aft ii ingles t2 alineandrade aula 01

7/27/2019 AFT II Ingles T2 Alineandrade Aula 01

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CURSO ON LINECURSO DE INGLS AFTTEORIA E EXERCCIOS

AULA 01

PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

Ol pessoal,

Sejam bem-vindos ao curso de ingls preparatrio para o

concurso de Fiscal do Trabalho. Como j foi dito na aula demonstrativa,

apresentarei de forma organizada os tpicos gramaticais cobrados nas

provas recentes da ESAF com explicao objetiva em portugus, para

em seguida, apresentar as questes exemplificativas nas quais a ESAFcobrou a matria. Nesta primeira aula o foco ser tempos verbais.

Para facilitar a reviso, na parte final da aula est o quadro-

geral do vocabulrio-chave, os pontos gramaticais abordados e as

questes resolvidas na aula.

Bons estudos.


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AULA 01



AULA 01 - TEMPOS VERBAIS

Na nossa aula demonstrativa apresentei um quadro-resumo

dos tempos verbais do ingls, o qual reproduzo abaixo para que

voc possa consult-lo durante a aula.

PRINCIPAIS TEMPOS VERBAIS

I supervisePresente

simplesAo presente, ao habitual.(Eu supervisiono)

I amsupervising

Presentecontnuo

Ao em progresso, temporrio.(Eu estou supervisionando)

I havesupervised

PresentePerfeito

A depender do contexto:

1. Ao acontecida em algum tempo ourepetidas vezes no passado, relacionadoao presente. (Eu supervisionei)2. Ao iniciada no passado e ainda noterminada. (Eu tenho supervisionado)

I wassupervising

PassadoContnuo

Ao em progresso em um determinadomomento no passado.(Eu estava supervisionando)

I hadsupervised Passado Perfeito

Ao passada ocorrida antes de outraao.(Eu tinha supervisionado)

I willFuturo Ao futura.

(Eu supervisionarei)


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supervise

Agora, vamos ver cada um desses tempos verbais e como

eles so cobrados em prova:

PRESENTE SIMPLES E PRESENTE CONTNUO

O tempo verbal do ingls denominado Presente Simples

corresponde ao Presente do Indicativo da lngua portuguesa. Os verbos

no Presente Simples so empregados para indicar uma ao habitual,

que ocorre no momento em que enunciada. Normalmente aparece

aps expresses de tempo como when, as soon as, before e after.

Alguns advrbios de freqncia tambm funcionam como indicadores do

Presente Simples, tais como always, generally, seldom e often.

Afirmativa: Sujeito + Infinitivo. Para he, she, it o

verbo acrescido de s.

Negativa: Sujeito + Do/Does + Not + Verbo

principal no infinitivo (sem to). Para he, she, it usa-se

does; para you, they, we usa-se Do.


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J o Presente Contnuo um tempo verbal que mostra

movimento, algo que est acontecendo. Uma ao que ocorre no

momento da construo da frase. Veja no quadro abaixo a estrutura

do presente simples e do presente contnuo:

PRESENTE SIMPLES (VERBO BE/HAVE)

I am/have (I am at work)

He

She is/has

It

You

We are/have

They

PRESENTE CONTNUO

I am + verbo + ing (I am working)

He

She is + verbo + ing

It

You

We are + verbo + ingThey


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Agora veja uma questo em que aparece o presente simples:

DICA: Antes de ler o texto todo, no

perca tempo, v ao enunciado da

questo. Veja o que a Banca

Examinadora quer de voc.

Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds

Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a

function of the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services

Modernization Act of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms,

insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and

sell one anothers products, continues this practice. State regulators

monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance

in their state through analysis of the detailed annual financial

statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-site

examinations. When a company is found to be in poor financial

condition, regulators can take various actions to try to save it.

Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators.


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1. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, insolvencies do

occur, which means they

a) actually happen.

b) are undoubtedly preventable.

c) hardly take place.d) do not pose a threat.

e) used to be more frequent.

Comentrios:

O enunciado da questo j remete o leitor expresso

insolvencies do occur. S ser necessrio encontrar esta expresso

no texto. Vejamos a ltima frase do texto: ()Insolvencies do

occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators. Agora as

palavras-chave e as alternativas de resposta:

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

insolvencies: insolvnciasoccur: ocorrer, acontecer

however: porm, no obstante

despite: apesar de

actually: efetivamente, de fato

happen: acontecer

undoubtedly: indubitavelmente

preventable: evitvel


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hardly: dificilmentetake place: ocorrer

pose a threat: representar uma ameaa

used to be: costumava ser

a) actually happen.

A opo A est correta. Insolvencies do occur uma frase que

est no presente simples. O verbo occur que significa ocorrer, est

precedido de do que o verbo auxiliar do presente simples. Ora, mas

o auxiliar no usado para formar as interrogativas e negativas? Sim,

mas tambm usado para dar nfase, como no presente caso. Dizer

que Insolvencies do occur significa dizer que insolvncias

efetivamente acontecem. Actually significa de fato, efetivamente.

