usafuzvlo gamdidreba - supreme court of georgia...sabanko garantias ganixilavs, rogorc motxovnis...

usafuZvlo

gamdidreba

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erovnuli sasamarTlopraqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis ganyofileba

Tbilisi 2019

(2005-2018 wlis I naxevari)

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqosaqmeTa palatis praqtikis analizi

maia axalaZe

redaqtori

sandro jorbenaZe

stilist-redaqtori

sofio mamulaSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori

marika maRalaSvili

© saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, 2019

ISBN 978-9941-8-0909-5

Semoklebani

a.S. _ ase Semdeg

gv. _ gverdi

mux. _ muxl(eb)i

sk _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi

ssk _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi

sus(g) _ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos (gadaw-yvetileba, ganCineba)

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saZiebeli

Tavi ISesavali ............................................................................................ 5

Tavi IISesrulebis kondiqcia (mux. 976-981) .................................... 9

Tavi IIIxelyofis kondiqcia (mux. 982-985) ....................................... 98

Tavi IVgaweuli xarjebis kondiqcia (mux. 986-987) ................... 136

Tavi Vsami piris urTierTobebi (mux. 988-990) .......................... 154

Tavi VIgeneraluri daTqma (mux. 991) ............................................. 165

Tavi VIIsamarTlebrivi daskvna ........................................................ 171

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Tavi I

Sesavali

valdebulebiTi samarTlis erT-erT instituts usafuZvlogamdidreba warmoadgens. usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTlisinstituts mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kontinenturi ev-ropis samoqalaqo marTlwesrigebSi. is, rasac SemsrulebelimimRebs gadascems usafuZvlod, magaliTad, aranamdvilixelSekrulebis safuZvelze, mimRebma unda daubrunos gam-cems Sesrulebis kondiqciiT, aseve, sxvis uflebebSi Care-vis gziT miTvisebulic mimTvisebelma unda daabrunos xel-yofis kondiqciiT. Sesrulebisa da xelyofis kondiqciebi ismTavari instrumentebia, romlebic emsaxureba qonebis usa-fuZvlo moZraobis ukuqcevas.1

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali fesvebs romis samarTli-dan iRebs. am principis klasikuri formulireba, samarTli-anobis bunebidan gamomdinare aravis aqvs sxvis xarjzegamdidrebis ufleba, ekuTvnis romael iurists _ pomponi-uss. am farTo formulirebis farglebSi es sxva araferia Tuara samarTlianobis zogadi wesi. amis mixedviT ganviTare-buli calkeuli moTxovnis uflebebs dResac romis samar-TalSi gaTvaliswinebuli saproceso saxeebis mixedviT (legisactio per condictionem) ̀ kondiqciebs~ (usafuZvlo gamdidrebi-dan warmoSobili moTxovna) uwodeben.2 kreditoris moTxov-nis ufleba ar aris dafuZnebuli movalis mier romelime xel-Sekrulebis darRvevaze. igi SedarebiT abstraqtulia. ami-tom Zveli romis samoqalaqo samarTalSi cnobil abstraqtulsarCelebTan msgavsebis gamo, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sede-gad warmoSobil valdebulebebsac literaturaSi kondiqci-ur valdebulebebs uwodeben.3

1 rusiaSvili g., usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali, Sesrulebiskondiqcia, Tb, 2017, 16.

2 Snitgeri h., SatberaSvili l., usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normaTakomentari, 976, 1, GCCC.GE, 27.06.2018.

3 Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, meoTxewigni, tomi 2, 353.

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yvela marTlwesrigi samarTlis subieqtTa qcevis wess keTil-sindisierebis principze afuZnebs da am princips normati-ul koncefciad ganixilavs. keTilsindisierebis institutigansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvisda igi mTlianad kerZo samarTlis umTavres princips warmo-adgens. amisi naTeli dadasturebaa samoqalaqo kodeqsis (Sem-dgomSi: sk-is) me-8 muxlis mesame punqtis danawesi, romlisSesabamisad samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileni valde-buli arian, keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uf-lebebi da movaleobani. garda aRniSnulisa, kerZo samarTleb-riv urTierTobaTa keTilsindisierad warmarTvis valdebu-lebas samoqalaqo kodeqsis araerTi norma zogjer pirdapiradgens, xolo normaTa umravlesoba, marTalia, pirdapir aruTiTebs masze, magram mainc mas efuZneba. keTilsindisiere-bis principis ZiriTadi funqcia samarTliani Sedegebis mi-Reba da amave dros, aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan aci-lebaa, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo urTierTobaTastabilurobasa da simyares. swored keTilsindisierebisprincips emyareba usafuZvlod gamdidrebis instituti,romlis mizans warmoadgens safuZvlis gareSe, usamarTlodSeZenili qonebis (namati, upiratesoba, ufleba, SeRavaTi)amoReba, anu samarTlebrivi wonasworobis aRdgena. am insti-tutis umTavresi niSania ̀ viTom-kreditoris~ mier qonebismiReba da, Sesabamisad, misi gamdidreba samarTlebrivi sa-fuZvlis gareSe.

qarTuli samarTlis kondiqciebis sistema yvelaze metad ger-manul models enaTesaveba, rac, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTiar aris. qarTuli usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali warmo-adgens TiTqmis ucvlel asls 1981 wels haidelbergis uni-versitetis profesor detlef konigis mier SemuSavebuliproeqtisa, Tumca germaniaSi is ZalaSi ar Sesula. qarTvelmakanonmdebelma es proeqti TiTqmis ucvlelad gadmoiRo.4

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTali konigis proeqtSi dayo-filia oTx nawilad. pirveli nawili eZRvneba Sesrulebis kon-


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diqcias, meore nawili xelyofis kondiqcias, mesame nawilixarjebis kondiqcias (xarjebis kondiqcia warmoadgens gva-reobiT cnebas danaxarjebisa da regresis kondiqciisTvis),xolo ukanasknel nawilSi mowesrigebulia sam pirs Soris war-moSobili kondiqciuri urTierToba.5

Sesrulebis kondiqcia, SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc aranam-dvili Sesrulebis Sedegebis ukuqcevis instrumenti (sk-is976-e muxlis 1-li nawili), xelyofis kondiqcia absoluturisamarTlebrivi sikeTeebis dacvis instrumenti (sk-is 982-emuxlis 1-li nawili), danaxarjebis kondiqcia, sxvis nivTzegaweuli danaxarjebis anazRaurebis instrumenti (sk-is 987-e muxlis 1-li nawili) da regresis kondiqcia, rogorc sxvisiSecdomiT dafaruli valis ukan moTxovnis saSualeba (sk-is986-e muxli).

Sesrulebis kondiqcia awesrigebs aranamdvili xelSekrule-bis ukuqcevas da amgvarad warmoadgens saxelSekrulebosamarTlis danamats. xelyofis kondiqcia aris deliqturida vindikaciuri samarTlis danamati, xolo danaxarjebisada regresis kondiqcia konkurirebs davalebis gareSe sxvisisaqmeebis SesrulebasTan da aseve mis danamats. proeqtis bo-lo danawesSi mowesrigebulia sam pirs Soris warmoSobilikondiqciuri urTierTobebi (sk-is 988-990-e muxlebi) da ge-neraluri daTqma (sk-is 991-e muxli), romelic im gamonaklisSemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac sxva danawesis gamoyene-bis sferoSi ar eqcevian.6

winamdebare kvleva usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normaTa dana-wesebis (gamijvnis principis) gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve, metisicxadisa da TvalsaCinoebisTvis, swored miTiTebulistruqturis mixedviT, azogadebs saqarTvelos uzenaesisasamarTlos 2005-2018 wlebis pirveli naxevris gadawyve-tilebebs.

sasamarTlo praqtika ar aris ganebivrebuli usafuZvlo gam-didrebidan gamomdinare materialur-samarTlebrivi safuZ-

5 iqve, 81.6 iqve, 81.

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vlebiT aRZruli sarCelebiT, rac ganpirobebulia ara amgva-ri xasiaTis davebis iSviaTobiT, aramed im garemoebiT, rom amnormebs, misi Sinaarsis araerTgvarovani ganmartebis gamo,mosarCele mxare mxolod ukidures SemTxvevebSi mimarTavs.7

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samar-Tlis rTuli Tematika yovelTvis ar tovebs adgils marti-vad aRqmadi danawesebisaTvis.8

miTiTebul mizezTan erTad, qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsissakmaod ̀ axalgazrda asakisa~ da qveyanaSi samoqalaqo brun-vis ganviTarebis dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT usafuZvlo gam-didrebis normaTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb qarTuli sasamarTlopraqtika SedarebiT mwiria da am sferoSi bevr samarTlebrivproblemas, romlis gasaRebi sasamarTlo praqtikis xelSiaar an ver pasuxobs.

urTierTobis samarTlebrivi kvalifikacia sasamarTlos pre-rogativaa. mosamarTle valdebulia, samarTlebrivad sworadSeafasos saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi. sasamarTlo praq-tikis ganzogadebis safuZvelze iseTi sakiTxebis kvleva ro-goricaa: usafuZvlo gamdidrebis cneba, Sesrulebisa da xel-yofis kondiqcia, ukuqcevis farglebi, sasyidliani da usas-yidlo gankargva, sxvis qonebaze xarjebis gaweva, usafuZvlogamdidrebidan gamomdinare davebze moTxovnaTa adekvatu-ri materialur-samarTlebrivi kvalifikacia, moTxovnis sa-fuZvelTa konkurencia da sxva, xels Seuwyobs swori da er-Tgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas, rac sabo-lood swrafi, efeqturi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebas ganapirobebs.

7 berekaSvili d., usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutis momwesrigebelnormaTa integracia sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, 2008, 3.


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Tavi II

Sesrulebis kondiqcia (mux. 976-981)9

erT-erTi saqmis10 fabulis mixedviT, mosarCelesa (menarde)da mopasuxes (SemkveTi) Soris arsebobda nardobis xelSek-ruleba. mosarCelem mopasuxis satvirTo vagoni SeakeTa. mog-vianebiT mopasuxem mosarCelis teritoriaze reklamaciurimizeziT (eqsploataciaSi gamovlenili wuni) Seiyvana imavenomris mqone satvirTo vagoni (SemdegSi: reklamaciuri sat-virTo vagoni).

mxareebma Seadgines miReba-gadacemis aqti, romlis mixedvi-Tac mopasuxis mier mosarCelisTvis gadacemuli reklamaci-uri vagoni arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda adre SekeTebuli va-gonisagan da iyo ori sxvadasxva vagoni, ris safuZvelzec,reklamaciuri vagoni SeukeTeblad daubrunda mopasuxes.

reklamaciur vagonze, mopasuxem mosarCeles, gadacemidandabrunebamde periodze daaricxa 24 saaTze meti momsaxure-bis safasuri, romelic uaqcepto formiT Camoiwera mosar-Celis angariSidan da gadaericxa mopasuxes.

mosarCelem mopasuxis mier kompaniaze e.w. ̀ reklamaciuri mi-zeziT axsnil~ vagonze 24 saaTze meti momsaxurebis saxiT

9 Sesrulebis kondiqciis SemTxvevaSi pirs, romlis qonebac Semcirda,SesrulebiT surda Tavisi valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi valde-bulebis Sesruleba. Sesrulebis mimRebi imis gamo gamdidrda usa-fuZvlod, radgan ar arsebobda an gauqmda valdebulebiTsamarT-lebrivi valdebuleba. vinaidan ar arsebobs xelSekrulebidan ga-momdinare usafuZvlod miRebuli qonebrivi sikeTis dabrunebismoTxovnis ufleba, msgavsi moTxovnis uflebis arseboba saWiroebskanonismier mowesrigebas. xelSekrulebebis ukuqcevis sxva gzaswarmoadgens wesebi xelSekrulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb. yuradRebaunda mieqces imas, rom erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebodes erTi mxriv,xelSekrulebidan gasvlis wesebis mixedviT ukuqceva (mux. 352) dameore mxriv, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis samarTlis mixedviT gamdid-rebis dabruneba. miTiTebulia Snitgeri h., SatberaSvili l., usa-fuZvlo gamdidrebis normaTa komentari, 976, 1, veli 6,4., GCCC.GE,27.06.2018.

1 0 sus ganCineba, 2 maisi, 2017, #as-419-392-2017.

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daricxuli Tanxis ukan dabruneba moiTxova, im safuZvliT,rom reklamaciuri vagoni ar warmoadgenda nardobis xelSek-rulebis sagans (SekeTebul vagons), ris gamoc ar arsebobdamiTiTebuli Tanxis mopasuxisaTvis gadaxdis safuZveli. sa-kasacio palatam saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnebi arsebi-Tad sworad miiCnia da aRniSna, rom, vinaidan ar dadastur-da mxareTa Soris nardobis xelSekrulebis farglebSi sa-davo vagonis xarveziani SekeTebis faqti, Sesabamisad,reklamaciac ganxorcielda arasworad. mopasuxem mosar-Celis angariSidan 130 162 lari valdebulebiT-samarTleb-rivi safuZvlis gareSe Camowera (ar arsebobda nardobis xel-SekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli 24 saaTze meti momsaxurebisdaricxvis faqtobrivi safuZveli), ris gamoc mopasuxe usa-fuZvlod gamdidrda. sakasacio sasamarTlo daeTanxma saa-pelacio sasamarTloseul kvalifikacias, rom Tanxis ukandabrunebis moTxovna sk-is 976-e muxlis pirveli nawilis`a~ qvepunqtidan (pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebis Se-sasruleblad raime gadasca, SeuZlia, mosTxovos viTom kre-ditors (mimRebs) misi ukan dabruneba, Tu valdebuleba gari-gebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis gamo ar arsebobs, ar war-moiSoba an Sewyda SemdgomSi) da amave kodeqsis 979-e mux-lis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinareobs (ukan dabrunebismoTxovna vrceldeba SeZenilze, miRebul sargebelze, aseve,sxva yvelaferze, rac mimRebma SeiZina miRebuli sagnis ga-nadgurebis, dazianebis an CamorTmevis sanacvlo anazRaure-bis saxiT).

sainteresoa sasamarTlo praqtika Sesrulebis kondiqci-is momwesrigebeli normebis gamoyenebis Taobaze im da-vebSi, sadac moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba saban-ko garantiaa.

sasamarTlom, erT SemTxvevaSi miiCnia ra principalisvaldebuleba Sesrulebulad, Sesrulebis kondiqciismomwesrigebeli normebis safuZvelze beneficiars, prin-cipalis sasargeblod, daakisra am ukanasknelis mier ga-rantisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxa, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi,valdebulebis arajerovnad Semsrulebel principals,uari uTxra mis mier gadaxdili Tanxis dabrunebaze. (qve-moT ganxilulia es saqmeebi).

