tarantino e a ressignificaÇÃo da suÁstica - uma análise de “bastardos inglórios”

8/7/2019 TARANTINO E A RESSIGNIFICAÇÃO DA SUÁSTICA - Uma análise de “Bastardos Inglórios”

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co wëgvlo TT ë fcoybf# Gobo bfko jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, o gkcfbh gykov co}hw moybhw

jf pyojvîço f jkmvwço jf ifcw wkbi÷lkgow, kcmlvfcgkhcjo moyzfbfczf o bojo gobo hw pfwwohw

pfygfifb f pfcwhb woiyf o bvcjo fb xvf }k}fb# Hw kbhnfcw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw pojfb wfy

}kwzhw gobo vbh ftpyfwwço jh yfhlkjhjf ov vbh yfpyfwfczhîço jf zfbhw jk}fywow f mhzow

dkwz÷ykgow# Zoychyhb"wf kbpoyzhczfw oiafzow jf fwzvjo phyh hxvflfw xvf jfwfahb fczfcjfy o

phpfl jo gkcfbh co bvcjo bojfyco f goczfbpoyécfo#

Fwzf zyhihldo pyogvyov yfmlfzky woiyf hw powwkiklkjhjfw gologhjhw pflo gkcfbh gobo bfko jfyfpyfwfczhîço jh yfhlkjhjf# Zyhzh"wf, fwpfgkmkghbfczf, jf vbh hcèlkwf jo wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh

chqkwzh, zhl gobo hpyfwfczhjh co mklbf Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow, jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco# Ivwgov"wf

kc}fwzknhy gobo o wâbiolo chqkwzh mok hpyopykhjo pflo gkcfhwzh f h flf mok jhjo co}o wfczkjo,

jkwzkczo jhxvflf ho xvhl mok hwwogkhjo dkwzoykghbfczf# H wvèwzkgh chqkwzh, bfwbo wfcjo vb

wâbiolo bvcjkhlbfczf gocdfgkjo, nhcdov zyhzhbfczo fwpfgkhl co mklbf Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow f,

phyh yfmlfzky woiyf h yfwwknckmkghîço jfwwf wâbiolo co mklbf, zyhîhbow h lkcdh dkwz÷ykgh jo wfv

vwo f, powzfykoybfczf, hchlkwhbow h moybh gobo mok vzklkqhjo pflo gkcfhwzh#

O jkyfzoy jo mklbf xvf wfy}f gobo ihwf phyh fwzh boconyhmkh ë bvcjkhlbfczf gocdfgkjo pflh

moybh fglëzkgh gob xvf jkyknf f fwgyf}f wfvw mklbfw# Hlëb jf yfmfyácgkhw glèwwkghw, ow

~fwzfycw f ftplokzhzkoc wço hlnvcw jow nácfyow pyfmfykjow pflo gkcfhwzh# Wfvw zyhihldow

gdhbhb h hzfcîço poy pfgvlkhykjhjfw jh bkwf"fb"wgäcf, gobo hw wfxvácgkhw locnhw f vwo jow

plhcow jf pyomvcjkjhjf# Bhvyo Ihpzkwzh, fb wfv lk}yo1 “O Gkcfbh jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco‒ ,

fwzvjh h oiyh jo jkyfzoy f hmkybh1 “Fwzvjhy vb gkcfhwzh gobo Zhyhczkco cço ë zhyfmh mègkl# Flf

ë vb hvzoy fglëzkgo, fcgkglopëjkgo f hvzogocwgkfczf poy ftgflácgkh, xvf f}ogh }èykhw moybhw

jf mhqfy f pfcwhy o gkcfbh cvb bfwbo mklbf f wf hlkbfczh jflhw#‒ $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p#89+#

O pyfwfczf zyhihldo ë kbpoyzhczf phyh h Gobvckghîço Wogkhl, pokw pyopöf h hcèlkwf jo vwo

gkcfbhzonyèmkgo jf vb wâbiolo dkwz÷ykgo, h wvèwzkgh, pyfwfczf fb vb bobfczo gyvgkhl jh

dkwz÷ykh jh dvbhckjhjf1 h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl# O wâbiolo mkgov bvcjkhlbfczf

gocdfgkjo pflo vwo xvf ow chqkwzhw mkqfyhb jflf, phwwhcjo h gobvckghy f jkmvcjky h kjfkh jh

bhljhjf f jo doyyoy# H wvèwzkgh mok o wâbiolo xvf kcgoypoyov h bfb÷ykh jo doyyoy jo



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dologhvwzo f h kjfolonkh pyfgocgfkzvowh jh Hlfbhcdh jf Dkzlfy, phwwhcjo h wfy kjfczkmkghjh

gobo h py÷pykh fwwácgkh jo bhl# Goczvjo, gocmoybf pyogvyhbow bowzyhy, o mklbf jf

Zhyhczkco pojf, pflow yfgvywow xvf o gkcfbh jkwpöf, yfgykhy h dkwz÷ykh f yffwgyf}á"lh phyh

yfphyhy phygkhlbfczf, f jf vb bojo bvkzo pfgvlkhy, hw kcavwzkîhw hwwogkhjhw ho chqkwbo#

H phyzky jo ftpowzo, h pfwxvkwh ivwgov }fykmkghy gobo o zyhihldo jf vb gkcfhwzh yfgocdfgkjo

bvcjkhlbfczf poy wvh moybh jf mhqfy gkcfbh zyhihldh gob hw yfpyfwfczhîöfw jh wvèwzkgh# Fb

Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow, o gkcfhwzh vwh o gkcfbh phyh “}kcnhy‒ hw }âzkbhw jo Dologhvwzo# Ow

woljhjow hbfykghcow xvf ghîhb bklkzhyfw hlfbçfw f vwhb h wvèwzkgh phyh bhygè"low pfyhczf h

wogkfjhjf, gykhcjo vb fwzknbh h phyzky jo wâbiolo jf oynvldo phyh ow chqkwzhw, whzkwmhqfb ow

jfwfaow jf nyhcjf phyzf jow fwpfgzhjoyfw xvf nowzhykh jf }fy ow yfwpocwè}fkw pflo doyyoywfcjo pfchlkqhjow poy wfvw hzow, ch ëpogh fb xvf moyhb pyhzkghjow#

