trabalho sismologia

8/3/2019 Trabalho Sismologia

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Trabalho de Investigao de Grupo (TIG) realizado nombito da Unidade Curricular Sismologia no ano lectivo

2011/2012

Ficha de Avaliao Contnua N 1Sismo do Alaska de 1964

AUTOR:

Ivo Alexandre T. Gonalves N 27367; [email protected]

REGENTE: Professor DoutorJos Manuel CorreiaRomo

LISBOA, 21 DEZEMBRO DE 2011


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Capitulo I Enquadramento Terico....................................................................5

1.Introduo.....................................................................................................6

2.Conceitos Base...........................................................................................6

3.Percepo do Risco.....................................................................................64.Questo Central..........................................................................................8

5.Questes de Investigao.............................................................................8

6.Hipteses...................................................................................................8

Captulo II - Aplicao da metodologia de avaliao de riscos..................................9

1.Identificao da metodologia.........................................................................9

2.Identificao dos perigos............................................................................13

Captulo III - Avaliao dos riscos......................................................................14

Captulo IV - Gesto do Riscos..........................................................................16

1.Chuvas Intensas.....................................................................................16

2.Porto Martimo.......................................................................................16

3.Redes...................................................................................................16

4.Reserva Natural.....................................................................................16

5.Centro Histrico.....................................................................................17

6.Parque Industrial (industrias abrangidas pelo nvel superior de perigosidade)..17

7.Diversas comunidades............................................................................17

8.Risco Ssmico........................................................................................17

Concluses....................................................................................................18

Bibliografia.....................................................................................................19

ndice de IlustraesIlustrao 1 - Grau de Risco...........................................................................9Ilustrao 2 - Tabela de Severidade.............................................................10Ilustrao 3 - Tabela Probabilidades.............................................................11Ilustrao 4 - Matriz de Risco.......................................................................11


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Capitulo I Enquadramento Terico


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1.IntroduoO presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no mbito da disciplina de Sismologia da

Licenciatura de Gesto da Segurana e Proteco Civil, realizada no Instituto Superiorde Lnguas e Administrao de Lisboa.

O objectivo do trabalho consiste na apresentao e caracterizao de um sismo

escolhido pelo aluno, sendo o escolhido neste caso o sismo do Alaska de 1964. A

metodologia de anlise de risco ser aplicada numa cidade fictcia onde o objectivo

ser saber, dos riscos existentes, aps a deteco dos mesmos, qual deles que tem

uma maior probabilidade de ocorrncia e criar um mtodo de sensibilizao

populao.

2.Conceitos Base

Sismo Os sismos, tremores ou abalos de terra, so caracterizados por movimentosvibratrios bruscos das camadas superiores da superfcie terrestre, mais ou menos

violentos, provocados por uma sbita libertao de energia em zonas instveis do

interior da Terra. A sua durao no ultrapassa alguns minutos ou at segundos,

sendo sempre um fenmeno breve e localizado.;

Sismologia A Sismologia o ramo da Geofsica que estuda os sismos, as suas

causas e os seus efeitos;

Epicentro Local superfcie da terra, situado na vertical do foco, sendo a zona onde

o sismo sentido em primeiro lugar e, em regra, com maior intensidade

Hipocentro ou Foco Ssmico Zona localizada no interior da Terra onde ocorre a

libertao da energia acumulada devido ruptura ou deslocao das rochas;

Distncia focal A distncia entre o foco e o epicentro;

Placas Transformantes ;

Placas Divergentes ;

Placas Convergentes

Tsunami: existncia de risco aceitvel.


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3.Sismo do Alaska de 1964

The 1964 Alaska earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan Earthquake, thePortage

Earthquake and the Good Friday Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that began at5:36 P.M. AST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964.[2] Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures,

collapsing buildings, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 131 deaths.

Lasting nearly four minutes, it was the most powerful recorded earthquake in U.S. andNorth

Americanhistory, and the second most powerfulever measured byseismograph.[3] It had a

magnitude of 9.2, at the time making it the second largest earthquake in recorded history.[2][4]

The powerful earthquake produced earthquake liquefactionin the region. Ground fissures and

failures caused major structural damage in several communities, much damage to property and

several landslides. Anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately

engineered houses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets, sidewalks, water and sewer

mains, electrical systems, and other man-made equipment), particularly in the several landslide

zones along Knik Arm. Two hundred miles southwest, some areas near Kodiak werepermanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m). Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of

Turnagain Arm nearGirdwood and Portage dropped as much as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring

reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new high tide mark.

In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the

deaths of 30 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks, and inside the

ship that was docked there at the time. Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m)tsunami destroyed the village

ofChenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there; survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to

high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other

Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Oregon, and

California. Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directlyrelated to the earthquake was reported from all over the earth.

