05 - saneamento e meio ambiente
TRANSCRIPT
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Saneamento e meio ambienteDenise Maria Penna Kronemberger
Rodrigo da Silveira PereiraElpidio Antnio Venturini de Freitas
Jos Antnio ScarcelloJudicael Clevelario Junior
Saneamento ambiental abrange aspectos que vo alm do saneamento bsico,
englobando o abastecimento de gua potvel, a coleta, o tratamento e a disposio
fi nal dos esgotos e dos resduos slidos e gasosos, os demais servios de limpeza
urbana, a drenagem urbana, o controle ambiental de vetores e reservatrios de
doenas, a disciplina da ocupao e de uso da terra e obras especializadas para
proteo e melhoria das condies de vida. Assim, este captulo procura ressaltar
a natureza transversa das questes de saneamento que se relaciona tambm com
os demais temas apresentados no Atlas.
Diversos problemas ambientais esto associados falta ou precariedade
do saneamento, tais como: poluio ou contaminao na captao de gua para o
abastecimento humano, poluio de rios, lagos, lagoas, aquferos, doenas, ero-
so acelerada, assoreamento, inundaes frequentes, com as consequentes perdas
humanas e materiais, para mencionar apenas alguns exemplos.
Entre os servios de saneamento, o manejo de guas pluviais (MAP) em reas
urbanas constitui um dos mais importantes, considerando o crescimento das cidades
e o planejamento urbano, bem como a manuteno das condies de segurana e de
sade da populao. Este servio compreende essencialmente a coleta, o escoamento
e a drenagem das guas das chuvas por equipamentos urbanos compostos por redes
de drenagem subterrnea e superfi cial, bueiros, bocas de lobo, sarjetas, dispositivos
dissipadores de energia e controle de vazo, e a posterior disposio dos efl uentes em
pontos de lanamento ou corpos receptores que o objetivam o escoamento rpido
das guas por ocasio das chuvas, prevenindo inundaes, visando segurana e
sade da populao, alm de permitir a ampliao do sistema virio.
Aproximadamente 95% dos municpios fazem MAP, sendo que a maioria
utiliza cursos dgua permanentes como principais corpos receptores (lagos, rios,
crregos, riachos, igaraps, etc.). Neste sentido, em um contexto de crescente
impermeabilizao e reduo da capacidade dos solos em infi ltrar as guas das
chuvas, o correto funcionamento e a manuteno do sistema de drenagem urbana
permitem a atenuao de problemas ambientais, especialmente processos erosi-
vos acelerados, assoreamento e inundaes. Alm disso, o rpido escoamento das
guas pluviais previne a formao de poas e alagados, evitando a proliferao
de mosquitos, responsveis pela transmisso de doenas, como a dengue, a febre
amarela, a malria e a leishmaniose.
Uma varivel importante para avaliar a qualidade do manejo de guas pluviais
a pavimentao de ruas com sistema de drenagem subterrnea (tubulaes e/ou
galerias e/ou canais) na rea urbana. Os maiores percentuais (acima de 50%) de vias
pavimentadas so encontrados nos municpios das Regies Sul e Sudeste do Pas.
Cerca de 27,3% dos municpios que fazem MAP informaram a existncia de
processos erosivos que afetaram o sistema de drenagem urbana, e 32,3% declararam
ter eroso na rea urbana nos ltimos cinco anos, a partir da data de referncia
da Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Bsico - PNSB 2008. Entre estes, a maioria
(63%) associou a eroso urbana (do tipo laminar) a terrenos sem cobertura vegetal,
e 47% afi rmaram possuir eroso do leito natural de cursos dgua. Entre os fatores
agravantes da eroso foram mencionados, principalmente, o sistema inadequado
de drenagem urbana (48% dos municpios com o problema), as condies geol-
gicas e morfolgicas do terreno (48% das municipalidades), e a ocupao intensa e
desordenada do solo (46% dos municpios), alm de outras causas (desmatamento,
lanamento inadequado de lixo, etc.).