O pyogfwwo mkgzâgko xvf hgoczfgf gob h wvèwzkgh co mklbf ë hcèlono h pyogfwwo xvf ogoyyf fb

ovzyow câ}fkw jf yfhlkjhjf, zhl gobo ch gdhbhjh “yfhlkjhjf wvpyfbh‒, h yfhlkjhjf gozkjkhch,

ov o xvf gdhbhbow gobvbfczf jf “}kjh yfhl‒, gobo jfwzhgov Fy}kc Nommbhb fb wfv lk}yo

Fwzknbh $9004+# Flf jfwzhgh o ghyèzfy hbik}hlfczf jow wâbiolow, vbh }fq xvf pojfb

hpyfwfczhy chzvyfqhw powkzk}hw ov cfnhzk}hw jfpfcjfcjo jh wogkfjhjf ch xvhl o kcjk}âjvo fwzèkcwfykjo#

Vb hzykivzo fb wk w÷ cço ë jfpyfgkhzk}o, jfpfcjf jhw yflhîöfw fwzhiflfgkjhw gob flf chxvflh

wogkfjhjf# Phyh pfcwhy woiyf o wâbiolo, vwhbow o zyhihldo jh wfbkozkgkwzh Lñgkh Whczhfllh

$9009+# H hvzoyh ftplkgh xvf, ch zfoykh jow wkncow jf Pkfygf, o wâbiolo ë vb wknco xvf ë

yfnkjo poy vbh lfk# Fwwh lfk pojf wfy, poy ftfbplo, vbh goc}fcîço wogkhl# Hpfchw ow

kcjk}âjvow xvf gobphyzkldhb jh lfk pojfyço kczfypyfzhy o wknco gobo vb wâbiolo# Whczhfllhftplkgh zhbiëb xvf cço ë powwâ}fl jkbfcwkochy zojow ow oiafzow xvf o wâbiolo yfpyfwfczh#

Jfwwh moybh zfczhbow, gob fwzf zyhihldo, bowzyhy gobo h wvèwzkgh mok kcgoypoyhjh pflow

chqkwzhw f xvhkw ow wknckmkghjow flh zf}f hczfw jkwwo#

Ow wâbiolow wço yfpyfwfczhîöfw ihwzhczf pyfwfczfw co gozkjkhco jo wfy dvbhco# Hw

powwkiklkjhjfw jf ftployhîço pyopoygkochjhw poy flfw wço ftzyfbhbfczf kbpoyzhczfw phyh o

ghbpo aoychlâwzkgo# H phyzky jf wâbiolow gocwzyvâbow gvlzvyh, dkwz÷ykh f bfb÷ykh# Wço zhbiëb

ow wâbiolow xvf powwkiklkzhb h gobvckghîço f h }kjh fb wogkfjhjf#



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Jfwzh moybh, o zyhihldo yfwwhlzh gobo o gkcfbh, vb jow oiafzow jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, fwzè

kczykcwfghbfczf lknhjo à gvlzvyh f how wâbiolow xvf mhqfb phyzf jh dkwz÷ykh jo dobfb5 f

gobo, poy bfko jow mklbfw, h dkwz÷ykh pojf wfy yf}kwzh f ow wâbiolow yfwwfbhczkqhjow#

O gkcfbh, h wëzkbh hyzf, ë vb jow bfkow jf jkmvwço jh gvlzvyh jf vb po}o hwwkb gobo

gocwzyvzoy jflh# Cow xvhzyo ghczow jo bvcjo, o gkcfbh ë vwhjo phyh jk}fywow mkcw1

fczyfzfckbfczo, fjvghîço f jk}vlnhîço polâzkgh# Ifychjfz $9000+ fwzhiflfgf vbh lkcdh

gyocol÷nkgh jo gkcfbh, jfwjf h pykbfkyh ftkikîço hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw, phwwhcjo pflo

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh kcjñwzykh jf Doll{~ooj, jf ocjf }fb o mklbf fwzvjhjo cfwzf pyoafzo#

Ifynfy f Lvgebhcc $9080+ jfmkcfb h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch gobo h yfhlkjhjfjobkchczf# Jfczyo jfwzh yfhlkjhjf ftkwzfb jk}fywhw ovzyhw gdhbhjhw pflow hvzoyfw jf fwmfyhw

jh yfhlkjhjf# Flfw jfwzhghb xvf o wfy dvbhco w÷ ftkwzf fb wogkfjhjf h phyzky jh kczfnyhîço

gob h yfhlkjhjf jobkchczf jh xvhl zojow gobphyzkldhb# O gkcfbh zhbiëb ë mfyyhbfczh jh

yfpyfwfczhîço jhw yfhlkjhjfw, wfahb mkgzâgkhw ov cço# Xvhcjo hwwkwzkbow h vb mklbf wobow

zyhcwpoyzhjow h ovzyh yfhlkjhjf# Fwzhbow fc}ol}kjow poy vbh dkwz÷ykh xvf pojf chyyhy

hgoczfgkbfczow yfhkw ov mhczèwzkgow# Xvhcjo o mklbf hghih, wobow lf}hjow jf }olzh phyh h

yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch f zojow ow flfbfczow yfpyfwfczhjow pflo mklbf mkghb phyh zyèw#

Poyzhczo, gob fwzh boconyhmkh pyfzfcjfbow hpyfwfczhy o zyhihldo jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco gobo

gkcfhwzh5 zyhîhy h dkwz÷ykh jo wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh, lf}hcjo fb gocwkjfyhîço xvf o wfczkjo

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jhw gfchw jf Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow, ow bobfczow fb xvf h wvèwzkgh hjxvkyf co}ow wknckmkghjow

f hchlkwhy h phyzky jh wogkolonkh gobo o bfwbo wâbiolo pojf wfy yfwwfbhczkqhjo hzyh}ëw jo

gkcfbh# Gob zvjo kwwo, pyfzfcjf"wf yfmlfzky woiyf o phpfl jo gkcfbh gobo bfko jfyfpyfwfczhîço jh yfhlkjhjf wogkogvlzvyhl#

