cadastre survey practice (sghu 4323)fght.utm.my/tlchoon/files/2015/12/12-ecadastre-sv.pdf ·...

CADASTRE SURVEY PRACTICE (SGHU 4323)

WEEK 11-eCADASTRE

SR DR. TAN LIAT CHOON07-5530844

016-49755511

OUTLINE

• Coordinated Cadastral System

• National Digital Cadastral Database

• Multipurpose Cadastre

• 3D Cadastre and Marine Cadastre

2

COORDINATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM

3

Introduction

Since 1995, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia(DSMM) has embarked on a modernisation program that sawthe dramatic computerisation of both its office and fieldprocesses of its cadastral survey division. The Digital CadastralDatabase was created by capturing the surveyed accurateinformation of all land parcels. Under the e-Cadastre project, acomprehensive nationwide readjustment of the meshwork ofparcels will be carried out based on a new geocentric datumconcept. The Real Time Kinematic Global Positioning System(RTKGPS) has seen the setting up of permanent stationsestablished to provide precise geocentric positioning to assistthe Coordinated Cadastral System implementation. This networkis to be implemented to support the e-Cadastre project.

4

Introduction

The current system of cadastral survey is yet unable to capitalise onthe advent of satellite based technologies. A complete revamp ofthe system is required before any improvement to the deliverysystem could be achieved. The new environment will allow variouscadastral survey processes, such as planning, layout designsubmission, field data capture, completed job submission, qualitycontrol and approval, to be carried out remotely via the mobiletelecommunication network. Global Positioning System (GPS) willprovide real time positioning at centimetre resolutionhomogenously for the entire country and coordinates will replacerelative measurements as the ultimate proof of boundary markposition. Additional features such as building footprint and spaceimages will be incorporated into the new database in a movetowards a multipurpose cadastre.

5

Introduction

There are three main components in e-Cadastre, namelyCoordinated Cadastral System, Virtual Survey System andCadastral Data Integrity System. The implementation of aCoordinated Cadastral System is a major part of the e-Cadastreproject that includes field and office reengineering to reduceprocesses and increase the use of digital technology.

The Virtual Survey System will equip the field surveyor withICT, total station, GIS and GPS. The surveyor will be able tointeract with the system to extract information that is essentialin field operations. Most of the work is automated to reducetedious computation.

6

Introduction

Cadastral Data Integrity System comprises all the office applicationrelated to cadastre, which include pre-survey verification, field surveydata computation and verification, digital title plans generation andapproval. In order to implement multipurpose 3D cadastre in Malaysia,new requirements are needed to capture the data in three-dimensional (on surface, above surface and below surface) to cater forstrata, stratum surface. This process will be performed in theElectronic Strata Module consisting of the Strata Lodgement Module,Electronic Strata Survey Module and Strata Verification Module. TheStrata Lodgement Module is developed especially to fulfil therequirement of a spatial database for strata, while the Electronic StrataSurvey Module is developed to perform strata job verification on theground and at same time perform data collection, and the StrataVerification Module is developed mainly to fulfil the needs of spatialusage for data checking from field checks. 7

Coordinated Cadastral System

8

CCS

DigitalCadastralDatabase(DCDB)

CommonNationalCoordinateSystem

CadastralControlInfrastructure

CadastralSurveyPractice

Coordinates

Least SquareAdjustment

“Whole-to-Part”Survey Concept

AdequateDensity

Based onHighest Geodetic

Order

GeocentricCassini/RSOProjection

System

GDM2000CompleteCadastral

Maps

Layered

AppropriateData

Modeling

UniqueParcel

Identifier

Legal(Contributory)

Evidence ofBoundaries Unique

Single Set ofSurvey Accurate

Coordinates

The Characteristic(Entity)

The Aspect(Attribute)


9

Finalized GeocentricBased Cassini &RSO Coordinates

In DCDB

Establishing State CadastralControl Infrastructure (CCI)

Tie-Up of Selected ParcelCorners to CCI

Development of StateCadastral Control Database

(CCDB)