Em sistemas de drenagem muito antigos ou cujo dimensionamento e/ou
ampliaes no acompanharam o crescimento da rea urbana e do sistema virio
dos municpios, h a tendncia de acumulao do material sedimentar erodido.
O assoreamento do sistema de drenagem urbana atinge 40% daqueles que fazem
MAP, e um dos importantes causadores do estrangulamento do sistema de drena-
gem urbana, propiciando inundaes, que ocorrem em 43% dos municpios que
realizam MAP.
Sem o controle da eroso, os corpos receptores tm seu potencial de vazo dimi-
nudo com o assoreamento, criando srios problemas por ocasio de grandes chuvas.
Em 19% dos municpios com MAP, ocorre associao entre eroso e assoreamento, e
em 25% deles h uma conjugao do assoreamento com as inundaes.
As inundaes ocorreram, predominantemente, em reas urbanas natu-
ralmente inundveis por cursos dgua (61% dos municpios com declarao de
ocorrncia de inundaes). Foram associadas, principalmente, a obstruo de
bueiros e de bocas de lobo (45% dos municpios com este problema ambiental), a
ocupao intensa e desordenada do solo (43% dos municpios), e a outras causas
(obras inadequadas, dimensionamento incorreto do projeto, lanamento de lixo,
etc.). A gesto adequada de bacias hidrogrfi cas, o controle sobre a retirada da co-
bertura vegetal e a ocupao do solo so fundamentais para o bom funcionamento
dos sistemas de drenagem urbana.
As inundaes, quando associadas ao lanamento de esgoto no tratado em
rios e a disposio inadequada do lixo, podem causar srios problemas sanitrios
e de sade pblica, e contribuir para disseminar doenas de veiculao hdrica,
aumentando a incidncia de leptospirose, de hepatites virais, de diarreias e outras.
A leptospirose, por exemplo, uma doena transmitida principalmente atravs do
contato com a gua contaminada pela urina de ratos. No ano de 2008, cerca de
12% dos municpios brasileiros apresentaram casos confi rmados desta doena, e
em 3% ocorreram bitos, sendo os maiores nmeros (de casos e de bitos) veri-
fi cados nas regies metropolitanas. Por outro lado, as taxas de internao foram
mais altas no Sul do Pas, sobretudo no Rio Grande do Sul e em Santa Catarina, e
esto associados s fortes inundaes ocorridas neste ano. Ressaltamos, portanto,
que a principal estratgia de controle deste tipo de doenas o investimento em
infraestrutura de saneamento.
Embora a grande maioria dos municpios brasileiros disponha do servio de
coleta de lixo, pouco mais da metade (50,8%) o destina para vazadouros a cu aberto
(lixes). Apesar disso, houve um decrscimo em relao ao ano de 2000, quando
o percentual era 72,3%. Ao analisar este indicador por estrato populacional, mais
da metade dos municpios pequenos destinavam seus resduos para lixes (52%
dos municpios com at 20 mil habitantes, 53% dos municpios entre 21 e 100 mil
habitantes). Trata-se de um grande desafi o a ser enfrentado, pois a disposio ina-
dequada do lixo pode causar poluio das guas e do solo, bem como problemas
de sade, sobretudo para os catadores de lixo.
Uma das solues mais viveis para reduzir o volume de lixo produzido,
e, consequentemente, a disposio inadequada dos resduos slidos, a coleta
seletiva do lixo. Esta vem se expandindo no Pas, tendo passado de 8,2% dos mu-
nicpios, em 2000, para 17,9%, em 2008, sobretudo nos estados das Regies Sul
e Sudeste. O percentual ainda baixo, sendo que entre os que realizam a coleta
seletiva, apenas 38% a fazem em todo o municpio. A coleta seletiva contribui para
diminuir a quantidade de resduos disposta em aterros sanitrios e outros destinos,
gera empregos, melhora a condio de trabalho dos catadores de lixo, permite a
reciclagem e, com isso, economiza energia e recursos naturais.