4. Localizao detalhadaEste sismo ocorreu em Prince William Sound,Alasca,EUA, a 61.02 de latitude e -147.65de longitude.

O seu epicentro foi a cerca de 129km a Este de Anchorage na ensaida doPrincipe Guilherme

Enseada do Prncipe Guilherme (em ingls: Prince William Sound) umaenseada no golfo do Alasca, litoral sul do Alasca. Est localizado no lado lesteda pennsula Kenai, e seu maior porto Valdez, no extremo sul doSistema deOleodutos Trans-Alasca. Outras povoaes nessa enseada, que apresenta muitasilhas, soCordova e Whittier, mais as vilas indgenas de Chenega e Tatitlek.

A maior parte das terras em torno da enseada do Prncipe Guilherme faz parteda Floresta Nacional de Chugach, segunda maior floresta nacional dos EstadosUnidos. Esse pequeno trecho de mar cercado pelas escarpadas eglaciais montanhas Chugach. O litoral muito recortado, como muitas ilhas e fiordes,alguns dos quais apresentando Geleiras de gua de mars. As principais ilhas queformam a barreira da enseada soMontague (790,88 km), Hinchinbrook (445,44 km),

e Hawkins (176,39 km).
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Ilustrao 1 Mapa da ensaida do Prncipe Guilherme

Epicenter: 80 miles east of Anchorage in Prince William Sound

5.Caracterizao do sismo atravs da magnitude eintensidade

The great Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was the largest earthquake in North Americaand the second largest ever recorded (largest occurred in Chile in 1960). The ninedeaths that were due to the earthquake occurred in downtown Anchorage (5),Turnagain Heights (3), and at the International Airport (1). The earthquake occurred at5:36pm on March 27, 1964, Alaska Standard Time (or, at 03:36 Universal Time codeon March 28, 1964). The epicenter was in the Northern Prince William Sound (61.1N147.5W) about 75 miles E of Anchorage, or about 55 miles west of Valdez. Thereported Richter magnitudes (Ms) for this earthquake ranged from 8.4 to 8.6. Themoment magnitude (Mw) is reported as 9.2. The depth, or point where the rupturebegan was about 14 miles within the earth's crust.

The strong ground motion reported in the Anchorage area lasted about 4-5 minuteswhich triggered many avalanches and landslides - some being tsunamigenic. Grounddeformations were extensive with some areas east of Kodiak being raised by 30 feet

and areas about Portage being dropped by 8 feet (Pflaker, 1964). The rise is estimatedto come in two thrusts of about 5 meters each. The maximum intensity reported was XIon the modified Mercalli Intensity scale, indicating major structural damage, and groundfissures and failures. This scale is a 12-point one usually given in roman numeralsranging from I, (not felt/no damage) to XII (total destruction many lives lost). From thisevent, significant damage covered an area of about 50,000 square miles. Intensities ofIV-V (felt by most people/minor damage) were reported as far away as Cold Bay,Bethel, McGrath, Kotzebue, Deadhorse, Ft. Yukon, Eagle and Skagway.

--

O valor estimado para a magnitude Richter (Ms) foi de 8,4 a 8,6,estando a magnitude Mwregistada como 9,2. Foi dos sismos maisenergticos registados instrumentalmente. Imediatamenteao sismo do Chile (1960, M=9,5), foi o evento ssmico instrumental


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que mais energia libertou. A durao do abalo foi estimada entre 3e 4 minutos. A profundidade focal foi um pouco superior a 20km.

Power: The quake had a magnitude 9.2, releasing 10 million times more energy than the atomic bomb thatdevastated Hiroshima and 80 times more energy than the 1906 San Francisco quake.

The magnitude of the earthquake was 9.2. This is the most powerful earthquake everrecorded in North American history.

Lasting nearly four minutes, it was the most powerful recordedearthquakeinU.S.andNorthAmericanhistory, and the second most powerfulever measured byseismograph.[3]It had a magnitudeof 9.2, at the time making it the second largest earthquake in recorded history.

5.Anlise da crise ssmica:premonitrios e rplicas

Over 10,000 aftershocks were recorded following the main earthquake. Inthe first day eleven aftershocks were recorded with magnitudes greaterthan 6.0. All of those were more powerful than any earthquake we've hadin 2010.

Eleven aftershocks of 6.0 or greater were recorded in the first 24 hours after the quake.

Aftershocks

Over 10,000 aftershocks were recorded following the main shock. In the first day alone, eleven major aftershocks were

recorded with a magnitude greater than 6.0. Nine more occurred over the next three weeks. It was not until more than a

year later that the aftershocks were no longer noticed.