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sxva saqmis11 mixedviT, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mxareebsSoris warmoiSva nasyidobis samarTlebrivi urTierToba (ssk-is 477-e muxli), rac maT aniWebda saqonlis miwodebisa da saz-Rauris anazRaurebis ufleba-valdebulebas.12 gamyidvelma(mimwodebelma, principalma) myidvels (Semsyidvels, bene-ficiars) warudgina sabanko garantia. garantorma beneficia-ris moTxovna, principalis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri val-debulebebis darRvevis gamo, sagarantio Tanxis CaricxvisTaobaze daakmayofila da Semdeg regresis wesiT principa-lisgan moiTxova gadaxdili Tanxis anazRaureba. principal-ma moTxovna daakmayofila, Semdeg ki, sarCeli aRZra benefi-ciaris mimarT mis mier garantisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxis da-kisrebis moTxovniT, im safuZvliT, rom valdebuleba jerov-nad Sesrulda. qveda instanciis sasamarTloebma sarCeli da-akmayofiles. sakasacio sasamarTlom beneficiaris sakasaciosaCivari ganuxilvelad datova dauSveblobis gamo da aRniS-na, rom beneficiaris samarTlebrivi pretenzia, garantiisamoqmedebisaTvis principalis mxridan valdebulebis dar-Rvevaze miTiTebiT, umarTebuloa (sk-is 361.3, 879-e, 880-e mux-lebi), radgan principalis mier saxelSekrulebo valdebu-lebebi ar darRveula. sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom sk-isabanko garantias ganixilavs, rogorc moTxovnis uzrun-velyofis erT-erT saSualebas, romelic sxva uzrunvel-yofis saSualebebisagan gansxvavdeba Tavisi damoukideb-lobiT, araaqcesorulobiT, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom Zi-riTadi valdebuleba-xelSekruleba, romlis uzunvelsa-yofadac sabanko garantia gaica, gavlenas ver axdens amukanasknelze. sabanko garantia Sesasrulebelia gacemu-li pirobebis farglebSi beneficiaris moTxovnisTanave,miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara ZiriTadi valdebule-bidan gamomdinare Sesagebeli. palatis miTiTebiT, moce-mul saqmeze dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoeba principalismxridan nakisri valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis Ta-obaze, agreTve, garantoris mier sagarantio pirobebis dac-va (vada, wardgenis forma, Sesageblis gamoyenebis SeuZleb-

1 1 sus ganCineba, 10 Tebervali, 2017, saqme #as-1217-1176-2016.1 2 sus ganCineba, 10 Tebervali, 2017, saqme #as-1217-1176-2016.

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loba) sagarantio Tanxis gadaxda da aRniSnuli Tanxis reg-resuli wesiT ukumoTxovna (ssk-is 890-e), qmnis vargis samar-Tlebriv safuZvels beneficiaris mxridan usafuZvlod mi-Rebulis ukan dasabruneblad sk-is 385-e, 976.1. `a~, 991-emuxlebis safuZvelze.

sxva saqmeSi,13 mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris daido moZ-ravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. mosarCelem (gam-yidvelma) Tavisi valdebuleba mopasuxis (myidvelis) wi-naSe uzrunvelyo sabanko garantiiT. xelSekruleba miwo-debis vadebis darRvevisaTvis Seicavda SeTanxmebas pirga-samtexlos gadaxdis Sesaxeb, kerZod, yovel vadagadacile-bul dReze xelSekrulebis Rirebulebis 0.2%-s. mosarCelemgadaacila valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadas, Tumca sabolo-od Seasrula valdebuleba da pirgasamtexloc gadaixada.mopasuxem, xelSekrulebis arajerovani Sesrulebis gamo,banks mosTxova sabanko garantiis Tanxis gadaricxva, rac amukanasknelma daakmayofila.

saapelacio sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis gamotanis drossarCelis dakmayofilebis miznebisaTvis ixelmZRvanela sk-is 976-e muxliT da miiCnia, rom, vinaidan mosarCelem mxo-lod miwodebis vada daarRvia, risTvisac gadaixada pirga-samtexlo, amiT mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobaSewyda da sabanko garantiis Tanxis miRebiT mopasuxe usa-fuZvlod gamdidrda. saapelacio sasamarTlos azriT, sa-banko garantiis gadaxda ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobisa daTanasworobis princips da iwvevs mopasuxis usafuZvlod gam-didrebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabanko garantia gamouTxo-vad valdebulebas warmoadgens da garantors ekisreba bene-ficiaris winaSe misi Sesrulebis valdebuleba, Tuki benefi-ciaris dakmayofilebis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom beneficiar-sa da principals Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebidan gamom-dinare beneficiaris moTxovna Sesrulda (principalma daak-mayofila beneficiaris moTxovna), Sewyda sxva safuZvliT anbaTilia, warmoiSoba viTareba, rodesac beneficiari sabankogarantiidan iRebs dakmayofilebas ise, rom saerTod ar ga-

1 3 sus gadawyvetileba, 01 Tebervali, 2017, saqme #as-1038-999-2016.

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aCnia ZiriTadi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare moTxovnis sa-marTlebrivi safuZveli. sabanko garantiis araaqcesorulixasiaTi ar niSnavs imas, rom beneficiari uflebamosilia, da-itovos msgavsi Sesruleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi dgeba usafuZ-vlod gadaxdilis ukan dabrunebis sakiTxi, romlis moTxov-nis uflebac principals gaaCnia sk-is 976 ̀ a~ muxlis safuZ-velze.

sakasacio palatam axali gadawyvetilebiT ar daakmayofilara sarCeli, ar gaiziara qvemdgomi sasamarTlos motiva-cia mopasuxis usafuZvlo gamdidrebasTan dakavSirebiT.palatam ganmarta, rom kanonmdebloba sabanko garantias ga-nixilavs, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT saSu-alebas, romelic sxva uzrunvelyofis saSualebebisagan gan-sxvavdeba Tavisi damoukideblobiT-araaqcesorulobiT, racgulisxmobs imas, rom ZiriTadi valdebuleba-xelSekrule-ba, romlis uzunvelsayofadac sabanko garantia gaica, gav-lenas ver axdens am ukanasknelze. sabanko garantia Sesasru-lebelia gacemuli pirobebis farglebSi beneficiaris moT-xovnisTanave, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara ZiriTadivaldebulebidan gamomdinare Sesagebeli. sabanko garantiisdamoukideblobas ZiriTadi, uzrunvelyofili valdebule-bisagan (principalsa da beneficiars Soris arsebuli valde-buleba), ganapirobebs misi araaqcesoruli buneba. Tavad sa-banko garantia warmoadgens damoukidebel valdebulebas(sk-is is 881-e muxli). principalis ZiriTadi valdebulebisgabaTileba, Sewyveta an samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxvagvariSecvla, TavisTavad ar gamoiwvevs sabanko garantiis moqme-debis Sewyvetas, amitomac sabanko garantiaSi mkafiod undaaisaxos misi dakmayofilebis winapirobebi.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi, garanti beneficiaris winaSe kisrulob-da upirobo valdebulebas, ̀ mimwodeblis mier xelSekrule-bis pirobebis darRvevis safuZvelze Semsyidvelis pirveli-ve werilobiTi moTxovnisTanave 5 sabanko dRis ganmavloba-Si gadaexada garantiiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxa. sabanko ga-rantia raime daTqmas pirgasamtexlos CaTvlis an gaqviT-vis Sesaxeb ar iTvaliswinebda.

palatam miiCnia, rom beneficiarma garantiis moqmedebis va-

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daSi warudgina garants werilobiTi moTxovna principalismier ZiriTadi valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis darRve-vis gamo da moiTxova sagarantio Tanxis anazRaureba, riTacSeasrula garantiiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebuleba (sk-is885-e muxlis pirveli nawili). amdenad, vlindeba sabanko ga-rantiiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebis ganmapirobebe-li yvela wanamZRvari:

a) sabanko garantiis xelSekrulebis arseboba, romliTac ban-ki uzrunvelyofda xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas princi-palis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi;

b) principalis mier nakisri valdebulebis darRvevis faq-ti, rac sakmarisi safuZvelia sabanko garantiis amoqme-debisaTvis;

g) sabanko garantiiT dadgenil vadaSi beneficiaris moTxov-nis wardgena garantorisaTvis.

sakasacio palatis miTiTebiT, pirgasamtexlos anazRaurebaprincipalis mier ar warmoadgens sabanko garantiis moTxov-nis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis safuZvels, radgan amgvarSeTanxmebas garantia ar iTvaliswinebda da igi arc sabankogarantiis iuridiuli bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs.

sakasacio palatam ixelmZRvanela ra sk-is 385-e, 976.1. ̀ a~,991-e muxlebiT, mosarCelis miTiTeba mopasuxis usafuZ-vlo gamdidrebisa da misi mxridan miRebuli Tanxis dab-runebis Taobaze uvargis samarTlebriv safuZvlad miiC-nia.

mniSvnelovani da araerTgvarovania uzenaesi sasamar-Tlos praqtika usafuZvlo gamdidrebis, kerZod, Sesru-lebis kondiqciis momwesrigebeli normebiT im urTier-Tobebis samarTlebrivi kvalifikaciis Taobaze, romelicCuqebis an nasyidobis xelSekrulebaTa safuZvelze qone-bis iZulebiT gadacemas ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia dave-bi, sadac mosarCeleebi (rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiu-li pirebi) mopasuxe-saxelmwifosagan iZulebis gamo sa-Cuqrad gadacemuli qonebis dabrunebasa da zianis anaz-Raurebas moiTxoven. saqmeTa fabula msgavsia da ganxil-

15

vis Sedegi TiTqmis erTi da igivea im TvalsazrisiT, rommosarCeleTa moTxovna dakmayofilda. kerZod, usafuZ-vlod gadacemuli qoneba daubrunda mosarCeleebs, xo-lo qonebis dabrunebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi mopa-suxes daekisra misi Rirebuleba. mxolod samarTlebrivikvalifikacia arcTu Tanmimdevrulia. rogorc wesi, um-ravles SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba daafuZ-na sk-is 54-e, 976.1. ̀ a~, 979.2.-e, 978-e muxlebze. araTanmim-devruloba gamoixata imaSi, rom sadavo garigebis baTi-lad cnobis samarTlebriv safuZvlad erT saqmeSi sasa-marTlom miuTiTa mxolod sk-is 54-e muxli (Tumca aRniS-na, rom aseve ganxorcielebulia sk-is 85-e-86-e muxlebisSemadgenloba, magram, sakasacio palatis mosazrebiT,gamoyenebuli unda iqnas sk-is 54-e muxliT gaTvaliswi-nebuli samarTlebrivi danawesi), sxva saqmeSi ganacxada,rom sadavo garigebis baTilobis miznebisaTvis ikveTeba,rogorc iZuleba (sk-is 85-e da 86-e muxlebi) ise amoralu-roba (sk-is 54-e muxli).14

samoqalaqo saqmeSi15 sarCelis sagans Cuqebis baTiloba dazianis anazRaureba warmoadgenda. sadavo Cuqebis xelSekru-lebis safuZvelze mosarCelem saxelmwifos usasyidlod sa-kuTrebaSi gadasca xazobrivi nageboba _ gazsadeni. saapela-cio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sadavo Cuqebis xelSekru-lebiT dairRva, rogorc kanoniT dadgenili wesebi da akrZal-vebi, aseve-sajaro wesrigi, vinaidan garigeba daido ara Ta-visufali nebis pirobebSi, aramed sajaro moxelis mier sam-saxurebrivi uflebamosilebis gadametebis Sedegad.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, vinaidan Cuqebis sagani aRariricxeba saxelmwifos sakuTrebad da igi kerZo piris sa-kuTrebaa. Sesabamisad, ver pirvandeli mdgomareoba ver aR-dgeba. sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis samarTlebriv safuZ-vlad gamoiyena sk-is 976-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ pun-qti, aseve, sk-is 979-e muxlis meore nawili (Tu ukan dabrune-ba SeuZlebelia gadacemuli sagnis mdgomareobis gamo an, Tu

1 4 ixile qvemoT kvlevaSi konkretuli SemTxvevebi.1 5 sus ganCineba, 25 maisi, 2016, saqme #as-225-215-2016.

16

mimRebs raime mizeziT ar SeuZlia sagnis ukan dabruneba, ma-Sin man unda aanazRauros misi saerTo Rirebuleba) da mopa-suxe-ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosdaakisra Cuqebis xelSekrulebis sagnis Rirebuleba mo-sarCelis sasargeblod.

