vol. 1 - 0001-896 prol

7

Edição brasileira

EDITOR

César Benjamin

REVISÃO TÉCNICA

Armando Celso Fabriani, Instituto Militar de Engenharia

Elon Lages Lima, Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada

Nelson Studart, Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Roberto de Andrade Martins, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

TRADUÇÃO

Armando Celso Fabriani

Carlos Almeida Pereira

Elisabeth Leal Ferreira Barbosa

Elisabeth Olinto Costa

Ethel Menezes Rocha

Laura de Vargas Roditi

Maria Cristina Guimarães Cupertino

Max Altman

Teresa Dias Carneiro

Tiago Jonas de Almeida

Vera Lima

Vera Ribeiro

Vera Yukie de Paula Assis

Vladimir Menezes Vieira

Yedo Soares de Figueiredo

Edição norte-americana

EDITOR

Charles Coulston Gillispie

CONSELHO EDITORIAL

A. I. Sabra, Warbug Institute, Londres

Carl B. Boyer, Brooklyn College

Cecil J. Schneer, Universidade de New Hampshire

Erwin N. Hiebert, Universidade de Wisconsin

Harry Woolf, Universidade Johns Hopkins

Leonard G. Wilson, Universidade de Minnesota

Marshall Clagett, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton

Robert Multhauf, Smithsonian Institution

Thomas S. Kuhn, Universidade Princeton

COMITÊ PARA O DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHY

Cyril Stanley Smith, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ernest Nagel, Universidade Colúmbia

Frederick Burkhardt, American Council of Learned Societies

Gerald Holton, Universidade Harvard

8

Henry Guerlac, Universidade Cornell

I. Bernard Cohen, Universidade Harvard

Lynn White, Jr., Universidade da Califórnia em Los AngelesRichard H. Shryock, American Philosophical Society

CONSULTORES

A. P. Youschkevitch, Academia de Ciências da RússiaA. Rupert Hall, Imperial College of Technology, LondresAlistar C. Crombie, Universidade de OxfordAllen G. Debus, Universidade de ChicagoAydin Sayili, Universidade de AnkaraBogdan Suchodolski, Academia de Ciências da PolôniaBrooke Hindle, Universidade de Nova YorkCharles D. O’Malley, Universidade da Califórnia em Los AngelesChristoph J. Scriba, Universidade Técnica de BerlimDerek J. de Solla Price, Universidade YaleDuane H. D. Roller, Universidade de OklahomaE. S. Kennedy, Universidade Americana de BeiruteGeorges Canguilhem, Universidade de ParisGiorgio de Santillana, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyJ. B. Thornton, Universidade de New South WalesJ. R. Ravetz, Universidade de LeedsJohn C. Greene, Universidade de ConnecticutJohn Murdoch, Universidade HarvardJoseph E. Hofmann, Universidade de TübingenKarl Eduard Rothschuh, Universidade de Münster/WestfalenL. Pearce Williams, Universidade CornellMarcel Florkin, Universidade de LiègeMaria Luisa Righini-Bonelli, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, FlorençaMary B. Hesse, Universidade de CambridgeMaurice Daumas, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, ParisMichael Hoskin, Universidade de CambridgeMirko D. Grmek, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, ParisNathan Sivin, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyPierre Costabel, École Pratique des Hautes Études, ParisReijer Hooykaas, Universidade Livre, AmsterdãRené Taton, École Pratique des Hautes Études, ParisRichard S. Westfall, Universidade de IndianaRobert E. Schofield, Case Institute of TechnologyRobert K. Merton, Universidade ColúmbiaS. Sambursky, Universidade Hebraica de JerusalémShigeru Nakayama, Universidade de TóquioSten H. Lindroth, Universidade de UppsalaW. P. D. Wightman, King’s College, Aberdeen

9

VOLUME I

29 Agradecimentos

31 Apresentação da edição brasileira

37 Abel, Niels Henrik [1802-1829]Matemática | Oysten Ore

42 Agassiz, Louis [1807-1873]Zoologia, geologia, paleontologia | Edward Lurie

45 Alberti, Leone Battista [1404-1472]Matemática, física, filosofia natural | Bertrand Gille

47 Alembert, D’ [1717-1783]Física, matemática | J. Morton Briggs

55 Alhazen [Ibn al-Haytham] [965-1040]Óptica, astronomia, matemática | A. I. Sabra

76 Alpetrágio [al-Bitruji] [c. 1190]Astronomia, filosofia natural | Julio Samsó

79 Ampère, André-Marie [1775-1836]Matemática, química, física | L. Pearce Williams

87 Aquino, Santo Tomás de [c. 1225-1274]Filosofia | William A. Wallace

91 Aristóteles [384-322 a.C.]Filosofia, física, astronomia, biologia | G. E. L. Owen, D. M. Balme,

Leonard G. Wilson, L. Minio-Paluello

125 Arquimedes [c. 287-212 a.C.]Matemática, mecânica | Marshall Clagett

143 Arrehnius, Svante [1859-1927]Química, física | H. A. M. Snelders

149 Avempace [Ibn Bajja] [final do séc. XI -1138-1139]Filosofia | Shlomo Pines

151 Averroes [Ibn Rushd] [1126-1198]Astronomia, filosofia, medicina | Albert Izkandar

161 Avicena [Ibn Sina] [980-1037]Filosofia, medicina | G. C. Anawati, Albert Z. Iskandar

168 Avogadro, Amedeo [1776-1856]Física, química | M. P. Crosland

175 Babbage, Charles [1792-1871]Matemática, lógica | Norman T. Gridgeman

177 Bachelard, Gaston [1884-1962]Filosofia da ciência | F. Dagognet

SUMÁRIO

1 0

179 Bacon, Francis [1561-1626]Filosofia da ciência | Mary Hesse

183 Bacon, Roger [c. 1219-c. 1292]Filosofia natural, óptica, astronomia | A. C. Crombie, J. D. North

191 Baghdadi, al- [Abu Mansur] [?-1037]

Matemática | A. S. Saidan

193 Banach, Stefan [1892-1945]

Matemática | Miroslav Katetov

194 Banu Musa (Muhammad, Ahmad e al-Hasan)[início do séc. IX - 873 (Muhammad)]

Matemática, astronomia | J. al-Dabbagh

197 Bateson, William [1861-1926]

Biologia, genética | William Coleman

199 Becquerel, Henri [1852-1908]

Física | Alfred Romer

202 Bergson, Henri [1859-1941]

Filosofia | T. A. Goudge

206 Berkeley, George [1685-1753]

Filosofia da ciência | Gerd Buchdahl

209 Bernard, Claude [1813-1878]

Biologia, fisiologia, medicina | M. D. Grmek

219 Bernoulli, Daniel [1700-1782]

Matemática, física, medicina | Hans Straub

229 Bernoulli, Jakob I [1654-1705]

Matemática, mecânica, astronomia | J. E. Hofmann

234 Bernoulli, Jakob II [1759-1789]

Matemática | J. O. Fleckenstein

234 Bernoulli, Johann I [1667-1748]

Matemática | E. A Fellmann, J. O. Fleckenstein

238 Bernoulli, Johann II [1710-1790]


239 Bernoulli, Johann III [1744-1807]

Matemática, astronomia | J. O. Fleckenstein

239 Bernoulli, Nikolaus I [1687-1759]


240 Bernoulli, Nikolaus II [1695-1726]


241 Berthelot, Marcellin [1827-1907]

Química | M. P. Crosland

249 Berthollet, Claude [1748-1822]

Química | Satish C. Kapoor

259 Berzelius, Jöns Jacob [1779-1848]

Química | Henry M. Leicester

1 1

266 Biruni, al- [973-depois de 1050]

Astronomia, matemática, geografia | E. S. Kennedy

276 Boas, Franz [1858-1942]Antropologia | Fred W. Voget

283 Boécio [c. 480-524/525]Lógica, matemática, filosofia | Lorenzo Minio-Paluello

290 Bohr, Niels [1885-1962]

Física, filosofia da ciência | Leon Rosenfeld

306 Boltzmann, Ludwig [1844-1906]

Física, matemática, termodinâmica | Stephen G. Brush

314 Bolyai, János [1802-1860]

Matemática | D. J. Struik

316 Bolzano, Bernard [1781-1848]

Filosofia, matemática, lógica | B. van Rootselaar

322 Boole, George [1815-1864]

Matemática, lógica | T. A. A. Broadbent

327 Born, Max [1882-1970]

Física | Armin Hermann

333 Bourbaki, Nicolas [século XX]

Matemática | R. P. Boas Jr.