6. Efeitos directos e induzidos

The 1964 Alaska earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan Earthquake, thePortage Earthquake and

the Good Friday Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that began at 5:36 P.M. AST onGoodFriday, March 27, 1964.[2]Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing buildings,and tsunamisresulting from the earthquake caused about 131 deaths.

This great earthquake and ensuing tsunami took 128 lives (tsunami 113, earthquake 15), and caused about $311

million in property loss. Earthquake effects were heavy in many towns, including Anchorage, Chitina, Glennallen,

Homer, Hope, Kasilof, Kenai, Kodiak, Moose Pass, Portage, Seldovia, Seward, Sterling, Valdez, Wasilla, and

Whittier.

Anchorage, about 120 kilometers northwest of the epicenter, sustained the most severe damage to property. About

30 blocks of dwellings and commercial buildings were damaged or destroyed in the downtown area. The J.C. Penny

Company building was damaged beyond repair; the Four Seasons apartment building, a new six-story structure,

collapsed; and many other multistory buildings were damaged heavily. The schools in Anchorage were almost

devastated. The Government Hill Grade School, sitting astride a huge landslide, was almost a total loss. Anchorage

High School and Denali Grade School were damaged severely. Duration of the shock was estimated at 3 minutes.

Landslides in Anchorage caused heavy damage. Huge slides occurred in the downtown business section, at

Government Hill, and at Turnagain Heights. The largest and most devastating landslide occurred at Turnagain

Heights. An area of about 130 acres was devastated by displacements that broke the ground into many deranged
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blocks that were collapsed and tilted at all angles. This slide destroyed about 75 private houses. Water mains and

gas, sewer, telephone, and electrical systems were disrupted throughout the area.

The earthquake was accompanied by vertical displacement over an area of about 520,000 square kilometers. The

major area of uplift trended northeast from southern Kodiak Island to Price William Sound and trended east-west tothe east of the sound. Vertical displacements ranged from about 11.5 meters of upli ft to 2.3 meters of subsidence

relative to sea level. Off the southwest end of Montague Island, there was absolute vertical displacement of about 13

- 15 meters. Uplift also occurred along the extreme southeast coast of Kodiak Island, Sitkalidak Island, and over part

or all of Sitkinak Island. This zone of subsidence covered about 285,000 square kilometers, including the north and

west parts of Prince William Sound, the west part of the Chugach Mountains, most of Kenai Peninsula, and almost all

the Kodiak Island group.

This shock generated a tsunami that devastated many towns along the Gulf of Alaska, and left serious damage at

Alberni and Port Alberni, Canada, along the West Coast of the United States (15 killed), and in Hawaii. The maximum

wave height recorded was 67 meters at Valdez Inlet. Seiche action in rivers, lakes, bayous, and protected harbors

and waterways along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas caused minor damage. It was also recorded on tide

gages in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

This great earthquake was felt over a large area of Alaska and in parts of western Yukon Territory and British

Columbia, Canada.

--

The powerful earthquake producedearthquake liquefactionin the region. Ground fissures and failures caused majorstructural damage in several communities, much damage to property and several landslides. Anchorage sustained great

destruction or damage to manyinadequately engineeredhouses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets,sidewalks, water and sewer mains, electrical systems, and other man-made equipment), particularly in the several

landslide zones along Knik Arm. Two hundred miles southwest, some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30

feet (9.1 m). Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm nearGirdwoodand Portage droppedas much as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new hightidemark.

In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 30 people

between the collapse of theValdezcity harbor and docks, and inside the ship that was docked there at the time.Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m)tsunamidestroyed the village ofChenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there;survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak,

and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Oregon, and California. Tsunamis

also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake was reported from all

over the earth.

--

Various sources indicate that about 131 people died as a result of the earthquake: nine during the earthquake itself, 106

from subsequent tsunamis inAlaska[4]

and 16 from tsunamis inOregonandCalifornia. Property damage wasestimated at over $310 million ($2.12 billion in current U.S. dollars).

--

Anchorage area

Most damage occurred inAnchorage, 75 mi (120 km) northwest of theepicenter. Nine people were killed, the only

deaths directly attributed to the earthquake. Anchorage was not hit by tsunamis, butdowntown Anchorage was heavily

damaged, and parts of the city built on sandy bluffs overlying "Bootlegger Cove clay" near Cook Inlet, most notably the

Turnagain neighborhood, suffered landslidedamage. The neighborhood lost 75 houses in the landslide, and the

destroyed area has since been turned into Earthquake Park. The Government Hill school suffered from the Government

Hill landslide leaving it in two jagged, broken pieces. Land overlooking the Ship Creek valley near the Alaska Railroad

yards also slid, destroying many acres of buildings and city blocks in downtown Anchorage. Most other areas of the city

were only moderately damaged. The 60-foot concrete control tower atAnchorage International Airport was not

engineered to withstand earthquake activity and collapsed, killing one employee.

