bragfost 2012

Impacts of the urban form on comfort levels in outdoor spaces and on the

built environment

Prof. Dr. Eduardo L. KrügerPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia CivilDepartamento de Construção Civil

Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPRCuritiba. Paraná

[email protected]

BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIABrasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’

Context

• Indoors (built spaces) - Brazil– Bioclimatic Zoning of Brazil “Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro”

– Brazilian Building Performance Standards “Normas de Desempenho de Edificações – Térmica, Acústica, Lumínica“ http:// www.labeee.ufsc.br

– Brazilian Energy Efficiency Rating of Commercial and Residential Buildings “Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade do Nível de Eficiência Energética“ http://www.inmetro.gov.br/

• Outdoors– Municipalities


Outline• Principles (“Comfort”)

• Sample studies– Curitiba, Brazil– Israel (2005-2006)– UK (2010-2011)

• Conclusions - topics for discussion


“Comfort”• Urban form and comfort / life quality – effects on

microclimate; daylighting availability at pedestrian level and in the indoor space; air quality issues; urban noise; accessibility ...

• Relevant cause & effect factors – Morphology and wind profiles– Shape, orientation, thermal mass (storage), water bodies, albedo

and microclimate– Vegetation, evapotranspiration and microclimate– Shape, orientation and shadowing/mutual shadowing effects


Relevant factors


Urban form and wind in urban settings

Effects of urban form on air flow

ROSSI (2004 )

Relevant factorsThermal impacts of urban morphology


OKE, 1978

Relevant factors Urban form and urban microclimate


Relevant factors Urban form and implications on overshadowing

Acoma Pueblo , New Mexico, looking northeast. Terraces, windows and doors face southward to capture the winter sun. (Drawing by Gary S. Shigemura in Energy and Form by Ralph L. Knowles.) More contemporary “solutions” for the problem

of buildings casting shadows on others

(detail shadow)


Relevant factors Urban form and pollutants dispersion

Urban form parameters

H/W = 0.33

H/W = 0.66

H/W = 1

H/W = 2

Height to Width Factor

FONTE: SUGA, 2005BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIABrasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’

SVF = 23%

SVF = 46%

Sky View Factor - SVF

Fonte: MINELLA, 2009BRAZILIAN-GERMAN FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIABrasilia, Nov 8-11 2012 - Session ‘CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF ECOLOGICAL HOUSING’

Urban form parameters

Research Methods


Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal perception)

Physical modelling Simulation studies Establishing linkages between urban form and observed

effects

Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil (since 1999)


Research carried out in IsraelPost-doc (CAPES) (2005-2006)

Research carried out in Glasgow, UKVisiting researcher (CAPES) (2010-2011)

Research carried out in Curitiba, Brazil


Field measurements for heat mapping Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians Simulation studies (daylighting – solar envelope) Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion/microclimate)



Field measurements for heat mapping (Rossi 2004)

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Área Água Área Construida Área Livre Área Pavimentada Área Verde Delta T



Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella 2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010

Comfort questionnaire (based on ISO 10551) Date: …………Time: …………Part 1: background and personal information Gender (circle it): Male

FemaleAge: …………Weight: ………… Height: …………Time of residency (Glasgow or UK, circle it): less than 6 months more than 6 monthsTime spent outdoors (minutes): ………… Part 2: current clothing garments (clothing ensembles as in ISO 9920) refer to Table Annex A Part 3: How do you feel at this precise moment? (-3) cold(-2) cool(-1) slightly cool(0) neutral(+1) slightly warm(+2) warm(+3) hot Part 4: Please state how you would prefer to be now:(+3) much warmer(+2) warmer(+1) a little warmer(0) neither warmer nor cooler(-1) a little cooler(-2) cooler(-3) much cooler



Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians (Minella 2009; Rossi 2012) CNPq funded 2008-2010 - RESULTS

DataOver 2000 surveys (approx. 1650 valid

votes)Different seasons (Jan-Aug 2009)

15 urban situationsSVF ranging 0.2-0.55

Resulting studiesApplicability of comfort indices:

Comparisons between actual thermal sensation versus selected comfort indices

(including UTCI)Diurnal effect of SVF on outdoor comfort,

Ta and TmrtVentilation profiles and air quality (simulations with ENVI-met, from

calibrated model)

y = 52.992x - 7.088

R2 = 0.57

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-T (

°C)



Simulation studies (daylighting) (Suga 2005)



Simulation studies (solar envelope) (Tamura 2010)



Simulation studies (pollutants dispersion) (Rasia 2011)



Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)



Simulation studies (microclimate) (Minella –ongoing)

Procedure adopted for the SOVALP Project in Geneva, Switzerland

Research carried out in Sede Boqer, IsraelPost-doctorate (CAPES) at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

(2005-2006)


Physical modelling with OASUS Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment


(2005-2006)


Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)

OASUS Open-Air Scaled Urban Surface


(2005-2006)


Physical modelling with OASUS (D. Pearlmutter)


(2005-2006)


Simulation studies of impacts in the built environment

Research carried out in Glasgow, UKVisiting researcher (CAPES) at Glasgow Caledonian University

(2011-2012)


Urban Heat Island – Heat Mapping Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians Simulation studies (microclimate)


(2011-2012)


Urban Heat Island – Inter-urban temperature differences


(2011-2012)


Urban Heat Island – Intra-urban temperature differences


(2011-2012)


Urban Heat Island – Results

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Tem

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Delta T T urban T rural


(2011-2012)


Thermal perception surveys with pedestrians


(2011-2012)


Simulation studies (microclimate)

Buchanan Street

Nile Street

Bath Street

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<Left foot> <Right foot>

GlasgowPart1 11:00:00 27.07.2011

x/y cut at z= 2

N

Pot. Temperature

unter 302.00 K

302.00 bis 302.35 K

302.35 bis 302.69 K

302.69 bis 303.04 K

303.04 bis 303.39 K

303.39 bis 303.74 K

303.74 bis 304.08 K

304.08 bis 304.43 K

304.43 bis 304.78 K

über 304.78 K

Classed LAD and Shelters

Buildings

CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION


Field measurements and surveys (street user’s thermal perception) as an aid to UHI analyses and as relevant database for calibrating and verifying existing comfort indices

Physical modelling : applicable under certain conditions Simulation studies : important tool for checking

daylighting potentials and solar accessibibility, somewhat limited yet with regard to urban microclimate modelling

Establishing linkages between urban form and observed effects!!!

CONCLUSIONS - TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION


How to incorporate findings in master plans and urban design guidelines?

Is it feasible for researchers to participate in urban planning initiatives and how could that be promoted?

What possible lessons could be learnt from the German experience in climate responsive urban design?

Possible collaborations with German researchers...?

Collaborations


Baruch Givoni (Prof. Emeritus UCLA) Man in the Desert team (Israel): Evyatar Erell, David

Pearlmutter, Isaac Meir IIfADo (Dortmund/Germany): Peter Bröde, Dusan Fiala

(ErgonSim—Comfort Energy Efficiency) Uni Freiburg: Andreas Matzarakis GCU/Glasgow/IAUC Secretary: Rohinton Emmanuel Lund University (Sweden): Erik Johansson, Sophia

Thorsson

Thanks for listening!

[email protected]

bragfost 2012

Technology