$ ds contents leku ga 'ks eku$Vj ij vki fuEu la*sDk

*s4ksaxs H

Compare O#

compare anotNer diskette ! ?

;f* *ksuksa (yksi$ fMLdksa ds contents leku ug$a gks 'ks

9udk v@'j eku$Vj ij F*fDk"' gksxk o 9lds ck* fuEu la*sDk

f*4kkb" *sxk H

Compare anotNer diskette (!) ?

vki %d vkj (yksi$ d$ '8yuk djuk Okg's ga 'ks ] Vkb"idjsa! blls iwj$ FfØ;k i8u0 *ksgjk;$ +k;sx$! ] Vkb"i djus ij

MkWl FkEIV vk +k;sxk!

MO#4 H ;g vk*sDk f6Vj vk*sDkksa d$ s7k$ esa vk'k ga!

fdl$ )k$ vk*sDk ds vk9Vi8V dks ge MO'$ vk*sDk dk bui8V cuk

ld's ga!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


vB;kl ds

oLrqfu"C >'u (O,@ecti'e &ype Auestions)

;f* fdl$ vk*sDk dk vk9Vi8V db" is+ksa dk ga 'ks vk*sDk d$

lgk;'k ls *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

9*kgj7k ds fy% %d Mkb"js2Vj$ lwO$ dks M3JE vk*sDk d$

lgk;'k ls *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H

C: DI' @ MO'$

;g vk*sDk *sus ij Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ dk igyk is+ eku$Vj ij

f*4kk;$ *sxk o is+ ds v@' esa fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H

MO'$

dksb" )k$ d$ (key) *ckus ij lwO$ dk vxyk is+ F*fDk"'

gksxk! bl 'jg vki %dH%d djds l)k$ is+ *s4k ld's ga!DI' o MO'$ ds c$O esa @ X F'$d dke esa fy;k x;k ga bls ge

ikb"i (Pipe) F'$sd (Sym/o&) dj's ga! bldk F;ksx %d vk*sDk ds

vk9Vi8V dks *wljs vk*sDk ds bui8V ls +ksMRus ds fy% fd;k +k'k

ga! 9ijks2' 9*kgj7k esa DI' vk*sDk dk vk9Vi8V l$/kk eku$Vj ij

F*fDk"' ug$a gks'k ij@'8 MO'$ vk*sDk ds &kjk ;g eku$Vj ij

F*fDk"' gks'k ga!bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki fdl$ kb"y esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks %d %d is+

djds *s4kuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu vk*sk *sa H

C: JP$ .$JJ$'JJ @ MO'$

bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki fdl$ kb"y ds vk9Vi8V dks MO'$ vk*sDk

dks vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls *s4k ld's ga!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


DdE fuFuf#f@kr >'uksa esa l?h fod$i dk pquko

dhfG;sH

:1 MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkulk kb"y uke le*a9e xy' ga

`

¼v½ :N3M ¼c½ PI32!!

¼l½ PR2!! ¼*½ P12!!

1 MkWl H

¼v½ gkM"os;j ga ¼c½ LVe lks(Vos;j ga¼l½ %Iy$dsDku lks(Vos;j ga ¼*½ ;wfVfyfV lks(Vos;j

ga!

<1 buesa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk No99a*d %d Vs2LV +ex+

kb"y esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks eku$Vj ij f*4kk'k ga `

¼v½ LI ¼c½ 2I[L!6

¼l½ 6[E ¼*½ [JI=1 MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkulk kb"y uke le*a9e xy' ga

`

¼v½ I2I!7h ¼c½ LEEJ7"

¼l½ )E\)E73 ¼*½ !PN27N3M

>1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk eku$Vj ij MkWl dk ol"u

ve'sio* f*4kk;sxk `¼v½ A3JM! ¼c½ 2IJ

¼l½ VEJ ¼*½ V3L

.1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %d (yksi$ d$ dksi$ cukus

esa dke vk'k ga `

¼v½ N3[6 ¼c½ 2IN3[6

¼l½ hN3[6 ¼*½ 2IN3M[

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


?1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %d (yksi$ d$ l'g ij VZs2l

+'acks o sec+o' ls2Vl" cuk'k ga `

¼v½ A3JM! ¼c½ NJE!E

¼l½ VEJ ¼*½ M!E

,1 MkWl esa vk*sDkksa ij vk/kkfj' Dky +ks fd 9i;ks2'k dks

b@Vjsl F*ku dj'$ ga fdl kb"y esa gks'$ ga `

¼v½ I376 ¼c½ N3AI76

¼l½ N3MM!27N3M ¼*½ !@3EhEN7P!

B1 ;f* dEI;wVj dks gkM" fMLd ls cwV djsa 'ks fuEu esa dkulk

MkWl FkEIV eku$Vj ij f*4kk;$ *s'k ga `¼v½ !T o' !T` \ ¼c½ N o' NT` \

¼l½ P7 o' PT` \ ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"

ug$a!