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamar-Tlos daskvnebi saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebsa da samar-Tlebriv kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT da miuTiTa, romaiZules Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadeba mosarCeles iZule-bas, romelic amavdroulad, marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmede-bacaa, radganac am dros irRveva sajaro wesrigi-samoqalaqobrunvis fundamenturi principebi (sk-is 54-e muxli). moce-mul SemTxvevaSi, Seilaxa mosarCelis sakuTrebis ufleba _misi kuTvnili, xazobrivi nageboba _ gazsadeni, gadavida sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebaSi. amdenad, marTalia, sk-is 54-e da 85-86.1.-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli orive Semadgenlobaganxorcielebulia, magram konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sakasa-cio palatis mosazrebiT, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes sk-is 54-emuxliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTlebrivi danawesi.

sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom kondiqciuri valdebule-bis warmoSobisaTvis unda gamoikveTos erTi piris gam-didreba meoris xarjze da aseTi gamdidreba samarTleb-riv safuZvels moklebulia, romelic an Tavidanve ar arse-bobda, an SemdgomSi moiSala. amasTan, mniSvneloba ara aqvs imgaremoebas, Tu risi Sedegia usafuZvlo gamdidrebis faq-ti _ Tavad dazaralebulis moqmedebis, gamdidrebulis moq-medebis Tu mesame pirTa moqmedebis Sedegad maTi nebis sawi-naaRmdegod, aseve, ar aqvs mniSvneloba am samarTalurTier-TobaSi monawile subieqtTa braleulobas, keTilsindisiere-basa da maT mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis marTlzo-mierebasa Tu marTlwinaaRmdegobas. kondiqciuri valdebu-lebis arsebobis samarTlebrivi safuZvliT, sarCelis dasak-mayofileblad mniSvnelovania, dadgindes mxolod obieqtu-ri Sedegi, rac gulisxmobs erTi piris mier meore piris xar-jze raime samarTlebrivi sikeTis SeZenas (dazogvas) Sesaba-misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobis gareSe, aseve, au-cilebelia gamdidreba sxvis xarjze, ris Sedegadac erTi pi-ris qoneba meore piris qonebis Sesabamisi Semcirebis xarjze

17

izrdeba.

sakasacio palatis azriT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institu-tis normebi aRWurvilia dacviTi funqciiT, uzrunvelyofsra arauflebamosili subieqtisagan usafuZvlod miRebuliqonebis amoRebas da misi uflebamosili pirisaTvis gadace-mas. Sedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT, samarTlisaTvis araviTarimniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ra saSualebiT gamdidrda piri _ mii-Ro Tu dazoga qoneba. faqti erTia _ viTom kreditoris qo-nebriv sferoSi aRmoCnda qoneba, romelsac iq arsebobis sa-marTlebrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia da, aqedan gamomdinare,eqvemdebareba uflebamosili pirisaTvis dabrunebas.

sakasacio palatam miiCnia, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebismizani aris samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe SeZenili qo-nebis (romelSic unda vigulisxmoT uflebis an garkveuliSeRavaTis, upiratesobis) amoReba, riTac unda uzrunvel-yofil iqnes samarTlianobis aRdgena, anu im mdgomareobisaRdgena, romelic iarsebebda arauflebamosili piris mierdazaralebulis xarjze garkveuli SeRavaTis, uflebis, upi-ratesobis miRebamde. Sesabamisad, Secilebis ganxorciele-bis momentidan, mosarCelis mier nebis gamovlena iTvlebabaTilad, rac gulisxmobs im samarTlebrivi Sedegis gauqme-bas, rac am garigebas mohyva. sarCelis dakmayofilebis miz-nebisaTvis arsebiTia sk-is 978 muxli (`pirs, romelic meorepirs gadascems raimes ara valdebulebis Sesasruleblad,aramed iZulebis an muqaris safuZvelze, SeuZlia, moiTxo-vos misi ukan dabruneba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mim-Rebs ufleba hqonda gadacemulze~) da 979-e muxlis me-2 na-wili (Tu ukan dabruneba SeuZlebelia gadacemuli sagnismdgomareobis gamo an... maSin man unda aanazRauros misi saer-To Rirebuleba..).

aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul davaSi mopasuxem wamoayena moT-xovnis Semaferxebeli Sesagebeli da miuTiTa moTxovnis xan-dazmulobaze, rac sakasacio pretenziis saganic iyo. sakasa-cio palatam miiCnia, rom garigebis baTilobis xandazmulo-baze kasatoris msjeloba ar warmoadgens, samarTlebrivadvargis pretenzias, gamomdinare iqidan, rom Secilebisa daxandazmulobis vadebi gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi cnebe-

18

bia. arc sk-is 54-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ucilod baTiligarigebis baTilad cnobas, arc usafuZvlo gamdidrebidangamomdinare ukumoTxovnas ar gaaCnia samoqalaqo kodeqsissaxelSekrulebo, uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebuli an sxvaraime specialuri xandazmulobis vadebi. Sesabamisad, maT mi-marT moqmedebs xandazmulobis saerTo _ 10-wliani vada, racmosarCeles Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadebidan sarCelisaRZvramde, daculi aqvs.

zemoT miTiTebuli saqmis analogiurad gadawyda msgavsi da-va16 ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosa (mo-pasuxe) da mosarCeles Soris, romelSic es ukanaskneli, sa-ministrosaTvis muqaris gavleniT gadacemuli gazsadenis Cu-qebis gamo, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas iTxovda.

saapelacio sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia, rom CuqebisxelSekrulebis dadebisas mosarCeles faqtobrivad ar sur-da nivTis gankargva, xolo garegnulad gamovlenili neba arasaxavda nebis gamomvlenis namdvil, Sinagan, motivirebulnebas, razec miuTiTebda is garemoeba, rom garigeba daidosajaro moxelis mier samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis ga-dametebis Sedegad. Cuqebis xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniTmosarCelis iZulebis faqti ki, saapelacio sasamarTlos mo-sazrebiT, adasturebs marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebas,romliTac irRveva sajaro wesrigi. palatam daadgina, rom,mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Seilaxa mosarCelis sakuTrebis uf-leba _ misi kuTvnili uZravi qoneba gadavida saxelmwifossakuTrebaSi. saapelacio sasamarTlos azriT, gaformebuliCuqebis xelSekrulebis baTiloba da aRniSnuli baTili ga-rigebis safuZvelze mosarCelis sakuTrebidan uZravi niv-Tis gasvla udavod metyvelebs, rom mosarCeles, usafuZvlogamdidrebis normebidan gamomdinare, unda warmoSoboda niv-Tis ukan dabrunebis moTxovnis ufleba, Tumca ramdenadacmiTiTebuli nivTi gankargulia mesame pirTa sasargeblod,e.i. SeuZlebelia misi dabruneba, sk-is 979-e muxlis me-2 nawi-lis danawesidan gamomdinare, igi uflebamosilia, moiTxo-vos nivTis saerTo Rirebulebis anazRaureba. pirveli in-

1 6 sus ganCineba, 31 ianvari, 2017, #as-761-729-2016.

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stanciis sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli da gadaw-yvetilebis samarTlebriv safuZvlad miuTiTa sk-is 54-e,976.1. ̀ a~, 979.2.-e muxlebze. gadawyvetileba ucvlelad da-tova rogorc saapelacio, aseve- sakasacio sasamarTlom.

erT-erT saqmeSi17 mosarCelem uZravi qoneba aCuqa saxelmwi-fos (xelSekruleba gaformda sakrebulos warmomadgenel-Tan). mogvianebiT ki, sarCeli aRZra municipalitetis mimarTCuqebis baTilad cnobisa da sadavo uZrav qonebaze sakuTre-bis aRdgenis moTxovniT. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyve-tilebiT sarCeli dakmayofilda. dadgenili faqtobrivi ga-remoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisas saapelacio sasamar-Tlom ixelmZRvanela sk-is 54-e, me-8.3 muxlebiT da miiCnia,rom yovelTvis, roca garigebis erT-erTi monawile aris sa-xelmwifo, romelic, misi statusidan da SesaZleblobebidangamomdinare, miiCneva garigebaSi e.w. ̀ Zlier mxared~, am gari-gebis dadebisas mxareTa Soris urTierTobaSi ndobisa da ke-Tilsindisierebis standarti Zalian maRali unda iyos, gan-sakuTrebiT maSin, roca aSkaraa, rom umeteswilad sworedsaxelmwifo iRebs sargebels garigebidan, ̀ susti mxaris~ (ker-Zo piris) xarjze, amitom amgvari ̀ susti mxarisagan~ garige-bis baTilobaze miTiTebisas, swored saxelmwifos ekisrebamtkicebis tvirTi _ daadasturos, rom garigeba SeesabamebakanoniT dadgenil wess (anu _ daculia mxareTa kerZo avto-nomiis principi da uzrunvelyofilia sk-is 319-e muxlis 1-li nawiliT ganmtkicebuli, xelSekrulebis dadebisa da misipirobebis Tavisuflad gansazRvris ufleba), ar ewinaaRmde-geba sajaro wesrigs (anu _ sazogadoebrivi marTlwesrigisSemadgenel fundamentur, socialuri da ekonomikuri samar-Tlianobis da stabilurobis ganmapirobebel sikeTeebs) dazneobis normebs (anu _ sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod aRiare-bul faseulobebs da gonieri, samarTliani, obieqturi ada-mianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevis wesebs). mopasuxem ver da-amtkica, rom igi, sadavo Cuqebis dadebisas, moqmedebda ke-Tilsindisierad, kanoniT dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad, darom, mosarCeles namdvilad surda ̀ sadavo qonebis~ misTvisusasyidlod gadacema.

1 7 sus ganCineba, 28 aprili, 2017, #as-224-213-2017.

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sakasacio sasamarTlom dauSveblad cno ra mopasuxis (muni-cipalitetis) sakasacio saCivari, gaiziara saapelacio sasa-marTlos mosazreba, rom sasarCelo moTxovnis, rasac Cuqe-bis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba warmoadgenda, dakmayo-filebas safuZvlad daedo mesakuTris namdvili nebis arar-seboba, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom sworad ixelmZRvanela sk-is 54-e muxliT misi baTilad cnobis miznebisaTvis.

sakasacio palatam gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvnaCuqebis xelSekrulebis dadebis mizniT mosarCelze iZule-bis ganxorcielebis Taobaze da ganmarta, rom sadavo gari-gebis baTilobis miznebisaTvis ikveTeba, rogorc iZule-ba (sk-is 85-e da 86-e muxlebi) ise, amoraluroba (54-e mux-----li) da miiCnia, rom baTilad cnobis Sedegad, sadavo uZ-----ravi qonebis ukan dabrunebis samarTlebriv nawilSi,moTxovna unda dakmayofildes kondiqciuri valdebu-----lebis momwesrigebeli normebis dacviTi funqciis far-----glebSi (sk-is 978-e muxli).

erovnuli sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis Tvalsazri-siT, araerT saintereso daskvnasa da mosazrebas (maT SorisusafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-rebiT) Seicavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi pa-latis gadawyvetileba.18

rezonansul saqmeSi, romelic didi palatis ganxilvis saga-ni gaxda, mosarCeleTa moTxovnas telekompaniis wilebzeiZulebiT dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekrulebebis baTiladcnoba da sakuTrebis uflebis aRdgena/dabruneba warmoad-genda. didi palatis gadawyvetilebiT mosarCeleTa miTiTe-buli moTxovna dakmayofilda, sasamarTlom gaauqma sadavowilebze mopasuxeTa registracia da maT mesakuTred mosar-Celeebi cno.

samive instanciis sasamarTlom daakmayofila mosarCeleTamoTxovna, Tumca maT moTxovnis dakmayofilebis sxvadasxvasamarTlebriv safuZvlebze miuTiTes.

1 8 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, #as-664-635-2016.

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saapelacio sasamarTlom, sk-is 8.3, 319.1 muxlebze miTiTe-biT, aRniSna, rom sk-is 54-e muxli amoralur garigebebTanmimarTebiT Seicavs mxolod im daTqmas, rom igi aris garige-ba, romelic arRvevs zneobis normebs. gansxvavebiT gavle-nis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad an iZulebiT dadebuli ga-rigebebisagan (sk-is 55-e, 85-e muxlebi), garigebis amoralu-rad miCnevisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris im garemoebaTadadgena-dadastureba, ramac ganapiroba am garigebis da-deba. sakmarisia, arsebobdes disproporcia xelSekrule-bis mxareebis mier nakisr valdebulebaTa Soris, rom sa-samarTlom igi miiCnios amoralur garigebad. Sesabamisad,SeuZlebelia, garigebis amoraluri bunebis gamoricxva imisgamo, rom ar dgindeba erT mxareze meore mxaris mier ganxor-cielebuli iZulebis faqti.19

saapelacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saqalaqo sasamarTlomgamoiyena kanoni, romelic unda gamoeyenebina, kerZod, sk-is976-991-e muxlebi usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sesaxeb. ̀ zogadiwesis mixedviT, garigebis monawileebma erTmaneTs unda da-ubrunon yvelaferi, rac maT baTili garigebiT miiRes, Tum-ca am wesidan mravali gamonaklisi arsebobs, amitom samoqa-laqo kodeqsi am sakiTxebs awesrigebs usafuZvlo gamdidre-bis normebis safuZvelze~.20

didma palatam mosarCeleTa moTxovnis samarTlebriv sa-fuZvlad kondiqciuri samarTlis normebis gamoyenebausafuZvlod CaTvala. palatam aRniSna, rom, gansaxilvelSemTxvevaSi, ziani gamovlenilia da is gamowveulia mosarCe-leTa sakuTrebis xelyofiT. qveda instanciis sasamarTlo-ebma sarCelSi miTiTebul faqtebsa da mosarCeleTa axsna-ganmartebebs ar misces swori iuridiuli kvalifikacia. mo-sarCelem, rogorc sarCelSi, ise sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros,dawvrilebiT aRwera masze ganxorcielebuli iZuleba da ne-bis gamovlenaSi aSkara da uxeSi Carevis Sedegad mosarCele-

1 9 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, saqme #as-664-635-2016. &99.14.