[7]
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The house at 918 W. 10th Avenue suffered damage peripherally, but one block away the recently completed and still

unoccupied Four Seasons Building on Ninth Avenue collapsed completely with one whole wing sticking up out of the

rubble like a seesaw.

The hamlets ofGirdwoodandPortage, located 30 and 40 mi (60 km) southeast of central Anchorage on theTurnagain

Arm, were destroyed by subsidence and subsequent tidal action. Girdwood was relocated inland and Portage was

abandoned. About 20 miles (32 km) of the Seward Highway sank below the high-water mark of Turnagain Arm; the

highway and its bridges were raised and rebuilt in 1964-66.

[edit]Elsewhere in Alaska

Most coastal towns in thePrince William Sound,Kenai Peninsula, andKodiak Islandareas, especially the major ports

ofSeward, WhittierandKodiak were heavily damaged by a combination of seismic activity, subsidence, post-quake

tsunamis and/or earthquake-caused fires.Valdez was not totally destroyed, but after three years, the town relocated to

higher ground 7 km (4 mi) west of its original site. Some Alaska Nativevillages, includingChenegaandAfognak, were

destroyed or damaged. The earthquake caused the Cold-War era ballistic missile detection radar ofClear Air Force

Station to go offline for six minutes, the only unscheduled interruption in its operational history. Near Cordova, theMillion

Dollar Bridgecrossing the Copper River also collapsed. The community of Girdwood was also confined to the southern

side of the Seward Highway when water rushed into Turnagain Arm arm and flooded or destroyed any buildings left

standing to the north of the highway. Interestingly, only the ground immediately along the highway and that on the north

side of the road dropped, prompting geologists to speculate that Girdwood may rest upon an ancient cliff face, now

covered by countless thousands of years of sediment and glacial deposits.[citation needed]

[edit]Canada

A 4.5 ft (1.4 m) wave reachedPrince Rupert, British Columbia, just south of theAlaska Panhandle, about three hours

after the quake. The tsunami then reachedTofino, on the exposed west coast ofVancouver Island, and traveled up

a fjordto hitPort Alberni twice, washing away 55 homes and damaging 375 others. The towns ofHot Springs

Cove,Zeballos, andAmai also saw damage. The damage in British Columbia was estimated at $10 million Canadian

($65 million in 2006 Canadian dollars, or $56 million in 2006 U.S. dollars).

Elsewhere

A winter scene of a "Ghost forest" that was killed and preserved by salt water along with ruined buildings at the site of the former town of Portage,

2011

Twelve people were killed by the tsunami in or nearCrescent City, California, while four children were killed on the

Oregon coast atBeverly Beach State Park.[8] Other towns along the U.S.Pacific NorthwestandHawaii were damaged.

Minor damage to boats reached as far south asLos Angeles.

As the entire planet vibrated as a result of the quake, minor effects were felt worldwide. Several fishing boats were sunk

inLouisiana, and water sloshed in wells inAfrica.[

Provocou danos significativos numa rea de cerca de 130 000km2, correspondente a quase todo oAlasca, parte ocidental do Canad e sul do estado de Washington. Induziu vrias movimentaes demassa (avalanches,landslides, etc.) e teve tsunamis associados, quer devido a movimentaes co-ssmicas da superfcie submarina, quer provocados por cedncia de vertentes submarinas. A maiorparte das cidades do Alasca sofreram danos graves.

Os danos foram muito grandes em vrias cidades, designadamente nas de Anchorage, Chitina,Glennallen, Homer, Hope, Kasilof, Kenai, Kodiak, Moose Pass, Portage, Seldovia, Seward, Sterling,Valdez, Wasilla e Whittier.

.A cidade de Anchorage, a cerca de 120km a nordeste do epicentro, foi aque registou maiores danos no patrimnio construdo. No centro da cidadeverificou-se a destruio de 30 edifcios.