DO PARA DAR NFASE

Insolvencies dooccur = Insolvencies occur.

Do verbo auxiliar, usado em negativas e interrogativas no presente.

Doinsolvencies occur?

Insolvencies dont occur.Exemplos


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b) are undoubtedlypreventable.A opo B est incorreta. Da leitura da frase Insolvencies do

occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators. percebe-se que

apesar dos esforos dos reguladores (despite efforts), as insolvncias

efetivamente ocorrem. Logo, no se pode afirmar que insolvncia seja

indubitavelmente evitvel (preventable).

c) hardlytake place.A opo C est incorreta. O texto no diz que insolvncia

dificilmente (hardly) ocorre (take place), apenas afirma que ela

ocorre.

d) do not pose a threat.

A opo D est incorreta. Insolvencies do occur no quer dizer

que insolvncias no representam (do not pose) uma ameaa

(threat). Perceba que o enunciado da questo quer apenas o

significado da expresso, no quer sua interpretao para insolvncias,

se elas so ou no ameaas.


A opo E est incorreta. A opo afirma que insolvncias

costumavam ser (used to be) mais freqentes. Esta frase est no

passado e o texto est no presente.

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.


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Agora, novamente sem ler os textos, v direto para as prximas

pginas e veja duas questes em que aparece o presente contnuo:

Companies in the rich world are confronted with a

rapidly ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American

workers will be over 50 by 2012, and America is a youngcountry compared with Japan and Germany. China is also

ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy. This means

that companies will have to learn how to manage older

workers better.

Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There

was a flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but

it was snuffed out by the recession. The managementliterature on older workers is a mere molehill compared with

the mountain devoted to recruiting and retaining the young.

Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model for

dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should get

pay rises and promotions on the basis of age. They have

dealt with the burdens of this model by periodically

downsizing older workers or encouraging them to take

early retirement. This has created a dual labour market for

older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and

unemployed or retired outsiders on the other.

But this model cannot last. The number of young

people, particularly those with valuable science and

engineering skills, is shrinking. And governments are raising

retirement ages and making it more difficult for companies


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to shed older workers, in a desperate attempt to cope withtheir underfunded pension systems.

Feb 4th 2010 | From The Economist print edition

[adapted]

2. (ESAF/AFT/2010) The text suggests that the governments of

industrialized countries area) trying to stop companies dismissing older members of their

workforce.

b) refusing to employ younger workers because of their expensive

pensions.

c) cutting the retirement pensions of valuable workers on the basis of

age.

d) making desperate attempts to cope with an inefficient labour market.

e) regretting their generosity to workers who have taken early

retirement.

Comentrios:

a) trying to stop companies dismissing older members of their

workforce.

A opo A est correta. A questo trata da atuao dos governos

dos pases industrializados face ao problema da fora de trabalho

envelhecida. Esta alternativa afirma que os governos esto tentando

(are trying) impedir que empresas demitam os trabalhadores mais

velhos. Nesse sentido, analisando a frase And governments are

raising retirement ages and making it more difficult for companies to

shed older workers, in a desperate attempt to cope with their


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underfunded pension systems. percebemos que exatamente isso oque o texto diz, que os governos esto dificultando que estes

trabalhadores sejam demitidos (making it more difficult for companies

to shed older workers). Logo, correta.

b) refusing to employ younger workers because of their

expensive pensions.

A opo B est incorreta. O texto no diz os governos estoevitando (refusing) empregar trabalhadores jovens. Logo, incorreta.

c) cutting the retirement pensions of valuable workers on the

basis of age.

A opo C est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que os governos

esto promovendo cortes nas penses dos trabalhadores (cutting) com

base no critrio de idade. No, observe que o texto fala em raising

retirement ages, ou seja, aumentar o limite de idade para a

aposentadoria, mas no cortar aposentadorias j efetivadas.

d) making desperate attempts to cope with an inefficient labour

market.

A opo D est incorreta. O item fala que o governo est fazendo

tentativas desesperadas (making desperate attempts) para lidar com

um mercado de trabalho ineficiente, enquanto o texto fala de tentativa

desesperada para lidar com o problema do financiamento do sistema de

penso.


retirement.


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A opo E est incorreta.O texto no afirma que o governo estarrependido (regreting, regreted) de sua generosidade para com

aqueles que se aposentaram mais cedo.

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

governments: governos

industrialized countries: pases industrializadosare trying: esto tentando

to stop: parar

companies: empresas

dismissing: demitindo

older: mais velhos

workforce: fora de trabalho

refusing: negando

to employ: empregar

younger workers: trabalhadores jovens

expensive pensions: penses caras

cutting: cortando

retirement: aposentadorias

valuable workers: trabalhadores ativos

age: idade

making: fazendo

attempts: enforos

inefficient: ineficiente

labour market: mercado de trabalho

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.