2 0 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, saqme #as-664-635-2016. &99.16.

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Ta ̀ upirobod daculi faseulobis~, sakuTrebis xelyofisgaremoebebi.21

didma palatam ganmarta,22 rom is samarTlebrivi Sedegi, rom-lis miRwevac surs mosarCeles (telekompaniis wilebze sa-kuTrebis uflebis aRdgena/dabruneba), am ukanasknelis mi-er miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,sk-is 992-e (`piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego,ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, val-debulia, aunazRauros mas es ziani~), 998-e (~Tu zianis dadgo-maSi monawileobs ramdenime piri, isini pasuxs ageben, rogorcsolidaruli movaleebi. zianisaTvis pasuxs agebs ara martois, vinc igi uSualod miayena, aramed isic, vinc is daiyolia anmisi xelSemwyobi iyo, aseve isic, vinc Segnebulad isargeblasxvisTvis miyenebuli zianiT~) da 408.1-e (`im pirma, romelicvaldebulia, aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgoma-reoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaure-bis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba~) muxlebis Semadgenlobi-dan gamomdinareobs.

didma palatam ar gaiziara ra saapelacio sasamarTlos Sefa-seba sk-is 54-e muxlis ganmartebis Taobaze, aRniSna, romam normas avtonomiuri funqcia ar gaaCnia, is definici-uria da konkretul samarTlebriv Sedegs ar iTvaliswi-nebs.23 gasaCivrebuli ganCinebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlomzneobis sawinaaRmdegod, gasakicx qmedebad miiCnia mxareTaSoris gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi nasyidobis fasis Seu-sabamobis gamo. didi palatis ganmartebiT, martooden gari-gebis amoralurobis zogadi normis gamoyeneba arasakmarisiada am normis saapelacio sasamarTloseuli interpretaciaaradamajerebeli, radganac ewinaaRmdegeba samoqalaqo brun-vis principebs. didi palatis azriT, mcdaria saapelacio sa-samarTlos Sefaseba, rom sk-is 54-e muxli, amoralur garige-bebTan mimarTebiT, Seicavs mxolod im daTqmas, rom igi aris

2 1 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, saqme #as-664-635-2016. &190.

2 2 iqve, &184.2 3 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, saqme #as-664-635-

2016. &208.

23

garigeba, romelic arRvevs zneobis normebs da gavlenis bo-rotad gamoyenebis Sedegad an iZulebiT dadebuli garige-bebisagan (sk-is 55-e da 85-e muxlebisagan) gansxvavebiT, misiamoralurad miCnevisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris im garemoeba-Ta dadgena-dadastureba, ramac ganapiroba misi dadeba. ase-Ti ganmarteba ewinaaRmdegeba xelSekrulebis dadebisa damisi Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebis princips. saapela-cio sasamarTlos im daskvnis gaziareba, rom ̀ sakmarisia, ar-sebobdes disproporcia xelSekrulebis mxareebis mier na-kisr valdebulebaTa Soris~, raTa garigeba amoralurad iq-nes miCneuli, xels SeuSlis samoqalaqo brunvis normalurganviTarebasa da stabilurobas, radganac xelSekrulebisarakeTilsindisier mxares, saTanado winapirobebis ararse-bobis pirobebSic ki, SeeZleba, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.24

didma palatam aRniSna, rom mesakuTris mier nivTze sakuT-rebis (mflobelobis) dakargvisas, misi kanoniT daculi in-teresebis dacva SesaZloa, rogorc sanivTo (savindikacio),ise valdebulebiT _ saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrule-bo (deliqturi) an kondiqciuri sarCelebiT.25 (moTxovnis sa-fuZvelTa konkurencia). moTxovnis safuZvelTa konkuren-ciis dros, moTxovnis samarTlebriv safuZvelTagan erT-erTis gamoyeneba sasamarTlos uflebamosileba da val-debulebaa26 .



2 6 sus didi palatis gadawyvetileba, 2 marti, 2017, saqme #as-664-635-2016. &220. iqve miTiTebulia: l. Wanturia, `samoqalaqo samarTliszogadi nawili~, Tb., 2011, 132; h. biolingi/p.lutringhausi, saqarT-velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sis-temuri analizi~, Tbilisi-bremeni, 2004-2009, 14., q. qoCaSvili, `moT-xovnis safuZvelTa konkurencia ukanono mflobelobidan nivTisgamoTxovisas~, Tb, 2012, 280; s.CaCava, `moTxovnebis da moTxovnissafuZvlebis konkurencia kerZo samarTalSi~, sad.naSr., Tsu, 2010,39; s.henSeli, `samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika~, Tb., 2009,84; b.zoiZe, `saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxis-mgebloba samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizSi~, Tb.,1984, 194.

24

didi palatis azriT,27 ̀ Tuki iZulebisa da motyuebis safuZ-velze, Semcilebel pirs adgeba ziani, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ro-gorc iZuleba, ise, motyueba unda ganvixiloT ara marto, ro-gorc garigebis baTilobis saxelSekrulebo garemoebani, ara-med, rogorc dauSvebeli moqmedebanic...~, ̀ iZuleba imdenadaSkarad da uxeSad xelyofs nebis Tavisuflebis mdgomareobas,rom zogjer igi deliqtis saxesac Rebulobs~, ̀ ...Sesabamisad,unda gamoviyenoT 408-e da 992-e muxlebis wesebi. zianis anaz-Raureba unda moxdes misgan damoukideblad, nebis gamovlenaSecilebulia Tu ara. amdenad, moTxovna zianis anazRaurebazeSeiZleba wardgenil iqnes erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdegac~.28

didma palatam miiCnia, rom kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi Seci-lebis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSic, Tuki ikveTebapiris nebis Tavisufal formirebaSi aSkara da uxeSi Care-va, dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs, zianis anazRaurebaze moT-xovna daafuZnos deliqtur normebs.29

didi palatis daskvniT, mosarCeleebs ufleba aqvT, wilisregistrirebul mesakuTreebs, romlebic solidaruli mova-leebi arian, mosTxovon zianis naturiT anazRaureba (sk-is465-e da 998.2-e muxlebi).30

mosarCeleebis moTxovnis (wilebze sakuTrebis uflebis aR-dgena (dabruneba)), gaTvaliswinebiT, didma palatam sasamar-Tlo praqtikaze dayrdnobiT31 /32 aRniSna, rom aRZrulia mi-kuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCeli. moTxovnis safuZvlebisdadgenisa da Semowmebis Semdeg garigebebis baTiloba faq-


2 8 zoiZe b., `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari~, wignipirveli, Tb, 2001, 246, 252.



3 1 sus didi palatis 2016 wlis 17 martis ganCinebis daskvnebi 55-56-epunqtebSi, saqme #as-121-117-2016.


25

tobriv winapirobad unda iqnes miCneuli da ara damoukide-bel moTxovnad. Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucionawilSi swored aRsrulebiTi sarCelis ganxilvis Sedegi daara konkretul garigebaTa baTilad cnoba mieTiTeba, radganTavisTavad garigebis baTilad cnoba ar iwvevs raime iuridi-ul Sedegs, Tuki wminda samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT aRia-rebiTi sarCeli ar ixileba.

mosarCelis moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis SemowmebasasamarTlos prerogativaa, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mierkanonis normis moZieba, romelic gansazRvruli Semadgenlo-bis niSnebis arsebobisas erT mxares aniWebs uflebas, meoremxarisagan moiTxovos Sesruleba, moqmedeba an Tavis Sekave-ba, ar saWiroebs am moTxovnis iuridiuli Sedegis miRwevisTvalsazrisiT, konkretuli garigebisa Tu aqtis baTiladcnobis moTxovnis damoukideblad dayenebas.33

saqmis fabulis mixedviT,34 sesxis xelSekrulebiT mosarCe-lem (fizikuri piri) mopasuxes (sawarmo) asesxa Tanxa im piro-biT, rom garkveuli periodis Semdeg, roca es ukanasknelidafaravda sabiujeto davalianebasa da sabanko angariSebsgaaTavisuflebda, uzrunveleyo sakuTari qonebis ganawilebagamsesxebelze. wilebi msesxebelsa da gamsesxebels Soris ga-danawilebuli unda yofiliyo Senatani Tanxis proporciu-lad, rac unda dadasturebuliyo wesdebaSi saTanado cvli-lebebis SetaniTa da sajaro reestrSi registraciiT.

palatam miiCnia, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi dadebulia ga-rigeba nebaze damokidebuli pirobiT, romelic sk-is 92-emuxliT baTilia. sabolood, sarCeli mopasuxisaTvis gada-cemuli Tanxis dakisrebis moTxovniT dakmayofilda sk-is976-e muxlis safuZvelze.

erT saqmeSi35 uZravi qonebis eleqtronuli auqcionis wesiTsasyidliani sargeblobis uflebiT mosarCeles ijariT gada-


3 4 sus ganCineba, 27 marti, 2014, #as-914-872-2013.3 5 sus ganCineba, 25 ianvari, 2017, saqme #as-1033-994-2016.

26

eca mopasuxis miwis nakveTi. mogvianebiT, mxareebs Soris val-debulebiT-samarTlebrivi urTierToba Sewyda sargeblobisuflebiT gadacemuli uZravi qonebis nivTobrivi naklis gamo.xelSekrulebis Seyvetis Semdeg mosarCelem mopasuxis anga-riSze SecdomiT Caricxa saijaro qira. sasamarTlom sarCeli,samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe Caricxuli Tanxis dabrune-bis moTxovniT, daakmayofila sk-is 976-e muxlis safuZvelze.

sxva saqmeze36 sasamarTlom memkvidreebis sarCeli daakmayo-fila sk-is 976-e, 385-e muxlebis safuZvelze da mopasuxes da-akisra mamkvidreblis mier misTvis Caricxuli Tanxa. saqmisfaqtobrivi garemoebebis mixedviT mopasuxe ar uaryofs mam-kvidreblis mier mis pirad angariSze Tanxis Caricxvis faqts,magram ganmartavs, rom aRniSnuli Tanxa man asesxa mamkvidre-bels, rac mogvianebiT am ukanasknelma gadaixada. sasamarTlommxolod bankSi Tanxis Caricxvis damadasturebeli qviTris sa-fuZvelze, romelSic Caricxvis miznobrioba ar iyo miTiTe-buli, sesxis saxelSekrulebo-samarTlebrivi urTierToba armiiCnia dadasturebulad. sakasacio palatam sk-is 361-e mux-liT daSvebuli prezumfciis gaziarebis SesaZlebloba gamo-ricxa, radganac mosarCelem SeZlo am prezumfciis gaqarwyle-ba. rac Seexeba sakiTxs, Sedis Tu ara samkvidro masaSi sadavoTanxa, palatam aRniSna, rom, rodesac Sesrulebis mimRebi veradasturebs Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi safuZvliT miRebas,bunebrivia, Sesrulebas ar gaaCnia safuZveli da saapelaciosasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mosarCeleTa sasargeblod mo-pasuxisTvis Sesrulebis kondiqciis maregulirebeli norme-biT Tanxis dakisrebis Sesaxeb ucvlelad datova.

sasamarTlos ganmarteba sainteresoa sk-is 980-e muxlTandakavSirebiT.

saqmis fabulis mixedviT,37 mosarCeleebma SeiZines uZraviqoneba (miwis nakveTi) da masze aages komerciuli daniSnule-bis Senoba. gamyidvels sakuTrebis ufleba qonebaze sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze hqonda mopovebuli, ro-melic nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebisa da SemZenis mier

3 6 sus ganCineba, 13 ianvari, 2017, saqme #as-1116-1073-2016.3 7 sus ganCineba, 30 seqtemberi, 2016, saqme #as-318-303-2016.

27

xarjebis gawevis Semdeg baTilad iqna cnobili. Tbilisis sa-qalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiis gadawyve-tilebiT, baTilad iqna cnobili aseve gamyidvelsa da mosar-Celeebs Soris sadavo qonebis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. ga-dawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi. sadavo qoneba daub-runda yofil mesakuTres-saxelmwifos. sasarCelo moTxov-na mosarCeleTa (mflobelebis) mier sadavo nakveTze agebu-li Senobis sabazro Rirebulebis mopasuxisaTvis (saxelmwi-fosaTvis) dakisrebaa.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli sruladdakmayofilda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom uZravi qonebis Se-Zenisas mosarCeleebi warmoadgendnen keTilsindisier SemZe-nebs, maT sadavo Senobis aSenebaze gawies xarjebi, Tumca, mo-sarCeleTa sakuTrebis uflebis warmomSobi dokumentis (nas-yidobis xelSekrulebis) sasamarTlos mier baTilad cnobisgamo, saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe gadaecamflobelebis xarjiT aSenebuli komerciuli farTi, rasac Se-degad miwis mesakuTris usafuZvlo gamdidreba mohyva. saka-sacio sasamarTlom mosarCeleebi keTilsindisierebad miiC-nia kasatoris pretenziis sawinaaRmdegod da gaiziara gasa-Civrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTeba imisTaobaze, rom keTilsindisiereba warmoadgens samarTlis sa-kiTxs, aqve ganmarta, rom dadgena imisa, piri ama Tu im movle-nis mimarT aris Tu ara keTilsindisieri, swored iuridiulimniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis Sefasebis Sedegad unda dadgin-des. (sasamarTlom miuTiTa sk-is 106.b. qvepunqtze).38

3 8 ssk-is 106-e muxlis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, gansaxilvel davaSi mo-nawile mxareebis mimarT sxva samoqalaqo saqmeze miRebuli, kanonierZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawiliT dadgenili faq-tisaTvis preiudiciuli Zalis miniWebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasa-marTlo unda darwmundes imaSi, rom kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyve-tilebis sarezolucio nawili efuZneba im faqtebs, romlebic iuri-diulad amarTleben mas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es faqtebi preiudi-ciulad ar miiCneva da isini unda Sevidnen mtkicebis saganSi, aseve,gasaTvaliswinebelia ssk-is 266-e muxlis daTqma, romlis Tanaxmadac,gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mxareebs, agreTvemaT uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT, xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarT-loSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi imave safuZvelze, agreTve, sadavogaxadon sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarT-lebrivi urTierTobani.

