thermal energy storage application perspectives
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SCCER Heat and Electricity Stroage HaE
7th Symposium HSR Rapperswil, November 6, 2018
Paul Gantenbein, Xavier Daguenet-Frick, Mihaela Dudita, Lukas Omlin,
Mattia Battaglia, Michel Haller, Daniel Philippen, Daniel Carbonell, Andreas
Häberle
Institute for Solar Technology SPF – HSR University of Applied Sciences
Rapperswil
Thermal Energy Storage Application Perspectives
Technical Challenges in the Component Development
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Content
2
Sensible Heat StorageStratification / heat and mass transfer
Fluid inlet design though CFD
Latent Heat StoragePhase change: water Ice / heat transfer
Heat exchanger design & Simulation model
Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage
Closed – internal heat and mass transfer
Heat and mass exchanger design
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
2.5E+07
3.0E+07
3.5E+07
4.0E+07
0 2 4 6 8 10
Nu
*Pr4
.226
[-]
Re [-]
Desorber
0.3
-0.3
ref
1
4
2
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Heat Storage Types & Examples of Materials
3
solid - gas
Sensible heat Latent heat Chemical energy
Materials
gas - liquid
solid - solidsolid - liquid
inorganicsorganics
Mixtures
Temperature
interval
Eutetics
Single
temperature
Mixtures
Temperature
interval
Eutetics
Single
temperature
Fatty acidsParaffins
(alkanes mixtures)Hydrated salts
Source: A. Abhat: Solar Energy 30 p. 313 (1983)
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Temperature Distribution in a Sensible Storage
4
Thermal stratification of sensible storage tanks
fulfilling application temperature conditions
Temperature T
Height H
Thermocline
T high
T low
Diameter D
temperature stratification
D
H
Cylindrical tank shapes
H=height, D=diameter
𝒍𝒔 =( 𝑴𝟎 𝝆)
𝟑𝟒
(𝑭𝟎 𝝆)𝟏𝟐
=( 𝑽𝟎𝒗𝟎)
𝟑𝟒
𝑽𝟎𝒈∆𝝆𝝆
𝟏/𝟐𝛘 = 𝒍𝒔/𝒅𝒇
Dimensionless number
- deflection relation
- geometry A & v0, r(T), g
IN
OUT
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sensible Storage Type
5
Feed Inlet / Volume Flow / Stratification
recommendation v< 0.1 m/s
900 l/h
2’’, 30°C
1800 l/h
2’’, 30°C
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sensible Type
6
Temperature stratification
Battaglia, M.; Haller, M. Y. Stratification in large thermal storage tanks. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sensible Storage Type
7
Fluid feed inlet design
fluid velocity v0
horizontal inletinlet bent
towards the
top/bottom
of the
storage
Battaglia, M.; Haller, M. Y. Stratification in large thermal storage tanks. Eurosun 2018, September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Content
8
Sensible Heat StorageStratification / heat and mass transfer
Fluid inlet design though CFD
Latent Heat StoragePhase change: water Ice / heat transfer
Heat exchanger design & Simulation model
Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage
Closed – internal heat and mass transfer
Heat and mass exchanger design
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
2.5E+07
3.0E+07
3.5E+07
4.0E+07
0 2 4 6 8 10
Nu
*Pr4
.226
[-]
Re [-]
Desorber
0.3
-0.3
ref
1
4
2
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Latent Heat Storage Using Ice Storage
9
Ice Storage
Heat Source or Sink
Eisspeicher
Ambient air Bore hole Ice storage
solar collector field
A) B) C)
Heat
Pump
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Ice Storage Modul
10
Cylindrical storage shape
Plate heat exchanger (hex)
Mainly stainless steel
Diameter of storage mm 1200
Height of storage mm 1950
Water content m3 2.0
Parallel pairs of hex-plates # 4
Distance between plates mm 120
Active surface of hex m2 22
Latent heat (max.) kWh 129
Maximum icing fraction of mass 70 %
Philippen, D.; Battaglia M.; Carbonell D.; Thissen B.; Kunath L.; Validation of an ice storage model and its integration into a solar-ice system. Eurosun 2018,
September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Mathematical Model: Ice Storage and Heat Exchanger
11
UAtot = 1
𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛+
1
𝑈𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙+
1
𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑐𝑒+
1
𝑈𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 −1
Model based on a more detailed
TRNSYS-model (transcription)
Mathematical model implemented
into the Polysun simulation software
One-node (1) ice storage
Multi-node (12) heat exchanger
(4 elements in parallel)
Physical model (versus old model
which is empirical)
Ice storage can be coupled:
a) with ground or
b) with a room temperature
121 2
1
Tamb
Tice
2 plates in series (12 knots)
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Validation of the Ice Storage Model
12
Example: Freezing over 30 hours (steady state growing of ice)
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Validation of the Ice Storage Model
13
Example: Freezing over 30 hours (steady state growing of ice)
Philippen, D.; Battaglia M.; Carbonell D.; Thissen B.; Kunath L.; Validation of an ice storage model and its integration into a solar-ice system. Eurosun 2018,
September 10 – 13, Rapperswil, Switzerland
Solar Collectors
Ice Storage
Hydraulic separator
Heat Pump
Hot Water
Room Heating
Combi
Storage
Model
implemented in
the industry
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Content
14
Sensible Heat StorageStratification / heat and mass transfer
Fluid inlet design though CFD
Latent Heat StoragePhase change: water Ice / heat transfer
Heat exchanger design & Simulation model
Sorption / Thermochemical Heat Storage
Closed – internal heat and mass transfer
Heat and mass exchanger design
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
2.5E+07
3.0E+07
3.5E+07
4.0E+07
0 2 4 6 8 10
Nu
*Pr4
.226
[-]
Re [-]
Desorber
0.3
-0.3
ref
1
4
2
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Concept & Design
15
Separation of power and capacity units
- Power unit: combined A-D & E-C heat and
mass exchangers
- Capacity unit: storage tanks
Seasonal charging and discharging processes
Absorption Storage Experiment
Sorbate loop
Sorbent loop
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Potential
16
Storage potential of materials
solid (crystallization) – liquid
Polanyi / Dubinin potential adsorption theory
Solubility boundary of aqueous solutions of
lithium chloride.