Um indicador relevante no contexto das preocupaes sobre saneamento,
meio ambiente e sade pblica a destinao fi nal dos resduos slidos especiais.
Aproximadamente 42% dos municpios brasileiros depositam o lixo sptico (hospita-
lar) em conjunto com os resduos comuns, sobretudo nas Regies Nordeste e Norte,
enquanto os demais os enviam para locais de tratamento ou aterros de segurana.
Em relao s embalagens vazias de agrotxicos, nos estados do Centro-
sul est o maior nmero de reas com lavouras que controlam o manejo destas
embalagens, destacando-se o Paran, o Mato Grosso e o Rio Grande do Sul. Por
outro lado, diversos municpios declararam existir poluio por agrotxicos nos
trs tipos de captao de gua para o abastecimento urbano (superfi cial, poo raso
e poo profundo), notadamente na captao superfi cial. Isto pode ser explicado
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Atlas de saneamento 2011Saneamento e meio ambiente
pelo grande volume destas substncias aplicado nas lavouras, e sua proximidade
dos pontos de captao, associados a algumas propriedades dos agrotxicos, que
podem ser persistentes, mveis e txicos na gua, afetando sobremaneira as guas
em superfcie.
A escassez de gua e o estresse provocado pela poluio e/ou contaminao
podem ameaar a segurana da populao, afetando o abastecimento pblico, a
produo de alimentos, a sade e a recreao. A sustentabilidade dos recursos
hdricos requer uma gesto ambiental integrada, que possibilite os usos mltiplos
sem provocar a queda na qualidade e a reduo da quantidade de gua.
Cerca de 23% dos municpios brasileiros declararam conviver com o raciona-
mento de gua, sendo que em 41% deles o racionamento constante, independente
da poca do ano. Os motivos so diversos, predominando a seca ou estiagem (66%
dos municpios) como causadora do racionamento. As demais causas investigadas
foram: insufi cincia de gua no manancial (41%), defi cincia na produo (35%),
defi cincia na distribuio (30%) e populao fl utuante em pocas de veraneio
(6%). Os quatro primeiros motivos esto presentes em grande parte dos municpios
nordestinos. O indicador apresenta um padro disperso por todo o Brasil, com maior
concentrao nos municpios da Regio Nordeste do Pas.
As captaes de gua de superfcie destinada ao abastecimento humano,
mesmo que cercadas de cuidados com a qualidade do manancial, esto sujeitas a
fatores que comprometem a qualidade das guas captadas, tais como: lanamento
de esgoto sanitrio, despejos de resduos industriais, destinao inadequada de
lixo, atividade mineradora e presena de resduos de agrotxicos. A maioria dos
municpios declarou a ausncia de fontes de poluio ou contaminao na captao
de gua. Considerando os que declararam poluio ou contaminao, juntos, o
esgoto sanitrio, os resduos de agrotxicos e a destinao inadequada do lixo foram
relatados como responsveis por 72% das incidncias de poluio na captao em
mananciais superfi ciais, 54% em poos profundos e 60% em poos rasos.
Entre as trs formas de captao, a de gua superfi cial foi a que apresentou
maior incidncia do problema, com 26% dos municpios que tm captao de gua
superfi cial com fontes de poluio ou contaminao; 8,3% dos municpios tm
fontes de poluio na captao em poo raso, e 3,3% dos municpios tm poluio
na captao em poo profundo. As captaes de gua superfi cial foram, tambm,
as que apresentaram o maior nmero de fontes de poluio ou contaminao por
ponto de captao (at seis fontes). As captaes superfi ciais se encontram mais
ameaadas porque so mais vulnerveis s presses antrpicas.
Diversos municpios lanam esgoto no tratado em rios, lagos ou lagoas
(30,5% do total dos municpios), e utilizam estes corpos receptores para vrios usos
a jusante, como o abastecimento de gua, a recreao, a irrigao e a aquicultura.
Entre estes municpios, 23% lanam o esgoto no tratado nos corpos hdricos e os
utilizam a jusante para a irrigao, e 16% os usam para o abastecimento humano.