Populating DCDBWith Survey

AccurateCoordinates

AutomatedRe-Coordination

System

New Cadastral

SurveyResurvey

GDM2000

LegalOrganizational

RelatedActions

Socio-EconomicRelatedActions


Specifications for Cadastral Control Network Densification

10

MASS

PGGN

CCICADASTRAL CONTROLINFRASTRUCTURE

PRIMARY GEODETICGPS NETWORK

MALAYSIAN ACTIVE GPS STATIONS

Tertiary : 5, 2.5, 0.5 Spacing

First Order: 238 stations

Zero Order: 8 Stations

AREA PRIMARY GRID SECONDARY GRID

URBAN

SEMI-URBAN

RURAL

2.5 km x 2.5 km

10 km X 10 km

0.5 km X 0.5 km

2.5 km X 2.5 km

2.5 km X 2.5 km

Connected toPGGN

Connected toPrimary Grid

ObservationTechnique: staticObservation Period1 – 1.5 hr

Observation Technique:Rapid Static.Observation Period:15 – 30 min

Baseline RelativeAccuracy less then3ppmCoordinates Diff.From 2 Bases Stn.Less than 2 cm

Baseline RelativeAccuracy: Less than3ppmCoordinate DifferencesFrom 2 Bases stn.: LessThan 3cm

10 km X 10 km

Control Network Hierarchy

Coordinated Cadastral SystemCadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI) Employing Whole to the Part

Concept and GPS Technology

11

NATIONAL DIGITAL CADASTRAL DATABASE

12

National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB)

Background of DCDB:

Digital Cadastral Database (DCDB) contains all information obtainedfrom cadastral survey jobs related to boundaries of land parcels.

The existing DCDB, which covers the entire country, was developedfrom historical survey data (conversion from hardcopy CertifiedPlans to digital) as well as from current survey jobs.

Coordinates in the DCDB were obtained from several means andcontain varying, unpredictable, and un-quantified errors.

Uncertainties of surveyed values are typical, but errors are morecommon in some rural areas.

To be able to support a modern cadastral system, an accuratepositional record of the cadastre is imperative. The existing DCDBwas not designed for this purpose.

13


Different Types Of Cadastral Coordinates

14

RIGID COORDINATE

Homogenous and Systematically Adjusted

PLOTTING COORDINATE

For cadastral map plotting purposes

SYSTEM COORDINATE

System/Software generated coordinate based on features location

Rigid Coordinate Plotting Coordinate System Coordinate

Surveyed value

System value

15


16

Least Squares adjustment technique determine a unique set of coordinates for each boundary mark from a set of

observed values (bearings & distances).

Bowditch adjustment distributes closing errors linearly but not able to

provide a unique coordinates solution.

GPS

GPS

Bowditch Least Squares

National Digital Cadastral Database

17

G001

G003

G004

G005

G007

G008

G009

G010

G011

G012

G013

G015

G016

G017

G018

G019

G020

G021

G022

G023

G024

G025

G026

G027

G028

G029

G030G031

G032G033

G034

G035

G036

G037

G038 G039

G040

G041

G042

G043

G044

G045

G046

G047

G048

G049

G050

G051

G052

G053

G054

G055

G056

G057

G058

G059

G060

G061

G062

G063

G064

G065

G066

G067

G068

G069

G070

G071

G072

G073

G074G075

G076

G077

99.00 99.50 100.00 100.50 101.00 101.50 102.00 102.50 103.00 103.50 104.00

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

GEODETIC TRIANGULATIONPENINSULAR MALAYSIA

G002

G014

G084

P4

P075

GPS BASED REFERENCE SYSTEM


To create the National Digital Cadastral Database(NDCDB), the strategy taken consists of the following:

Based on the successful implementation of theMelaka’s NDCDB;

A homogeneous and seamless database with surveyaccurate coordinate;

Based on the national geocentric datum (GDM2000); Creation of Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI); Support the implementation of utility mapping.

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• NDCDB is based on a uniform reference system, i.e. CassiniGDM2000.

• NDCDB is "compatible" with the use of modern technology such asGPS/MyRTKnet.

• NDCDB have a uniform coordinate accuracy, i.e. 5cm to 10cm.

• NDCDB just have a "single line" and is "compatible" with GIStechnology.

• NDCDB graphic coordinates are similar to coordinate attributes.

• NDCDB will help the development of information systems,especially the "MULTI-PURPOSE Cadastre".