334 Boyle, Robert [1627-1691]

Filosofia natural, física, química | Marie Boas Hall

340 Brahe, Tycho [1546-1601]

Astronomia | C. Doris Hellman

356 Breuer, Josef [1842-1925]

Medicina, fisiologia, psicologia | Paul F. Cranefield

361 Broca, Pierre Paul [1824-1880]

Medicina, antropologia | Edwin Clarke

362 Broglie, Maurice de [1875-1960]

Física | Adrienne R. Weil-Brunschvicg, John L. Heilbron

364 Brouwer, Luitzen [1881-1966]

Matemática | B. van Rootselaar

367 Brunelleschi, Filippo [1377-1446]

Matemática, arquitetura, engenharia | Bertrand Gille

368 Bruno, Giordano [1548-1600]

Filosofia | Frances A. Yates

373 Brunschvicg, Léon [1869-1944]

Filosofia | Yvon Belaval

375 Buffon, conde de [1707-1788]

Filosofia natural | Jacques Roger

381 Buridan, Jean [c. 1295-c. 1358]

Filosofia, lógica, física | Ernest A. Moody

1 2

387 Campanella, Tommaso [1568-1639]

Filosofia natural | Charles B. Schmitt

389 Cannon, Walter [1871-1945]

Biologia, fisiologia | Saul Benison, A. Clifford Barger

395 Cantor, Georg [1845-1918]

Matemática | H. Meschkowski

402 Cardano, Girolamo [1501-1576]

Medicina, matemática, física, filosofia | Mario Gliozzi

405 Carnot, Lazare [1753-1823]Matemática, engenharia, mecânica | Charles C. Gillispie

414 Carnot, Sadi [1796-1832]

Física, termodinâmica | James F. Challey

420 Cartan, Élie [1869-1951]

Matemática | Jean Dieudonné

422 Cauchy, Augustin-Louis [1789-1857]

Matemática, física, astronomia | Hans Freudenthal

440 Cavalieri, Bonaventura [c. 1598-1647]

Matemática | Ettore Carruccio

444 Cavendish, Henry [1731-1810]

Filosofia natural | Russel McCormmach

448 Cayley, Arthur [1821-1895]

Matemática, astronomia | J. D. North

456 Chagas, Carlos [1879-1934]

Medicina | Carlos Chagas Filho

458 Charcot, Jean-Martin [1825-1893]

Medicina | Andrée Tétry

459 Chaucer, Geoffrey [1343/1344 - 1400]

Astronomia | Derek J. de Solla Price

459 Chebyshev, Pafnuty [1821-1894]

Matemática | A. P. Youschkevitch

470 Chetverikov, Sergei [1880-1959]

Biologia, genética, evolução, entomologia | Mark B. Adams

479 Ch’in Chiu-shao [c. 1202-1261]

Matemática | Ho Peng-Yoke

487 Chu Shih-chieh [c. 1280-1303]

Matemática | Ho Peng Yoke

492 Clapeyron, Émile [1799-1864]

Engenharia, termodinâmica | Milton Kerker

493 Clausius, Rudolf [1822-1888]

Física, termodinâmica | Edward E. Daub

502 Clifford, William [1845-1879]

Matemática | John D. North

1 3

503 Colombo, Cristóvão [1451-1506]

Geografia | Os Editores

506 Comenius, John Amos [1592-1670]

Filosofia | Hans Aarsleff

510 Compton, Arthur [1892-1962]

Física | Robert S. Shankland

516 Comte, Auguste [1798-1857]

Filosofia, sociologia | Laurens Laudan

522 Condamine, La [1701-1774]

Matemática, filosofia natural | Yves Laissus

525 Condorcet, marquês de [1743-1794]

Matemática | Gilles Granger

531 Copérnico, Nicolau [1473-1543]

Astronomia | Edward Rosen

541 Coulomb, Charles [1736-1806]

Física, mecânica | C. Stewart Gillmor

549 Cruz, Oswaldo [1872-1917]

Medicina | Nancy Stepan

551 Curie, Marie [1867-1934]

Física | Adrienne R. Weill

557 Curie, Pierre [1859-1906]

Física | Jean Wyart

563 Dalton, John [1766-1844]

Física, química | Arnold Thackray

574 Darwin, Charles [1809-1882]

Biologia, evolução, geologia | Gavin de Beer

587 Davy, Humphry [1778-1829]

Química | David M. Knight

593 Dedekind, Richard [1831-1916]

Matemática | Kurt-R. Biermann

598 Descartes, René [1596-1650]

Filosofia, matemática, física, fisiologia |

Alistar C. Crombie, Michael S. Mahoney, Theodore M. Brown

613 Diderot, Denis [1713-1784]

Filosofia | Charles Coulston Gillispie

619 Diofanto de Alexandria [c. 250 d.C.]

Matemática | Kurt Vogel, Jacques Sesiano

631 Dirac, Paul [1902-1984]

Física, cosmologia | Olivier Darrigol

641 Dirichlet, Gustav [1805-1859]

Matemática | Oystein Ore

645 Dobzhansky, Theodosius [1900-1975]

Biologia, genética, evolução | Francisco J. Ayala

1 4

653 Duhem, Pierre [1861-1916]

Física, química, filosofia da ciência | Donald G. Miller

663 Dumas, Jean-Baptiste [1800-1884]

Química | Satish C. Kapoor

669 Dürer, Albrecht [1471-1528]

Matemática | Max Steck

672 Ehrlich, Paul [1854-1915]

Biologia, imunologia | Claude E. Dolman

681 Einstein, Albert [1879-1955]

Física, cosmologia | Martin J. Klein, Nandor L. Balazs

704 Empédocles de Agrigento [c. 492-c. 432 a.C.]

Filosofia | Alexander P. D. Maurelatos

706 Euclides [c. 295 a.C.]

Matemática | Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, John Murdoch

751 Euler, Leonhard [1707-1783]

Matemática, mecânica, astronomia, física | A. P. Youschkevitch

768 Ewing, Maurice [1906-1974]

Geofísica | Henry Frankel

773 Fabrizio, Geronimo [c. 1533-1619]

Medicina, anatomia, fisiologia | Bruno Zanobio

778 Farabi, al- [c. 870-950]

Filosofia | Muhsin Mahdi, O. Wright

782 Faraday, Michael [1791-1867]

Química, física | L. Pearce Williams

795 Farghani, al- [?-depois de 861]

Astronomia | A. I. Sabra

799 Fermat, Pierre de [1601-1665]

Matemática | Michael S. Mahoney

810 Fermi, Enrico [1901-1954]

Física | Emilio Segrè

817 Ferro, Scipione [1465-1526]

Matemática | Arnaldo Masotti

819 Fibonacci, Leonardo [c. 1170-depois de 1240]

Matemática | Kurt Vogel

829 Fisher, Ronald [1890-1962]

Biologia, genética, estatística | Norman T. Gridgeman

833 Fleming, Alexander [1881-1955]

Medicina | Claude E. Dolman

835 Fludd, Robert [1574-1637]

Alquimia, medicina | Allen G. Debus

838 Fourier, Jean Baptiste [1768-1830]

Matemática, física | Jerome R. Ravetz, I. Grattan-Guinness

1 5

844 Franklin, Benjamin [1706-1790]

Física | I. Bernard Cohen

855 Frazer, James [1854-1941]

Antropologia | Diana M. Simpkins

857 Frege, Gottlob [1848-1925]

Lógica, matemática | B. van Rootselaar

860 Fresnel, Augustin [1788-1827]Física, óptica | Robert H. Silliman

866 Freud, Sigmund [1856-1939]Psicologia | Peter Amacher

877 Friedmann, Aleksandr [1888-1925]Matemática, física, cosmologia | A. T. Grigorian

879 Frisch, Karl von [1886-1982]Zoologia, etologia | Richard W. Burkhardt Jr.

887 Índice onomástico

893 Índice de disciplinas

1 7

VOLUME II

925 Agradecimentos


933 Gabor, Dennis [1900-1979]

Física, engenharia | S. T. Keith

937 Galeno [129/130 d.C.-199/200 d.C.]

Medicina | Fridolf Kudlien, Leonard G. Wilson

948 Galileu [1564-1642]

Física, astronomia | Stillman Drake

961 Gall, Franz Joseph [1758-1828]

Medicina, psicologia | Robert M. Young

967 Galois, Evariste [1811-1832]

Matemática | René Taton

972 Galton, Francis [1822-1911]

Estatística, psicologia | Norman T. Gridgeman

974 Galvani, Luigi [1737-1798]

Fisiologia, física | Theodore M. Brown

976 Gassendi, Pierre [1592-1655]

Filosofia, astronomia | Bernard Rochot

982 Gauss, Carl Friedrich [1777-1855]

Matemática | Kenneth O. May

999 Gay-Lussac [1778-1850]

Química, física | M. P. Crosland

1010 Germain, Sophie [1776-1831]

Matemática | Edna E. Kramer

1012 Gibbs, Josiah Willard [1839-1903]

Física | Martin J. Klein

1019 Gilbert, William [1544-1603]

Filosofia natural | Suzanne Kelly

1024 Gödel, Kurt [1906-1978]

Lógica, matemática | Gregory H. Moore

1034 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von [1749-1832]

Filosofia natural, geologia, óptica | George A. Wells

1039 Habash al-Hasib [?-864/874]

Matemática, astronomia | S. Tekeli

1047 Hadamard, Jacques [1865-1963]

Matemática | S. Mandelbrojt

1049 Haeckel, Ernst [1834-1919]

Zoologia | Georg Uschmann

1054 Hahnemann, Samuel [1755-1843]

Medicina | Daniel P. Jones

1 8

1055 Haldane, John [1892-1964]

Biologia, genética | Ronald W. Clark

1058 Halley, Edmond [1656?-1743]

Astronomia, geofísica | Colin A. Ronan

1064 Hamilton, William Rowan [1805-1865]Matemática, óptica, mecânica | Thomas L. Hankins

1073 Harvey, William [1578-1657]

Medicina | Jerome J. Bylebyl

1086 Heisenberg, Werner [1901-1976]

Física | David C. Cassidy

1094 Helmholtz, Hermann von [1821-1894]

Fisiologia, física, óptica, filosofia da ciência | R. Steven Turner

1107 Heráclito de Éfeso [c. 500 a.C.]

Filosofia | David J. Furley

1109 Hertz, Heinrich [1857-1894]

Física | Russel McCormmach

1119 Hilbert, David [1862-1943]

Matemática | Hans Freudenthal

1127 Hiparco [primeiro quarto do século II a.C.-depois de 127 a.C.]

Astronomia, matemática, geografia | G. J. Toomer

1142 Hipátia [c. 370-415]

Matemática, filosofia | Edna E. Kramer

1143 Hipócrates de Cós [460 a.C.-c. 370 a.C.]

Medicina | Robert Joly

1155 Hobbes, Thomas [1588-1679]

Filosofia, óptica | Samuel I. Mintz

1162 Hopf, Heinz [1894-1971]

Matemática | Hans Freudenthal

1164 Hubble, Edwin [1889-1953]

Astronomia, cosmologia | G. J. Whitrow

1169 Humboldt, Alexander von [1769-1859]

Geografia, filosofia natural | Kurt-R. Biermann

1175 Hume, David [1711-1776]

Filosofia | John Passmore

1181 Hunayn ibn Ishaq [808-873]

Medicina, filosofia | G. C. Anawati, Albert Z. Iskandar

1198 Huxley, Thomas [1825-1895]

Zoologia, evolução, paleontologia | Wesley C. Williams

1207 Huygens, Christiaan [1629-1695]

Matemática, física, óptica, astronomia | H. J. M. Bos

1223 Ikhwan al-Safa

Filosofia | Yves Marquet

1 9

1225 Jabir ibn Hayyan [final do século VIII e início do século IX]

Alquimia | M. Plessner

1229 Jacobi, Carl Gustav [1804-1851]

Matemática | Christoph J. Scriba

1235 Jefferson, Thomas [1743-1826]

Botânica, paleontologia | Silvio A. Bedini

1238 Jenner, Edward [1749-1823]Medicina | Leonard G. Wilson

1240 Jordan, Pascual [1902-1980]Física | Karl von Meyenn

1246 Joule, James [1818-1889]Física | L. Rosenfeld

1248 Jung, Carl Gustav [1875-1961]Psicologia | Michael Fordham

1253 Kamal al-Din [?-1320]Óptica, matemática | Roshdi Rashed

1260 Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike [1853-1926]Física | J. van den Handel

1262 Kant, Immanuel [1724-1804]Filosofia | James W. Ellington

1274 Karaji, al- [final do século X e início do século XI]Matemática | Roshdi Rashed

1280 Karpinsky, Alexandr [1847-1936]Geofísica | Irina V. Batyushkova

1285 Kashi, al- [?-1429]Astronomia, matemática | A. P. Youschkevitch, B. A. Rosenfeld

1292 Kekulé [1829-1896]Química | Jean Gillis

1297 Kelvin, lorde [William Thomson] [1824-1907]Física | Jed Z. Buchwald

1310 Kepler, Johannes [1571-1630]Astronomia | Owen Gingerich

1334 Keynes, John Maynard [1883-1946]Economia | Roy Forbes Harrod

1337 Khayyami, al- [Omar Khayyam] [1048?-1131?]Matemática, astronomia, filosofia | A. P. Youschkevitch,

B. A. Rosenfeld

1347 Khazini, al- [c. 1115-c. 1130]Astronomia, mecânica | Robert E. Hall

1363 Kindi, al- [c. 801-c. 866]Filosofia | Jean Jolivet, Roshdi Rashed

1369 Klein, Felix [1849-1925]Matemática | Werner Burau, Bruno Schoeneberg

2 0

1373 Koch, Robert [1843-1910]

Medicina | Claude E. Dolman

1388 Koyré, Alexandre [1892-1964]

Filosofia da ciência | Charles C. Gillispie

1396 Krebs, Hans Adolf [1900-1981]

Biologia, bioquímica | Frederic L. Holmes

1405 Lagrange, Joseph Louis [1736-1813]Matemática, astronomia, mecânica | Jean Itard

1420 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste [1744-1829]Evolução, botânica, zoologia | Leslie J. Burlingame