Phyh fcgoczyhy hw yfwpowzhw jhw cowwhw xvfwzöfw f hzkcnky ow oiafzk}ow pyopowzow, phyzkbow jhw

lfkzvyhw xvf fbihwhb o yfmfyfcgkhl zf÷ykgo fwgoldkjo5 fb wfnvkjh, oiwfy}hbow hw kbhnfcw

gkcfbhzonyèmkghw gykhjhw poy Zhyhczkco, jf bojo h hchlkwhy gobo flf gocwfnvf hlzfyhy o

wfczkjo jo wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh# Gobo opîço bfzojol÷nkgh, ow gocgfkzow"gdh}f phyh h hcèlkwf

jo oiafzo wfyço hpyfwfczhjow co ghpâzvlo jfjkghjo h flh# Ho jfgkjky poy fwwf ghbkcdo, ho

bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf hpyfwfczhbow ow gocgfkzow jf wâbiolo f fwzknbh mkqfbow h hcèlkwf jo



4

cowwo oiafzo# Fwwh jfgkwço mok zobhjh poy hgyfjkzhybow xvf jfwwh bhcfkyh hw kcmoybhîöfw

pfyzkcfczfw à hchlkwf jfwzh boconyhmkh mkghykhb bhkw glhyow f h hcèlkwf wfykh bhkw oiafzk}h#



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9 GKCFBH F YFPYFWFCZHÎÇO JH YFHLKJHJF

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Flf zfb wkjo ghjh }fq bhkw ifb wvgfjkjo cfwwh zhyfmh#

H pykbfkyh gébfyh wvynkv gob ow kybçow Lvbkäyf, co hco jf 84;6# Flfw kc}fczhyhb o

gkcfbhz÷nyhmo gobo vb kcwzyvbfczo gkfczâmkgo phyh yfpyojvqky o bo}kbfczo# Dè wëgvlow ow

dobfcw zfczh}hb gykhy kbhnfcw xvf pvjfwwfb wf bo}kbfczhy# Nfoynfw Bëlkäw, vb bènkgo f

hzoy, pyogvyov gobpyhy vb gkcfbhz÷nyhmo# Flf mok h pykbfkyh pfwwoh h pfygfify xvf o gkcfbhpojfykh gykhy h wfcwhîço jf yfhlkjhjf#

Flf fwzh}h mklbhcjo ch yvh xvhcjo h bèxvkch fcnvkîov, f jfpokw }olzov h mvcgkochy# Chzflh, }kv"wf o wfnvkczf1 cvbh yvh jf Phykw gdfkh jf nfczf phwwh vb úckivw xvf, jf yfpfczf,wf zyhcwmoybh cvb ghyyo mñcfiyf# Ë xvf jvyhczf h kczfyyvpîço jh mklbhnfb o úckivw zkcdhkjo fbioyh f vb ghyyo mñcfiyf zkcdh mkghjo co lvnhy# W÷ xvf ch zflh mkgov vbh bènkgh gobzojh h moyîh jf vbh yfhlkjhjf# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p#87+

Gob h Yf}olvîço Kcjvwzykhl, h ivynvfwkh gykov kcñbfyhw bèxvkchw f moybhw xvf havjhb co

pyogfwwo jf jobkchîço f hgvbvlhîço jf ghpkzhl# Hlëb jkwwo, ow pyojvzow jh yf}olvîço

hvtklkhb ch gykhîço jf vb vck}fywo gvlzvyhl xvf ftpyfwwf o kjfèyko f hw kbhnfcw jh ivynvfwkh#

O gkcfbh wvynkv jfwzf goczftzo gob o oiafzk}o jf yfpyojvqky h }kjh gobo flh ë# Phyh

Ifychjfz $9000+, h dkwz÷ykh jo gkcfbh ë fb nyhcjf bfjkjh vbh lvzh gocwzhczf phyh bhczfy

ogvlzow ow hwpfgzow hyzkmkgkhkw xvf wvwzfczhb h kbpyfwwço jf yfhlkjhjf#

Ovzyo mhzoy xvf goczykivkv phyh xvf o gkcfbh wf zoychwwf vbh hyzf jobkchczf mok h

powwkiklkjhjf jf zkyhy g÷pkhw# Jfwwh moybh, vb bfwbo mklbf pojfykh wfy ftkikjo fb

xvhczkjhjf f lvnhyfw, h pykcgâpko, klkbkzhjow# “Fwwf wkwzfbh jf g÷pkhw pfybkzkv yèpkjh f iyvzhl

ftphcwço jo bfyghjo bvcjkhl jf gkcfbh f h jobkchîço jf xvhwf zozhlkjhjf jo bfyghjo

kczfychgkochl poy vbhw povghw gkcfbhzonyhmkhw#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# 9:+#

Mok zhbiëb h phyzky jh yfpyojvîço jf g÷pkhw xvf o gkcfbh phwwov h wfy fczfcjkjo gobo

bfyghjoykh# Co fczhczo, }hlf lfbiyhy xvf o mklbf ë vbh bfyghjoykh hiwzyhzh, jkmfyfczf jf vb

whphzo ov vbh pfîh jf yovph# O fwpfgzhjoy hjxvkyf o jkyfkzo jf hwwkwzky ho mklbf f vwvmyvky jhwfboîöfw poy flf pyo}oghjhw#



80

Co kcâgko, ow pyojvzoyfw }fcjkhb g÷pkhw jf wfvw mklbfw how ftkikjoyfw, ow xvhkw pojkhbftkik"lhw zhczhw }fqfw xvhczhw ifb fczfcjfwwfb f yf}fcjá"lhw wf xvkwfwwfb# Hwwkb, owftkikjoyfw pojkhb hvmfyky nyhcjfw lvgyow jf xvf cço phyzkgkph}hb ow pyojvzoyfw# W÷ h phyzky

jo mkb jh pykbfkyh jëghjh jo wëgvlo, ow pyojvzoyfw jfkthb jf }fcjfy g÷pkhw f phwwhb hhlvnè"lhw, yfgfifcjo ow pyojvzoyfw pfygfczhnfb woiyf hw yfgfkzhw jo ftkikjoy# Hwwkb hkcjñwzykh f o gobëygko gkcfbhzonyèmkgow moyhb phvlhzkchbfczf wf fwzyvzvyhcjo fb zyáwcâ}fkw1 o pyojvzoy, o ftkikjoy f, fczyf ow jokw, o jkwzykivkjoy xvf wfy}f jf kczfybfjkèyko5 oxvf gkygvlh cfwwfw câ}fkw cvcgh ë vbh bfyghjoykh gocgyfzh, wfbpyf jkyfkzow# $IFYCHJFZ,9000, p#70+