28

nasyidobis xelSekruleba, rogorc kanonis amkrZalavi nor-mis sawinaaRmdegod dadebuli, sk-is 54-e muxlisa da sarki-nigzo kodeqsis specialuri normebis safuZvelze miCneuliqna ucilod baTilad (ramdenadac kanoniT dadgenili wesisxelyofis Sedegad dadebuli garigebis Sedegi savaldebu-loa, maT Soris, sasamarTlosaTvis), romlis winaaRmdegacSemZeni ver daicva sk-is 185-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulma ke-Tilsindisierebis institutma, rac dasturdeba kanonier Za-laSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT.

amdenad, arara nebis gamovlenis pirobebSi, sajaro reestrSiganxorcielebuli Canaweris mimarT (romelsac gamsxviseblisuflebis damdgen dokumentad sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-ba edo) mosarCeleTa subieqturma damokidebulebam ver Sea-ferxa namdvili mesakuTris (saxelmwifo) uflebebis aRdge-na. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom keTilsindisiereba arc faqtisda arc samarTlebrivi urTierTobis kategorias ar miekuT-vneba (ssk-is 266-e muxli), amdenad, sk-is 8.3 muxlis konteq-stSi, miuxedavad baTili garigebis Sedegebis savaldebuloZalisa, mesame piris ndoba daculi unda iyos, rac misTvismeoradi moTxovnis uflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobaSivlindeba.

palatam nawilobriv gaiziara kasatoris samarTlebrivi ar-gumentacia imis Taobaze, rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom sk-is980-e muxlze dayrdnobiT arasworad daakmayofila sarCe-li. palatis daskvniT, saapelacio sasamarTlom davis gada-sawyvetad sworad gamoiyena moTxovnis damfuZnebeli nor-ma-sk-is 980-e muxli,39 magram arasworad ganmarta igi, rac saq-mis xelaxla gansaxilvelad saapelacio sasamarTloSi dab-runebis safuZveli gaxda.

3 9 palatam ganmarta, rom samoqalaqo davis sworad gadawyvetas mniSvne-lovnad ganapirobebs moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis zustadgansazRvra, rac sasamarTlos prerogativaa, Tumca, aseve aranaklebmniSvnelovania sasamarTlom marTebulad daadginos davis gadawy-vetisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis (mtkicebis saganSiSemavali faqtebis) amomwuravi CamonaTvali, raTa mTeli samarTal-warmoeba saZiebel faqtebze iqnes orientirebuli. samarTalwar-moebis am amocanis miRweva SesaZlebelia imgvarad, rom sasamarTlomunda moZebnos samarTlis norma, romelic miesadageba gansaxilvel

29

palatam miiCnia, rom mosarCeleebi warmoadgenen baTili gan-kargvis safuZvelze miRebuli nivTis keTilsindisier, Tum-ca aramarTlzomier mflobelebs, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebsmoTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis konkurencias: da-va gamomdinareobs posesoruli Tu kondiqciuri urTi-erTobidan. samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT mflobeloba di-ferencirebulia obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis mi-xedviT (sk-is 160-e- 164-e muxlebi), kanoni mijnavs keTilsin-disieri mflobelis moTxovnasa (160-e-161-e muxlebi) da mar-Tlzomieri mflobelis moTxovnas (162-e muxli), aseve, ara-uflebamosili keTilsindisieri mflobelis valdebulebeb-sa (163-e muxli) da arakeTilsindisieri mflobelis valde-bulebebs (164-e muxli), amasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia,rom keTilsindisieri (arakeTilsindisieri) mflobelobis in-stitutSi, arsebobs gansxvavebebi keTilsindisieri mflo-belisa da arauflebamosili keTilsindisieri mflobelisufleba-valdebulebebSi. sk-is 163-e muxlis ZaliT, rodesacaramarTlzomieri keTilsindisieri mflobelisgan nivTisvindicireba ganxorcieldeba, nivTis dabrunebis moTxovniswayenebamde mflobels ekuTvniT nivTisa da uflebis nayo-fi. masve SeuZlia, uflebamosil pirs mosTxovos im gaumjo-besebisa da xarjebis anazRaureba, rac nivTze keTilsindi-sieri mflobelobis dros iqna gaRebuli da rac ar aris kom-pensirebuli am nivTiT sargeblobiTa da misgan miRebuli na-yofiT. mflobelis braliT miuRebeli nayofis Rirebulebaunda gamoiqviTos. igive wesi vrceldeba iseT gaumjobese-bebze, romelTa Sedegadac gaizarda nivTis Rirebuleba, Tukigazrdili Rirebuleba nivTis dabrunebis momentisaTvis jerkidev arsebobda. rac Seexeba kanonismieri valdebulebis(kondiqcia) farglebSi keTilsindisieri aramarTlzomieri

SemTxvevas (mosarCelis mier miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebs).moTxovnis maregulirebeli normis aRwerilobiT nawilSi mocemu-li abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebi warmoadgens mtkicebis saganSi Sema-vali faqtebis amomwurav CamonaTvals, am gziT sasamarTlom undaSeamowmos sarCelis dasabuTebuloba, rac gamoixateba SemdegSi:unda Semowmdes mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi pasuxobs Tuara gamosayenebeli normis elementebs (Semadgenlobas). aqvesagulisxmoa, rom damfuZnebeli normis moZiebisas sasamarTlo araris SezRuduli mxareTa samarTlebrivi mosazrebebiT.

30

mflobelis uflebriv mdgomareobas, mas sk-is 980-e muxlispirveli nawili aregulirebs. miTiTebuli norma iTvaliswi-nebs kondiqciuri valdebulebis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas,roca qonebis usafuZvlod mimRebs, igi samudamod SeZeni-lad miaCnda da amasTan dakavSirebiT gansazRvruli xar-jebi gaiRo am qonebis gaumjobesebisaTvis an warmoeSvaqonebrivi danaklisi. uflebamosili piris gamoCenis Sem-TxvevaSi, mimRebi movalea, daabrunos qoneba, magram mas uf-leba aqvs, moiTxovos gaweuli xarjebis an miRebuli qoneb-rivi danaklisis anazRaureba. mimRebis mier gaweuli xar-jebi anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu movale (piri, romelsac daubrunda qoneba) amiT gam-didrda. Tu gamdidrebis faqti ar arsebobs, maSin mxolodxarjebis gaweva ar warmoSobs kondiqciur valdebulebas.gamdidrebis faqtis dasadgenad unda gairkves, Tu ra saxiTiyo nivTi gadacemuli da ra saxiT brundeba igi, anu unda dad-gindes gamdidrebis xarisxi. am faqtis dadgena aucilebelia,radgan gaweuli xarjebi unda anazRaurdes gamdidrebis ode-nobis Sesabamisad, amasTan, kondiqciurma moTxovnam ar un-da gamoiwvios gamdidrebuli piris qonebis imaze metadSemcireba, riTac igi gamdidrda. anazRaurebis valdebu-leba gamoricxulia, Tu gadacemuli sagani ar iZleva imissafuZvels, rom igi miCneul iqnes samudamod SeZenilad.

erT-erT saqmeSi,40 sadac gadacemuli sagani uZrav qonebaswarmoadgenda, sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom aseTi qonebasamudamod SeZenilad SeiZleba miviCnioT im SemTxvevaSi, TumimRebi am qonebis mesakuTred iyo registrirebuli sajaroreestrSi, radganac sajaro reestrSi uZravi qonebis mosar-Celis saxelze registracia, iZleoda imis safuZvels, rommosarCeles igi samudamod SeZenilad mieCnia.

sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sasarCelo moTxovnis sa-fuZvlad miTiTebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sk-is 980-emuxlis gamoyenebiT, saapelacio sasamarTlom sworad gadaW-ra moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis konkurenciis sakiT-

4 0 susg 30 oqtomberi, 2015, #as-303-285-2014. aseve, susgebebi: 26ivlisi, 2005, #as-243-565-05, 31 ianvari, 2012 weli, #as-1245-1265-2011.

31

xi, Tumca arasworad ganmarta igi, kerZod, saapelacio sasa-marTlom ise daakmayofila sasarCelo moTxovna qonebis sa-bazro Rirebulebis anazRaurebis Taobaze, rom ar daudge-nia gamdidrebis faqtis arseboba da misi odenoba, ramdena-dac samarTlebriv sikeTeTa usafuZvlo gadanacvlebisSedegad qonebrivi wonasworobis aRdgenas kanonmdebeliukavSirebs fulad anazRaurebas, romelic ganisazRvre-ba mflobelis (dazaralebulis) mier faqtobrivad gawe-uli danaxarjebiT gamowveuli gamdidrebiT da ara am da-naxarjebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli gaumjobesebissabazro RirebulebiT. am mxriv, sasamarTlos ar gauTvalis-winebia mopasuxis mier SesagebelSi gamoTqmuli Sedaveba, isedaeyrdno saqmeSi warmodgenil eqspertizis daskvnas Seno-bis Rirebulebis gansazRvris Taobaze, rac kondiqciuri sar-Celis moTxovnebidan ar gamomdinareobs.

saqmis fabulis mixedviT,41 mosarCelem mopasuxisgan auqci-onze SeiZina miwis nakveTi, raSic gadaixada 10000 lari. mog-vianebiT, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT nasyidobis xelSek-ruleba gabaTilda. mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxeze mis mi-er miwis nakveTis SesyidvisTvis gadaxdili 10000 laris dab-runeba. qvemdgomma sasamarTloebma sarCeli Sesrulebis kon-diqciis momwesrigebeli normebiT daakmayofiles. mopasuxemoTxovnis gamomricxveli SesagebliT apelirebda SemZenisarakeTilsindisierebaze da miuTiTebda, rom mas brali armiuZRvis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobaSi. (sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebiT SemZeni ar warmoadgenda keTilsindisiers da,gadaxdis valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo, rogorc auq-cionSi gamarjvebul piris uflebebi nakveTis SesyidvasTandakavSirebiT baTili iyo). sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, kon-diqciuri valdebulebisas kvlevas ar saWiroebs garige-bis baTilad cnobis safuZvlebi erT-erTi mxaris brale-uli moqmedebis gamovlenasTan mimarTebiT, radgan gari-gebis baTilad cnobis pirobebSi uflebamosili pirismoTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli upirobo dabrunebas eq-vemdebareba.

Sesrulebis kondiqciidan gamomdinare valdebulebisas,

4 1 sus ganCineba, 16 seqtemberi, 2016, saqme #as-565-540-2016.

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movalis pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis an gamdid-rebis kreditoris uflebis gamomricxvel garemoebad ka-nonis arcerTi danawesi am urTierTobis subieqtTa da-mokidebulebas ar adgens, ufro konkretulad, kondiq-ciuri valdebulebis arsebobisas, ar gaiTvaliswinebaarc kontrahentis keTilsindisiereba da arc braleulo-ba. am valdebulebis mizani samarTlebrivi safuZvlis ga-reSe gadanacvlebul materialur/aramaterialur qoneb-riv sikeTeTa ise aRdgenaa, romelic iarsebebda, rom arSeqmniliyo kondiqciuri valdebulebis maxasiaTebeli wi-napirobebi. qonebrivi wonasworobis aRdgenis mizniT, ka-noni gansazRvravs usafuZvlod gadacemulis dabrunebas,raTa xeli Seewyos stabilur samoqalaqo brunvas da brun-vis monawile romelime mxare imgvar mdgomareobaSi ar aR-moCndes, romelsac samarTlebrivi winapirobebi gamdid-rebis etapze ar gaaCnia. sakasacio palatis SefasebiT, saa-pelacio palatam marTebulad moiZia moTxovnis damfuZne-beli norma _ sk-is 976-e muxlis pirveli nawilis ̀ a~ qvepun-ti, marTebulad daadgina misi Semadgeneli elementebis ar-seboba: mopasuxis gamdidreba, amis Sesatyvisad mosarCelisqonebrivi danaklisi da materialur sikeTeTa amgvari gada-nacvlebis usafuZvloba.

erT-erT saqmeSi42 mosarCelem ganmarta, rom man ZalaSi Se-usvleli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, erTi mxriv, ganaxor-ciela garkveuli Rirebulebis saremonto samuSaoebi, xolo,meore mxriv, SeiZina da daumontaJa mopasuxes 441 758,63 la-ris Rirebulebis nivTi. vinaidan ganxorcielebul Sesrule-bas namdvili xelSekruleba ar edo safuZvlad, mosarCelemmoiTxova rogorc Sesrulebis, ise gadacemuli nivTis Ri-rebulebis anazRaureba. aRniSnulis sapirispirod, man saa-pelacio sasamarTlos sxdomaze ganmarta da sakasacio saCiv-riT daadastura, rom mas sahaero amomrTveli ar daumonta-Jebia, amasTan, misi qonebrivi danaklisi nivTis SesaZenad ga-weuli xarji da ara nivTia, romliTac misi mimRebi gamdid-rda. miuxedavad nivTiT sargeblobis faqtisa mosarCelis da-

4 2 sus ganCineba 9 seqtemberi2016, saqme #as-710-680-2016. (amavesaqmeze ixile sus ganCineba, 22 aprili, 2016, #as-344-329-2016.)