1431 Laplace, Pierre-Simon [1749-1827]

Astronomia, matemática, física | Charles Coulston Gillispie

1557 Lavoisier [1743-1794]Química | Henry Guerlac

1583 Lebesgue, Henri Léon [1875-1941]Matemática | Thomas Hawkins

1585 Legendre, Adrien-Marie [1752-1833]Matemática | Jean Itard

1594 Leibniz [1646-1716]Matemática, lógica, filosofia | Frederick Kreiling, Jürgen Mittelstrass,

Eric J. Aiton, Joseph E. Hofmann

1615 Leonardo da Vinci [1452-1519]Anatomia, mecânica, matemática, geologia | Charles C. Gillispie,

Kenneth D. Keele, Ladislao Reti, Marshall Clagett, Augusto Marinoni,

Cecil J. Schneer

1667 Li Chih [1192-1279]Matemática | Ho Peng-Yoke

1674 Li Shih-Chen [1518-1593]Medicina | N. Sivin

1680 Lie, Sophus [1842-1899]Matemática | Hans Freudenthal

1684 Liebig, Justus von [1803-1873]Química | Frederic L. Holmes

1706 Linnaeus, Carl [1707-1778]Botânica, zoologia, geologia | Sten Lindroth

1713 Liouville, Joseph [1809-1882]Matemática | René Taton

1719 Liu Hui [c. 250 d.C.]Matemática | Ho Peng-Yoke

1725 Lobachevsky, Nikolai [1792-1856]Matemática | B. A. Rosenfeld

1732 Locke, John [1632-1704]Filosofia | Maurice Cranston

2 1

1736 Lorentz, Hendrik [1853-1928]

Física | Russell McCormmach

1749 Lyapunov, Aleksandr [1857-1918]Matemática, mecânica | A. T. Grigorian

1753 Lyell, Charles [1797-1875]Geologia, biologia | Leonard G. Wilson



2 3

VOLUME III

1807 Agradecimentos


1815 Mach, Ernst [1838-1916]

Física, fisiologia, psicologia | Erwin N. Hiebert

1827 Maimônides [1135/1138-1204]

Medicina, filosofia | Shlomo Pines

1832 Malebranche, Nicolas [1638-1715]

Filosofia | Pierre Costabel

1839 Malpighi, Marcello [1628-1694]

Medicina, anatomia | Luigi Belloni

1843 Malthus, Thomas [1766-1834]

Economia, demografia | Diana M. Simpkins

1848 Marconi, Guglielmo [1874-1937]

Engenharia, física | Robert A. Chipman

1849 Markov, Andrei Andreevich [1856-1922]

Matemática | Alexander A. Youschkevitch

1855 Martius, Von [1794-1868]

Botânica, zoologia | A. P. M. Sanders

1856 Maupertuis [1698-1759]

Matemática, biologia, física | Bentley Glass

1860 Maxwell, James Clerk [1831-1879]

Física | C. W. F. Everitt

1893 Mendel, Gregor [1822-1884]

Genética | V. Kruta, V. Orel

1901 Mendeleev, Dmitry [1834-1907]Química | B. M. Kedrov

1910 Mersenne, Marin [1588-1648]

Filosofia natural, mecânica, óptica | A. C. Crombie

1917 Mesmer, Franz Anton [1734-1815]Medicina | Robert Darnton

1919 Meyer, Lothar [1830-1895]Química | Otto Theodor Benfey

1925 Minkowski, Hermann [1864-1909]

Matemática | J. Dieudonné

1928 Monod, Jacques [1910-1976]

Biologia, bioquímica | Bernardino Fantini

1941 Morgan, Thomas [1866-1945]

Biologia, genética | Garland E. Allen

1954 Napier, John [1550-1617]Matemática | Margaret E. Baron

2 4

1958 Nernst, Walther [1864-1941]

Química, física, termodinâmica | Erwin N. Hiebert

1979 Neumann, Johann von [1903-1957]

Matemática, física | J. Dieudonné

1983 Newton, Isaac [1642-1727]

Matemática, física, astronomia, óptica, filosofia natural |

I. Bernard Cohen

2044 Nicolau de Cusa [c. 1401-1464]

Filosofia, matemática | J. E. Hoffmann

2048 Noether, Emmy [1882-1935]

Matemática | Edna E. Kramer

2050 Nostradamus, Michael [1503-1566]

Medicina | Edward Rosen

2052 Oersted, Hans Christian [1777-1851]

Física | L. Pearce Williams

2056 Ohm, Georg [1789-1854]

Física | Kenneth L. Caneva

2064 Oparin, Aleksandr [1894-1980]

Biologia, química | Mark B. Adams

2069 Oppenheimer, Robert [1904-1967]

Física | Rudolf Peierls

2074 Ostwald, Wilhelm [1853-1932]

Física, química, filosofia da ciência | Erwin N. Hiebert,

Hans-Günther Körber

2088 Pappus de Alexandria [entre 300 e 350 d.C.]

Matemática, astronomia, geografia | Ivor Bulmer-Thomas

2098 Paracelso [1493/1494-1541]

Medicina, filosofia natural, alquimia | Walter Pagel

2107 Pascal, Blaise [1623-1662]

Matemática, física, filosofia | René Taton

2119 Pasteur, Louis [1822-1895]

Biologia, química | Gerald L. Geison

2190 Pauli, Wolfgang [1900-1958]

Física | M. Fierz

2194 Pavlov, Ivan [1849-1936]

Fisiologia, psicologia | N. A. Grigorian

2199 Peano, Giuseppe [1858-1932]

Matemática, lógica | Hubert C. Kennedy

2203 Pearson, Karl [1857-1936]

Matemática, estatística | Churchill Eisenhart

2229 Peirce, Charles [1839-1914]

Lógica, matemática, filosofia | Carolyn Eisele

2236 Peregrinus, Peter [c. 1269]

Filosofia natural | Edward Grant

2 5

2243 Perrin, Jean Baptiste [1870-1942]

Física, química | Roger H. Stuewer

2244 Pinel, Philippe [1745-1826]

Medicina | Pierre Chabbert

2247 Pitágoras [c. 560 a.C.-c. 480 a.C.]

Matemática, astronomia | Kurt von Fritz

2253 Planck, Max [1858-1947]Física | Hans Kangro

2263 Platão [427 a.C.-348/347 a.C.]

Filosofia | D. J. Allan

2272 Poincaré, Henri [1854-1912]

Matemática, física, astronomia | Jean Dieudonné

2282 Poisson, Siméon-Denis [1781-1840]Física, matemática | Pierre Costabel

2292 Pope, William [1870-1939]Química | Frederick George Mann

2299 Priestley, Joseph [1733-1804]Química, física, filosofia natural | Robert E. Schofield

2308 Proust, Joseph Louis [1754-1826]Química | Seymour Mauskopf

2314 Ptolomeu [c. 100 d.C.-c. 170 d.C.]Matemática, astronomia | G. J. Toomer

2334 Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi [1236-1311]Óptica, astronomia, medicina, filosofia | Seyyed Hossein Nasr

2340 Rabelais, François [1494?-1553?]Medicina | Pierre Huard, Marie-José Imbault-Huart

2341 Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aaiyangar [1887-1920]Matemática | Oysten Ore

2343 Rayleigh, quarto barão [Robert John Strutt] [1875-1947]Física | Thadeus J. Trenn

2344 Rayleigh, terceiro barão [John William Strutt] [1842-1919]Física | R. B. Lindsay

2350 Réaumur, René-Antoine [1683-1757]Filosofia natural, biologia, física | J. B. Gough

2358 Riemann, Bernhard [1826-1866]Matemática | Hans Freudenthal

2368 Röntgen, Wilhelm [1845-1923]Física | G. L’E Turner

2371 Rumford, conde [Benjamin Thompson] [1753-1814]Física | Sanborn C. Brown

2373 Russell, Bertrand [1872-1970]Matemática, lógica, filosofia da ciência | T. A. A. Broadbent

2 6

2382 Rutherford, Ernest [1871-1937]

Física, química | Lawrence Badash

2393 Saccheri, Giovanni Girolamo [1667-1733]

Matemática | D. J. Struik

2395 Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy [1772-1844]Zoologia | Franck Bourdier

2398 Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy [1805-1861]Zoologia | Franck Bourdier

2400 Samawal, al- [?-c. 1180]Matemática, medicina | Adel Anbouba

2403 Schelling, Frederick [1775-1854]Filosofia | Edith Selow

2407 Schliemann, Heinrich [1822-1890]Arqueologia | Glyn Daniel

2410 Schrödinger, Erwin [1887-1961]Física, cosmologia | Armin Hermann

2416 Schwarzschild, Karl [1873-1916]Astronomia | Sally H. Dieke

2422 Shatir, Ibn al- [c. 1305-c. 1375]Astronomia | David A. King

2428 Shen Kua [1031-1095]Astronomia | N. Sivin

2451 Sommerfeld, Arnold [1868-1951]Física, matemática | Paul Forman, Armin Hermann

2458 Spencer, Herbert [1820-1903]Filosofia, sociologia | J. D. Y. Peel

2460 Stahl, Georg Ernst [1659/1660-1734]Medicina, química | Lester S. King

2467 Stokes, George [1819-1903]Física, matemática | E. M. Parkinson

2472 Sufi, al- [903-986]Astronomia | Paul Kunitzsch

2474 Tales de Mileto [625 a.C.?-547 a.C.?]Filosofia | James Longrigg

2477 Tartaglia, Niccolò [1499/1500-1557]Matemática, mecânica | Arnaldo Masotti

2480 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre [1881-1955]Paleontologia, geologia, filosofia | Thomas F. Glick

2483 Telesio, Bernardino [1509-1588]Filosofia natural | Neal W. Gilbert

2486 Thabit ibn Qurra [836-901]Matemática, astronomia, medicina, filosofia |B. A. Rosenfeld, A. T. Grigorian

2 7

2492 Torricelli, Evangelista [1608-1647]

Matemática, física | Mario Gliozzi

2499 Turgot [1727-1781]Economia, filosofia | Rhoda Rappaport

2502 Turing, Alan [1912-1954]Matemática, lógica | B. van Rootselaar

2503 Tusi, al- [Nasir al-Din] [1201-1274]

Astronomia, matemática, filosofia | Seyyed Hossein Nasr

2508 Van’t Hoff, Jacobus [1852-1911]

Física, química | H. A. M. Snelders

2514 Vavilov, Nikolay [1887-1943]

Botânica, genética | Mark B. Adams

2522 Vernadsky, Vladimir [1863-1945]

Mineralogia, biogeoquímica | I. A. Fedoseyev

2525 Vesálio, André [1514-1564]

Medicina | C. D. O’Malley

2533 Viète, François [1540-1603]

Matemática | H. L. L. Busard

2541 Virchow, Rudolf [1821-1902]

Antropologia, medicina | Guenter B. Risse

2545 Vitrúvio [início do séc. I a.C.-c. 25 a.C.]

Arquitetura | John Ward-Perkins, Derek de Sola Price, G. J. Toomer

2552 Volta, Alessandro [1745-1827]

Física | J. L. Heilbron

2565 Voltaire [1694-1778]

Filosofia | Charles C. Gillispie

2568 Volterra, Vito [1860-1940]

Matemática, filosofia natural | E. Volterra

2570 Vries, Hugo de [1848-1935]

Biologia, genética, botânica | Peter W. van der Pas

2579 Wallace, Alfred Russel [1823-1913]

Biologia, evolução, filosofia | H. Lewis McKinney

2587 Wang Hsi-shan [1628-1682]

Astronomia | Nathan Sivin

2596 Watt, James [1736-1819]

Engenharia, química | Harold Dorn

2599 Wegener, Alfred Lothar [1880-1930]

Geofísica | K. E. Bullen

2601 Weierstrass, Karl [1815-1897]

Matemática | Kurt-R. Biermann

2607 Weismann, August [1834-1914]

Zoologia | Gloria Robinson

2 8

2613 Weyl, Hermann [1885-1955]

Matemática, física | J. Dieudonné

2617 Whitehead, Alfred North [1861-1947]Matemática, lógica, física, filosofia | William A. Barker,

Karel L. de Bouvère, SCJ, James W. Felt, SJ

2625 Wien, Carl [1864-1928]Física, filosofia da ciência | Hans Kangro

2630 Wiener, Norbert [1894-1964]Matemática | Hans Freudenthal

2634 William de Ockham [c. 1285-1349]Filosofia | Ernest A. Moody

2638 Wilson, Edmund [1856-1939]Biologia | Garland E. Allen

2652 Wittgenstein, Ludwig [1889-1951]Filosofia, lógica | Max Black

2654 Wren, Christopher [1632-1723]Matemática, arquitetura | J. F. Scott

2656 Yang Hui [c. 1261/1275]Matemática | Ho Peng-Yoke

2663 Young, Thomas [1773-1829]Filosofia natural, óptica | Edgar W. Morse

2673 Yukawa, Hideki [1907-1981]Física | Laurie M. Brown

2680 Yunus, Ibn [?-1009]Astronomia, matemática | David A. King

2685 Zermelo [1871-1953]Matemática | B. van Rootselaar



887

Abel, Niels Henrik 37, 319, 424, 454, 466, 595, 638, 643, 839, 967,989, 1071, 1121, 1230, 1371, 1544, 1588, 1681, 1715, 1980,2274, 2359, 2602