Fb vb hyzkno pvilkghjo ch yf}kwzh ]fywo f Yf}fywo, Dfcykxvf Gojhzo $9080+ yfwwhlzh xvf h

gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, ch xvhl o gkcfbh fwzè kcwfykjo, ë bvkzo kbpoyzhczf phyh h gocwzyvîço

jf vbh yfhlkjhjf wogkhl# Ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh cço hpfchw yfpyojvqfb fwwh

yfhlkjhjf, flfw zhbiëb bojkmkghb"ch#

Phyh Gojhzo $9080+, yfpyfwfczhy wknckmkgh gykhy ov yfgykhy vb oiafzo hzykivkcjo h flf vb co}o

wfczkjo# Flf ftplkgh xvf hw yfpyfwfczhîöfw pojfb wfy fczfcjkjhw gobo vb wkwzfbh, jo xvhl

zojow ow bfbiyow jf vbh wogkfjhjf jf}fb phyzkgkphy# H yfpyfwfczhîço ë gobphyzkldhjh f

fczfcjkjh pflow bfbiyow jf vb nyvpo f pojf lf}hy h vb fczfcjkbfczo gocwfcwvhl jh

yfhlkjhjf# H gébfyh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh mhq o phpfl jf ghpzvyhy hw kbhnfcw jh yfpyfwfczhîço

pyfzfcjkjh pflo gkcfhwzh# Ë h phyzky jo yfgoyzf xvf h bèxvkch mhq jo fwphîo xvf o pñilkgo zfbhgfwwo à yfpyfwfczhîço#

O hvzoy jfwzhgh hkcjh o kbpoyzhczf phpfl à kczfypyfzhîço jh yfpyfwfczhîço# Ghjh kcjk}âjvo

zfb vbh dkwz÷ykh jf }kjh xvf gocjkgkoch h wvh kczfypyfzhîço# Flf gdhbh hzfcîço zhbiëb phyh

ow fwzvjow woiyf gkcfbh jfwfc}ol}kjow co mkchl jo wëgvlo TKT, xvf mhqfb gob xvf

U###R o gkcfbh wfah pfcwhjo cço hpfchw gobo vbh bèxvkch jf yfnkwzyhy kbhnfcw jo

gozkjkhco, bhw gobo flfbfczo oyjfchjoy jf vb jkwgvywo xvf, bvkzo bhkw jo xvf bowzyhykbhnfcw fb bo}kbfczo, wfy}f zhbiëb phyh oynhckqè"lhw, kchvnvyhcjo vbh moybh jfjkwgvywo py÷pyko, wfy}kcjo zhbiëb how kczfyfwwfw jo pfcwhbfczo gkfczâmkgo# $GOJHZO,9080, p# :;+

Ovzyo gocgfkzo xvf pojf cow havjhy h fczfcjfy gobo hw yfpyfwfczhîöfw jh yfhlkjhjf

wogkogvlzvyhl fwzço kczkbhbfczf lknhjhw ho gkcfbh ë o jf kbhnkcèyko# Phyh Gojhzo $9080+, o

gkcfbh yfpyfwfczh gob kbhnfcw fb bo}kbfczo vb bfghckwbo xvf yflhgkoch o yfhl f o

kbhnkcèyko, ocjf o fwpfgzhjoy zfb gocwgkácgkh jh yfpyfwfczhîço hwwkb gobo zfb jo

jkchbkwbo jh yfhlkjhjf#



88

Jkzo kwwo, ë powwâ}fl }fykmkghy jokw fktow jf gobpyffcwço xvf, ho kczfyhnkyfb, ivwghbhpyffcjfy h gobplftkjhjf jo kbhnkcèyko gkcfbhzonyèmkgo1 vb jflfw, jh oyjfb jhpyhnbèzkgh, pfybkzf pfygfify o gkcfbh gobo pyojvzo jf vb bfko gvlzvyhl co xvhl fwzèkcwfykjo5 o ovzyo, ldf gocjkgkoch h vb jfzfybkchjo pyogfwwo xvf ë jh oyjfb jo wviafzk}o,xvf “pyoafzh‒, poy bfko jh yfpyfwfczhîço bkzow f wâbiolow U###R# O gkcfbh zoych"wf, hwwkb,

lvnhy jf yfgfpîço f jf yf}kmkghîço jo wâbiolo $GOJHZO, 9080, p# 67+

Gojhzo $9080+ zhbiëb hmkybh xvf h kbhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh ë h hpyffcwço jo oldhy hldfko,

jo jfwfao jo ovzyo# Phyh flf, h “pykcgkphl mvcîço jh kbhnfb ë wfjvqky o oldhy h mkb jf ivwghy,

ch yfpyfwfczhîço, wfczkjo f wknckmkghîço#‒ $GOJHZO, 9080, p#66+#

9#8#8 O gkcfbh f h yfpyfwfczhîço jh yfhlkjhjf

Pfzfy Ifynfy f Zdobhw Lvgebhcc, co lk}yo “H gocwzyvîço wogkhl jh yfhlkjhjf‒ $9080+,

jfwgyf}fb gobo h yfhlkjhjf ë gocwzyvâjh ch }kjh gozkjkhch# Flfw fwglhyfgfb xvf h }kjh

gozkjkhch hpyfwfczh"wf gobo vbh yfhlkjhjf xvf jf}f wfy kczfypyfzhjh pflow dobfcw# Flh ë

jozhjh jf wfczkjo f moybh vb bvcjo gofyfczf myfczf how dobfcw# Co fczhczo, h }kjh gozkjkhch

cço ë zobhjh hpfchw gobo vbh yfhlkjhjf wviafzk}hbfczf jozhjh jf wfczkjo xvf ow dobfcw