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Faith-based politics

Source: Newsweek Magazine (Adapted)May 25th 2009

Tony Blair, Britains longest-serving Labour Prime Minister,

left office in 2007 as a relatively young man of 54. At his office in

London, Blair spoke to NEWSWEEKs Stryker McGuire. Excerpts:

Question 1: Theres much evidence that religious beliefs

have been a force for evil in the world. How do you

persuade people to put faith in faith?

Many people do see faith as a source of division and conflict.

There is another side that the world of faith isnt often good

enough at putting forward which is about compassion,

solidarity, social justice.

Question 2: How do you think President Barack Obama is

doing as a leader and healer on the world scene?

Hes created a situation where there is a possibility of a

completely different form of engagement with the world of Islam

and with the outside world. The single most important thing for

him is that his decision to reach out is answered by the rest of the

world by a decision to reach back. As I keep saying to people, he

doesnt want cheerleaders; he wants partners. You know, he

doesnt want people to tell him how great he is; hes perfectly

well aware of the transient nature of all that fluff, as it were,


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around the new president and the first hundred days. Hes tryingto change the world in partnership, and he needs partners to do

it.

3. (ESAF/EPPGG/2009) In Mr Blairs view, President Barack

Obamaa) ought to have sought partnership.

b) wants to be approved and praised.

c) should consider building partnerships.

d) must prioritise some religious issues.

e) is seeking partnership.

Comentrios:

Na viso de Blair (in Blairs view), Barack Obama

a) ought to have sought partnership.

A opo A est incorreta. No texto, a palavra partnership

(parceria) aparece na frase: Hes trying to change the world in

partnership, and he needs partners to do it. Blair afirma, com isso,

que Obama est tentando mudar o mundo em parceria e no que

Obama deveria (ought to have sought) ter buscado parceira. A frase

no texto est no presente contnuo e da alternativa est no passado

(sought passado do verbo seek).


A opo B est incorreta. Apesar da frase desta alternativa estar

no presente simples, Blair no diz que Obama quer (wants) ser


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aprovado (approved) e elogiado (praised). Como vimos, a respostaest no texto na frase: Hes trying to change the world in

partnership, and he needs partners to do it.

c) should considerbuilding partnerships.

A opo C est incorreta. Blair afirma que Obama est tentandomudar o mundo em parceria e no que Obama deveria (should)

considerar construir parcerias.


A opo D est incorreta. Blair no diz que Obama deve (must)

priorizar questes religiosas (religious issues).


A opo E est correta. No texto, Blair afirma que Obama est

tentando (is trying) mudar o mundo em parceria e a alternativa diz o

mesmo: Obama est buscando (is seeking) parcerias. Observe que

esta a nica alternativa que est, assim como a frase do texto, no

presente contnuo:

Hes trying to change the world in partnership

He is seeking partnership.

PRESENTE CONTNUO


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amis + verbo + ING (Hestrying = He istrying)

are

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

view: viso

ought: dever

sought: buscou, buscado, passado do verbo seek

partnership: parceria

want: querer

be approved: ser aprovado

praised: aplaudido, elogiado

should: deveria

consider: considerar

building partnerships: construir parcerias

must: dever, obrigao

prioritise: priorizar

religious issues: questes religiosas

seeking partnership: buscar parcerias

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra E.


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PASSADO SIMPLES E PRESENTE PERFEITO

O Passado Simples o tempo verbal em ingls que equivale ao

pretrito perfeito do indicativo do portugus, indicando uma ao jconcluda. Os verbos em ingls so divididos entre regulares e

irregulares. Os regulares so conjugados da mesma maneira para todas

as pessoas, apenas com o acrscimo de ED para formao do passado.

Os irregulares tambm so conjugados da mesma maneira para todas

as pessoas quando esto no passado (com exceo do verbo be que

pode ser was ou were), mas no so formados apenas com o acrscimo

de ED (exemplos: write, wrote; have, had; be, was/were)

PASSADO VERBOS

REGULARES

ANNOUNCE (ANUNCIAR)

PASSADO VERBOS

IRREGULARES

THINK (PENSAR)

I announced I thought


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HeShe announced

It

You

We announced

They

HeShe thought

It

You

We thought

They

PASSADO VERBOS

IRREGULARES

COME INTO FORCE

(ENTRAR EM VIGOR)

PASSADO VERBOS

IRREGULARES

BE

(SER, ESTAR)

I came (didnt come)

He

She came (didnt come)

It

You

We came (didnt come)

They

I was (wasnt)

He

She was (wasnt)

It

You

We were (werent)

They

Como vocs observaram, os verbos regulares recebem o

acrscimo de -ed ao infinitivo para formar o passado simples (simple

past) e o particpio passado (past participle). Nos verbos irregulares,

no h nenhum tipo de regra que estabelea como ser formado opassado. necessrio decorar o passado dos verbos irregulares mais


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importantes, aqueles que realmente caem em prova, tais como o verbobe.

PASSADO DO VERBO BE (SER, ESTAR)

I was

He

She wasIt

You

We were

They

I wasnt

He

She wasntIt

You

We werent

They

Was I ?