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GDM2000

Establishment of Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI)Using JUPEM MyRTKnet GPS Service


Automated Network Adjustment& Re-Coordination System

Re-coordination and Re-population (R&R)

NDCDB

Methodology For Cadastral Data Migration To The New

Geocentric Datum For Malaysia (GDM2000)

Expected NDCDB Spatial Accuracy

CATEGORY

Std. Dev.

Northing

Std. Dev.

Easting

Cadastral Control Spacing

Urban/ New Developme

nt

± 5 cm

or better

± 5 cm

or better 0.5 km

Semi Urban/Rural

± 10 cm

or better

± 10 cm

or better 2.5 km

Total estimated number of boundary marks to be re-coordinated is about 40 million boundary marks.

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Methodology

21

Establishing State Cadastral Control Infrastructure (CCI)


Development of State Cadastral Control Database (CCDB)

Populating DCDB with Survey Accurate Coordinates

Automated Re-CoordinationSystem

Finalized GeocentricBased Cassini & RSOCoordinates in DCDB

Establishmentof CCI andState CCDB

Repopulation &Re-coordinationof DCDB withSurvey AccurateCoordinates

Study on CadastralSurvey ProceduresUnder CCS

Cost-Benefit Analysis of CCS Implementation


Adjustment

22

CCDB

DCDB

DataIntegrity

Check

ConnectionLineFile

DataSelection

Adjustment

TransformationQualityControl

TempNDCDB

NDCDB

Editing

FORMATION OFCADASTRAL NETWORK

RE-COORDINATIONUSING ANAUTOMATEDDATA CONVERSIONSYSTEM (ADCS)

SURVEY ACCURATEDIGITAL CADASTRALDATABASE (NDCDB)


23


24

DistrictSurveyors

CSRS

JUPEM2U SUM eQC eSPEK

LS

600Parties

LS

600Parties

JUPEM

300Parties

NDCDB

Updating of NDCDB in eKadastre

MULTIPURPOSE CADASTRE

25

Multipurpose Cadastre Underpin A Good GIS

26

NDCDB forms the fundamental Dataset

27

FUTURE DIRECTIONMultipurpose Cadastre

Control points

Land cover

Single objects

Heights

Local names

Ownership

Pipelines

Administrative subdivisions

NDCDB

To support the increasing demand for land/geographic information at all levels of government and in the private sector:

CORE DATASET:NDCDBBuilding footprintsTransportationHydrographyStreet AdressesGeonameLand valueLand ownershipDemography

MPC Component

MPC component as shown provides the means for enhancement ofdelivery system to the public as well as realization of connectedgovernment.

28

MPC Component

29

NDCDBLARGE SCALE GEOSPATIAL

DATA

NON-SPATIAL

DATAMPC

ValuationOwnershipGeonamesLand valueLand use

Multipurpose Cadastre

30

Multipurpose Cadastre – From Single Purposee-Kadaster to Multipurpose Cadastre

3D CADASTRE AND MARINE CADASTRE

32

3D CADASTRE

33

3D Cadastre

Multiple use of land is increasing. The owner of a parcel ofland may possess the rights to the column of air above andthe column of soil under that land. At ground level, multipleuse of land has resulted in the multiple exercises of rights ofthe use of the regions above and below ground level and inthe division of rights in the ownership column.

34

3D Cadastre

Pressure on land in urban areas and especially their businesscenters has led to overlapping and interlocking construction ….Even when the creation of property rights to match thesedevelopments is available within existing legislation, describingand depicting them in the cadastral registration, poses achallenge …. The challenge is how to register overlapping andinterlocking construction when projected on the surface in acadastral registration that registers information on 2D parcels.Although property has been located on top of each other formany years, it is only recently that the question has been raisedas to whether cadastral registration should be extended into thethird dimension…

35

The Importance of 3D Cadastre

Current cadastre registration systems, bound to ground surfacetopological and geometrically described parcels, have shownlimitations in providing an insight into three-dimensional location ofthree-dimensional constructions as well the vertical dimension (depthand height) of rights established for three-dimensional constructions.In addition, the cadastre should be able to describe propertyownership, including Strata Title ownership.

A 3D cadastre is defined as a cadastre that registers and givesinsight into rights and restrictions not only on parcels, but also on 3Dproperty units. Thus, a 3D cadastre would be able to handle suchconditions as overlapped buildings and utilities that prohibit theproperty from being registered according to legal and organisationalaspects using a 2D cadastre.