kbpykbfb fb wvhw }kjhw, flh ë vbh yfhlkjhjf wvpyfbh, oiafzk}h, xvf wf kbpöf àw ovzyhw

yfhlkjhjfw ftpfykbfczhjhw#

O wfy dvbhco hpyffcjf hw gokwhw ho wfv yfjoy h phyzky jf wvh gocwgkácgkh, xvf ë wfbpyf

kczfcgkochl# Jkmfyfczfw oiafzow “hpyfwfczhb"wf à gocwgkácgkh gobo gocwzkzvkczfw jf jkmfyfczfw

fwmfyhw jh yfhlkjhjf#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# 7>+# H gocwgkácgkh jo dobfb ë

ghphq jf bo}fy"wf fczyf hw jkmfyfczfw fwmfyhw jh yfhlkjhjf# H cowwh gocwgkácgkh gocwfnvf

hiyhcnfy jkmfyfczfw fwmfyhw jh yfhlkjhjf# Jf hgoyjo gob ow hvzoyfw, xvhcjo phwwhbow poy

fwwhw zyhcwkîöfw ftpfykbfczhbow vb fwzhjo jf gdoxvf#

Fczyf hw bñlzkplhw yfhlkjhjfw, h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch hpyfwfczh"wf gobo yfhlkjhjf

pyfjobkchczf# “Flh kbpöf"wf à gocwgkácgkh jf bhcfkyh bhkw bhgkîh, vynfczf f kczfcwh# U###R

Ftpfykbfczo h }kjh gozkjkhch co fwzhjo jf zozhl }knâlkh#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p#

74+#

H yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch ghyhgzfykqh"wf zhbiëb pflh oyjfchîço jow mfcúbfcow# Flfw aè wf

fcgoczyhb jkwpowzow wfnvcjo phjyöfw xvf wço kcjfpfcjfczfw jh hpyffcwço xvf o dobfb zfbjflfw# Hlëb jkwwo, ë gocwzkzvâjh zhbiëb poy vbh oyjfb jf oiafzow# Fwzfw oiafzow moyhb



89

jfwknchjow gobo oiafzow hczfw jh gdfnhjh jo kcjk}âjvo# O xvf moycfgf hw oiafzk}hîöfw

cfgfwwèykhw phyh xvf o dobfb hpyffcjh fwwh oyjfb f jfzfybkch h hxvkwkîço jf wfczkjo f

wknckmkghjo ë h lkcnvhnfb jh }kjh gozkjkhch# “Jfwzh bhcfkyh, h lkcnvhnfb bhygh hw

gooyjfchjhw jf bkcdh }kjh ch wogkfjhjf f fcgdf fwzh }kjh jf oiafzow jozhjow jf

wknckmkghîço#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# 74+

H oynhckqhîço jh yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch wf jè h phyzky jo “hxvk f hnoyh‒, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf

jo goypo f jo pyfwfczf jo kcjk}âjvo# Flfw wço zhbiëb o mogo jh hzfcîço jo dobfb ch }kjh

gozkjkhch# Goczvjo, h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch cço zfybkch cfwwhw pyfwfcîhw kbfjkhzhw, flh

hiyhcnf zhbiëb mfcúbfcow xvf cço fwzço pyfwfczfw co “hxvk f hnoyh‒# Kwwo kbplkgh xvf c÷w

ftpfykbfczhbow h yfhlkjhjf pyfjobkchczf fb jkmfyfczfw nyhvw jf hpyotkbhîço, zfbpoyhl ffwphgkhlbfczf#

H qoch bhkw py÷tkbh, oi}khbfczf, ë h jh }kjh gozkjkhch, jkyfzhbfczf hgfwwâ}fl à bhckpvlhîço

jo kcjk}âjvo# O kczfyfwwf chw qochw bhkw jkwzhczfw ë bfcow vynfczf f kczfcwo# Hlëb jkwwo, h

}kjh gozkjkhch hpyfwfczh"wf ho dobfb gobo vb bvcjo ocjf flf phyzkgkph jkyfzhbfczf gob

ovzyow dobfcw, o xvf ow hvzoyfw cobfkhb jf kczfywviafzk}kjhjf# Ë fwzf ghyèzfy xvf jkmfyfcgkh

ckzkjhbfczf fwzh qoch jf yfhlkjhjf jhw jfbhkw#

O dobfb cço pojf ftkwzky ch }kjh gozkjkhch wfb kczfyhnky gob ow ovzyow dobfcw#

Wfk xvf h bkcdh hzkzvjf chzvyhl gob yflhîço h fwzf bvcjo goyyfwpocjf à hzkzvjf chzvyhl jowovzyow, xvf flfw zhbiëb gobpyffcjfb hw oiafzk}hîöfw nyhîhw àw xvhkw fwzf bvcjo ëoyjfchjo, xvf flfw zhbiëb oynhckqhb fwzf bvcjo fb zoyco jo “hxvk f hnoyh‒ jf wfv fwzhy cflf f záb pyoafzow jf zyhihldo cflf# Wfk zhbiëb, f}kjfczfbfczf, xvf ow ovzyow záb vbhpfywpfgzk}h jfwzf bvcjo gobvb xvf cço ë kjáczkgh à bkcdh# $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC,9080, p# :8+

O bhkw kbpoyzhczf, jfwzhghb ow hvzoyfw, ë xvf ftkwzf vbh goczâcvh goyyfwpocjácgkh fczyf ow

bfvw wknckmkghjow f ow wfvw wknckmkghjow co bvcjo fb xvf phyzkldhbow# O gocdfgkbfczo jo

wfcwo gobvb ë phyzkldhjo fczyf zojow ow dobfcw xvf kczfnyhb h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch,

xvf phwwh h wfy hjbkzkjh gobo yfhlkjhjf# Bfwbo xvhcjo ftkwzf h powwkilkjhjf jf jv}kjhy jh

yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch wobow oiyknhjow h wvwpfcjfy h jñ}kjh poy ftkwzky jfczyo jflh#

“H }kjh gozkjkhch jk}kjf"wf fb wfzoyfw xvf wço hpyffcjkjow yozkcfkyhbfczf f ovzyow xvf wfhpyfwfczhb h bkb gob pyoilfbhw jfwzh ov jhxvflh fwpëgkf#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC,