He ..?

Was She.?It ?

You ?

Were We .?

They?

O Presente Perfeito o tempo verbal mais recorrente em provas

de concursos, portanto, ateno.

Este um tempo verbal que no tem um equivalente em

portugus. Normalmente, indica aes que ocorreram no passado e

perduram at o presente, aes de um passado indeterminado e aes

recentemente concludas.


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composto por dois verbos: um auxiliar e outro principal. Oauxiliar o verbo have (no presente simples), ou seja: have (para: I,

you, we, they) ou has (para: he, she, it). O verbo principal sempre

deve estar no particpio (passado particpio).

So trs as situaes em que o Presente Perfeito pode aparecer:

a) Aes iniciadas que ocorreram em um tempo passado, sendoque suas conseqncias perduram at o tempo presente. Neste

caso, o Present Perfect geralmente utilizado com: since, for,

lately, recently, up to now;

b) Pode indicar aes passadas, em um tempo desconhecido,

indeterminado;

c) Em aes recentemente concludas o Present Perfect usado,

geralmente, com a palavra just.

Importante observar que o been pode ser usado ou no. Veja o

quadro abaixo:

PRESENTE PERFEITO

I have

He

She has

It + been + verbo passado (1)

You (dealt)We have + verbo no passado (2)

been(sido)

pode ser usadoou no.


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They (dealt)

O USO DESSE TEMPO VERBAL (tanto no 1 quanto no 2 modelo) PODE TER DOISSIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES:

Acontecido em algum momento indeterminado no passado (foram tratados).

Repetidas vezes no passado ou iniciado no passado e ainda no terminado (tem sido tratados).

Agora, vejamos questes que cobraram esses dois tempos

verbais:

Lembre-se de no ler o texto.

V direto para as questes

para s depois buscar as

palavras-chave no texto.

Companies in the rich world are confronted with a

rapidly ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American

workers will be over 50 by 2012, and America is a young

country compared with Japan and Germany. China is also

ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy. This meansthat companies will have to learn how to manage older

workers better.

Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There

was a flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but

it was snuffed out by the recession. The management

literature on older workers is a mere molehill compared with

the mountain devoted to recruiting and retaining the young.

Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model for


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dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should getpay rises and promotions on the basis of age. They have

dealt with the burdens of this model by periodically

downsizing older workers or encouraging them to take

early retirement. This has created a dual labour market for

older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and


But this model cannot last. The number of youngpeople, particularly those with valuable science and

engineering skills, is shrinking. And governments are raising

retirement ages and making it more difficult for companies

to shed older workers, in a desperate attempt to cope with

their underfunded pension systems.


[adapted]

4. (ESAF/AFT/2010) In paragraph 2, the author claims that the

recent economic recession has

a) awakened an interest in science and engineering among younger

workers.b) caused the number of young people seeking jobs in business to

increase.

c) extinguished what little interest firms had shown in how to manage

an older staff.

d) made a mountain of business management out of a managerial

molehill.

e) led many firms to dismiss older workers in their periodic staffreductions.


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Comentrios:

Esta foi uma questo totalmente no Passado Simples.

a) awakened an interest in science and engineering among

younger workers.

A opo A est incorreta. A questo faz remisso ao pargrafo 2 e

recente recesso econmica. A alternativa afirma que a recesso

enfraqueceu (awakened, passado de awake, verbo regular) o interesse

em cincia e engenharia. Observe que no texto, especificamente na

frase There was a flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but

it was snuffed out by the recession. no mencionado nada disso. A

frase fala em problema (fora de trabalho envelhecida) e que houve

interesse no problema at que ocorreu a recesso, que acabou com o

interesse no problema.

b) caused the number of young people seeking jobs in business

to increase.

A opo B est incorreta. O texto no diz que a recesso elevou a

procura dos jovens por empregos nas empresas. Pode at ser que isso

tenha acontecido, mas o texto no diz. O verbo caused passado decause. Observe que um verbo regular.

c) extinguished what little interest firms had shown in how to

manage an older staff.

A opo C est correta. A alternativa acompanha o texto ao

afirmar que a recesso extinguiu o interesse das firmas em como lidar

com funcionrios idosos (There was a flicker of interest in the problema few years ago but it was snuffed out by the recession.).


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AULA 01



d) made a mountain of business management out of a

managerial molehill.

A opo D est incorreta. De acordo com a alternativa, a

recesso teria transformado (made, passado de make) uma montanha

de negcios em um pequeno monte, ou seja, teria reduzido os

negcios. O texto no diz isso.

e) led many firms to dismiss older workers in their periodic staffreductions.

A opo E est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a recesso

levou (led, passado de lead) as empresas a demitir os trabalhadores

mais velhos. O texto no diz isso.

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

awakened:acordou, passado do verbo awaken

caused: causou, passado do verbo cause

extinguished: extinguiu, passado do verbo extinguish

made: fez, passado do verbo make

led: levou, conduziu, passado do verbo lead


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Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.