36

The Importance of 3D Cadastre

In the near future, the cadastre will contain updated documentation ofpublic and private rights, ownership, land use and real estate in variousspaces. 3D boundaries and parcels in space will be determined by the 3Dcadastre that serves the legal and physical objectives. A modern cadastresystem should always reflect the existing situation of all property rights,including a mixture of private and public properties.

It is necessary to develop a 3D cadastre with its own legal solutionsthat meet its specific needs. On the other hand, the content and role of acadastre that is related to three-dimensional properties have not changedsignificantly, notwithstanding the substantial impact on the cadastresystem. The 3D cadastre system should provide information beyond thetypical planning data and ensure registered rights above, on and belowthe surface of a property. Hence, land will be more optimally developedand utilised.

37

Practical Solutions

(a) Full 3D cadastre• Option 1: Combination of infinite parcel columns and volume

parcels, i.e. a combined 2D/3D alternative.• Option 2: Only parcels that are bounded in 3D volume.

(b) 2D/3D hybrid cadastre• Option 1: Registration of 2D parcels in all cases of real property

registration, and additional registration of 3D legal space in thecase of 3D property units.

• Option 2: Registration of 2D parcels in all cases of real propertyregistration, and additional registration of physical objects.

(c) 2D cadastre with 3D tags linked to parcels in current cadastralregistration.

38

Full 3D Cadastre

The concept of a full 3D cadastre introduces property rights inthree-dimensional space, which is being subdivided into volumeparcels partitioning the three-dimensional space. In thisapproach, the traditional cadastral map does not have anybearing on the three-dimensional rights that entitle persons tovolumes. In other words, rights and restrictions are no longerestablished only on 2D parcels, but are explicitly related to well-defined volume parcels. Examples of real property objects thatare defined in three-dimensional are strata and stratum units.However, to realise this full 3D cadastre solution, significantchanges are required in the cadastral survey and mappingregistration, land registration, as well as the technical andlegislative frameworks.

39

Full 3D Cadastre

It is possible to establish parcels that are defined with boundaries onthe surface because the volume parcels are only established in three-dimensional situations. The first option is to convert the conventionalparcels representation into three-dimensional; a parcel is defined bythe boundary on the surface, which is converted into an indefiniteparcel columns and volume parcels that intersects with the surface atthe location of the parcel boundary. With the second option, the onlyproperty objects that are recognised by the cadastre become volumeparcels, forming a complete partition of space. In order to define theextent of ownership in the vertical plane, it requires extensive andcomplicated overall three-dimensional land title settlements prior tothe cadastral survey. Moreover, the relevant land laws need to beamended, and this usually takes a long process.

40

2D/3D Hybrid Cadastre

The 2D/3D hybrid cadastre solution refers to the integration of the 2Dcadastre with the factual situation in three-dimensional space inregistering the three-dimensional objects within the three-dimensionalcadastral registration. This solution requires the separate legalregistration of on-surface parcels and of the three-dimensionalsituations, which are combined and integrated. The hybrid solution ofcadastral registration of the three-dimensional situation is notjudicially binding. This means that the exact legal situation stilldepends on reliable documents like those recorded by Certified Plan inthe land registration, with the description of the volume agreed uponin the three-dimensional registration. The three-dimensionalrepresentation is the volume to which a person is entitled, i.e. theregistration of the three-dimensional object defined by the surfaceparcel and that is bound by the upper and lower limits. Suchregistration can also refer to the three-dimensional physical objectitself.

41

2D/3D Hybrid Cadastre

The first option refers to the 3D registration of rights thatare already registered with the 2D parcel as the startingpoint of registration. The second option is the registrationof 3D physical objects themselves, which a physical objectas the starting point of registration. Constructions (e.g.buildings) are integrated in the cadastral data in the currentcadastral registration. The juridical and cadastral concept ofownership and property will remain the same.

42

2D Cadastre with 3D Tags

2D cadastre is supplemented with three-dimensional tagssolution, the existing 2D cadastre is maintained in its originalstate, but with external references linking to three-dimensionaldigital drawing or three-dimensional analogue to representthree-dimensional situations. In this solution, complex three-dimensional situations are registered using ad hoc solutionswithin current registration possibilities, while every right that isregistered can be attributed with a reference to a three-dimensional representation. The difference between 2D/3Dhybrid cadastre and 2D cadastre with three-dimensional tags isthat the three-dimensional representations in the secondapproach are maintained separately and not integrated with thecadastral data.