Agassiz, Louis 42, 584, 769, 1173, 1204, 1283, 1942, 2230Alberti, Leone Battista 45, 368, 669, 1657, 2548Alembert, D’ 47, 224, 253, 318, 409, 428, 452, 525, 613, 754, 990,

1234, 1407, 1433, 1557, 1590, 1605, 1743, 1752, 1822, 1832,2501

Alhazen [Ibn al-Haytham] 55, 136, 186, 196, 626, 733, 1253,1276, 1343, 1348, 1366, 1726, 2331, 2335, 2400, 2423, 2488,2683

Alpetrágio [al-Bitruji] 76, 152, 187Ampère, André-Marie 79, 170, 414, 518, 548, 572, 664, 788, 861,

1105, 1293, 1500, 1714, 1739, 1866, 2055, 2283, 2345Aquino, Santo Tomás de 87, 119, 151, 368, 387, 400, 502, 1831,

2443, 2634Aristóteles 56, 76, 87, 91, 149, 152, 161, 180, 184, 283, 324, 336,

341, 369, 374, 382, 387, 404, 503, 506, 518, 520, 531, 599, 704,707, 729, 775, 778, 836, 941, 949, 977, 1020, 1024, 1035, 1073,1107, 1144, 1160, 1170, 1181, 1224, 1227, 1254, 1319, 1340,1356, 1363, 1390, 1574, 1594, 1621, 1675, 1710, 1733, 1754,1827, 1832, 1839, 1910, 1984, 2045, 2100, 2110, 2248, 2264,2316, 2337, 2356, 2393, 2396, 2443, 2461, 2474, 2484, 2489,2497, 2507, 2532, 2588, 2618, 2635, 2640

Arquimedes 46, 61, 94, 125, 188, 195, 222, 271, 404, 440, 532,600, 626, 670, 706, 730, 800, 824, 949, 983, 1010, 1128, 1210,1229, 1288, 1317, 1339, 1351, 1393, 1611, 1622, 1720, 1822,1835, 1992, 2047, 2088, 2113, 2329, 2394, 2478, 2486, 2492,2504, 2537, 2549

Arrehnius, Svante 143, 657, 676, 1902, 1959, 2074, 2418, 2513,2573

Avempace [Ibn Bajja] 89, 149, 158, 386, 1365, 1828Averroes [Ibn Rushd] 76, 88, 111, 149, 151, 165, 185, 734, 779,

1365, 1830, 2484Avicena [Ibn Sina] 57, 90, 111, 149, 153, 161, 186, 267, 479, 731,

779, 1183, 1253, 1340, 1355, 1365, 1828, 2099, 2334, 2503, 2636Avogadro, Amedeo 81, 168, 497, 514, 570, 664, 684, 1002, 1293,

1920, 1961, 2243, 2387, 2512, 2556

Babbage, Charles 175, 572Bachelard, Gaston 177, 375, 844, 1151, 2290Bacon, Francis 52, 94, 179, 207, 335, 372, 402, 510, 518, 599,

1020, 1073, 1156, 1209, 1395, 1598, 1732, 1911, 1997, 2064,2302, 2566, 2640, 2655

Bacon, Roger 63, 78, 89, 121, 138, 183, 738, 846, 1366, 2236, 2331Baghdadi, al- [Abu Mansur] 191

Banach, Stefan 193, 365, 1980, 2632Banu Musa 136, 194, 824, 1355, 1363, 2681Bateson, William 197, 472, 1057, 1947, 2220, 2515, 2576, 2639Becquerel, Henri 199, 553, 558, 1908, 2058, 2279, 2383Bergson, Henri 202, 374, 1389, 1738, 2481Berkeley, George 206, 317, 588, 1065, 1176, 1206, 1265, 1823,

2012, 2233, 2640Bernard, Claude 209, 242, 392, 518, 1706, 2143, 2645Bernoulli, Daniel 48, 79, 219, 234, 237, 240, 408, 429, 546, 644,

752, 840, 843, 1095, 1211, 1407, 1590, 1609, 1822, 1856, 1870,2056, 2228, 2302

Bernoulli, Jakob I 48, 177, 219, 229, 234, 239, 429, 468, 751, 840,983, 1211, 1231, 1437, 1610, 1635, 1850, 1856, 2056, 2113,2291, 2342

Os ensaios sobre cada pensador estão indicados em negrito.

ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO

Bernoulli, Jakob II 48, 234, 429, 840, 1211, 2056Bernoulli, Johann I 48, 219, 229, 234, 238, 239, 240, 429, 751,

840, 1211, 1231, 1406, 1610, 1716, 1835, 1857, 1994, 2056Bernoulli, Johann II 48, 219, 238, 239, 429, 546, 840, 1211, 2056Bernoulli, Johann III 48, 226, 239, 429, 840, 1211, 1409, 2056Bernoulli, Nikolaus I 48, 225, 229, 236, 239, 429, 840, 1211, 2009,

2056Bernoulli, Nikolaus II 48, 219, 229, 240, 429, 751, 840, 1211,

1609, 2056Berthelot, Marcellin 216, 241, 554, 654, 947, 1098, 1226, 1960,

2078, 2097, 2150Berthollet, Claude 81, 170, 249, 260, 422, 568, 668, 1000, 1416,

1432, 1570, 1920, 2076, 2309, 2597Berzelius, Jöns Jacob 170, 259, 590, 665, 787, 1002, 1686, 1901,

1920, 2081, 2131, 2311Biruni, al- 61, 138, 266, 797, 1040, 1286, 1348, 2335, 2474, 2487,

2505, 2682Boas, Franz 276

Boécio 91, 111, 138, 184, 283, 459, 669, 735, 2045, 2332Bohr, Niels 290, 329, 363, 513, 632, 687, 814, 1086, 1240, 1747,

1973, 2190, 2259, 2347, 2386, 2412, 2454, 2674Boltzmann, Ludwig 144, 306, 499, 684, 1016, 1097, 1112, 1260,

1738, 1818, 1875, 1959, 2078, 2243, 2254, 2278, 2410, 2452,2628, 2686

Bolyai, János 314, 317, 451, 710, 985, 1370, 1592, 1729, 2367Bolzano, Bernard 316, 410, 427, 596, 859, 1391, 2231Boole, George 322, 449, 658, 857, 1439, 1606, 1881, 2200, 2232,

2376, 2619Born, Max 297, 327, 632, 658, 688, 811, 935, 1086, 1127, 1241,

1744, 1968, 2070, 2192, 2296, 2413, 2419, 2455Bourbaki, Nicolas 333, 972, 1420, 1716, 2119Boyle, Robert 83, 207, 229, 334, 564, 664, 706, 845, 980, 1085,

1161, 1178, 1209, 1513, 1561, 1562, 1595, 1733, 1906, 1984,2106, 2112, 2300, 2512, 2523, 2656

Brahe, Tycho 340, 539, 950, 977, 1315, 1956, 2331, 2436, 2492,2588

Breuer, Josef 356, 867Broca, Pierre Paul 361, 966Broglie, Maurice de 300, 362, 1978, 2392Brouwer, Luitzen 311, 364, 398, 1029, 1125, 1162, 2273, 2376,

2615Brunelleschi, Filippo 45, 367, 1630Bruno, Giordano 368, 506, 837, 980, 1023, 1910, 2406, 2497Brunschvicg, Léon 373, 1389, 1914, 2117Buffon, conde de 79, 375, 519, 523, 527, 564, 617, 849, 1035,

1236, 1421, 1503, 1559, 1712, 2030, 2354, 2396, 2399, 2499Buridan, Jean 89, 381, 536, 656, 1651

Campanella, Tommaso 387, 510, 1910Cannon, Walter 217, 389, 1767Cantor, Georg 235, 311, 320, 365, 395, 596, 626, 842, 1027, 1120,

1391, 1715, 2231, 2281, 2377, 2605, 2619, 2686Cardano, Girolamo 37, 402, 479, 628, 817, 827, 958, 1608, 1635,

2401, 2478, 2525, 2536Carnot, Lazare 405, 414, 423, 842, 1416, 1504Carnot, Sadi 405, 414, 492, 495, 842, 1013, 1097, 1297, 1500,

1969, 2183, 2289, 2598Cartan, Élie 333, 420, 1683, 1980, 2274, 2367, 2616Cauchy, Augustin-Louis 40, 82, 168, 312, 315, 318, 397, 410, 422,

442, 449, 492, 545, 596, 644, 654, 761, 841, 968, 1048, 1297,1413, 1544, 1589, 1609, 1682, 1715, 1739, 1861, 1980, 2199,2277, 2283, 2360, 2468, 2606

888

Cavalieri, Bonaventura 141, 440, 957, 1210, 1395, 1597, 2113,2493

Cavendish, Henry 296, 444, 511, 547, 572, 632, 769, 1565, 1860,2302, 2343, 2345, 2383, 2555, 2597, 2621

Cayley, Arthur 448, 503, 711, 1070, 1120, 1370, 1417, 1730, 1873,1981, 2203, 2234, 2274, 2472

Chagas, Carlos 456, 551, 575Charcot, Jean-Martin 458, 867, 1919Chaucer, Geoffrey 459

Chebyshev, Pafnuty 434, 459, 757, 1749, 1849, 2291Chetverikov, Sergei 470, 1900Ch’in Chiu-shao 487, 479, 1669, 2656Chu Shih-chieh 487, 1668, 2116, 2434, 2656Clapeyron, Émile 417, 492, 494, 1014, 1097, 1297, 2511Clausius, Rudolf 143, 306, 418, 439, 493, 493, 1013, 1098, 1112,

1304, 1557, 1740, 1880, 1973, 2078, 2253, 2511Clifford, William 502, 1605, 1819, 2084, 2204, 2230Colombo, Cristóvão 188, 503, 2239Comenius, John Amos 506, 1916Compton, Arthur 299, 363, 510, 633, 687, 1086, 1241, 2072, 2454,

2675Comte, Auguste 211, 516, 842, 965, 1011, 2087, 2124, 2230, 2291,

2460, 2509Condamine, La 522, 1445, 1857Condorcet, marquês de 54, 229, 374, 517, 525, 525, 588, 756,