Isto encarece o tratamento da gua para o abastecimento, pois h um custo extra para
recuperar sua qualidade, e pode causar doenas s pessoas, entre outros impactos.
Quanto s condies gerais de sade pblica, apresentada a distribuio
espacial de algumas doenas relacionadas com o saneamento ambiental inadequa-
do (DRSAI), como as diarreias, a dengue, a leptospirose, entre outras. Procurou-se
exemplifi car os diferentes tipos de relacionamento entre meio ambiente, doenas e
saneamento. A precariedade nos sistemas de abastecimento de gua, esgotamento
sanitrio, coleta e destinao fi nal dos resduos slidos, drenagem urbana, bem
como a higiene inadequada, se constituem em ameaas sade da populao,
sobretudo para as pessoas mais pobres dos pases em desenvolvimento.
A taxa de internaes por DRSAI (ocorrncias por 100 mil habitantes) vem
se reduzindo no Pas, o que pode ser explicado pela melhoria nos servios de sane-
amento e pela ampliao do acesso ao mesmo. importante ressaltar que, apesar
da queda nas internaes por DRSAI, elas ainda so elevadas, sobretudo em alguns
estados das Regies Norte e Nordeste, e que todas so doenas evitveis com o
investimento em saneamento e aes preventivas. A anlise da distribuio espacial
das doenas mostra desigualdades regionais e intrarregionais, apesar da reduo
generalizada do nmero de internaes. Nas Unidades da Federao com as maiores
taxas de internao, o acesso aos servios de saneamento menor e vice-versa.
Entre as doenas de transmisso feco-oral, as diarreias ocupam o primeiro lugar,
tendo sido responsveis pela maioria das internaes por DRSAI, embora venham se
reduzindo no Pas. Elas atingem, principalmente, municpios das Regies Nordeste e
Norte, e so um problema ainda maior quando conjugadas com uma sade debilitada
e com a desnutrio, sendo uma causa de elevao da mortalidade infantil.
A incidncia de dengue apresenta fortes oscilaes interanuais, com picos de
nmero de ocorrncias muito elevados. Este padro tpico de doenas causadas
por vrus que apresentam mais de uma variedade. A taxa de incidncia foi maior, em
2008, nos Estados de Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima e Rio Grande do Norte, com
valores entre 1 123 e 1 428 casos por 100 mil habitantes. Os Estados do Rio Grande
do Norte, Paraba e Sergipe tambm apresentaram, em 2008, as maiores propores
de municpio com ocorrncia de dengue. O nmero de internaes hospitalares
por dengue sofreu um ligeiro aumento de 1993 a 2008, mas ainda menor (0,04
int./100 hab. em 2008) do que o de internaes por diarreias (0,26 int./100 hab.).
As internaes so mais elevadas em municpios do Par, Tocantins, Cear, Rio
Grande do Norte, Paraba, Sergipe e Bahia (valores de 0,67 a 3,09 int./100 hab.).
Os servios de abastecimento de gua tm uma abrangncia maior no Pas
do que os servios de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Enquanto mais de 90% dos
municpios brasileiros tm o servio de abastecimento por rede geral de gua em
todos os seus distritos, sobretudo na Regio Sudeste, cerca de 40% dos municpios
possuem rede coletora de esgoto em todos os distritos. Quando o assunto trata-
mento, da gua distribuda por rede geral e do esgoto coletado, a abrangncia bem
menor. Pouco mais de 70% dos municpios tm todos os distritos com tratamento
da gua distribuda e para o esgoto coletado este percentual no alcana 20%. Mais
uma vez a Regio Sudeste aparece com percentuais mais elevados que o restante do
Pas. Aproximadamente 28,5% dos municpios brasileiros faziam o tratamento do
esgoto coletado em 2008, a maioria deles na Regio Sudeste, sobretudo no Estado
de So Paulo. Entre os que possuem este servio, 72% tratam todo o esgoto coletado.