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nakliss warmoadgens SeZenis droisaTvis gaweuli xarji. saa-pelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli gaweuli sa-muSaos anazRaurebis nawilSi dakmayofilda, xolo dasamon-taJebeli sahaero amomrTvelebis Rirebulebis dakisrebisnawilSi ar dakmayofilda. sakasacio sasamarTlom ucvleladdatova ra saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, miuTi-Ta, rom Sesrulebis kondiqciidan gamomdinare, gamdid-rebis kreditoris moTxovna usafuZvlod gadacemulisukan dabruneba SeiZleba iyos, upirvelesad, unda Semow-mdes ramdenadaa SesaZlebelia am nivTis dabruneba (sk-is976.1 muxlis ̀ a~ qvepunqti da 979.1 muxli) da misi Rirebu-lebis anazRaurebaze msjeloba mxolod mas Semdegaa da-saSvebi, Tu damtkicdeba, rom ukan dabruneba SeuZlebe-lia gadacemuli sagnis mdgomareobis an sxva mizezis ga-mo (sk-is 979.2 muxli), amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sk-is979-e muxlis pirveli nawili adgens kondiqciuri valde-bulebis farglebs, xolo me-2 nawiliT mowesrigebuliausafuZvlod gadacemuli qonebis kompensaciis gadaxdisvaldebuleba, Tuki Tavad gadacemuli sikeTis dabrune-ba SeuZlebelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, kompensaciis odenobaganisazRvreba anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis warmo-Sobis drois mixedviT.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom kondiqciuri moTxovnis kre-ditorma (mosarCelem) xelSekrulebis farglebSi SeiZinada daumontaJa movales nivTi, rasac SesagebliT ar dae-Tanxma mopasuxe da ganmarta, rom nivTis gadacemiT igiar gamdidrebula, igi dasawyobebulia da mas ar mouxma-ria. sakasacio palatam miTiTebuli garemoebis gaTvalis-winebiT sk-is 976.1 muxlis ̀ a~ qvepunqtis, 979.1 muxlisa dassk-is 102.1 muxlis safuZvelze daaskvna, rom gadacemu-li nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis moTxovnis nawilSimosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTs warmoadgenda swored imisdadastureba, rom nivTi marTlac daamontaJa, am damon-taJebis Sedegad gaumjobesda movalis qonebrivi mdgoma-reoba da man dazoga Sesabamisi materialuri saxsrebi arausargeblod gadacemuli nivTiT, aramed misi eqspluata-ciiT.

sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom usafuZvlo gamdidre-

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bis sakiTxis maregulirebeli arcerTi norma ar adgenskreditoris uflebadamcav imgvar danawess, romelic qo-nebrivi wonasworobis aRdgenas kreditoris subieqturiinteresis Sesabamisad daadgenda (Sesrulebis kondiqci-is mizani usafuZvlod gadacemulis dabrunebaa da kom-pensacia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli obieqturiwinapirobebis arsebobisasaa dasaSvebi). kanonis amgvarineba emyareba saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis princips,romlis farglebSic kontrahenti Tavadaa ganxorciele-buli Sesrulebis negatiuri Sedegebis riskis matarebe-li. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dadgindeba, rom viTom kredi-tors gadacemuli qonebiT ar usargeblia, nivTi obieq-turad arsebobs, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia misi dabruneba,maSin kondiqciuri valdebulebis arsis sapirispirod,nivTis Rirebulebis dakisreba ara usafuZvlo gamdidre-bis gaTanabrebas, aramed movalis mdgomareobis gaumar-Tlebel gauaresebas gamoiwvevs.

sxva saqmeSi43 mosarCele mopasuxisgan iTxovs davalebisa dasesxis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadacemuli TanxebisanazRaurebas. mopasuxem moTxovnis damabrkolebeli Sesa-gebliT sarCeli ar cno da ganacxada, rom mas mosarCelesTanmiTiTebuli xelSekrulebebi ar gauformebia. ucxoeTidangadmoricxuli Tanxebi misi angariSidanaa gamotanili da masekuTvnis. qvemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebma sarCeli ardaakmayofiles, im safuZvliT, rom mosarCelem ver daadas-tura mopasuxesTan davalebisa da sesxis saxelSekrulebo ur-TierTobis arseboba. sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saape-lacio sasamarTlos msjeloba da ganmarta, rom piri, rome-lic sxvis sasargeblod axorcielebs Sesrulebas, valde-bulia, daamtkicos, rom am SesrulebiT mowinaaRmdege mxa-res mis mimarT valdebuleba warmoeSva. am wesidan gamo-naklisi aris mxolod Sesruleba samarTlebrivi safuZ-vlis gareSe, radgan valdebulebis ararsebobis mtkice-ba, Cveulebriv, obieqturad, SeuZlebelia.

imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom imsjelos usafuZvlo gamdid-

4 3 sus ganCineba, 29 ivlisi, 2016, saqme #as-177-170-2016.

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rebiT warmoSobili valdebulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, auci-lebelia, mosarCelem Tavisi moTxovna, swored, am faqts da-ayrdnos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo ar aris ufle-bamosili, sakuTari iniciativiT, Secvalos sarCelis samar-Tlebrivi safuZveli. es daarRvevs, ara marto dispoziciu-robisa da SejibrebiTobis principebs, aramed mTlianad Sec-vlis mxareTa procesualur mdgomareobas _ Tu valdebule-bidan gamomdinare Sesrulebisas mtkicebis tvirTi mosar-Celes akisria, xolo mopasuxes, mxolod faqtebis miTi-Tebis tvirTi aqvs _ usafuZvlo gamdidrebiT warmoSobilurTierTobebSi, valdebulebis arsebobis miTiTebisa damisi mtkicebis tvirTic mopasuxes ekisreba. Tu mosarCe-le moTxovnis safuZvlad valdebulebas uTiTebs, Tavadaris am miTiTebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi sa-marTlebrivi Sedegebis riskis matarebeli.

samoqalaqo davaSi mosarCelis moTxovnas44 warmoadgenda2011 wlis 2 Tebervals gamovlenili calmxrivi nebis (rom-lis safuZvelzec miwis nakveTebi gadavida saxelmwifos sa-kuTrebaSi) baTilobidan gamomdinare, sadavo miwis nakveTeb-ze sakuTrebis uflebis dabruneba. am moTxovnis samarTleb-rivi safuZvelia sk-is 978-e muxli da 979-e muxlis pirvelinawilis pirveli winadadeba: ̀ pirs, romelic meore pirs ga-dascems raimes ara valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, aramediZulebis an muqaris safuZvelze, SeuZlia, moiTxovos misiukan dabruneba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mimRebs ufle-ba hqonda gadacemulze~... `ukan dabrunebis moTxovnavrceldeba SeZenilze..~..

sakasacio palatam miiCnia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom sak-marisad ar gamoikvlia mosarCelis nebis namdvilobis winapi-robebi, kerZod, daculi iyo Tu ara nebis gamovlenis Tavi-suflebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi, pro-kuratura mosarCeleze fsiqologiurad xom ar zemoqmedeb-da da qonebaze uari Seqmnilma viTarebam xom ar ganapiroba?sakasacio sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma saapelacio palatis das-kvnas, rom, radganac muqara da ZaladobiT qonebis daTmobis

4 4 sus ganCineba 28 ivnisi, 2016, #as-42-42-2016.

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iZuleba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadi qmedebaa, samoqa-laqo samarTalwarmoebis farglebSi da gamamtyunebeli ga-naCenis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, am garemoebebis dadgena Se-uZlebelia. rasakvirvelia, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCe-nis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele deliqtiT miyenebulizianis anazRaurebas moiTxovda gamartivebuli warmoebis we-siT [ssk-is XXXIV Tavi] da mas samtkicebeli eqneboda mxolodmiyenebuli zianis moculoba, radganac yvela sxva garemoebaisedac damtkicebulad CaiTvleboda [ssk-is 30920.2 muxli],magram, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, misi moTxovna ara deliqts, ara-med usafuZvlo gamdidrebas efuZneba da, aqedan gamomdina-re, swored samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT unda dad-gindes sk-is 978-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli is faqtobriviwanamZRvrebi romelTa ganxorcielebac sarCeliT moTxovnilsamarTlebriv Sedegs ganapirobebs. palatis azriT, Tu dad-gindeba, rom sadavo miwis nakveTebze sakuTreba mopasuxemmesame pirTa aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis Sedegad dakarga,anu mas hqonda ufleba gadacemulze, maSin sk-is 978-e mux-lis bolo winadadebis safuZvelze moTxovna TavisTavad ga-moiricxeba.

erT-erT saqmeSi,45 sadac davis sagania fuladi valdebule-bis Sesruleba mosarCeleebma moiTxoves mopasuxeTaTvis imTanxis dakisreba, romelsac biznes-saqmianobis xelSesawyo-bad uricxavdnen maT. mosarCeleebma gadaricxuli Tanxebisdabrunebis samarTlebriv safuZvlad daasaxeles sesxis xel-Sekrulebidan gamomidinare valdebulebiTsamarTlebri-vi urTierToba.

qvemdgomma sasamarTloebma sarCeli daakmayofiles. saa-pelacio sasamarTlom mosarCeleTa mier mopasuxeebisaT-vis sxvadasxva dros Tanxebis gadacema sesxis xelSekrule-bidan gamomdinare valdebulebiT-samarTlebriv urTierTo-bad Seafasa. fuladi valdebulebis arsebobis/Tanxis dabru-nebis moTxovnis miznebisaTvis ki, saapelacio palatam ixel-mZRvanela sk-is 361-e muxlis meore nawilisa da 427-e mux-liT da miiCnia, rom mopasuxeebs hqondaT sarCeliT moTxov-


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nili davalianeba.

sakasacio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom kasatorTa mier ssk-is393-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaSvebi(dasabuTebuli) sakasacio pretenziaa wardgenili, rac saa-pelacio sasamarTlos mier sk-is 623-e muxlis araswor ga-moyenebasa da ganmartebaSi gamoixata.

saqmis masalebiT dadgenilia mosarCeleTa mier mopasuxeTaT-vis sadavo Tanxebis Caricxvis faqti. gadaricxvis daniSnu-leba-mimdinare xarjebi. fuli dabrunebuli ar aris. sadavoagasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom mopasuxeebTan sesxisxelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebiTsamarTlebri-vi urTierTobis arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTi mosarCeleebsekisrebodaT, miT ufro, rom im pirobebSi, rodesac mopasu-xem daadastura Tanxis sarCelSi miTiTebuli odenobiT mi-Rebis faqti da sadavod gaxada mxolod Tanxis gadacemismiznobrioba (sasesxo urTierTobis arseboba).

sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom, mocemul SemTxve-vaSi, mosarCeleebma warmoadgines sadavo Tanxis gadmog-zavnis gziT mopasuxeebisaTvis Tanxis gadacemis damadas-turebeli mtkicebuleba (fuladi gzavnilis gadaricxvisamsaxveli amonaweri), Tumca masSi raime miniSneba/miTi-Teba ar aris mxareTa Soris sasesxo valdebulebis arse-bobaze. piriqiT, gadaxdis daniSnulebad miTiTebulia _mimdinare xarjebi. Sesabamisad, im pirobebSi, rodesac sa-davoa Tanxis gadacemis daniSnuleba (samarTalurTierTobiskvalifikaciisaTvis) mxolod mopasuxeTa saxelze sadavoTanxis gadmogzavnisa da am Tanxis miRebis faqtiT, ar SeiZ-leba, dadasturdes mxareTa Soris sasesxo valdebulebis ar-seboba.

sakasacio palatis mosazrebiT, sesxis zepiri xelSekrule-bis arsebobaze miTiTebisas unda vlindebodes ara mxolodTanxis gadacema, aramed is faqtobrivi garemoebac, rom Tan-xis mimRebma misi dabrunebis valdebuleba ikisra. swored amgaremoebis arseboba ganapirobebs xelSekrulebidan gamom-dinare sapirispiro valdebulebis _ sesxis anazRaurebis

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moTxovnis uflebas. sakasacio sasamarTlom umarTebulodmiiCnia saapelacio sasamarTlos daskvna imis Taobaze, rommosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTs Seadgenda mopasuxisaTvis Tan-xis gadacemis dadastureba, rac Tavad valdebulebis arse-bobas gulisxmobs (sk-is 361-e mux.)

sakasacio sasamarTlom dadgenil faqtobriv garemoeba-Ta gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis winaaRmdeg saproceso nor-mebis darRvevis TvalsazrisiT wardgenili ar aris dasaS-vebi sakasacio pretenzia, miiCnia, rom mosarCeleTa moT-xovnis dakmayofilebis materialursamarTlebriv safuZ-vels swored mopasuxeTa usafuZvlo gamdidrebis faqtida, aqedan gamomdinare, sk-is 976-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sa-marTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe miRebulis ukan dabrune-ba warmoadgens. sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom kondiqci-uri valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis erTi piri unda mdid-rdebodes meoris xarjze samarTlebrivi safuZvlis ga-reSe, romelic an Tavidanve ar arsebobda, an SemdgomSi moi-Sala. amasTan, mniSvneloba ara aqvs im garemoebas Tu, ris Se-degad warmoiqmna usafuZvlo gamdidrebis faqti _ Tavaddazaralebulis moqmedebis, gamdidrebulis moqmedebis Tumesame pirTa moqmedebis Sedegad an ganxorcielda igi maTinebis sawinaaRmdegod. aseve, ara aqvs mniSvneloba am samar-TalurTierTobaSi monawile subieqtTa braleulobas, keTil-sindisierebasa da maT mier Cadenili moqmedebebis marTlzo-mierebasa Tu marTlwinaaRmdegobas. kondiqciuri valdebu-lebis arsebobis samarTlebrivi safuZvliT, sarCelis dasak-mayofileblad mniSvnelovania, dadgindes mxolod obieqtu-ri Sedegi, rac gulisxmobs erTi piris mier meore piris xar-jze raime samarTlebrivi sikeTis SeZenas (dazogvas) Sesaba-misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobis gareSe, aseve, au-cilebelia, rom gamdidreba moxdes sxvis xarjze, ris Sede-gadac erTi piris qoneba meore piris qonebis Sesabamisi Sem-cirebis xarjze izrdeba.