O sismo induziu, tambm, seichas em rios, lagos, portos e canais,no s no Alasca e na costa oriental dos Estados Unidos, mas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdwood,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdwood,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdwood,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenega,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenega,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Glacier_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Glacier_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Glacier_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Panhandlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Panhandlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Panhandlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberni_Inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberni_Inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alberni,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alberni,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_Cove,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_Cove,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_Cove,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeballos,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeballos,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeballos,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amai,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amai,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Beach_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Beach_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Beach_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portagetoday.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdwood,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenega,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afognak,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Air_Force_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Glacier_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Glacier_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_Alaska_earthquake&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Panhandlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofino,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberni_Inlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Alberni,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_Cove,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_Cove,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeballos,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amai,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Beach_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa


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tambm na costa do Golfo do Mxico, designadamente na daLouisiana e na do Texas. Estas seichas causaram danosrelativamente pequenos, embora alguns pequenos barcos de pescase tenham afundado devido a estas ondas estacionrias. Seichasinduzidas pelo sismo forma tambm registado em margrafos emCuba e em Porto Rico. Mesmo em locais muito afastados, como nafrica do Sul, registaram-se oscilaes na altura de gua em poose furos para captao de gua.

Seicha uma onda de longo perodo (30 < T < 500s), em geralestacionria, que se gera em esturios, baciasporturias,lagose outros corpos de gua confinados, em resultado da amplificaoporressonnciadaenergia de ondas incidentes ou de outra qualquer fonte de excitao ondulatria. O termo foi cunhado em 1890

pelohidrologistasuoFranois-Alphonse Forel, que descreveu o efeito no lago de Genebra. Apalavra originria dofrancsfalado na Sua, na qual significa abanar periodicamente, e aparentemente j erautilizada para descrever as oscilaes dos lagos alpinos. Nos portos as seichas so por vezes designadas

porcalema(embora frequentemente a agitao seja apenas devida refraco,difracoereflexodaondulao vindo do exterior da bacia porturia).

Ocasionalmente, ostsunamis podem desencadear seichas em resultado da forma das costas afectadas.

Nine people lost their lives and 2,000 were left homeless in Anchorage; 115 perished in Alaska and 131 overall,

killed as far away as California as a result of the tsunamis generated by the quake.

Anchorage sustained 60 percent of the $537.6 million in damage in the state of Alaska, including 30 blocks of

buildings that were either destroyed or heavily damaged. The greatest damage in Anchorage was along the

bluff from Turnagain Heights to downtown, where a geological layer of clay, saturated with water, liquefied

under pressure and caused the ground above to slide toward the sea. Part of the area has been turned into

Earthquake Park that has been left in its natural state since 1964.

7.Caracterizao da estrutura activa que origina osismo: tipo de falha, caracterizao, etc.

Tipo de falha deve ter sido falha normal? Nope, eh inversa

The earthquake

At 5:36 p.m.Alaska Standard Time(3:36 a.m.March 27,1964UTC), just as people were traveling

home, a faultbetween thePacificandNorth Americanplatesruptured nearCollege Fjordin Prince

William Sound. The earthquake lasted for three to five minutes in most areas. Ocean floor shifts created

largetsunamis(up to 70 feet (20 meters) in height), which resulted in many of the deaths and much of

the property damage. Large rockslides were also created which resulted in great property

damage.Vertical displacement of up to 38 feet (11.5 m) occurred, affecting an area of 100,000 miles

(250,000 km) withinAlaska.
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Type of fault

The Alaska Earthquake was a Subduction Zone Earthquake.(Megathrust

earthquake)

Vertical displacement

Intectonics,vertical displacement is the shifting of land in a vertical direction, resulting in a

permanent change in elevation.

Two types of vertical displacement are uplift, an increase in elevation, andsubsidence, a decrease in

elevation.

Megathrust earthquake

Amegathrust earthquake occurs atsubduction zones (destructive plate boundaries), where

one tectonic plateis forced under (subducts) another. Due to the shallow dip of the plate boundary,

these earthquakes are among the world's largest, withmoment magnitudes(Mw) that can exceed 9.0.

The major subduction zone is associated with thePacificand Indian Oceansand are responsible for the

volcanic activity associated with theRing of Fire. Since these earthquakes deform the ocean floor, they

almost always generate a significant tsunami.

All five earthquakes since1900of magnitude 9 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes.

1964Good Friday Earthquake(magnitude 9.2 Mw) Pacific Platesubducting under the North AmericanPlate, duration 45 minutes, depth 25 km, slip length 800 km (500 mi), slip motion 23 m (69 ft).

Subduction

Ingeology, a subduction zone is an area onEarth where twotectonic plates meet and move towards

one another, with one sliding underneath the other and moving down into the mantle, at rates typically

measured in centimeters per year. An oceanic plateordinarily slides underneath acontinental plateor

another oceanic plate; this often creates anorogeniczone orvolcanic arc subject to manyearthquakes.

In a sense, subduction zones are the opposite ofdivergent boundaries, areas where material rises up

from the mantle and plates are moving apart.