1395, 1410, 1434, 1576, 1587, 1844, 2245, 2499Copérnico, Nicolau 65, 77, 179, 189, 341, 369, 385, 388, 531, 599,

950, 977, 1023, 1134, 1167, 1214, 1269, 1311, 1390, 1487, 1911,1984, 2262, 2322, 2337, 2422, 2485, 2492, 2505, 2534, 2588

Coulomb, Charles 83, 226, 303, 406, 541, 792, 1297, 1416, 1494,1570, 1867, 1960, 2054, 2057, 2469, 2557

Cruz, Oswaldo 457, 549

Curie, Marie 199, 551, 558, 1908, 2383Curie, Pierre 199, 552, 557, 1908, 2383

Dalton, John 169, 262, 416, 563, 592, 664, 785, 1000, 1246, 1521,1862, 2082, 2312, 2559, 2666

Darwin, Charles 44, 197, 204, 381, 470, 502, 574, 647, 705, 832,873, 881, 972, 1036, 1050, 1200, 1284, 1306, 1430, 1677, 1710,1761, 1815, 1843, 1900, 1902, 1929, 1942, 2066, 2152, 2196,2203, 2245, 2301, 2354, 2397, 2399, 2405, 2458, 2482, 2514,2543, 2571, 2580, 2599, 2607, 2638

Davy, Humphry 83, 144, 168, 245, 260, 419, 448, 554, 558, 568,587, 784, 1003, 1696, 1920, 2054, 2058, 2293, 2373, 2509, 2563,2664

Dedekind, Richard 320, 397, 493, 593, 643, 712, 858, 992, 1119,1371, 2049, 2200, 2231, 2359, 2377

Descartes, René 48, 61, 79, 178, 180, 206, 216, 221, 229, 235, 317,335, 374, 385, 488, 507, 546, 598, 694, 751, 801, 840, 842, 862,959, 965, 977, 1157, 1163, 1174, 1176, 1206, 1208, 1234, 1257,1265, 1314, 1341, 1389, 1476, 1596, 1732, 1832, 1856, 1861,1910, 1917, 1931, 1984, 2090, 2108, 2461, 2484, 2493, 2566,2666

Diderot, Denis 52, 253, 613, 1429, 1438, 1557, 2115, 2499Diofanto de Alexandria 192, 603, 619, 642, 716, 758, 800, 821,

1033, 1126, 1142, 1230, 1274, 1412, 1835, 2249, 2275, 2535,2614

Dirac, Paul 300, 513, 631, 810, 1086, 1242, 1557, 1748, 1970,1982, 2069, 2191, 2412, 2674

Dirichlet, Gustav 40, 594, 641, 758, 839, 984, 1049, 1120, 1173,1229, 1589, 1714, 1730, 1752, 1926, 2274, 2359, 2603, 2632

Dobzhansky, Theodosius 477, 582, 645, 1950, 2482, 2521Duhem, Pierre 123, 190, 312, 386, 404, 518, 653, 723, 1017, 1641,

1753, 1819, 2480Dumas, Jean-Baptiste 170, 260, 497, 521, 663, 1007, 1297, 1552,

1579, 1686, 1902, 1921, 2121, 2399Dürer, Albrecht 669

Í N D I C E O N O M Á S T I C O

Ehrlich, Paul 148, 672, 834, 1375Einstein, Albert 89, 205, 296, 312, 328, 512, 632, 681, 811, 877,

934, 1026, 1089, 1167, 1241, 1273, 1502, 1728, 1736, 1817,1854, 1874, 1928, 1961, 2049, 2084, 2190, 2205, 2243, 2255,2279, 2348, 2367, 2390, 2410, 2420, 2453, 2615, 2620, 2632,2675

Empédocles de Agrigento 102, 704, 1144, 2266Euclides 55, 79, 93, 125, 165, 186, 192, 195, 286, 314, 317, 324,

334, 341, 374, 413, 420, 440, 451, 502, 596, 604, 623, 658, 669,706, 780, 800, 811, 818, 820, 829, 949, 983, 1102, 1122, 1142,1157, 1224, 1254, 1276, 1323, 1338, 1353, 1363, 1370, 1394,1592, 1594, 1618, 1684, 1726, 1911, 1956, 1980, 1984, 2047,2049, 2088, 2107, 2248, 2273, 2315, 2335, 2367, 2375, 2393,2400, 2418, 2475, 2478, 2486, 2504, 2535, 2593, 2615, 2619

Euler, Leonhard 37, 50, 79, 219, 231, 234, 236, 240, 378, 428, 449,461, 527, 546, 594, 603, 617, 626, 642, 657, 751, 806, 827, 840,861, 983, 1010, 1103, 1229, 1406, 1434, 1588, 1715, 1750, 1852,1858, 1869, 2056, 2199, 2280, 2284, 2365, 2472, 2567, 2621,2667

Ewing, Maurice 768

Fabrizio, Geronimo 773, 1073, 2529Farabi, al- 111, 149, 154, 188, 733, 778, 1224, 1228, 1340, 1365,

1828, 2336Faraday, Michael 86, 144, 172, 264, 312, 560, 573, 589, 660, 766,

782, 991, 1003, 1065, 1097, 1110, 1247, 1262, 1297, 1705, 1740,1863, 1906, 1960, 2055, 2083, 2243, 2298, 2348, 2370, 2373,2391, 2556

Farghani, al- 64, 153, 188, 795, 2331, 2336Fermat, Pierre de 63, 236, 404, 422, 443, 464, 605, 626, 642, 757,

799, 827, 1066, 1208, 1233, 1412, 1588, 1602, 1910, 1986, 2112,2231, 2291, 2493, 2655

Fermi, Enrico 302, 331, 515, 810, 1086, 1090, 1970, 2072, 2193,2455, 2675

Ferro, Scipione 37, 402, 817, 2478Fibonacci, Leonardo 139, 196, 626, 718, 735, 818, 819, 1279Fisher, Ronald 281, 470, 582, 647, 829, 1057, 1534, 1900, 2211Fleming, Alexander 833

Fludd, Robert 835, 1073, 1324, 1910, 1919Fourier, Jean Baptiste 178, 193, 397, 427, 467, 514, 519, 633, 642,

759, 811, 838, 968, 1069, 1087, 1098, 1229, 1297, 1500, 1583,1714, 1864, 2057, 2283, 2359, 2471, 2604, 2614, 2632

Franklin, Benjamin 647, 783, 844, 1236, 1424, 1558, 1918, 2245,2301, 2553

Frazer, James 855, 873Frege, Gottlob 597, 857, 1606, 2377, 2619, 2652, 2688Fresnel, Augustin 85, 419, 437, 860, 1067, 1297, 1500, 1736, 1875,

2057, 2289, 2347, 2469, 2666Freud, Sigmund 178, 357, 459, 706, 856, 866, 1151, 1250, 1919Friedmann, Aleksandr 701, 877, 1167Frisch, Karl von 879

Gabor, Dennis 933

Galeno 56, 90, 111, 159, 165, 341, 612, 704, 737, 774, 780, 836,937, 1074, 1144, 1181, 1229, 1367, 1626, 1831, 1840, 2099,2327, 2340, 2461, 2484, 2490, 2525

Galileu 96, 141, 179, 335, 343, 371, 383, 388, 408, 440, 598, 656,744, 774, 842, 948, 977, 1149, 1156, 1169, 1178, 1211, 1314,1389, 1479, 1595, 1839, 1911, 1984, 2110, 2121, 2193, 2234,2240, 2393, 2485, 2492, 2568, 2589, 2621

Gall, Franz Joseph 961, 2584Galois, Evariste 422, 453, 595, 839, 967, 995, 1414, 1612, 1683,

1714, 1731, 2283Galton, Francis 449, 576, 829, 972, 1250, 1854, 1893, 2203, 2458,

2574, 2586, 2608Galvani, Luigi 974, 1003, 1096, 1170, 1959, 2052, 2057, 2404,

2559

889

Gassendi, Pierre 336, 355, 387, 599, 706, 837, 959, 976, 1157,1208, 1328, 1395, 1598, 1733, 1910, 1984, 2051, 2110, 2461

Gauss, Carl Friedrich 39, 225, 314, 323, 410, 425, 443, 449, 481,594, 626, 642, 710, 806, 829, 969, 973, 982, 1010, 1024, 1116,1121, 1163, 1173, 1229, 1244, 1257, 1371, 1412, 1469, 1588,1715, 1725, 1822, 1850, 1861, 1926, 1980, 2063, 2206, 2272,2290, 2359, 2395, 2418, 2502, 2574, 2603, 2633

Gay-Lussac 81, 168, 307, 414, 570, 592, 664, 999, 1172, 1248,1505, 1684, 2095, 2126, 2512, 2558

Germain, Sophie 985, 1010, 1521, 2287Gibbs, Josiah Willard 144, 247, 310, 452, 501, 654, 657, 1012,

1028, 1071, 1098, 1309, 1736, 1875, 1963, 2076, 2231, 2255,2349, 2512, 2614, 2686

Gilbert, William 89, 179, 372, 572, 836, 958, 1019, 1317, 2238Gödel, Kurt 366, 401, 1024, 1125, 1980, 2281, 2382, 2502, 2620,

2687Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 357, 617, 994, 1025, 1034, 1054,

1101, 1171, 1201, 1249, 1384, 1606, 1980, 2203, 2397, 2403,2568

Habash al-Hasib 1039, 1350, 2681Hadamard, Jacques 437, 465, 659, 758, 983, 1047, 1589, 1753,

2274, 2365Haeckel, Ernst 1036, 1049, 1240, 1929, 1947, 2085, 2481, 2542,

2607, 2642Hahnemann, Samuel 1054

Haldane, John 470, 582, 647, 1055, 1900, 2066, 2229, 2631Halley, Edmond 225, 566, 1058, 1169, 1325, 1447, 1985, 2420,

2475, 2656Hamilton, William Rowan 82, 297, 315, 323, 451, 632, 812, 994,

1016, 1064, 1098, 1116, 1234, 1242, 1420, 1682, 1716, 1822,1858, 1866, 2049, 2259, 2278, 2287, 2413, 2419, 2619, 2676

Harvey, William 122, 179, 601, 705, 775, 836, 944, 948, 980, 1073,1160, 1626, 1915, 2461, 2531

Heisenberg, Werner 297, 329, 513, 633, 688, 1086, 1241, 2069,2190, 2413, 2455, 2482, 2674

Helmholtz, Hermann von 208, 247, 306, 418, 617, 654, 791, 866,1016, 1038, 1094, 1110, 1122, 1234, 1273, 1307, 1681, 1737,1861, 1959, 2076, 2253, 2345, 2367, 2405, 2509, 2616, 2626,2666

Heráclito de Éfeso 1107, 1155, 2266Hertz, Heinrich 312, 331, 660, 693, 1096, 1109, 1736, 1819, 1848,

1874, 2254, 2370, 2383, 2627, 2654Hilbert, David 194, 328, 364, 400, 422, 426, 450, 596, 636, 694,

758, 857, 1029, 1119, 1241, 1371, 1389, 1925, 1979, 2049, 2279,2364, 2376, 2412, 2418, 2452, 2502, 2603, 2613, 2631, 2686

Hiparco 153, 345, 535, 949, 1127, 1328, 1507, 2316, 2417, 2682Hipátia 620, 1142

Hipócrates de Cós 103, 159, 341, 706, 777, 780, 939, 1143, 1181,1228, 2197, 2340, 2533