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutis normebi aRWurviliadacviTi funqciiT, uzrunvelyofs ra arauflebamosili su-bieqtisagan usafuZvlod miRebuli qonebis amoRebas da misiuflebamosili pirisaTvis gadacemas. Sedegobrivi Tvalsaz-risiT, samarTlisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ra

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saSualebiT gamdidrda piri _ miiRo Tu dazoga qoneba. faqtierTia _ viTom kreditoris qonebriv sferoSi aRmoCnda qo-neba, romelsac iq arsebobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar ga-aCnia da, aqedan gamomdinare, eqvemdebareba uflebamosilipirisaTvis dabrunebas.

sakasacio palatis azriT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis mizani arissamarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe SeZenili qonebis (ufle-bis an garkveuli SeRavaTis, upiratesobis) amoReba, riTacunda uzrunvelyofil iqnes samarTlianobis aRdgena anu immdgomareobis aRdgena, romelic iarsebebda arauflebamo-sili piris mier dazaralebulis xarjze garkveuli SeRava-Tis, uflebis, upiratesobis miRebamde.

amdenad, sk-is 976-e muxli awesrigebs iseT SemTxvevebs, ro-desac Semsrulebeli asrulebs faqtobrivad ararsebul val-debulebas, rac iwvevs pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenasmiTiTebuli normis danawesidan gamomdinare.

sabolood, saqmeze dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebiserToblivi Sefasebis Sedegad, sakasacio palatam daas-kvna, rom, gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxeebi usafuZ-vlod gamdidrdnen, xolo sarCelis dakmayofilebas war-dgenili Sesagebeli ar abrkolebs, radganac masSi araamiTiTeba dabrunebis kondiqciis Semaferxebel sk-is 976-e muxlis me-2 nawilis ̀ a~ da ̀ g~ qvepunqtebSi miTiTebuliromelime wanamZRvrebis arsebobaze.

sxva davaSi46 mosarCele iTxovs misi piradi sabanko angariSi-dan gadaricxuli Tanxis mopasuxisaTvis dakisrebas. moce-mul saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlos mier dadgeniliafaqtobrivi garemoeba imis Taobaze, rom mxareebs Sorissanotaro biuroSi gaformda nasyidobis xelSekruleba, rom-liTac mopasuxem 23,500 aSS dolaris gadaxdis sanacvlod Se-iZina bina. uZravi qoneba sajaro reestrSi aRiricxa mopasu-xis sakuTrebis uflebiT. xelSekrulebis 3.1 muxlis mixed-viT, myidvelma gamyidvels nasyidobis fasi srulad gada-uxada xelSekrulebis sanotaro wesiT damowmebamde, gam-


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yidvelma ki, miiRo nasyidobis fasi. xelSekruleba xelmowe-rilia uSualod mxareTa mier, aseve, dadgenilia, rom nasyi-dobis safasuri (23,000 aSS dolari) naRdi angariSsworebisgziT swored xelSekrulebis gaformebis dRes Cairicxa gam-yidvelis angariSze. Semosavlis orderSi Tanxis Semtan pi-rad dafiqsirebulia mosarCele. sarCeliTa da sakasaciosaCivriT mosarCele sadavod xdis gamyidvelis angariS-ze Setanil 23,000 aSS dolarze (nasyidobis safasuri) sa-kuTrebis uflebas da aRniSnavs, rom sadavo Tanxis garkve-uli nawili Tavisi danazogs, xolo sxva nawili _ pirveli me-uRlisagan danatovari.

saapelacio palatam daaskvna, rom saqmeze dadgenili faq-tobrivi garemoebebi ar qmnida Tanxis dabrunebis da, Sesa-bamisad, sarCelis dakmayofilebis sk-is 978-e, 991-e muxle-biT gaTvaliswinebul faqtobriv-samarTlebriv safuZ-vels. saxeldobr, saapelacio palatis mosazrebiT, im pi-robebSi, rodesac nayidi uZravi qoneba SeiZina mopasuxem, ardgindeboda, rom realurad uZravi nivTis nasyidobisas gari-gebis erT-erT mxares warmoadgenda mosarCele da binis gam-yidvelisaTvis sabanko operaciiT gadaricxul Tanxaze vrcel-deboda mosarCelis sakuTrebis ufleba, martooden sabankooperaciaSi mosarCelis monawileoba ki, ar iyo sarCelis dak-mayofilebisa da mopasuxisaTvis am Tanxis dakisrebis sakma-risi safuZveli, rac sarCels warumatebels xdida.

sakasacio palatis ganmartebiT, saqmeze dadgenili faq-tobrivi garemoebis kerZod, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom _23,000 aSS dolari naRdi angariSsworebis gziT xelSekru-lebis gaformebis dRes Cairicxa gamyidvelis angariSze,xolo Semosavlis orderSi Tanxis Semtan pirad dafiqsi-rebulia mosarCele _ amoqmedda prezumfcia sadavo Tan-xis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb mosarCelis sasargeblod. Sesa-bamisad, sapirispiro mtkicebis tvirTi, romliTac gamo-iricxeboda sadavo Tanxaze mosarCelis sakuTrebis uf-leba, mopasuxis mxarezea, romelic sadavo Tanxis mosar-Celis pirad angariSze moxvedris garemoebas arasarwmu-nod xsnis. sakasacio palatam miiaCnia, rom, mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi, kasatorma dasabuTebuli (dasaSvebi) sakasaciopretenzia waradgina, rac saqmis ganmxilveli saapelacio

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sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis mier sk-is 991-e muxlis aras-wor gamoyenebasa da ganmartebaSi gamoixata.

sakasacio palatam miuTiTa sk-is 317-e muxlis pirvel nawil-ze, romlis Tanaxmad, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis auci-lebelia monawileTa Soris xelSekruleba, garda im SemTxve-vebisa, roca valdebuleba warmoiSoba zianis miyenebis (de-liqtis), usafuZvlo gamdidrebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswine-buli sxva safuZvlebidan. amave kodeqsis 976-e muxlis pir-veli nawilis `a~ qvepunqtiT ki, dadgenilia qcevis imgvariwesi, romlis Tanaxmad, pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebisSesasruleblad raime gadasca, SeuZlia, mosTxovos viTom-kreditors (mimRebs) misi ukan dabruneba, Tu: valdebuleba,garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis gamo, ar arsebobs, arwarmoiSoba, an Sewyda SemdgomSi. normis miznidan gamomdina-reobs erTmniSvnelovani daskvna imis Taobaze, rom kondiq-ciuri valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis erTi piri undamdidrdebodes meoris xarjze samarTlebrivi safuZvlisgareSe.

sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo ra saapelacio sasamarTloSisaqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad dabrunebis gadawyvetileba,aRniSna, rom saqmeze dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis,saxeldobr, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom nasyidobis xelSek-rulebis safuZvelze mopasuxem 23,500 aSS dolaris gadax-dis sanacvlod SeiZina uZravi qoneba, romelic sajaro rees-trSi aRiricxa mopasuxis sakuTrebis uflebiT; agreTve, imgaremoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xelSekrulebis mixedviT,myidvelma gamyidvels nasyidobis fasi srulad gadauxadaxelSekrulebis sanotaro wesiT damowmebamde, gamyidvelmaki, miiRo nasyidobis safasuri (23,000 aSS dolari), romelicunaRdo angariSsworebis gziT mis sabanko angariSze Cairic-xa 2013 wlis 25 Tebervals; Semosavlis orderSi Tanxis Sem-tan pirad dafiqsirebulia mosarCele, gamosakvlevia, mo-sarCelis sabanko angariSidan gadaricxuli sadavo Tan-xis (23,000 aSS dolaris) dabrunebis kondiqciis arseboba,usafuZvlo gamdidrebis momwesrigebeli ssk-iT gaTva-liswinebuli samarTlebrivi safuZvliT.

sakasacio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom im garemoebis gaTvalis-

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winebiTac, rom nasyidobis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobilimyidvelis valdebuleba nasyidobis safasuris srulad ga-daxdis Sesaxeb (sk-is 477-e muxli) Sesrulda mosarCelis pi-radi sabanko angariSidan Tanxis gadaricxviT, xolo mxare-ebs sadavod ar gauxdiaT nasyidobis xelSekrulebidan war-moSobili iuridiuli Sedegi (anu nasyidobis saganze mopasu-xis sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba), saqmis ganmxilvelma sa-apelacio sasamarTlos Semadgenlobam unda Seamowmosxom ar gamoikveTa sk-is 371-e muxlis Semadgenloba, rom-lis sakanonmdeblo danawesi iTvaliswinebs uflebamosi-li piris mimarT valdebulebis Sesrulebas mesame pirismier, am urTierTobis momwesrigebel damfuZnebel nor-mebTan erToblivad. amasTan, dasadgenia faqtobrivi gare-moebebi, romlebic Seqmnis obieqtur, realur suraTs sada-vo Tanxis mopasuxis valdebulebis Sesasruleblad gadaric-xvasTan dakavSirebiT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom yoveli Ses-ruleba gulisxmobs valdebulebis arsebobas (sk-is 361-e mux-li), Tu ar dgindeba mxareTa Soris valdebulebis arseboba(sk-is 317-e muxli) da aRniSnuli arc saxelSekrulebo urTi-erTobis arsidan gamomdinareobs, maSin moTxovnis samar-Tlebrivi safuZvlis kvlevisaTvis arsebiTia usafuZvlogamdidrebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Zieba.

praqtikul SemTxvevaSi,47 sasamarTlom daadgina mxareTa So-ris formadaucveli garigebis, uZravi nivTis nasyidobis, da-debis faqti. sasamarTlom aseTi garigeba dadebis momenti-dan baTilad miiCnia [sk-is 59.1-e, 61.1.-e, 328-e da 183-e mux-lebi] da aRniSna, rom mosarCelem mopasuxis winaSe Seasrulaararsebuli valdebuleba _ samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gare-Se gadasca mas 12 500 aSS dolari. sakasacio sasamarTlos az-riT, garigeba namdvili gaxdeboda, Tu mas daasturebdnen mxa-reebi, radganac igi ar ewinaaRmdegeboda zneobis normebsada sajaro wesrigis moTxovnebs, magram ar dadasturebula,mopasuxis mxridan sapasuxo nebis ararsebobis gamo, maSin ro-desac mosarCele mzad iyo, daedasturebina baTili garige-ba, rasac, bunebrivia, Sedegad mohyveboda arsebuli samar-Tlebrivi xarvezis gamosworeba (sk-is 61-e muxlis meoTxe na-

4 7 sus ganCineba, 11 marti, 2016, #as-1005-949-2015.

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wili). mosarCelem moTxovnis gamomricxveli garemoebebisararsebobis pirobebSi (sk-is 976-e muxlis meore nawili) sav-sebiT marTebulad moiTxova gadacemulis ukan dabruneba,radganac amis Sedegad mopasuxe gamdidrda (sk-is 976-e mux-lis pirveli nawilis ̀ a~ qvepunqtisa da 979-e muxlis pirvelinawili). Sesabamisad, zemoT miTiTebuli safuZvliT sarCelidakmayofilda. mopasuxes daekisra mosarCelis mier saxlisSesaZenad gadacemuli 12500 aSS dolaris gadaxda. amave saq-meSi sayuradReboa, rom sasamarTlom usafuZvlod CaTvalamopasuxis moTxovnis ganxorcielebis Semaferxebeli Sesage-beli da miuTiTa, rom mosarCeles moTxovnis ufleba warmo-eSva im momentidan, roca misTvis cnobili gaxda, rom mopasu-xe kanonismieri memkvidreobis uflebis safuZvelze uZraviqonebis mesakuTred aRricxvis miuxedavad, danapirebis Ses-rulebasa da mopasuxisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili wesiT uZravnivTze sakuTrebis gadacemas ar apirebda. (sk-is 130-e mux-li). saqmis masalebis mixedviT sarCeli wardgenis gaTvalis-winebiT moTxovna araa xandazmuli da, aqedan gamomdinare,ganxorcielebadia.

samoqalaqo saqmeSi48 mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxisaTvisbankis meSveobiT gadaricxuli 9200 evros dakisreba. mopa-suxem Tanxa miiRo. am ukanasknelma, zepiri ganmartebis gar-da, ver waradgina mtkicebulebebi, romlebic daadastureb-da mxareTa SeTanxmebas, rom mosarCelis mier gadaricxuliTanxa warmoadgenda e.w. ̀ latariis~ (yofiT urTierTobebSi,urTierTdaxmarebis mizniT, pirTa mier Tanxis Segroveba damisi gacema latariis moTamaSe (monawile) pirebze, maTive Se-TanxmebiT, rigiTobiT) Sedegs da is ar unda dabrunebuliyo.amasTan, mxareebma verc is garemoeba ver daadastures, romsadavo Tanxa sesxis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinareobda. sa-samarTlom aRniSna, rom mopasuxis meuRles, romelic Cab-mul iqna saqmis ganxilvaSi mesame pirad, damoukidebeli moT-xovnis gareSe, hqonda saproceso SesaZlebloba, waredginamtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sadavo Tanxa Tavad ekuT-vnoda. miuxedavad amisa, verc mopasuxem da verc misma meuR-lem sasamarTlos ver warudgines mtkicebulebebi Tanxis

4 8 sus ganCineba, 29 dekemberi, 2015, #as-1051-991-2015.