Earthquakes and tsunamis

Subduction zones are also notorious for producing devastatingearthquakes because of the intense

geological activity. The introduction of cold oceanic crust into the mantle depresses the local geothermal

gradient and causes a larger portion of the earth to deform in a more brittle fashion than it would in a

normal geothermal gradient setting. Because earthquakes can only occur when a rock is deforming in abrittle fashion, subduction zones have the potential to create very large earthquakes. If this earthquake
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occurs under the ocean it has the potential to createtsunamis, such as the earthquake caused by

subduction of theIndo-Australian Plateunder theEurasian Plateon December 26,2004,

thatdevastated the areas around the Indian Ocean. Small tremors that create tiny, unnoticeable

tsunamis happen all the time because of the dynamics of the earth.

Subduction zones are associated with the deepest earthquakeson the planet. Earthquakes are generally

restricted to the shallow, brittle parts of the crust, generally at depths of less than 20 km. However, in

subduction zones, earthquakes occur at depths as great as 700 km. These earthquakes define inclined

zones of seismicity known as Wadati-Benioff zones(after the scientists who discovered them), which

outline the descending lithosphere. Seismic tomographyhas helped outline subducted lithosphere in

regions where there are no earthquakes. Some subducted slabs seem not to be able to penetrate the

major discontinuityin the mantle that lies at a depth of about 670 km, whereas other subducted oceanic

plates can penetrate all the way to the core-mantle boundary. The great seismic discontinuities in the

mantle - at 410 and 670 km depth - are disrupted by the descent of cold slabs in deep subduction zones.

8.Enquadramento sismotectnico: placas tectnicasGeology

At 5:36 p.m.Alaska Standard Time(3:36 a.m. March 28, 1964UTC), a fault between thePacificandNorth

Americanplatesruptured nearCollege Fjordin Prince William Sound. The epicenterof the earthquake was 61.05N

147.48W, 12.4 mi (20 km) north ofPrince William Sound, 78 miles (125 km) east ofAnchorageand 40 miles (64 km)

west ofValdez. The focus occurred at a depth of approximately 15.5 mi (25 km). Ocean floor shifts created

largetsunamis (up to 220 feet (67 m) in height), which resulted in many of the deaths and much of the property

damage.[5]Large rockslides were also caused, resulting in great property damage.Vertical displacement of up to 38 feet

(11.5 m) occurred, affecting an area of 100,000 miles (250,000 km) within Alaska.

Studies of ground motion have led to apeak ground acceleration estimate of 0.14 - 0.18 g.[6]

The Alaska Earthquake was asubduction zone earthquake (megathrust earthquake), caused by an oceanic plate

sinking under a continental plate. The fault responsible was theAleutian Megathrust. It was a reverse fault caused by a

compressional force. This caused much of the uneven ground.

9.Tsunami associado?Tsunami

O evento ssmico gerou um tsunami que desvastou muitas cidades costeiras do Golfo do Alaska, tendoprovocado grandes danos em Port Alberni, na Columbia Britnica, e na costa oeste dos EstadosUnidos, onde provocou 15 mortos, bem como no Hawaii. Na realidade, a maior parte dos danos e daperda de vidas humanas ficou a dever-se aos tsunamis.

Ocorreram dois tipos de tsunamis:

tsunami de mar aberto, gerado pela movimentao co-ssmica de grande rea do fundo

marinho; tsunamis locais, provocados por cedncia de vertentes submarinas.
http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Tsunamihttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Tsunamihttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eurasian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eurasian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eurasian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/December_26http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Wadati-Benioff_zonehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Wadati-Benioff_zonehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Seismic_tomographyhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Discontinuityhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Discontinuityhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundaryhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Fjordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Fjordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Fjordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1964_Alaska_earthquake&params=61.05_N_147.48_W_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1964_Alaska_earthquake&params=61.05_N_147.48_W_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1964_Alaska_earthquake&params=61.05_N_147.48_W_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_displacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_displacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Megathrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Megathrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Megathrusthttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Tsunamihttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Eurasian_Platehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/December_26http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004http://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Earthquakehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Wadati-Benioff_zonehttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Seismic_tomographyhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Discontinuityhttp://www.multilingualarchive.com/ma/enwiki/en/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Fjordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1964_Alaska_earthquake&params=61.05_N_147.48_W_http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1964_Alaska_earthquake&params=61.05_N_147.48_W_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdez,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_displacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Megathrust


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O tsunami de 1964 do Alaska foi o segundo maior de que h registo, imediatamente a seguir aoprovocado pelo sismo do Chile, em 1960.

Dos cerca de 120 mortos (os nmeros variam ligeiramente de acordo com as interpretaes dosdiferentes autores) atribuveis aos tsunamis induzidos pelo sismo do Alaska, aproximadamente umtero foi vitimado pelo tsunamide mar aberto (4 em Newport Beach, Oregon; 12 em Crescent City,California; e cerca de 21 no Alaska).