Agora veja o Presente Perfeito em provas de concursos da ESAF:


Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a

function of the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services

Modernization Act of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms,

insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and

sell one anothers products, continues this practice. State regulators

monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance

in their state through analysis of the detailed annual financial

statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-site

examinations. When a company is found to be in poor financial


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condition, regulators can take various actions to try to save it.Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators.

5. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, the regulation of

insurance company solvency

a) should be in the states hands.

b) has been proposed by the private sector.

c) would have to be one of the states functions.

d) has not been within the scope of the state.

e) is clearly one of the states liabilities.

Comentrios:

No necessrio ler o texto todo para responder esta primeira

questo. Veja que o enunciado da questo trata da regulamentao da

solvncia das companhias de seguro. Agora leia a primeira frase do

texto:

The regulation ofinsurance company solvencyis a function of the

state.()

DICA: Quando se deparar com

palavras desconhecidas, no desista,

v em frente. Tente resolver a

questo lendo as alternativas e

tendo como foco outras palavras-

chave. No tenha medo de se

agarrar s palavras que paream

com o portugus.


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AULA 01



PALAVRAS-CHAVE

regulation: regulamentao

insurance: seguro

company: companhia

solvency: solvncia, solvibilidade

function: funo

state: Estado

propose: proposto

should be: deveria ser

would have to be: deveria ser

scope: ambito, alada

clearly: claramente

states liabilities: responsabilidades de Estado

O que podemos extrair deste pargrafo, observando as palavras-

chave em destaque : A regulamentao da solvncia das companhias

de seguro funo do Estado. Vejamos as opes de resposta:


A opo A est incorreta. O texto no diz que a funo de

regulamentar a solvncia deveria (should) estar nas mos do Estado e

sim que regulamentar funo do Estado.


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IMPORTANTE

Should: poderia ou deveria

Ought: poderia ou deveria

Obrigao

Sugesto

Must: dever

Must not

Obrigao

Proibio

Have to: ter que fazer algo Obrigao


A opo B est incorreta. O texto no afirma que a

regulamentao foi proposta (has been proposed) pelo setor privado,

mas sim pelo Estado.

IMPORTANTE


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PRESENT PERFECT

Regulation has been proposed. Regulation has been proposed since 2009.

AO PASSADA FINALIZADA AO QUE COMEOU E NO TERMINOU.


A opo C est incorreta. A opo diz que deveria ser uma das

funes do Estado. Observe que o texto afirma que a regulamentao

funo do Estado e no que deveria ser. ATENO: Would have to

be = should be = deveria ser.


A opo D est incorreta, pois o texto no nega (has not been)

que a regulamentao da solvncia das companhias de seguro seja

funo do Estado. Pelo contrrio, afirma que ela funo do Estado,

est no mbito ou alada (scope) do Estado.


A opo E est correta. Pode-se dizer que a regulamentao da

solvncia das companhias de seguro uma das funes do Estado (The

regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of the

state.).

HAVE/HAS+BEEN+VERBO NO PASSADO (PROPOSED)


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Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra E.

FUTURO


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O futuro no ingls basicamente formado pelo verbo auxiliarwill. O will + verbo no infinitivo usado para expressar ao futura,

que pode tambm ser identificada pela expresses:

Tomorrow amanh

The day after tomorrow depois de amanh

Next week prxima semana

Next weekend prximo final de semana

Next month prximo ms

Next year prximo ano

FUTURO

I

He

She

It will + verbo infinitive (I will work tomorrow Eu trabalhareiYou amanh)

We

They

Vale lembrar que o futuro tambm feito com a expresso

going to. Be going to uma estrutura que pode ser usada para

falarmos de planos futuros de forma informal.

Going to enfatiza a idia de inteno, de uma deciso que j foi

tomada. Ex.: Mark is going to cross Ireland.


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His friends are going to help him. (Marcos ir atravessar a Irlanda.Seus amigos iro ajud-lo).

Agora vejamos uma questo de prova:

The long climbSource: www.economist.com


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st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,

but it will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if

people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as

defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be

subdued and unemployment will remain high. The banking

system will be a shadow of its former self, and the securitization

markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will

presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and

investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which

prosperity depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into

several of capitalisms inner sanctums, such as banking,

American carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-

Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In

addition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of

the fiscal strain now hobbling California. Americas Treasury, in

particular, must demonstrate that it is still a responsible

shepherd of other countries savings.

6. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined asa) both real and active.


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b) absolutely extraordinary.c) not very active or busy.

d) sustainable and rapid.

e) unpredictable.

Comentrios:

A questo nos remete ao Pargrafo 1 e expresso growth in

the new order. Voc dever escolher a opo que mais se assemelha

definio de growth in the new order dada pelo texto.