87

9080, p# :0+# Xvhcjo kcgoypoyhbow à yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch gocdfgkbfczow f dhiklkjhjfw

jf ovzyow wfzoyfw flh fcykxvfgf"wf# H yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch gobpyffcjf ow jokw wfzoyfw

jfwjf xvf o xvf wf hpyfwfczh gobo vb pyoilfbh cço pfyzfcîh h vbh yfhlkjhjf

gobplfzhbfczf jkmfyfczf#

“Fcxvhczo hw yozkchw jh }kjh gozkjkhch goczkcvhyfb wfb kczfyyvpîço wço hpyffcjkjhw gobo

cço pyoilfbèzkghw#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# :8+# Ow wfzoyfw cço pyoilfbèzkgow

goczkcvhb gobo zhl hzë xvf vb co}o pyoilfbh wf hpyfwfczf f kcgoypoyf"wf vb co}o

gocdfgkbfczo# Gobphyhjhw gob h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch hw ovzyhw yfhlkjhjfw, gobo o

gkcfbh, poy ftfbplo, wf hpyfwfczhb gobo ghbpow mkckzow jf wknckmkghîço# Wço fcglh}fw

jfczyo jh yfhlkjhjf jobkchczf, xvf powwvfb wknckmkghjow ftpfykácgkh jflkbkzhjow# “Zojow owghbpow mkckzow jf wknckmkghîço ghyhgzfykqhb"wf poy jfw}khy h hzfcîço jh yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh

goczfbpoyécfh#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# :9+#

Pojfbow zobhy o ftfbplo jhjo pflow hvzoyfw gob yflhîço ho zfhzyo phyh gobpyffcjfy o

phpfl jo gkcfbh ch }kjh gozkjkhch# Xvhcjo hw goyzkchw jo phlgo wf lf}hczhb, o fwpfgzhjoy ë

zyhcwpoyzhjo phyh vbh co}h yfhlkjhjf, gob wknckmkghjow f oyjfb py÷pykow, xvf pojfb fwzhy ov

cço lknhjow how jh yfhlkjhjf jobkchczf# Xvhcjo hw goyzkchw jfwgfb, o kcjk}âjvo yfzoych àyfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch f h yfhlkjhjf jo phlgo phwwh h wfy hpfchw vbh lfbiyhcîh# O

bfwbo hgoczfgf xvhcjo hwwkwzkbow h vb mklbf# Xvhcjo gobfîh o mklbf wobow zyhcwpoyzhjow

phyh h yfhlkjhjf jhxvflh dkwz÷ykh, xvhcjo zfybkch cow }olzhbow phyh h bfwbh yfhlkjhjf fb

xvf fwzè}hbow hczfw jo mklbf gobfîhy#

Ovzyo mhzoy kbpoyzhczf xvf gocjkgkoch cowwo gobpoyzhbfczo f h yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch ë

h zfbpoyhlkjhjf# Flh ë vbh pyopykfjhjf kczyâcwfgh jh cowwh gocwgkácgkh f h oyjfchzfbpoyhlbfczf# Zhczo kczfychbfczf xvhcjo ftzfychbfczf, h cowwh ftkwzácgkh ë oyjfchjh pflo

zfbpo jh yfhlkjhjf# “O zfbpo aè ftkwzkh hczfw jf bfv chwgkbfczo f goczkcvhyè h ftkwzky jfpokw

xvf boyyfy#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# ::+#

H fwzyvzvyh zfbpoyhl jh }kjh gozkjkhch ë gofygkzk}h, cço pojfbow bvjè"lh, “pykbfkyo hw

pykbfkyhw gokwhw‒# “H fwzyvzvyh zfbpoyhl jh }kjh gozkjkhch cço wobfczf kbpöf wfxvácgkhw

pyfjfzfybkchczfw à bkcdh “hnfcjh‒ jf vb ñckgo jkh, bhw kbpöf"wf zhbiëb à bkcdh ikonyhmkh

fb zozhlkjhjf# U###R W÷ cfwzh fwzyvzvyh zfbpoyhl ë xvf h }kjh gozkjkhch gocwfy}h phyh bkb wfv

wkchl jf yfhlkjhjf#‒ $IFYNFY5 LVGEBHCC, 9080, p# :6+#



8:

9#9 Gkcfbh

Gocwhnyhjo gobo wëzkbh hyzf, $ch zyhjkîço glèwwkgh hw ovzyhw wfkw wço1 jhcîh, zfhzyo, bñwkgh,

lkzfyhzvyh, fwgvlzvyh f pkczvyh+ o gkcfbh zf}f wvh pykbfkyh ftkikîço pñilkgh fb 94 jf jfqfbiyo

jf 84;6, fb Phykw# Moyhb ftkikjow mklbfw gvyzow, mklbhjow gob h gébfyh mkth, fb pyfzo f

iyhcgo f wfb wob# Fb vb jflfw, vb zyfb wf hpyotkbh}h jh fwzhîço f fcgdkh h zflh ch bfjkjh

fb xvf gdfnh}h bhkw pfyzo#

H plhzëkh lf}ov vb wvwzo gob h hphyácgkh yfhl xvf h logobozk}h hjxvkykv ch zflh jo “Nyhcj

Ghmë‒# H wvypyfwh, gobo jfwzhgh Ifychyjfz $9000+, cço fyh o zyfb, pokw zojow aè zkcdhb }kwzo

vb zyfb ch }kjh, bhw wkb “}fy o zyfb ch zflh gobo wf mowwf }fyjhjfkyo‒# Phyh o hvzoy, “Fwwhklvwço jf }fyjhjf, xvf wf gdhbh kbpyfwwço jf yfhlkjhjf, mok pyo}h}flbfczf h ihwf jo nyhcjf

wvgfwwo jo gkcfbh#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# 89+#

Hpyotkbhjhbfczf hzë 8;86, ow mklbfw fyhb gvyzow f hzë o mkb jo wëgvlo cço goczh}hb

dkwz÷ykhw#

O mklbf fyh vbh wvgfwwço jf “xvhjyow‒ fczyfgoyzhjow poy lfzyfkyow xvf hpyfwfczh}h jkèlonowf jh}h ovzyhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf h zowgh lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh cço gocwfnvkh moycfgfy#H yflhîço fczyf h zflh f o fwpfgzhjoy fyh h bfwbh xvf co zfhzyo# How povgow, h lkcnvhnfbgkcfbhzonyèmkgh mok"wf gocwzyvkcjo f ë pyo}h}flbfczf how gkcfhwzhw hbfykghcow xvf wf jf}fh bhkoy goczykivkîço phyh h moybhîço jfwzh lkcnvhnfb gvahw ihwfw moyhb lhcîhjhw hzë bhkwov bfcow 8;86# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# 79+