Hobbes, Thomas 190, 335, 599, 711, 1073, 1155, 1596, 1733,1910, 2486

Hopf, Heinz 366, 1162

Hubble, Edwin 638, 701, 1164

Humboldt, Alexander von 43, 188, 276, 642, 986, 1000, 1050,1092, 1095, 1169, 1230, 1684, 1755, 1962, 2403, 2558, 2580

Hume, David 81, 182, 206, 582, 588, 692, 830, 1175, 1206, 1265,1859, 2623, 2635, 2640

Hunayn ibn Ishaq 70, 118, 136, 186, 195, 731, 944, 1181, 1226,1363

Huxley, Thomas 581, 1036, 1052, 1056, 1198, 1306, 1860, 1942,2354, 2458, 2544, 2584, 2639

Huygens, Christiaan 57, 221, 230, 235, 337, 436, 524, 600, 659,804, 861, 951, 979, 1207, 1479, 1595, 1627, 1734, 1837, 1854,1916, 1985, 2113, 2471, 2655, 2667

Ikhwan al-Safa 781, 1223

Jabir ibn Hayyan 242, 733, 1225, 2506Jacobi, Carl Gustav 41, 427, 449, 462, 594, 642, 758, 969, 986,

1068, 1119, 1173, 1229, 1420, 1587, 1682, 1714, 1752, 2063,2200, 2231, 2275, 2287, 2359, 2413, 2602

Jefferson, Thomas 853, 1171, 1235, 1239, 2302Jenner, Edward 680, 1238, 1381, 2163Jordan, Pascual 330, 635, 688, 1088, 1240, 1926, 2070, 2191Joule, James 418, 494, 1001, 1013, 1097, 1246, 1301, 1891, 1973,

2243Jung, Carl Gustav 837, 874, 1248, 2106, 2192

Kamal al-Din 61, 1253

Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike 1260

Kant, Immanuel 81, 206, 216, 315, 374, 717, 785, 978, 986, 1025,1065, 1089, 1094, 1111, 1119, 1249, 1262, 1502, 1605, 1824,1829, 1868, 2052, 2056, 2230, 2260, 2366, 2375, 2403, 2603

Karaji, al- 192, 626, 824, 1274, 2400Karpinsky, Alexandr 1280

Kashi, al- 1285, 1348, 2402, 2427, 2505Kekulé 245, 1292, 1902, 1920, 2128, 2509Kelvin, lorde 307, 417, 438, 493, 495, 558, 588, 659, 793, 1002,

1013, 1095, 1112, 1248, 1261, 1297, 1471, 1717, 1740, 1766, 1864, 1971, 2083, 2278, 2343, 2345, 2361, 2385, 2468,2556, 2670

Kepler, Johannes 60, 141, 179, 297, 341, 371, 438, 441, 606, 837,948, 976, 1024, 1042, 1060, 1253, 1310, 1390, 1413, 1481, 1598,1915, 1956, 1984, 2098, 2113, 2192, 2234, 2262, 2269, 2286,2324, 2421, 2492, 2588

Keynes, John Maynard 1180, 1334, 1847, 2024, 2374Khayyami, al- 68, 142, 732, 825, 1287, 1337, 1348, 1726, 2394,

2400, 2487, 2505Khazini, al- 72, 1339, 1347, 2095, 2491Kindi, al- 120, 186, 730, 781, 797, 1355, 1363, 2506Klein, Felix 315, 328, 365, 414, 451, 502, 991, 1369, 1680, 1730,

1852, 2049, 2082, 2190, 2201, 2234, 2273, 2361, 2418, 2452,2604, 2613, 2675

Koch, Robert 672, 1373, 2123Koyré, Alexandre 143, 373, 375, 602, 960, 979, 1149, 1332, 1388,

1915, 2034, 2116, 2480Krebs, Hans Adolf 1396

Lagrange, Joseph Louis 37, 51, 222, 318, 322, 407, 422, 449, 519,527, 640, 758, 838, 967, 983, 1010, 1068, 1098, 1110, 1229,1297, 1405, 1434, 1577, 1585, 1682, 1743, 1858, 1873, 1927,2057, 2193, 2259, 2278, 2282, 2471, 2621

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 204, 380, 473, 574, 1052, 1202, 1420,1755, 1815, 2395, 2399, 2458, 2482, 2575, 2582, 2611

Laplace, Pierre-Simon 37, 83, 248, 250, 417, 422, 456, 462, 519,528, 542, 572, 642, 659, 757, 839, 1000, 1049, 1064, 1095, 1110,1174, 1229, 1270, 1297, 1407, 1431, 1569, 1585, 1716, 1753,1852, 1864, 2018, 2056, 2116, 2209, 2279, 2282, 2332, 2349,2361, 2417, 2471, 2502, 2553, 2602

Lavoisier 83, 172, 210, 242, 250, 260, 378, 447, 565, 588, 786, 853,1006, 1015, 1416, 1423, 1431, 1557, 1685, 1918, 2054, 2133,2301, 2309, 2372, 2404, 2499, 2553, 2597, 2664

Lebesgue, Henri Léon 842, 1583, 1714, 2279, 2569Legendre, Adrien-Marie 40, 317, 425, 465, 642, 758, 967, 1010,

1229, 1297, 1412, 1474, 1585, 1726, 1851, 2057, 2209, 2287,2395, 2568, 2602

Leibniz 141, 175, 178, 207, 220, 230, 234, 240, 317, 324, 337, 373,377, 400, 408, 429, 443, 510, 600, 753, 804, 982, 1027, 1063,1107, 1209, 1234, 1263, 1406, 1526, 1594, 1716, 1732, 1831,1835, 1858, 1985, 2064, 2108, 2202, 2291, 2393, 2433, 2467,2484, 2566

Leonardo da Vinci 46, 402, 441, 656, 669, 1395, 1615

Li Chih 484, 487, 1667, 2656Li Shih-chen 1674


890

Lie, Sophus 420, 435, 455, 972, 1163, 1369, 1545, 1680, 1980, 2274,2602, 2613

Liebig, Justus von 244, 260, 590, 664, 678, 1097, 1173, 1292, 1684,1905, 1925, 2076, 2122, 2297

Linnaeus, Carl 83, 105, 377, 1199, 1421, 1675, 1706, 1754, 2245,2516, 2582, 2612, 2649

Liouville, Joseph 397, 425, 460, 841, 969, 1123, 1297, 1713, 1850,2277, 2603, 2614

Liu Hui 480, 490, 1673, 1719, 2657Lobachevsky, Nikolai 315, 317, 451, 462, 502, 710, 983, 1344, 1370,

1725, 2234, 2367, 2395, 2505Locke, John 48, 206, 377, 588, 615, 978, 1176, 1265, 1597, 1732,

1986, 2245, 2300, 2566, 2635Lorentz, Hendrik 311, 328, 500, 637, 682, 1016, 1116, 1223, 1261,

1731, 1736, 1874, 1928, 1968, 2193, 2255, 2279, 2370, 2453, 2616,2620, 2628

Lyapunov, Aleksandr 461, 660, 1749, 1850, 2277Lyell, Charles 43, 576, 1052, 1202, 1306, 1426, 1665, 1753, 2458,

2580

Mach, Ernst 49, 134, 208, 312, 357, 521, 654, 683, 1017, 1038, 1111,1240, 1420, 1605, 1815, 1876, 1999, 2076, 2190, 2233, 2243, 2254,2411, 2496, 2622