Diante das condies gerais do saneamento ambiental no Brasil, importante
destacar a necessidade de buscar a universalizao dos servios de saneamento
bsico e de aumentar a qualidade dos mesmos, de modo a contribuir para melhorar
a sade e o bem-estar da populao, e tornar o meio ambiente mais saudvel. As
aes de saneamento reduzem a ocorrncia de doenas e evitam danos ao ambiente,
especialmente aos solos e corpos hdricos.
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Atlas de saneamento 2011Saneamento e meio ambiente
Rede de abastecimento e tratamento de gua no municpio - 2008
Fonte: IBGE, Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Bsico 2008.
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Proporo de distritoscom tratamento de gua
!
!
O acesso gua por rede geral de abastecimento bastante difundido no Brasil, sendo que mais de 90% dos municpios tm todos os distritos atendidos por este servio. Os municpios sem atendimento ou com atendimento parcial por rede geral concentram-se nas Regies Norte e Centro-Oeste, e interior das Regies Nordeste e Sul. Nas Regies Norte e Centro-Oeste isto ocorre em municpios de grande extenso e populao rarefeita, onde a universalizao da distribuio de gua por rede geral enfrenta obstculos muito grandes. A maior abrangncia deste servio est na Regio Sudeste, com destaque para o estado de So Paulo, onde a quase totalidade dos municpios tem abastecimento de gua por rede geral em todosos distritos. Quanto ao tratamento da gua distribuda, observa-se uma situao bem mais precria, com propores menores de municpios e de distritos por municpio com este servio. De modo geral pode-se afirmar que embora o abastecimento de gua por rede geral possua uma ampla difuso pelo territrio nacional, a garantia da qualidade desta gua ainda deficiente. Mais uma vez, o estado de So Paulo destaca-se pela alta proporo de municpios e de distritos por municpio com tratamento da gua distribuda.
Distritos (%)
Sem servio
11,1 a 50,050,1 a 70,0
70,1 a 99,9100,0
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
Distritos (%)
Sem servio
11,1 a 50,050,1 a 70,0
70,1 a 99,9100,0
!(
!(
!(
!(
!(
125 1250 250 375
PROJEO POLICNICA
ESCALA : 1 : 25 000 000500 km
O acesso gua por rede geral de abastecimento bastante di-
fundido no Brasil, sendo que mais de 90% dos municpios tm todos os
distritos atendidos por este servio. Os municpios sem atendimento ou
com atendimento parcial por rede geral concentram-se nas Regies Norte
e Centro-Oeste e interior das Regies Nordeste e Sul. Nas Regies Norte e
Centro-Oeste isto ocorre em municpios de grande extenso e populao
rarefeita, onde a universalizao da distribuio de gua por rede geral
enfrenta obstculos muito grandes. A maior abrangncia deste servio est
na Regio Sudeste, com destaque para o Estado de So Paulo, onde a quase
totalidade dos municpios tm abastecimento de gua por rede geral em
todos os distritos. Quanto ao tratamento da gua distribuda, observa-se
uma situao bem mais precria, com propores menores de municpios
e de distritos por municpio com este servio. De modo geral, pode-se
afi rmar que embora o abastecimento de gua por rede geral possua uma
ampla difuso pelo Territrio Nacional, a garantia da qualidade desta gua
ainda defi ciente. Mais uma vez, o Estado de So Paulo destaca-se pela
alta proporo de municpios e de distritos por municpio com tratamento
da gua distribuda.
Proporo de municpios com rede geral de abastecimento e tratamento de gua em todos os distritos, segundo as Grandes Regies - 2008
Brasil Norte Nordeste Sudeste Sul Centro-Oeste
%
Nota: Foram considerados como municpios com rede geral de abastecimento e tratamento de gua aqueles em que todos os distritos possuem, respectivamente, rede geral de abastecimento e tratamento de gua.
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
Rede geral de gua Tratamento de gua
-
Atlas de saneamento 2011Saneamento e meio ambiente
Rede coletora e tratamento de esgoto no municpio - 2008
Fonte: IBGE, Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Bsico 2008.
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