Vejamos como o texto trata do assunto:

The world economy is fitfullygetting back to normal, but it

will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people

disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined by

Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued and

unemployment will remain high.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

growth: crescimento

new order: nova ordem

world economy: economia mundial

getting back to normal: voltando ao normal

will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser

subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) reduzido, reduziu

unemployment: desemprego

will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) -continur

high: alto


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Qual a opo que mais retrata o crescimento econmico (growth) nanova ordem mundial:

a) both real and active.

A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa caracteriza a nova ordem

como real e active (ativa, rpida, vigorosa). A definio positiva e

est errada. Veja que o texto fala em alto desemprego (high

unemployment)e crescimento reduzido (subdued).

b) absolutely extraordinary.

A opo B est incorreta. Assim como a alternativa a, a

alternativa b traz uma definio positiva da nova ordem:

absolutamente extraordinria (absolutely extraordinary).

c) not very active or busy.

A opo C est correta. O texto define o crescimento na nova

ordem como: (...) growth will besubdued and unemployment

will remain high.Temos aqui que o crescimento ser reduzido e

desemprego continuar alto, logo, pode-se dizer que o crescimento no

ser muito vigoroso, ativo (active, busy).


A opo D est incorreta. Aqui a definio de crescimento tambm

positiva, sustainable e rapid (sustentvel e rpido).

e) unpredictable.

A opo E est incorreta. O texto no diz que o crescimento na

nova ordem mundial inprevisvel (unpredictable).


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DICA: Apenas na alternativa c,

resposta para a questo, foi

apresentada uma definio negativa

para o crescimento na nova ordem

mundial. Mesmo sem saber a

definio de subdued daria para

acertar a questo.

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.

FUTURO DO PRETRITO


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EPRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO

Os tempos verbais do futuro do pretrito e do pretrito mais-que-

perfeito so formados em ingls com o uso do would, um verbo

auxiliar. Veja o quadro abaixo:

WOULD

WOULD PROVOKE (provocaria) WOULD + VERBO PRESENTE

WOULD WORSEN (pioraria)

WOULD HAVE PROVOKED (teria provocado)

Equivale aos nossos tempos verbais do futuro do pretrito (ex: "Eu iria"

fica "I would go") e do pretrito mais-que-perfeito do subjuntivo ("Eu

teria ido" fica "I would have gone")

Agora, uma questo de prova para vocs ficarem afiados:

7. (ESAF/IPEA/2004)Os ltimos indicadores de atividades tm sido

mais favorveis.a) Have been more sensible.


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b) Had been more optimistic.c) Would be absolutely gloomy.

d) Have been more favourable.

e) Will be less pessimistic.

Comentrios:

A questo exige que o candidato conhea quase todos os tempos

verbais em ingls.

As alternativas a e d esto no presente perfeito:

a) Have been more sensible. (tm sido mais perceptveis)

d) Have been more favourable. (tm sido mais favorveis)

A alternativa b est no passado perfeito:

b) Had been more optimistic. (tinham sido mais otimistas)

A alternativa c est no pretrito mais-que-perfeito:

c) Would be absolutely gloomy. (seriam absolutamente

sombrios)

A alternativa e est no futuro:

e) Will be less pessimistic. (sero menos pessimistas)

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)


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fell: caiu (passado do verbo fall)went up: subiu, aumentou (passado do verbo go up)

prevented: impedido, evitado (passado do verbo prevent)

increasing: aumento

recession: recesso

remained: mantido (passado do verbo remain)

less: menos, mnimo, inferior

severe: severo, rigorosokept: mantido (passado do verbo keep)

deepening: aprofundando

continued: continuou (passado do verbo continue)

lower: abaixar, diminuir

fought: combateu (passado do verbo fight)

sensible: perceptvel

optimistic: otimista

absolutely: absolutamente

gloomy: pessimista

favourable: favorvel

less: menos

pessimistic: pessimista

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.

While Rome burnsSource: www.economist.co.uk


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Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors

have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to

respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasurysecretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the

approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far staving

off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central

banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in

America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of

solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal

Reserves discount window, after all, but still went under. The

burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On

some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The

average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the

riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.

That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good

handle on risk.


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8. (ESAF/ STN/2008) In paragraph 1, the author refers to amassive government intervention which

a) would worsen the scenario.

b) is presently out of the question.

c) would provoke constraints.

d) is certainly on the way.

e) seems highly questionable.

Comentrios:

No pargrafo 1, o autor se refere (refers) interveno

governamental massiva (massive government intervention) que

est se aproximando, chegando (is coming).

() a massive government interventionis coming.


A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a interveno

governamental pioraria (would worsen) o cenrio. O texto no diz

isso.


A opo B est incorreta. Enquanto o texto diz que a interveno

governamental massiva (massive government intervention) est se

aproximando (in coming), aqui est sendo afirmado que a interveno

governamental est fora de questo (out of the question).



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A opo C est incorreta. O texto no diz que a intervenoprovocaria (would provoke) constrangimento (constraints).


A opo D est correta. A interveno certamente est a

caminho (on the way) o mesmo que dizer a interveno est se

aproximando (in coming)


A opo E est incorreta. No h no texto qualquer indicao de

que a interveno parece (seems) altamente questionvel, duvidosa

(questionable).

VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

refer: referir-se

massive: massiva/o

government intervention: interveno

would worsen: pioraria

scenario: cenrio

presently: agora, logo

out of the question: fora de questo

would provoke: provocaria


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constraints: constrangimentocertainly: certamente, seguramente

on the way: a caminho

seem: parecer

highly: altamente

questionable: questionvel

Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.


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REVISO DO VOCABULRIO-CHAVE

A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro

do vocabulrio-chave.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

insolvencies: insolvncias

occur: ocorrer, acontecer

however: porm, no obstantedespite: apesar de

actually: efetivamente, de fato

happen: acontecer

undoubtedly: indubitavelmente

preventable: evitvel

hardly: dificilmente

take place: ocorrerpose a threat: representar uma ameaa

used to be: costumava ser

governments: governos

industrialized countries: pases industrializados

are trying: esto tentando

to stop: parar

companies: empresasdismissing: demitindo


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older: mais velhosworkforce: fora de trabalho

refusing: negando

to employ: empregar

younger workers: trabalhadores jovens

expensive pensions: penses caras

cutting: cortando

retirement: aposentadoriasvaluable workers: trabalhadores ativos

age: idade

making: fazendo

attempts: enforos

inefficient: ineficiente

labour market: mercado de trabalho

view: viso

ought: dever

sought: buscou, buscado, passado do verbo seek

partnership: parceria

want: querer

be approved: ser aprovado

praised: aplaudido, elogiado

should: deveria

consider: considerar

building partnerships: construir parcerias

must: dever, obrigao

prioritise: priorizar

religious issues: questes religiosas

seeking partnership: buscar parcerias

awakened:acordou, passado do verbo awaken


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caused: causou, passado do verbo causeextinguished: extinguiu, passado do verbo extinguish

made: fez, passado do verbo make

led: levou, conduziu, passado do verbo lead

regulation: regulamentao

insurance: seguro

company: companhia

solvency: solvncia, solvibilidadefunction: funo

state: Estado

propose: proposto

should be: deveria ser

would have to be: deveria ser

scope: mbito, alada

clearly: claramente

states liabilities: responsabilidades de Estado

growth: crescimento

new order: nova ordem

world economy: economia mundial

getting back to normal: voltando ao normal

will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - ser

subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) reduzido, reduziu

unemployment: desemprego

will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continur

high: alto

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)

fell: caiu (passado do verbo fall)

went up: subiu, aumentou (passado do verbo go up)

prevented: impedido, evitado (passado do verbo prevent)


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increasing: aumentorecession: recesso

remained: mantido (passado do verbo remain)

less: menos, mnimo, inferior

severe: severo, rigoroso

kept: mantido (passado do verbo keep)

deepening: aprofundando

continued: continuou (passado do verbo continue)lower: abaixar, diminuir

fought: combateu (passado do verbo fight)

sensible: perceptvel

optimistic: otimista

absolutely: absolutamente

gloomy: pessimista

favourable: favorvel

less: menos

pessimistic: pessimista

refer: referir-se

massive: massiva/o

government intervention: interveno

would worsen: pioraria

scenario: cenrio

presently: agora, logo

out of the question: fora de questo

would provoke: provocaria

constraints: constrangimento

certainly: certamente, seguramente

on the way: a caminho

seem: parecer


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highly: altamentequestionable: questionvel

QUESTES DA AULA


Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of

the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act

of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms, insurance companies and

other financial services entities to affiliate and sell one anothers

products, continues this practice. State regulators monitor the financial

health of companies licensed to provide insurance in their state through

analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that insurers are

required to file and periodic on-site examinations. When a company is

found to be in poor financial condition, regulators can take various

actions to try to save it. Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the

best efforts of regulators.

1. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, insolvencies do

occur, which means they

a) actually happen.

b) are undoubtedly preventable.


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c) hardly take place.d) do not pose a threat.


Companies in the rich world are confronted with a rapidly

ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American workers will be over 50by 2012, and America is a young country compared with Japan and

Germany. China is also ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy.

This means that companies will have to learn how to manage older

workers better.

Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There was a

flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but it was snuffed out

by the recession. The management literature on older workers is a

mere molehill compared with the mountain devoted to recruiting and

retaining the young. Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model

for dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should get pay rises

and promotions on the basis of age. They have dealt with the burdens

of this model by periodically downsizing older workers or encouraging

them to take early retirement. This has created a dual labour market

for older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and


But this model cannot last. The number of young people,

particularly those with valuable science and engineering skills, is

shrinking. And governments are raising retirement ages and making it

more difficult for companies to shed older workers, in a desperate

attempt to cope with their underfunded pension systems.Feb 4th 2010 | From The Economist print edition


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[adapted]

2. (ESAF/AFT/2010) The text suggests that the governments ofindustrialized countries are

a) trying to stop companies dismissing older members of their

workforce.

b) refusing to employ younger workers because of their expensive

pensions.

c) cutting the retirement pensions of valuable workers on the basis of

age.

d) making desperate attempts to cope with an inefficient labour market.


retirement.