43

3D Cadastre

The National Land Code 1965 only allows 3 types of lot/parcel, i.e.:

• Land• Strata Parcel and Land Parcel in strata Scheme• Stratum

The more efficient of cadastre system in future is to allow 3D lot/parcel including air space and marine space.

44

3D Cadastre

45

Stratum

LOWEST ASTRONOMICAL TIDE

3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]

46


MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]

3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

47


MEAN SEA LEVEL

TOPOGRAPHY

[ X1,Y1, H1 ]

[ X1,Y1, H2 ]

[ X2,Y2, H1 ]

[ X2,Y2, H2 ]

[ X3,Y3, H1 ]

[ X3,Y3, H2 ]

[ X4,Y4, H1 ]3D SPACE CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM

48

Overlapping Development

49Penang KOMTAR and Prangin Mall

1

Cross sectional

50

Building above and basement parking below public road

3D parcel

51

1

Building above and basement parking below public road

52Melaka Hatten Square

2

Cross sectional

53

Sky-bridge above public road

3D parcel

54

2

Sky-bridge above public road

KL Central Multi Storey Complex and Transportation Hub

55

Jean Nouvel's Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis 56

Interlace Singapore57

Interlace Singapore58

Source: http://arkinetia.com 59

The Construction Of MRT Station Need 3D Element

60

Cross sectional

4

5

61

Multiple-use

3D parcels

62

4

5

Multiple-use

3D scenario

63

Multipurpose 3D Cadastre

3D cadastre registration system is being developed.Researchers have contemplated adding 3D cadastre objectsin the current cadastre data model and information,accessible by the Department of Survey and MappingMalaysia, State Land and Mines Office, and District LandOffice. Unfortunately, the two stated databases, viz. theeKadaster and the eTanah database work separately underdifferent authorities, still do not support three-dimensionalcapability.

64


The Malaysian Land Administration is based on the TorrensSystem where the cadastral map and the Document of Titlewith spatial and textual information are regarded as legalevidence, and are required under the rules and regulationsin order to have full institutional coordination. Therefore, agood institution is very important in order to achieve anexcellent and reliable cadastre registration system.However, due to historical constraints, it seems quitedifficult to realise this unless there is full cooperation fromvarious legal bodies, technical organisations and other land-related government agencies and private sectorparticipants.

65


A multipurpose 3D cadastre can be defined as an integrated landinformation system containing legal (e.g. tenure and ownership),planning (e.g. land use zoning), revenue (e.g. land value, assessmentand premium) and physical (e.g. cadastre) information.

The Malaysian multipurpose 3D cadastre should contain allinformation about administrative records, tenure, value and sale &purchases records, base maps, cadastral and survey boundaries,categories of land use, streets addresses, census utilities etc.

There are many advantages for implementing a multipurpose 3Dcadastre. It is especially useful for property inventory, projectimplementation and monitoring, utility management, populationestimates, school management, census mapping and urban and ruraldevelopment. 66


A 3D cadastre registration model has been proposedrecently, focusing on the combination of these two cadastreregistration databases and encompassing matterspertaining to legal rights, land attributes and spatial objectsgeo-data. The three authorities mentioned above are themain government agencies that are responsible for thecadastre registration system; they integrate and coordinateeach other in order to have an integrated andcomprehensive cadastral system in Malaysia by using a2D/3D hybrid cadastre approach.

67


Various 3D cadastre objects, such as stratified buildings,and construction above and below the ground surface, arethe responsibility of the Department of Survey andMapping Malaysia and the State Land and MinesOffice/District Land Office where it concerns objectregistration and ownership registration respectively. Inshort, 3D cadastre registration is a combination of landregistration utilising the plan land parcel and the three-dimensional land parcel for cadastral registration. Three-dimensional cadastre registration encompassesconsiderations of the legal rights of land attributes, planecadastral objects and three-dimensional information.

68

T H A N K YO U

69

cadastre survey practice (sghu 4323)fght.utm.my/tlchoon/files/2015/12/12-ecadastre-sv.pdf ·...

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