Zojh lkcnvhnfb ë jfwfc}ol}kjh h phyzky jf vb pyoafzo ov oiafzk}o# O pyoafzo jo gkcfbh fyh

goczhy dkwz÷ykhw f h lkcnvhnfb xvf o jobkcov mok h mkgîço# Ow pykbfkyow phwwow phyh wf gdfnhy

ho oiafzk}o moyhb hw gykhîöfw jhw fwzyvzvyhw chyyhzk}hw f jh yflhîço gob o fwphîo# Ovzyo mhzoy

xvf havjov ihwzhczf mok o jfwloghbfczo jhw gébfyhw, xvhcjo o fxvkphbfczo phwwh h wfbo}kbfczhy ftployhcjo o fwphîo# Doaf, jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, ftkwzfb jokw zkpow jf

bo}kbfczow1 ow zyh}flkcnw f hw phcoyébkghw#

Chw phcoyébkghw, h gébfyh goczkcvh mkth cvb zykpë o jfwloghbfczo ogoyyf xvhcjo h bèxvkch

nkyh fb zoyco jo gdço ocjf fwzè povwhjh# Cow zyh}flkcnw, h gébfyh mkgh mkth fb vb ghyykcdo f

wf hpyotkbh ov hmhwzh# O bo}kbfczo pojf wfy mfkzo jf myfczf phyh zyèw, jf gkbh phyh ihkto ov

jh jkyfkzh phyh fwxvfyjh# O bètkbo jf boiklkjhjf xvf wf pojf hlghcîhy ë gob h gébfyh chbço#



86

Hlëb jf wf jfwloghy pflo fwphîo, h gébfyh o yfgoyzh# “O yfgoyzf jo fwphîo f hw wvhw

bojkmkghîöfw jf kbhnfb phyh kbhnfb zoycov"wf vb flfbfczo lkcnüâwzkgo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jo

gkcfbh‒, hmkybh Ifychjfz $9000, p#7=+# Gob hw kbhnfcw yfgoyzhjhw, }fb o zyhihldo jf yfvcky

hw kbhnfcw f wkczfzkqè"lhw phyh xvf vbh dkwz÷ykh wfah goczhjh, o xvf ë gdhbhjo jf boczhnfb#

Zhbiëb ftkwzf vb zkpo jf gojkmkghîço phyh ghjh plhco $fczfcjfbow gobo plhco, h kbhnfbfczyf jokw goyzfw, f zobhjh jh kbhnfb ghpzhjh fczyf jvhw kczfyyvpîöfw+# “Hw fwghlhw jowplhcow zfb kcñbfyhw }hykhczfw, bhw goyyfwpocjfb fb nfyhl ho wfnvkczf1 o Plhco Nfyhl$PN+ bowzyh vb nyhcjf fwphîo co xvhl ow pfywochnfcw cço pojfb wfy kjfczkmkghjow5 oPlhco jf Gocavczo $PG+ bowzyh vb nyvpo jf pfywochnfcw, yfgocdfgâ}fkw, cvb hbikfczf5 oPlhco Bëjko $PB+ fcxvhjyh ow pfywochnfcw fb pë gob vbh pfxvfch mhkth jf fwphîohgkbh jh ghifîh f fbihkto jow pëw5 o Plhco Hbfykghco $PH+ goyzh ow pfywochnfcw ch

hlzvyh jh gkczvyh ov jh goth5 o Pykbfkyo Plhco $PP+ goyzh co ivwzo5 o Pykbfkyâwwkbo Plhco$PPP+ bowzyh w÷ o yowzo5 o Plhco jf Jfzhldf bowzyh vbh phyzf jo goypo xvf cço h ghyh ovvb oiafzo# $IFYCHJFZ,9000,p# 74+

H wknckmkghîço ow zkpow jf plhcow f écnvlow jfpfcjfb jh yflhîço jfwzfw flfbfczow gob ow

ovzyow pyfwfczfw ch gfch, gobo klvbkchîço f zykldh wocoyh# Ë kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy zhbiëb xvf

h wknckmkghîço cvcgh ë pyfgkwh f jflkbkzhjh, flh ë wfbpyf hbiânvh#

O gkcfbh gykov vbh moybh jf chyyhy vbh dkwz÷ykh wfb xvf hw opfyhîöfw jf wflfîço f

boczhnfb mkghwwfb ftplâgkzhw ho fwpfgzhjoy# Mok gykhjh, fczço, vbh lkcnvhnfb fb xvf zojhw

hw fwpfgkmkghîöfw zëgckghw jo gkcfbh phwwhwwfb jfwpfygfikjhw# Kcwzkzvâyhb"wf phyébfzyow phyh

xvf o fwpfgzhjoy cço mowwf pfno jf wvypyfwh poy vb goyzf iyvwgo jf vbh gfch fb hbikfczf

hifyzo phyh vbh gfch fb hbikfczf ftzyfbhbfczf mfgdhjo# H yfnyh fb zojow ow wfczkjow ë

gykhy vb “ykzbo gvah mlvácgkh }hk lf}hcjo o fwpfgzhjoy, xvf mkgh gob h kbpyfwwço jf hwwkwzky h

vb mlvto goczâcvo f cço wf jè goczh jf fwzhy }fcjo vbh wvgfwwço jf plhcow xvf jvyhb povgo

bhkw jf hlnvcw wfnvcjow#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# :9+#