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kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiT. mosarCelem mopasuxed daa-saxela piri, romelmac uSualod miiRo mosarCelis mier, ban-kis meSveobiT, gadaricxuli Tanxa, Sesabamisad, sasamar-Tlom miiCnia, rom mopasuxe iyo is piri, visac unda emtki-cebina Tanxis miRebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli, radgansxva garemoebebi, magaliTad, sesxis xelSekrulebis arsebo-ba mosarCelesa da mopasuxis meuRles Soris an am ukanaskne-lisaTvis Tanxis kuTvnileba, ar iyo dadasturebuli saqmismasalebiT. sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia Semdegi faqtob-rivi mocemuloba: 1) mopasuxis mier aRiarebuli iyo mosarCe-lisagan sadavo Tanxis miRebis faqtobrivi garemoeba. 2) mo-pasuxem ssk-is me-4, 102-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tavisi mtkice-bis farglebSi, ver daadastura Tanxis kuTvnilebis faqtida 3) ar dgindeboda mopasuxis mier mosarCelisagan 3900 ev-ros miRebis valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi safuZveli. aRniS-nulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sasarCelomoTxovnis materialursamarTlebriv safuZvels warmoad-genda mopasuxis usafuZvlo gamdidreba, kerZod, sk-is 976-emuxlis pirveli nawilis ̀ a~ qvepunqti, romelic awesrigebsiseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac Semsrulebeli axorcielebs faq-tobrivad ararsebul valdebulebas, rac iwvevs pirvandelimdgomareobis aRdgenas. gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi ki, mopa-suxe samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe Tanxis miRebiT usa-fuZvlod gamdidrda.

saqmis masalebis mixedviT,49 mosarCelem mopasuxeTa mimarTaRZruli sarCeliT 8000 aSS dolaris anazRaureba, xolo Tan-xis gadaxdamde uZravi nivTiT sargeblobis uflebis miniWe-ba moiTxova. mosarCelis ganmartebiT, man pirveli mopasu-xisgan SeiZina sadavo uZravi nivTi zepiri garigebis safuZ-velze risTvisac mas 8000 aSS dolari gadauxada. mosarCelezepiri nasyidobis garigebis dadebis Semdeg daeufla binas,miaSena da Caatara kapitaluri remonti. mogvianebiT, pirvel-ma mopasuxem sadavo bina meore mopasuxes mihyida. qvemdgomisasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli nawilobriv dak-mayofilda, kerZod, pirvel mopasuxes (yofili mesakuTre)daekisra mosarCelis mier gadacemuli Tanxis 8000 aSS dola-


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risa da miSenebisa da kapitaluri remontis xarjis, 7000 aSSdolaris. Sesabamisi laris anazRaureba, sarCeli meore mo-pasuxisaTvis miSenebisa da remontis xarjis dakisrebisa dabiniT sargeblobis uflebis miniWebis Taobaze ar dakmayo-filda. saapelacio sasamarTlom uZravi nivTis nasyidobiszepiri garigeba sk-is 183-e, 59-e muxlebis safuZvelze baTi-lad CaTvala da pirveli mopasuxisaTvis samarTlebrivi sa-fuZvlis gareSe gadacemuli Tanxis, 8000 aSS dolaris dab-runebis moTxovnis damfuZnebel normad sk-is 976-is pirve-li nawilis `a~ qvepunqti miiCnia. rac Seexeba danaxarjebisanazRaurebas, sasamarTlom moTxovnis damfuZnebel normad987-e muxli gansazRvra. sakasacio sasamarTlom ucvleladdatova saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da gai-ziara misi mosazreba meore mopasuxis (sadavo binis amJamin-deli mesakuTris) mimarT mosarCelis pretenziebis usafuZ-vlobaze. sasamarTlom saqmis masalebiT dadgenilad miiCnia,rom meore mopasuxem (binis SemZenma) sadavo qoneba misi sa-bazro Rirebulebis Sesabamis fasad SeiZina mas Semdeg, racbinis rekonstruqcia da remonti ukve Catarebuli iyo. aR-niSnuli niSnavs, rom mosarCeles SemZenis qonebaze ar gau-wevia xarji da es ukanaskneli am xarjiT ar gamdidrebula.Sesabamisad, binis amJamindeli mesakuTrisaTvis, mosarCelissasargeblod, Tanxis dakisrebis safuZvlebi ar arsebobda.saapelacio palatam aRniSna, rom sk-is 163-e muxlis mesamenawiliT miniWebuli uflebamosileba pirma SeiZleba, gamoi-yenos mxolod anazRaurebaze valdebuli piris mimarT. mi-TiTebulidan gamomdinare, meore mopasuxe (mesakuTre) araris valdebuli, mosarCeles Tanxa gadauxados da, Sesabami-sad, mis mimarT mosarCele e.w. dakavebis uflebas ver gamoi-yenebs.

saapelacio palatis mosazrebiT, asec rom ar iyos, dakavebisufleba aqvs nivTis keTilsindisier mflobels. keTilsindi-sieri mflobeli ki aris piri, romelmac ar icoda da arc SeiZ-leboda, scodnoda samarTlebrivi safuZvlis xarvezis ar-seboba. piri, romelic qonebas ucilod baTili garigebissafuZvelze iZens, ar SeiZleba keTilsindisier mflobe-lad CaiTvalos, radgan misTvis garigebis nakli imTaviT-ve, obieqturad cnobilia, amitom mosarCele sadavo qone-

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bis keTilsindisieri mflobeli ar aris da igi nivTis dakave-bis uflebasac ver gamoiyenebs.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi,50 sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia mxa-reTa Soris sasesxo urTierTobis arseboba, romlis fargleb-Sic mosarCeles (msesxebels) nakisri valdebuleba ar Seus-rulebia. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen sadavo qonebis gadacemisgziT valdebulebis gaqviTvaze, ris Sedegadac gaformdauZravi qonebis nasyidobis xelSekruleba. gamsesxebelmaSeiZina msesxeblis uZravi qoneba, romelic SemdegSi gaasxvi-sa mesame pirze. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom aRniSnuli nasyi-dobis xelSekruleba, romlis baTilobac iyo sarCeliT moT-xovnili, warmoadgenda kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad da-debul namdvil garigebas da ar arsebobda misi sk-is 56-e mux-liT baTilad cnobis safuZveli, Tavis mxriv, am garigebis nam-dviloba usafuZvlos xdida sasarCelo moTxovnas mopasuxe-ebs (gamsesxebelsa da mesame pirs) Soris dadebuli garigebisbaTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.

sakasacio sasamarTlom ucvlelad datova saapelacio sasa-marTlos gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb da ar gaiziara mosarCelis (kasatoris) mosaz-reba, rom aratolfasi Rirebulebis sikeTeTa gadanacvlebaar SeiZleboda, namdvil garigebad miCneuliyo. sakasacio pa-latam ganmarta, rom sk-is 427-e muxliT dadgenilia valde-bulebis Sewyvetis zogadi wesi kreditoris sasargeblod Ses-ruleba, amave kodeqsis 428-e muxli ki, iTvaliswinebs val-debulebis Sewyvetas kreditoris mier sxva Sesrulebis mi-RebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, savaldebuloa kreditoris Tanxmo-ba sxva Sesrulebis miRebaze. miTiTebuli norma ar ewinaaR-mdegeba sk-is 319-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ganmtkicebulxelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princips-kerZo samarTlis su-bieqtebs SeuZliaT, kanonis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadonxelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaar-si. maT SeuZliaT, dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic, romlebickanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegebamas. Tu sazogadoebis an pirovnebis arsebiTi interesebis


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dacvisaTvis xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebulia sa-xelmwifos nebarTvaze, maSin es unda mowesrigdes calke ka-noniT. Tavis mxriv, nebis gamovlena (romelic, mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi, sxva Sesrulebis miRebaze kreditoris Tanxmobaa),amave kodeqsis 50-e muxlis Tanaxmad, garigebaa, romelic sru-lad eqceva zemoxsenebuli normebis mowesrigebis sferoSi.

sakasacio palatam ssk-is 248-e muxlze dayrdnobiT (sasamar-Tlos ufleba ara aqvs, miakuTvnos Tavisi gadawyvetilebiTmxares is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti, vidre is moiT-xovda), aRniSna, rom, vinaidan mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sasar-Celo moTxovna garigebis baTilad cnobaa da sasamarTlo ammoTxovnis farglebs ver gascdeba, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebe-lia, rom procesis ZiriTadi principebis: dispoziciurobisada SejibrebiTobis (ssk-is me-3 da me-4 muxlebi) dacviT, Tu-ki damtkicdeba aratolfasi Rirebulebis sikeTeTa gada-nacvlebis (darRveuli valdebulebisa da gadacemuli qo-nebis Rirebuleba) gziT kreditoris usafuZvlod gamdid-reba, kondiqciuri valdebulebis maregulirebeli Sesa-bamisi safuZvlidan gamomdinare, mosarCeles gaaCnia Se-saZlebloba, moiTxovos usafuZvlod gaweuli danaxar-jebis anazRaureba (sk-is 976-991-e muxlebi).

praqtikul magaliTSi,51 mosarCelem sami mopasuxis winaaR-mdeg aRZruli sarCeliT moiTxova mas da meore da mesame mo-pasuxes Soris valis aRiarebis xelSekrulebis baTilad cno-ba, mas da pirvel mopasuxes Soris davalebis xelSekrulebisSewyvetilad cnoba da pirveli mopasuxisaTvis gadacemuliTanxis dabruneba. meore da mesame mopasuxe erTobliv saqmi-anobas eweodnen da ZiriTadad aSenebdnen sacxovrebel far-Tebs. pirveli mopasuxe ar warmoadgenda erToblivi saqmia-nobis monawiles. saapelacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila rasarCeli pirveli mopasuxisaTvis mosarCelis mier gadacemu-li Tanxis dakisrebis moTxovniT, daadgina, rom mosarCelempirvel mopasuxes gadasca 50 000 aSS dolari, rasac pirvelimopasuxec aRiarebs. saapelacio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, romar dasturdeba pirveli mopasuxis mier mosarCelisagan mi-

5 1 sus ganCineba, 9 ivnisi, 2016, #as-920-870-2015.

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Rebuli 50 000 aSS dolaris meore da mesame mopasuxeebze ga-dacemis an samSeneblo mizniT gamoyenebis faqti.

sakasacio sasamarTlom ucvlelad datova saapelacio sasa-marTlos gadawyvetileba da aRniSna, rom im pirobebSi, ro-desac mosarCele uTiTebs, rom man pirvel mopasuxes 50 000aSS dolari mSeneblobisaTvis gadasca da pirveli mopasuxecar uaryofs am Tanxis miRebas, pirveli mopasuxis mtkicebistvirTs warmoadgens im garemoebis dadastureba, rom misTvisgadacemul Tanxas hqonda sxva daniSnuleba, kerZod, warmo-adgenda ara samSeneblo mizniT gadacemul, aramed, sk-is 371-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mis mimarT meore da mesame mopasuxee-bis valdebulebis Sesasruleblad gadaxdil Tanxas. meoreda mesame mopasuxeebis mier mosarCelis an pirveli mopasu-xis sasargeblod valis aRiareba am garemoebis (maTi davale-biT mosarCelis mier pirveli mopasuxisaTvis Tanxis gadace-mis) damadasturebel mtkicebulebas ar warmoadgens, rad-gan valis arsebobis aRiarebiT axali xelSekruleba ideba,rac imas niSnavs, rom valis aRiarebis xelSekrulebiT dgin-deba axali damoukidebeli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi ur-TierToba, warmoiSoba axali moTxovna, miuxedavad ZvelivaldebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis arsebobisa Tunamdvilobisa. axali valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTier-Tobis samarTlebrivi Zala ar aris damokidebuli Zveli ur-TierTobis samarTlebriv Zalasa da Sinaarsze.

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara saapelacio sasamarTlosdaskvna, rom pirvelma mopasuxem mosarCelisagan 50 000 aSSdolari Sesabamisi valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi safuZvlisgareSe miiRo da aRniSna, rom mosarCelis mier pirveli mopa-suxisaTvis Tanxis gadacemis faqti eqceva sk-is 976-e muxlispirveli nawilis ̀ a~ qvepunqtiT mowesrigebis reJimSi da mi-Rebuli Sesruleba eqvemdebareba dabrunebas sk-is 976-e mux-lis pirveli nawilis ̀ a~ qvepunqtis Sesabamisad.

sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli normis danawesidangamomdinare, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebe-lia, rom erTi piri gamdidrdes meoris xarjze da aseTigamdidreba m

usafuzvlo gamdidreba - supreme court of georgia...sabanko garantias ganixilavs, rogorc motxovnis...

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