Os tsunamis locais vitimaram, pelo menos, 82 vidas. A maior onda observada teve cerca de 70metros de altura, junto a Valdez.

Na realidade, a regio do Alaska, apesar de ter apenas cerca 200 anos de resgisto histrico fivel,tem j uma histria tsunamignica com vrios eventos catastrficos. Como a placa Pacfica est aser subductada pela Norte-Americana, os movimentos verticais co-ssmicos so frequentes, o que,quando ocorre em domnio marinho, provoca tsunamis que se propagam por todo o oceamoPacfico. Em tempos relativamente recentes esta zona tsunamigmica de Alaska-Aleutas induziuoutros 3 grandes tsunamis que provocaram mortos, designadamento no Hawaii e, mesmo, no Japo.

No entanto, nesta rea, tm-se registado, tambm, frequentes cedncias de vertentes submarinas(movimentos de massa) causadoras de grandes tsunamis locais, os quais podem ocorrer (e tmocorrido) mesmo sem existirem sismos.

Estima-se que, s no Alasca, os tsunamis associados ao sismo de 1964 provocaram prejuzosavaliados em cerca de 84 milhes de dlares.

O sismo induziu, tambm, seichas em rios, lagos, portos e canais, no s no Alasca e na costaoriental dos Estados Unidos, mas tambm na costa do Golfo do Mxico, designadamente na daLouisiana e na do Texas. Estas seichas causaram danos relativamente pequenos, embora algunspequenos barcos de pesca se tenham afundado devido a estas ondas estacionrias. Seichas induzidaspelo sismo forma tambm registado em margrafos em Cuba e em Porto Rico. Mesmo em locaismuito afastados, como na frica do Sul, registaram-se oscilaes na altura de gua em poos efuros para captao de gua.

Concluses

Os danos provocados, no Alasca; pelo evento ssmico de 27 de Maro de 1964 resultaram, nageneralidade das cidades mais afectadas (Anchorage, Cordova, Homer, Kodiak, Seldovia,Seward e Valdez), no s das vibraes ssmicas, mas tambm dos movimentos co-ssmicos deemergncia ou subsidncia, dos movimentos de massa, dos tsunamis e dos incndios.

Os movimentos de massa foram particularmente fortes em Anchorage, nas reas de Turnagain,Fourth Avenue, "L" Street, e Government Hill, onde os principais danos estruturais resultaramdestas movimentaes.

Em Valdez, os danos principais foram causados por tsunamis gerados por movimentos de massasubmarinos ou por movimentaes deste gnero que terminaram no mar (que no soverdadeiramente tsunamis mas sim splashes). Neste contexto, de relembrar que parte da cidadeestava construda em zonas de aterro, que nesta ocasio acabaram por ceder. Toda a frente martima(incluindo as infra-estruturas porturias) foi destruda por estas movimentaes de massa epelos tsunamis a que deram origem. As movimentaes ao nvel do subsolo danificaram as fundaesde muitas edificaes, o que obrigou sua posterior demolio. A cidade de Valdez teve que ser

reedificada noutro local, a um custo estimado em quase 40 milhes de dlares.Estes movimentos de massa foram os que mais danos infra-estruturais causaram. No s casas eedifcios foram afectados (como em Anchorage), como a rede viria (incluindo estradas e pontes), a


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Ocorreram, tambm, muitas avalanches (tanto de material rochoso como de neve). Porm, devido aosndices de ocupao muito baixos das zonas em que ocorreram, no h notcias de vtimas nem degrandes prejuzos.

As movimentaes de emergncia e de subsidncia co-ssmica afectaram reas bastante vastas, o quetornou inoperacionais vrias estruturas porturias. Tambm vrios ecossistemas foram afectados porestas bruscas variaes das caractersticas do habitat. Em muitos casos o coberto vegetal,designadamente floresta, acabou por ser destrudo, ou devido directamente submerso da rea, ouporque os lenis freticos superficiais foram salinizados.

Devido subsidncia co-ssmica, vrios ncleos urbanos, assim como centenas de quilmetros da redeviria e ferroviria, passaram a ser inundados durante as mars cheias e esporadicamente atingidaspor ondas de temporal, o que obrigou sua reconstruo a cotas mais elevadas.

No entanto, apesar destas modificaes topogrficas importantes, s foram encontrados indcios defalhas reactivadas no soco (bedrock) na rea de emergncia tectnica mxima, na parte SW da Ilha deMontague, e em domnio marinho, a SW desta ilha. Na restante rea afectada por estes movimentosco-ssmicos no foram detectadas falhas reactivadas no soco.