Eutectic Points
LiCl-H2O
M. Conde Engineering
0.00E+00
2.00E+05
4.00E+05
6.00E+05
8.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.20E+06
1.40E+06
20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
DF
(J/k
g)
c(H2O) (wt.%)
Absorption potential DF in function of load c
LiBr-H2O
NaOH-H2O
LiCl-H2O
“heat of solution” in case of vapour – liquid solution transition.
(ex: at 90 wt.% and more water the Dhv of water vapour will be released.)
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sorption Heat Storage
17
Charging and discharging
- charging: desorption ok
- discharging: absorption not ok
Condenser maximum flow rate:
12 l(H2O)/min @ T=20 °C
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
2.5E+07
3.0E+07
3.5E+07
4.0E+07
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Nu
*Pr4
.22
6[-
]
Re [-]
Desorber
30%
-30%
ref
Heat transfer characteristics: Nu=Nu(Pr, Re)
Re (-)
Nu
*Pr4
.22
6(-
)
pre
dic
ted e
xchanges p
ow
er
(W)
Falling film
tube bundle
power unitsE-C
A-D
A-D A-D E-C
Measured exchanges power (W)
Xavier Daguenet-Frick et al. Renewable Energy 110 (2017) 162-173.
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sorption Heat Storage
18
Power unit modification
- heat & mass exchange surface wetting
wetting agent TRITON™ QS-1
tube surface structure
tube surface anneling / coating
- lye residence time in sorbate
SiC ceramic foams low wetting
better wetting
Dudita M., Daguenet-Frick X., and Gantenbein P., EuroSun 2016, Palma (Mallorca)
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Sorption Heat Storage
19
Power unit modification
Tube surface geometry
Wetting agent
Hydrophilic ceramic foam:
wetting with concentrated
aqueous sorbent.
increased residence time of
the aqueous sorbent on the
tube
Hydrophilic SiC ceramic foam with pores partially filled by concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Porosity is ranging from 10 to 30 PPI , where PPI = number of pores per inch.
Excellent wetting
of the SiC ceramic
foam with
concentrated
NaOH and LiBr
10 PPI and NaOH 50 wt.% 20 PPI and NaOH 50 wt.% 30 PPI SiC and LiBr 54 wt.%
Lye OUT
Lye IN
gravity
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Experimental Set-up of the 1 kW Unit
20
Power and capacity units
- Combined A-D & E-C heat and mass
exchangers – seasonal separation
- Sorbent and sorbate storage tanks
AB
C D
H2O loop
NaOH/H2O loop
A-D unit E-C unit
water tank
(H2O)
feed pumpfeed pump
lye tanks
(NaOH-H2O)
T 60T 30T 20
A-D E-C
T 20 T 30 T 60
Lab set-up EW 6
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Operation with Water
21
set in operation – tests performed with water
024681012141618202224262830323436384042444648
-4000
-3500
-3000
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
13:00:00 13:30:00 14:00:00 14:30:00 15:00:00 15:30:00 16:00:00
Tem
per
atu
r T
(°C
)
Po
wer
P (
Wat
t)
time (hh:mm:ss)
power AD unit power EC unit T inlet AD
T outlet AD T outlet EC T inlet EC
E-C
A-D
Power and temperatures in the A-D and E-C units
Expected power: 1 KW
SCCER HaE 7th Symposium
Conclusion & Outlook
22
Thermal Energy Storage is a Key Component
Multiple Storage Concepts
Particular Solutions for the Application
Scaling
Heat & Mass Transfer
Power & Energy Balance
Thank you very much!
Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE
Innosuisse – Schweizerische Agentur
Für Innovationsförderung
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