:-1 fuEu esa ls dkulk djs2Vj c$a'ac+e' MkWl ds iAk uke esa

Mkbjs2Vj$ o kb"yksa dks vyx djus esa dke vk'k ga!

¼v½ ` ¼c½ / ¼l½ \ ¼*½ T

::1 fuEu esa ls dku lk dAku lg$ ga H

¼v½ cwfVax ds ck* iwjk M123 FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM

gks +k'k ga!

¼c½ cwfVax ds ck* (yksi$ ;k gkM" fMLd esa ls M123

fMy$V gks +k'k ga!¼l½ cwfVax ds ck* M123 dk d8 )kkx FkAkfed LeQf'

esa yksM gks +k'k ga!

¼*½ cwfVax ds ck* M123 dk d8 )kkx (yksi$ ;k gkM"

fMLd esa ls fMy$V gks +k'k ga!

:<1 fuEu esa ls fdl MkWl vk*sDk ls cwVscy Poo+able (yksi$

cusx$ `

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


¼v½ A3JM! !T/P ¼c½ A3JM! !T/

¼l½ NJE!E 6EM ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"

ug$a!

:=1 fu@e esa ls fdl MkWl vk*sDk ls ge Mk;js2Vj$ lajOuk dks

eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga `

¼v½ JEE ¼c½ 2IJ

¼l½ [JI ¼*½ 6[E

:>1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %slk g +ks FJ;sd kb"y

dks 2ele+e fMy$V djus ls igys 9i;ks2'k ls iwsxk `

¼v½ 2EL 7/[ ¼c½ h2ELEE¼l½ J2 7 ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"

ug$a!

Ikj)rkf#dk

:1¼l

½1

¼c

½<1

¼l

½=1

¼l

½>1 ¼l½

.1¼c

½?1

¼v

½,1

¼l

½B1

¼c

½:-1 ¼l½

::1¼v

½:1

¼l

½:<1

¼c

½:=1

¼v

½:>1

¼v

½

D@kE fj&r Lfkkuksa dh i2frZ

dhfG;s 3

:1 %d vk*sDk ga!

1 %d vk*sDk ga!

<1 MkWl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$

d$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ig8O ld's ga!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


=1 MkWl vk*sDk ls ge fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ewy

Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ig8O +k;saxs!

>1 MkWl esa %d kb"y dk uke okyk )kkx vf/kd'e o

%2lVsaDku okyk )kkx vf/kd'e vUkjksa dk gks ld'k

ga!

9mkj H

:1 Ex+e'*al

1 I*+e'*al

<1 N277=1 N2`

>1 , % <

DxEfuFuf#f@kr ok&; l?h ?=a ;k x#r 1rk;sH

:1 M123 e84;'0 fOIl c$iOs ij vk/kkfj' ekbØksdEi;wVjksa ds

fy% fod' fd;k x;k ga!1 M123 dks IPM dEiu$ us fod' fd;k ga!

<1 MkWl esa VZ$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk dke esa y$ x;$ ga!

=1 ck vk*sDk cwfVax ds le; g$ dEI;wVj d$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa

yksM gks +k's ga!

>1 2IN3[6 vk*sDk ds dke djus ds fy% *ksuksa (yks;ksa dk

leku gksuk vkoD;d ga!

Ikj)rkf#dk

:1 1 A <1 =1 A >1

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


#Jk2IjkKed >'u

=horG H4s2er #pe !uesGio4s

:1 vk'afjd I*+e'*al o ck Ex+e'*al MkWl vk*sDkksa ds c$O

dk v@'j LiV d$f+;sa!

1 cwfVax 2;k ga ` laUksi esa le\kb;s!

<1 iAk uke [a+$*a9e 2;k ga! laUksi esa le\kb;s!

=1 Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ 9i;ksfx'k le\kb;s!

>1 okb"6M dkM"l Wild ca'ds d$ 9i;ksfx'k le\kb;s!

.1 M123 d$ '$u e84; kbyksa ys+e9 les ds uke fyf4k;s!?1 d)k$Hd)k$ J2 vk*sDk ls ge %d Mkbjs2Vj$ dks fMy$V

dele+e ug$a dj ik's! 2;ksa `

fu1AOkkKed >'u

Fssa# #pe !uesGio4s

:1 MkWl d$ foDksk'kvksa fea+u'es of 23 ds ckjs esa foL'kj

ls fyf4k;s!

1 MkWl &kjk dke esa fy% +kus oky$ VZ$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk ds

ckjs esa fyf4k;s!

<1 MkWl esa kb"y Fca/ku esa dkuHdku ls vk*sDk dke esavk's ga ` 9udk fooj7k *$f+;s!

=1 MkWl esa Mkbjs2Vj$ Fca/ku esa dkuHdku ls vk*sDk dke

esa vk's ga ` 9udk fooj7k *$f+;s!

8/18/2019 DOS(5)


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