Apesar da origem da catstrofe radicar nas vibraes ssmicas, estas, directamente, causaram menosdanos do que as alteraes topogrficas (devido s movimentaes de massa e emergncia e

subsidncia co-ssmicas) e ostsunamis. Todavia, estas vibraes provocaram danos estruturaisimportantes em Anchorage, em Valdez e na regio do delta do rio Copper.

Ocorreram, tambm, muitas avalanches (tanto de material rochoso como de neve). Porm, devido aosndices de ocupao muito baixos das zonas em que ocorreram, no h notcias de vtimas nem degrandes prejuzos.

As movimentaes de emergncia e de subsidncia co-ssmica afectaram reas bastante vastas, o quetornou inoperacionais vrias estruturas porturias. Tambm vrios ecossistemas foram afectados porestas bruscas variaes das caractersticas do habitat. Em muitos casos o coberto vegetal,designadamente floresta, acabou por ser destrudo, ou devido directamente submerso da rea, ouporque os lenis freticos superficiais foram salinizados.

Devido subsidncia co-ssmica, vrios ncleos urbanos, assim como centenas de quilmetros darede viria e ferroviria, passaram a ser inundados durante as mars cheias e esporadicamenteatingidas por ondas de temporal, o que obrigou sua reconstruo a cotas mais elevadas.

No entanto, apesar destas modificaes topogrficas importantes, s foram encontrados indcios defalhas reactivadas no soco (bedrock) na rea de emergncia tectnica mxima, na parte SW da Ilhade Montague, e em domnio marinho, a SW desta ilha. Na restante rea afectada por estesmovimentos co-ssmicos no foram detectadas falhas reactivadas no soco.

Apesar da origem da catstrofe radicar nas vibraes ssmicas, estas, directamente, causaram menosdanos do que as alteraes topogrficas (devido s movimentaes de massa e emergncia esubsidncia co-ssmicas) e ostsunamis. Todavia, estas vibraes provocaram danos estruturais

importantes em Anchorage, em Valdez e na regio do delta do rio Copper.

10. Referncias bibliogrficas

Alaska Earthquake Information Center (s/d) - The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964.

Christensen, Doug (s/d) - "The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964" Alaska Earthquake Information

Center Earthquake Museum (s/d) -
http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964_earthquake.htmlhttp://www.olympus.net/personal/gofamily/quakehttp://www.giseis.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964_earthquake.htmlhttp://www.olympus.net/personal/gofamily/quake


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Hanson-Hedgecock, S., Gary, D., Meyer, K.& Green, B. (2001) - The Good Friday Alaska Earthquake,1964. GEOL 108 -- Earthquake Web Project,

Hartness, Nievita Bueno (2001) - 1964 Good Friday Great Alaskan Earthquake

Martin, John a. & Associates, Inc. (s/d) Earthquake Images.

Plafker, George (1965) Tectonic Deformation Associated with the 1964 Alaska Earthquke. Science,

118 (36678):1675-1687.

Plafker, George (2004) - A Look Back at the Great M 9.2 Alaska Earthquake of March 27, 1964: Whatwas learned about Arc Tectonics. Peninsula Geological Society< http://www.diggles.com/pgs/2004/PGS04-11.html>

PUBLIC SEISMIC NETWORK ALASKA (s/d) - The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964< http://apsn.awcable.com/1964.htm>

Sokolowski, Thomas J. (s/d) - The Great Alaskan Earthquake & Tsunamis of 1964

UAA-ISER University of Alaska Anchorage - Institute of Social and Economic Research (1998-2004) Earthquakes

United States Geological Survey (s/d) -

u-s-history.com (s/d) - North American Natural Disasters: Great Alaskan Quake of 1964 Good FridayEarthquake.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (s/d) - Good Friday Earthquake
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~geol108/eq19/AlaskaEQ.htmlhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/~nhartnes/alaska/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqshow/indexhttp://www.diggles.com/pgs/2004/PGS04-11.htmlhttp://apsn.awcable.com/1964.htmhttp://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/64quake.htmhttp://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/sc_reg_pro/earthquake_volcano.htmlhttp://wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/USA/1964_03_28.htmlhttp://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2101.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Earthquakehttp://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~geol108/eq19/AlaskaEQ.htmlhttp://www.geo.arizona.edu/~nhartnes/alaska/http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqshow/indexhttp://www.diggles.com/pgs/2004/PGS04-11.htmlhttp://apsn.awcable.com/1964.htmhttp://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/64quake.htmhttp://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/sc_reg_pro/earthquake_volcano.htmlhttp://wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/USA/1964_03_28.htmlhttp://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2101.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Earthquake

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