Faith-based politics

Source: Newsweek Magazine (Adapted)

May 25th 2009

Tony Blair, Britains longest-serving Labour Prime Minister, left

office in 2007 as a relatively young man of 54. At his office in London,

Blair spoke to NEWSWEEKs Stryker McGuire. Excerpts:Question 1: Theres much evidence that religious beliefs have


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been a force for evil in the world. How do you persuade peopleto put faith in faith?

Many people do see faith as a source of division and conflict. There is

another side that the world of faith isnt often good enough at putting

forward which is about compassion, solidarity, social justice.

Question 2: How do you think President Barack Obama is doing

as a leader and healer on the world scene?

Hes created a situation where there is a possibility of a completelydifferent form of engagement with the world of Islam and with the

outside world. The single most important thing for him is that his

decision to reach out is answered by the rest of the world by a decision

to reach back. As I keep saying to people, he doesnt want

cheerleaders; he wants partners. You know, he doesnt want people to

tell him how great he is; hes perfectly well aware of the transient

nature of all that fluff, as it were, around the new president and the first

hundred days. Hes trying to change the world in partnership, and he

needs partners to do it.

3. (ESAF/EPPGG/2009) In Mr Blairs view, President BarackObama

a) ought to have sought partnership.


c) should consider building partnerships.




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Companies in the rich world are confronted with a rapidly

ageing workforce. Nearly one in three American workers will be over 50

by 2012, and America is a young country compared with Japan and

Germany. China is also ageing rapidly, thanks to its one-child policy.

This means that companies will have to learn how to manage older

workers better.

Most companies are remarkably ill-prepared. There was a

flicker of interest in the problem a few years ago but it was snuffed out

by the recession. The management literature on older workers is a

mere molehill compared with the mountain devoted to recruiting and

retaining the young. Companies are still stuck with an antiquated model

for dealing with ageing, which assumes that people should get pay rises

and promotions on the basis of age. They have dealt with the burdens

of this model by periodically downsizing older workers or encouraging

them to take early retirement. This has created a dual labour market

for older workers, of cosseted insiders on the one hand and

unemployed or retired outsiders on the other.But this model cannot last. The number of young people,


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particularly those with valuable science and engineering skills, isshrinking. And governments are raising retirement ages and making it

more difficult for companies to shed older workers, in a desperate

attempt to cope with their underfunded pension systems.


[adapted]

4. (ESAF/AFT/2010) In paragraph 2, the author claims that the

recent economic recession has

a) awakened an interest in science and engineering among younger

workers.

b) caused the number of young people seeking jobs in business to

increase.

c) extinguished what little interest firms had shown in how to manage

an older staff.

d) made a mountain of business management out of a managerial

molehill.e) led many firms to dismiss older workers in their periodic staff

reductions.


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Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of

the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act

of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms, insurance companies and

other financial services entities to affiliate and sell one anothers

products, continues this practice. State regulators monitor the financial

health of companies licensed to provide insurance in their state through

analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that insurers are

required to file and periodic on-site examinations. When a company is

found to be in poor financial condition, regulators can take various

actions to try to save it. Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the

best efforts of regulators.


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5. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, the regulation ofinsurance company solvency






The long climb

Source: www.economist.comst Oct, 2009 (Adapted)

1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it

will be a new normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people

disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined by

Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued and

unemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow

of its former self, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell

marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be a shadow of a shadow.

Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so the stock of physical

capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of

capitalisms inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking and

the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the state may

overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers may start to feel


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some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling California. AmericasTreasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still a responsible

shepherd of other countries savings.

6. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined as

a) both real and active.

b) absolutely extraordinary.

c) not very active or busy.


e) unpredictable

7. (ESAF/IPEA/2004)Os ltimos indicadores de atividades tm sido

mais favorveis.

a) Have been more sensible.

b) Had been more optimistic.c) Would be absolutely gloomy.


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d) Have been more favourable.e) Will be less pessimistic.

While Rome burnsSource: www.economist.co.uk

Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors have no

such reassurance. European governments have yet to respond publicly

to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury secretary, to follow his lead.They look set to keep faith with the approach that they have used to

handle the crisis so far staving off liquidity worries by allowing banks

to use facilities at central banks to swap their assets in exchange for

ready cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in America

has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of solvency as well.

Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal Reserves discount window,


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after all, but still went under. The burning question now is whetherbanks have enough capital. On some measures, European banks look

pretty well capitalized. The average tier-one ratio, which measures

capital based on the riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first

half of the year. That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have

a good handle on risk.

8. (ESAF/ STN/2008) In paragraph 1, the author refers to a massive

government intervention which







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GABARITO

1-A 2-A 3-E 4-C 5-E

6-C 7-D 8-D

aft ii ingles t2 alineandrade aula 01

Documents