Maimônides 55, 149, 779, 1046, 1827, 2203

Malebranche, Nicolas 207, 229, 235, 377, 612, 657, 1596, 1832

Malpighi, Marcello 1595, 1839

Malthus, Thomas 580, 844, 937, 1843, 2458, 2580

Marconi, Guglielmo 1118, 1848, 2383

Markov, Andrei Andreevich 463, 1750, 1849

Martius, Von 1855

Maupertuis 239, 377, 409, 522, 753, 1407, 1427, 1445, 1614, 1822,

1856, 2358, 2566

Maxwell, James Clerk 147, 172, 306, 329, 438, 445, 449, 497, 636,

656, 683, 766, 793, 812, 865, 1013, 1096, 1110, 1260, 1297, 1736,

1860, 2203, 2254, 2345, 2365, 2370, 2383, 2454, 2459, 2471, 2497,

2627, 2666

Mendel, Gregor 197, 474, 582, 647, 832, 973, 1051, 1056, 1893,

1945, 2220, 2516, 2572, 2612, 2640

Mendeleev, Dmitry 83, 292, 552, 1851, 1901, 1920, 2043, 2065,

2079, 2516, 2522

Mersenne, Marin 371, 510, 599, 617, 657, 800, 837, 950, 976, 1157,

1208, 1321, 1910, 2003, 2107, 2493

Mesmer, Franz Anton 853, 1576, 1917, 2584

Meyer, Lothar 143, 1905, 1919, 2079

Minkowski, Hermann 328, 466, 595, 694, 1112, 1119, 1728, 1925,

2275, 2418, 2451, 2604, 2615, 2621

Monod, Jacques 1928

Morgan, Thomas 199, 472, 646, 1929, 1941, 2067, 2516, 2574, 2639

Napier, John 443, 1327, 1954

Nernst, Walther 144, 247, 328, 682, 934, 1240, 1958, 2075, 2256

Neumann, Johann von 331, 365, 400, 636, 934, 1026, 1124, 1245,

1979, 2614

Newton, Isaac 48, 58, 89, 95, 141, 175, 178, 182, 207, 221, 232, 235,

240, 308, 314, 317, 322, 337, 376, 385, 400, 408, 429, 443, 445,

453, 460, 522, 546, 564, 588, 598, 614, 683, 717, 751, 784, 804,

840, 845, 861, 950, 980, 983, 1010, 1024, 1037, 1058, 1064, 1113,

1176, 1209, 1263, 1297, 1331, 1336, 1390, 1406, 1434, 1568, 1592,

1597, 1622, 1733, 1751, 1819, 1838, 1843, 1856, 1861, 1906, 1917,

1983, 2091, 2121, 2193, 2202, 2205, 2272, 2287, 2300, 2467, 2485,

2495, 2499, 2565, 2590, 2620, 2655, 2664

Nicolau de Cusa 46, 141, 189, 510, 1394, 1603, 2044

Noether, Emmy 453, 597, 1162, 1981, 2048, 2360

Nostradamus, Michael 2050

Oersted, Hans Christian 83, 172, 260, 593, 785, 839, 1866, 2052,

2057, 2563

Ohm, Georg 318, 641, 1098, 1891, 2056, 2345, 2563

Oparin, Aleksandr 1058, 2064

Oppenheimer, Robert 331, 816, 1393, 2069, 2678

Ostwald, Wilhelm 143, 234, 238, 312, 439, 521, 549, 645, 654, 683,

1007, 1015, 1273, 1593, 1818, 1890, 1900, 1908, 1920, 1959,

2064, 2074, 2192, 2243, 2254, 2358, 2452, 2509, 2564

Pappus de Alexandria 125, 440, 603, 620, 634, 707, 729, 800,

1062, 1129, 1208, 1276, 1353, 1641, 1992, 2047, 2088, 2108,

2330, 2535

Paracelso 250, 338, 369, 706, 836, 1391, 1574, 1919, 2098, 2461

Pascal, Blaise 79, 335, 373, 404, 443, 453, 464, 489, 527, 608, 808,

980, 1208, 1287, 1395, 1438, 1607, 1649, 1840, 1910, 2107,

2401, 2478, 2497, 2505, 2655, 2658

Pasteur, Louis 211, 248, 457, 549, 555, 681, 1294, 1374, 1705,

1930, 2066, 2119, 2510

Pauli, Wolfgang 297, 330, 633, 634, 691, 811, 837, 1086, 1241,

1252, 1334, 2070, 2190, 2455, 2622, 2674

Pavlov, Ivan 212, 392, 2067, 2194, 2459

Peano, Giuseppe 334, 365, 402, 857, 1606, 2199, 2281, 2376, 2619

Pearson, Karl 198, 281, 473, 503, 829, 832, 973, 1545, 1819, 1893,

2203, 2233

Peirce, Charles 326, 518, 1606, 1825, 1893, 2200, 2229, 2242, 2376

Peregrinus, Peter 191, 1020, 2236

Perrin, Jean Baptiste 554, 657, 684, 2083, 2243

Pinel, Philippe 962, 2244

Pitágoras 47, 52, 76, 192, 288, 341, 374, 532, 620, 705, 710, 819,

1109, 1128, 1224, 1228, 1288, 1390, 1394, 1609, 1661, 1723,

2025, 2089, 2247, 2265, 2330, 2337, 2367, 2433, 2488, 2549

Planck, Max 293, 308, 329, 512, 633, 682, 810, 934, 1016, 1088,

1111, 1242, 1261, 1747, 1818, 1886, 1961, 2078, 2253, 2346,

2414, 2421, 2453, 2626, 2674, 2686

Platão 59, 77, 92, 139, 149, 154, 161, 181, 196, 207, 284, 368, 374,

377, 387, 400, 455, 655, 669, 705, 706, 779, 824, 836, 855, 939,

959, 1025, 1093, 1108, 1142, 1143, 1181, 1200, 1223, 1227,

1234, 1323, 1344, 1364, 1388, 1617, 1660, 1828, 1833, 1860,

2044, 2094, 2104, 2248, 2263, 2300, 2443, 2462, 2474, 2488,

2507, 2532, 2636

Poincaré, Henri 200, 309, 328, 364, 421, 553, 654, 690, 763, 810,

1049, 1119, 1123, 1372, 1544, 1731, 1746, 1751, 1819, 1854,

1926, 1979, 2231, 2255, 2272, 2349, 2361, 2378, 2416, 2452,

2570, 2606, 2615, 2686

Poisson, Siméon-Denis 178, 414, 430, 460, 494, 545, 634, 642,

694, 810, 839, 864, 968, 1110, 1229, 1297, 1420, 1431, 1682,

1714, 1883, 2057, 2207, 2279, 2282, 2468

Pope, William 2292

Priestley, Joseph 250, 446, 588, 850, 1561, 1700, 2299, 2458, 2553,

2597

Proust, Joseph Louis 255, 261, 668, 1005, 1923, 2308

Ptolomeu 56, 76, 90, 100, 138, 150, 152, 165, 179, 186, 271, 341,

368, 459, 503, 531, 600, 710, 780, 796, 824, 950, 1039, 1062,

1127, 1142, 1224, 1254, 1269, 1286, 1312, 1340, 1350, 1363,

1489, 1726, 1830, 2088, 2234, 2251, 2314, 2337, 2422, 2473,

2486, 2492, 2504, 2534, 2551, 2588, 2682

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 63, 77, 734, 1253, 1348, 2334, 2423, 2505

Rabelais, François 2340

Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aaiyangar 2341

Rayleigh, quarto barão [Robert John Strutt] 2343, 2386, 2524

Rayleigh, terceiro barão [John William Strutt] 685, 1016, 1112,

1746, 1874, 2218, 2343, 2344, 2469

Réaumur, René-Antoine 616, 1471, 2350, 2559

Riemann, Bernhard 421, 428, 451, 500, 502, 594, 698, 710, 758,

842, 971, 986, 1048, 1102, 1113, 1122, 1344, 1370, 1544, 1583,

1731, 1739, 1752, 1819, 2274, 2290, 2358, 2472, 2502, 2569,

2605, 2614


891

Röntgen, Wilhelm 200, 389, 552, 558, 1119, 2243, 2368, 2453,2627

Rumford, conde [Benjamin Thompson] 419, 588, 860, 1112,1738, 2130, 2369, 2371, 2386, 2470, 2664

Russell, Bertrand 364, 401, 597, 683, 857, 1027, 1272, 1335, 1395,1600, 2200, 2281, 2373, 2618, 2630, 2652, 2687

Rutherford, Ernest 201, 292, 331, 512, 554, 562, 570, 632, 1766,2083, 2343, 2382, 2570, 2675

Saccheri, Giovanni Girolamo 68, 710, 744, 1343, 1726, 2393, 2505Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy 961, 1035, 1053, 1425, 2395, 2398Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy 2398, 2607Samawal, al- 1274, 2400

Schelling, Frederick 43, 374, 785, 1038, 1272, 1606, 2052, 2403,2603

Schliemann, Heinrich 2407, 2543Schrödinger, Erwin 300, 330, 512, 635, 682, 1068, 1088, 1242,

1739, 1974, 2067, 2069, 2191, 2410, 2455, 2629, 2674Schwarzschild, Karl 633, 2416, 2622Shatir, Ibn al- 63, 536, 2331, 2338, 2422, 2505Shen Kua 2428, 2594Sommerfeld, Arnold 296, 331, 632, 687, 811, 1086, 1240, 1372,

1818, 1968, 2190, 2254, 2412, 2421, 2451

Spencer, Herbert 204, 502, 583, 963, 2458, 2572, 2611Stahl, Georg Ernst 250, 1568, 2106, 2460

Stokes, George 96, 331, 659, 842, 1103, 1300, 1739, 1860, 1862,2037, 2203, 2230, 2243, 2344, 2467

Sufi, al- 189, 273, 2331, 2472, 2504, 2681

Tales de Mileto 126, 1108, 2474

Tartaglia, Niccolò 37, 141, 402, 440, 742, 817, 949, 1395, 2116,

2401, 2477

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 646, 2480

Telesio, Bernardino 387, 1910, 2483, 2497

Thabit ibn Qurra 66, 136, 153, 189, 195, 271, 730, 1343, 1350,

1638, 1726, 2095, 2336, 2486, 2505

Torricelli, Evangelista 141, 335, 440, 958, 1914, 2110, 2492, 2559

Turgot 524, 526, 542, 1462, 1559, 2499

Turing, Alan 1031, 2502

Tusi, al- [Nasir al-Din] 63, 77, 136, 195, 732, 1254, 1276, 1287,

1338, 1348, 1726, 2116, 2331, 2334, 2394, 2423, 2486, 2503,

2682

Vant’t Hoff, Jacobus 144, 247, 311, 657, 1295, 1959, 2074, 2128,

2508, 2573

Vavilov, Nikolay 2514

Vernadsky, Vladimir 2066, 2481, 2522

Vesálio, André 70, 402, 616, 774, 1626, 2107, 2525

Viète, François 608, 626, 799, 827, 844, 1208, 1289, 1835, 1986,

2091, 2533

Virchow, Rudolf 217, 276, 1050, 1273, 1374, 1919, 2405, 2409,

2541

Vitrúvio 125, 443, 669, 837, 1659, 2326, 2545

Volta, Alessandro 84, 168, 590, 854, 975, 1001, 1246, 1470, 2052,

2059, 2302, 2345, 2404, 2498, 2552

Voltaire 52, 526, 614, 755, 1345, 1409, 1557, 1832, 1856, 2565

Volterra, Vito 193, 436, 811, 1049, 1123, 1583, 1753, 2201, 2568,

2633

Vries, Hugo de 1893, 1946, 2512, 2516, 2570, 2610, 2646

Wallace, Alfred Russel 583, 966, 1763, 1846, 2458, 2579, 2611

Wang Hsi-shan 2587

Watt, James 253, 415, 466, 493, 588, 1012, 1889, 2301, 2596

Wegener, Alfred Lothar 1244, 2599

Weierstrass, Karl 318, 396, 431, 455, 595, 712, 841, 1048, 1123,

1235, 1369, 1584, 1730, 2253, 2273, 2362, 2601, 2686

Weismann, August 1053, 1947, 2459, 2572, 2607, 2649

Weyl, Hermann 420, 633, 1125, 1162, 1371, 1683, 1979, 2049,

2190, 2364, 2378, 2412, 2613

Whitehead, Alfred North 632, 858, 1335, 1600, 2270, 2374, 2617

Wien, Carl 683, 1086, 1117, 1746, 1968, 2254, 2346, 2412, 2451,

2625

Wiener, Norbert 194, 330, 1242, 1854, 1890, 2630

William de Ockham 60, 90, 122, 382, 610, 2634

Wilson, Edmund 1942, 2638

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 858, 2379, 2620, 2652

Wren, Christopher 1212, 1596, 2003, 2114, 2654

Yang Hui 485, 1720, 2434, 2656

Young, Thomas 437, 448, 543, 566, 590, 853, 862, 1038, 1098,

1518, 1861, 2000, 2373, 2663

Yukawa, Hideki 638, 813, 1090, 2673

Yunus, Ibn 55, 153, 626, 797, 1039, 1289, 2427, 2491, 2680

Zermelo 310, 401, 1028, 1125, 1980, 2262, 2378, 2685


893

AlquimiaFludd, RobertJabir ibn HayyanParacelso

AnatomiaFabrizio, GeronimoLeonardo da VinciMalpighi, Marcello

AntropologiaBoas, FranzBroca, Pierre PaulFrazer, JamesVirchow, Rudolf

ArqueologiaSchliemann, Heinrich

ArquiteturaBrunelleschi, FilippoVitrúvioWren, Christopher

AstronomiaAlhazen [Ibn al-Haytham]Alpetrágio [al-Bitruji]AristótelesAverroes [Ibn Rushd]Bacon, RogerBanu MusaBernoulli, Jakob IBernoulli, Johann IIIBiruni, al-Brahe, TychoCauchy, Augustin-LouisCayley, ArthurChaucer, GeoffreyCopérnico, NicolauEuler, LeonhardFarghani, al-GalileuGassendi, PierreHabash al-HasibHalley, EdmondHiparcoHubble, EdwinHuygens, ChristiaanKashi, al-Kepler, JohannesKhayyami, al- [Omar Khayyam]Khazini, al-Lagrange, Joseph LouisLaplace, Pierre-SimonNewton, IsaacPappus de AlexandriaPitágorasPoincaré, HenriPtolomeuQutb al-Din al-ShiraziSchwarzschild, KarlShatir, Ibn al-Shen Kua

Sufi, al-Thabit ibn QurraTusi, al- [Nasir al-Din]Wang Hsi-ShanYunus, Ibn

BiogeoquímicaVernadsky, Vladimir

BiologiaAristótelesBateson, WilliamBernard, ClaudeCannon, WalterChetverikov, SergeiDarwin, CharlesDobzhansky, TheodosiusEhrlich, PaulFisher, RonaldHaldane, JohnKrebs, Hans AdolfLyell, CharlesMaupertuisMonod, JacquesMorgan, ThomasOparin, AleksandrPasteur, LouisRéaumur, René-AntoineVries, Hugo deWallace, Alfred RusselWilson, Edmund

BioquímicaKrebs, Hans AdolfMonod, Jacques

BotânicaJefferson, ThomasLamarck, Jean BaptisteLinnaeus, CarlMartius, VonVavilov, NikolayVries, Hugo de

CosmologiaDirac, PaulEinstein, AlbertFriedmann, AleksandrHubble, EdwinSchrödinger, ErwinSchwarzschild, Karl

DemografiaMalthus, Thomas

EconomiaKeynes, John MaynardMalthus, ThomasTurgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques

EngenhariaBrunelleschi, FilippoCarnot, Lazare

Spencer, HerbertTales de MiletoTeilhard de Chardin, PierreThabit ibn QurraTurgot, Anne-Robert-JacquesTusi, al- [Nasir al-Din]VoltaireWallace, Alfred RusselWhitehead, Alfred NorthWilliam de OckhamWittgenstein, Ludwig

Filosofia da ciênciaBachelar, GastonBacon, FrancisBerkeley, GeorgeBohr, NielsDuhem, PierreHelmholtz, Hermann vonKoyré, AlexandreOstwald, WilhelmRussell, BertrandWien, Carl

Filosofia naturalAlberti, Leone BattistaAlpetrágio [al-Bitruji]Bacon, RogerBoyle, RobertBuffon, conde deCampanella, TommasoCavendish, HenryCondamine, LaGilbert, WilliamGoethe, Johann Wolfgang vonHumboldt, Alexander vonMersenne, MarinNewton, IsaacParacelsoPeregrinus, PeterPriestley, JosephRéaumur, René-AntoineTelesio, BernardinoVolterra, VitoYoung, Thomas

FísicaAlberti, Leone BattistaAlembert, D’Ampère, André-MarieAristótelesArrhenius, SvanteAvogadro, AmedeoBecquerel, HenriBernoulli, DanielBohr, NielsBoltzmann, LudwigBorn, MaxBoyle, RobertBroglie, Maurice deBuridan, JeanCardano, GirolamoCarnot, Sadi

Clapeyron, ÉmileGabor, DennisMarconi, GuglielmoWatt, James

EntomologiaChetverikov, Sergei

EtologiaFrisch, Karl von

EstatísticaFisher, RonaldGalton, FrancisPearson, Karl

EvoluçãoChetverikov, SergeiDarwin, CharlesDobzhansky, TheodosiusHuxley, ThomasLamarck, Jean BaptisteWallace, Alfred Russel

FilosofiaAquino, Santo Tomás deAristótelesAvempace [Ibn Bajja]Averroes [Ibn Rushd]Avicena [Ibn Sina]Bergson, HenriBoécioBolzano, BernardBruno, GiordanoBrunschvicg, LéonBuridan, JeanCardano, GirolamoComenius, John AmosComte, AugusteDescartes, RenéDiderot, DenisEmpédocles de AgrigentoFarabi, al-Gassendi, PierreHeráclito de ÉfesoHipátiaHobbes, ThomasHume, DavidHunayn ibn IshaqIkhwan al-SafaKant, ImmanuelKhayyami, al- [Omar Khayyam]Kindi, al-Leibniz, Gottfried WilhelmLocke, JohnMaimônidesMalebranche, NicolasNicolau de CusaPascal, BlaisePeirce, CharlesPlatãoQutb al-Din al-ShiraziSchelling, Frederick

ÍNDICE DE DISCIPLINAS

894

Volta, AlessandroWeyl, HermannWhitehead, Alfred NorthWien, CarlYukawa, Hideki

FisiologiaBernard, ClaudeBreuer, JosefCannon, WalterDescartes, RenéFabrizio, GeronimoGalvani, LuigiHelmholtz, Hermann vonMach, ErnstPavlov, Ivan

Genética

Bateson, WilliamChetverikov, SergeiDobzhansky, TheodosiusFisher, RonaldHaldane, JohnMendel, GregorMorgan, ThomasVavilov, NikolayVries, Hugo de

Geofísica

Ewing, MauriceHalley, EdmondKarpinsky, AlexandrWegener, Alfred Lothar

Geografia

Biruni, al-Colombo, CristóvãoHiparcoHumboldt, Alexander vonPappus de Alexandria

Geologia

Agassiz, LouisDarwin, CharlesGoethe, Johann Wolfgang vonLeonardo da VinciLinnaeus, CarlLyell, CharlesTeilhard de Chardin, Pierre

Imunologia

Ehrlich, Paul

Lógica

Babbage, CharlesBoécioBolzano, BernardBoole, GeorgeBuridan, JeanFrege, GottlobGödel, Kurt FriedrichLeibniz, Gottfried WilhelmPeano, GiuseppePeirce, CharlesRussell, BertrandTuring, Alan

Cauchy, Augustin-LouisClausius, RudolfCompton, ArthurCoulomb, CharlesCurie, MarieCurie, PierreDalton, JohnDescartes, RenéDirac, PaulDuhem, PierreEinstein, AlbertEuler, LeonhardFaraday, MichaelFermi, EnricoFourier, Jean BaptisteFranklin, BenjaminFresnel, AugustinFriedmann, AleksandrGabor, DennisGalileuGalvani, LuigiGay-LussacGibbs, Josiah WillardHeisenberg, WernerHelmholtz, Hermann vonHertz, HeinrichHuygens, ChristiaanJordan, PascualJoule, JamesKamerlingh Onnes, HeikeKelvin, lorde

[William Thomson]Laplace, Pierre-SimonLorentz, HendrikMach, ErnstMarconi, GuglielmoMaupertuisMaxwell, James ClerkNernst, WaltherNeumann, Johann vonNewton, IsaacOersted, Hans ChristianOhm, GeorgOppenheimer, RobertOstwald, WilhelmPascal, BlaisePauli, WolfgangPerrin, Jean BaptistePlanck, MaxPoincaré, HenriPoisson, Siméon-DenisPriestley, JosephRayleigh, quarto barão

[Robert John Strutt]Rayleigh, terceiro barão

[John William Strutt]Réaumur, René-AntoineRöntgen, WilhelmRumford, conde

[Benjamin Thompson]Rutherford, ErnestSchrödinger, ErwinSommerfeld, ArnoldStokes, GeorgeTorricelli, EvangelistaVan’t Hoff, Jacobus

Whitehead, Alfred NorthWittgenstein, Ludwig

Matemática

Abel, Niels HenrikAlberti, Leone BattistaAlembert, D’Alhazen [Ibn al-Haytham]Ampère, André-MarieArquimedesBabbage, CharlesBaghdadi, al- [Abu Mansur]Banach, StefanBanu MusaBernoulli, DanielBernoulli, Jakob IBernoulli, Jakob IIBernoulli, Johann IBernoulli, Johann IIBernoulli, Johann IIIBernoulli, Nikolaus IBernoulli, Nikolaus IIBiruni, al-BoécioBoltzmann, LudwigBolyai, JánosBolzano, BernardBoole, GeorgeBourbaki, NicolasBrouwer, LuitzenBrunelleschi, FilippoCantor, GeorgCardano, GirolamoCarnot, LazareCartan, ÉlieCauchy, Augustin-LouisCavalieri, BonaventuraCayley, ArthurChebyshev, PafnutyCh’in Chiu-ShaoChu Shih-ChiehClifford, WilliamCondamine, LaCondorcet, marquês deDedekind, RichardDescartes, RenéDiofanto de AlexandriaDirichlet, GustavDürer, AlbrechtEuclidesEuler, LeonhardFermat, Pierre deFerro, ScipioneFibonacci, LeonardoFourier, Jean BaptisteFrege, GottlobFriedmann, AleksandrGalois, EvaristeGauss, Carl FriedrichGermain, SophieGödel, Kurt FriedrichHabash al-HasibHadamard, JacquesHamilton, William RowanHilbert, DavidHiparco

HipátiaHopf, HeinzHuygens, ChristiaanJacobi, Carl GustavKamal al-DinKaraji, al-Kashi, al-Khayyami, al-

[Omar Khayyam]Klein, FelixLagrange, Joseph LouisLaplace, Pierre-SimonLebesgue, Henri LéonLegendre, Adrien-MarieLeibniz, Gottfried WilhelmLeonardo da VinciLi ChihLie, SophusLiouville, JosephLiu HuiLobachevsky, NikolaiLyapunov, AleksandrMarkov, AndreiMaupertuisMinkowski, HermannNapier, JohnNeumann, Johann vonNewton, IsaacNicolau de CusaNoether, EmmyPappus de AlexandriaPascal, BlaisePeano, GiuseppePearson, KarlPeirce, CharlesPitágorasPoincaré, HenriPoisson, Siméon-DenisPtolomeuRamanujan, Srinivasa AaiyangarRiemann, BernhardRussell, BertrandSaccheri, Giovanni GirolamoSamawal, al-Sommerfeld, ArnoldStokes, GeorgeTartaglia, NiccolóThabit ibn QurraTorricelli, EvangelistaTuring, AlanTusi, al- [Nasir al-Din]Viéte, FrancoisVolterra, VitoWeierstrass, KarlWeyl, HermannWhitehead, Alfred NorthWiener, NorbertWren, ChristopherYang HuiYunus, IbnZermelo

Mecânica

ArquimedesBernoulli, Jakob ICarnot, Lazare

Í N D I C E D E D I S C I P L I N A S

895

Coulomb, CharlesEuler, LeonhardHamilton, William RowanKhazini, al-Lagrange, Joseph LouisLeonardo da VinciLyapunov, AleksandrMersenne, MarinTartaglia, Niccoló

Medicina

Averroes [Ibn Rushd]Avicena [Ibn Sina]Bernard, ClaudeBernoulli, DanielBreuer, JosefBroca, Pierre PaulCardano, GirolamoChagas, CarlosCharcot, Jean-MartinCruz, OswaldoFabrizio, GeronimoFleming, AlexanderFludd, RobertGalenoGall, Franz JosephHahnemann, SamuelHarvey, WilliamHipócrates de CósHunayn ibn IshaqJenner, EdwardKoch, RobertLi Shih-ChenMaimônides

Malpighi, MarcelloMesmer, Franz AntonNostradamus, MichaelParacelsoPinel, PhilippeQutb al-Din al-ShiraziRabelais, FrançoisSamawal, al-Stahl, Georg ErnstThabit ibn QurraVesálio, AndréVirchow, Rudolf

Mineralogia

Vernadsky, Vladimir

ÓpticaAlhazen [Ibn al-Haytham]Bacon, RogerFresnel, AugustinGoethe, Johann Wolfgang vonHamilton, William RowanHelmholtz, Hermann vonHobbes, ThomasHuygens, ChristiaanKamal al-DinMersenne, MarinNewton, IsaacQutb al-Din al-ShiraziYoung, Thomas

PaleontologiaAgassiz, LouisHuxley, Thomas

Jefferson, ThomasTeilhard de Chardin, Pierre

PsicologiaBreuer, JosefFreud, SigmundGall, Franz JosephGalton, FrancisJung, Carl GustavMach, ErnstPavlov, Ivan

QuímicaAmpère, André-MarieArrhenius, SvanteAvogadro, AmedeoBerthelot, MarcellinBerthollet, ClaudeBerzelius, Jöns JacobBoyle, RobertDalton, JohnDavy, HumphryDuhem, PierreDumas, Jean-BaptisteFaraday, MichaelGay-LussacKekuléLavoisierLiebig, Justus vonMendeleev, DmitryMeyer, LotharNernst, WaltherOparin, AleksandrOstwald, Wilhelm

Pasteur, LouisPerrin, Jean BaptistePope, WilliamPriestley, JosephProust, Joseph LouisRutherford, ErnestStahl, Georg ErnstVan’t Hoff, JacobusWatt, James

SociologiaComte, AugusteSpencer, Herbert

TermodinâmicaBoltzmann, LudwigCarnot, SadiClapeyron, ÉmileClausius, RudolfNernst, Walther

ZoologiaAgassiz, LouisFrisch, Karl vonHaeckel, ErnstHuxley, ThomasLamarck, Jean BaptisteLinnaeus, CarlMartius, VonSaint-Hilaire, Étienne GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, Isidore GeoffroyWeismann, August

Í N D I C E D E D I S C I P L I N A S

vol. 1 - 0001-896 prol

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