H yflhîço jh lkcnvhnfb zyhcwphyfczf jo gkcfbh gob ow fwpfgzhjoyfw ë “gobo wf chjh wf

kczfypvwfwwf fczyf o fwpfgzhjoy f h fwz÷ykh chyyhjh, o xvf powwkiklkzh wvwzfczhy h kbpyfwwço jf

xvf gkcfbh ë gobo h }kjh‒# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p#::+#

Jfwzh klvwço }fb o zfyyoy jow gkcfhwzhw# Phyh bhczfy h hphyfczf yfpyfwfczhîço jh yfhlkjhjf

flfw záb jf mkghy hzfczow how fyyow jf goczkcvkjhjf# Xvhcjo o wob co gkcfbh wf

kcjvwzykhlkqov flf mok hiwoy}kjo phyh gobplfbfczhy h zfczhzk}h jf zoychy o gkcfbh hkcjh bhkwphyfgkjo gob h yfhlkjhjf# Fwwh lkcnvhnfb zyhcwphyfczf xvf wf zoycov jobkchczf co gkcfbh



8=

chyyhzk}o kcjvwzykhl ë o bojflo doll{~oojkhco, xvf poy wvh }fq, jobkch zojh h dkwz÷ykh

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh jo bvcjo#

9#8#8 “Ovzyhw lkcnvhnfcw‒

O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf phyh ow wo}këzkgow jow hcow 8;90 h boczhnfb cço jf}fykh wfy}ky phyh

zfczhy yfgocwzyvky o yfhl, bhw zyhihldhy phyh gykhy vbh co}h yfhlkjhjf# Xvfb bfldoy

jfwfc}ol}fv h zfoykh jf xvf jh vckço jf jvhw kbhnfcw wfbpyf chwgf vbh zfygfkyh wknckmkghîço

mok Fkwfcwzfkc $84;4"8;:4+#8 “Flf }á hâ h fwzyvzvyh jo pfcwhbfczo jkhlëzkgo fb zyáw mhwfw1 h

zfwf, h hczâzfwf f h wâczfwf#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# :;+# O xvf nvkh h boczhnfb phyh ow

wo}këzkgow cço ë h wvgfwwço jow hgoczfgkbfczow gob o oiafzk}o jf goczhy vbh dkwz÷ykh, bhwwkb o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf vb yhgkogâcko# Ow wo}këzkgow hpoczhyhb zhbiëb phyh vb gkcfbh

bhkw fcwhâwzkgo, ocjf o mklbf fwzè lkifyzo jo fcyfjo f pojf hioyjhy f jkwgvzky xvhlxvfy

hwwvczo# Xvhczo à vzklkqhîço jo wob, ow wo}këzkgow zhbiëb goczyhwzhb gob h fwgolh

doll{~oojkhch, aè xvf phyh flfw o vwo jo wob avwzkmkgh"wf jfwjf xvf dhah goczyhwzf gob h

kbhnfb#

Hlëb jh Vckço Wo}këzkgh, ovzyow bo}kbfczow yfpvjkhyhb h zfczhzk}h jf yfpyojvqky o yfhl# ChHlfbhcdh, o ftpyfwwkockwbo xvf }knoyov jow hcow 90 how hcow 70 fyh bvkzo kcmlvfcgkhjo pflh

lkzfyhzvyh f pflhw hyzfw plèwzkghw# Hw dkwz÷ykhw goczhjhw cow mklbfw fyhb fcyfjow mhczèwzkgow#

Ifychjfz $9000, p# 67+ ftplkgh xvf “o xvf wf pyogvyh}h fyh ftpyfwwhy vbh yfhlkjhjf kczfykoy,

fyh gobo o gkcfhwzh"pofzh wfczkh h yfhlkjhjf‒#

H “H}hcz"Nhyjf‒ $}hcnvhyjh+ myhcgfwh zhbiëb zfczov fwghphy ho bojflo jobkchczf#

Jvyhczf ow hcow 90, ow mklbfw pyogvyh}hb ftpyfwwhy wfczkbfczow, fwzhjow jf fwpâykzo,cowzhlnkh, fzg#

O wvyyfhlkwbo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo, xvf hzkcnf wvh bfldoy ftpyfwwço fb jokw mklbfw jf LvkwIvøfl, Gço Hcjhlvq $8;94+ f H Kjhjf jo Ovyo $8;70+, fwzh}h locnf zhbiëb,f}kjfczfbfczf, jf xvhlxvfy pyfogvphîço xvhczo h fcyfjow f fwz÷ykhw# Wvhw kbhnfcw" gdoxvfftpyfwwhb pvlwöfw, jfwfaow hkcjh cço yhgkochlkqhjow f vb kbfcwo ÷jko pflh oyjfbivynvfwh $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p#6=+

8 Wfynvfk Bkedhklo}kzgd Fkwfcwzfkc mok vb jow bhkoyfw gkcfhwzhw wo}këzkgow# Lknhjo ho bo}kbfczo jf hyzf jf}hcnvhyjh yvwwh, phyzkgkpov hzk}hbfczf jh Yf}olvîço jf 8;8> f jh gocwolkjhîço jo gkcfbh gobo bfko jf

ftpyfwwço hyzâwzkgh# Mkgov gocdfgkjo poy wfvw mklbfw bvjow Wzykef, O Fcgovyhîhjo Pozfbekc f Ovzviyo1 JfqJkhw xvf Hihlhyhb o Bvcjo, hwwkb gobo pflow ëpkgow Hlfthcjfy Cf}we{ f K}hc, o Zfyyâ}fl# Wvh oiyhkcmlvfcgkov pyomvcjhbfczf ow pykbfkyow gkcfhwzhw jf}kjo ho wfv vwo kco}hjoy jf fwgykzow woiyf boczhnfb# Gm #dzzp1//~~~#zfyyh#gob#iy/gkcfbh/mh}oykzow/fkwfcwzfkc#dzb, hgfwwhjo fb 09/88/9080#

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguarda_russa

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Russa

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_mudo

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strike_%28filme%29&action=edit&redlink=1



http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Coura%C3%A7ado_Potemkin



http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outubro:_Dez_Dias_que_Abalaram_o_Mundo&action=edit&redlink=1




http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_%28filme%29


http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_o_Terr%C3%ADvel_%28filme%29&action=edit&redlink=1


http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagem

http://www.terra.com.br/cinema/favoritos/eisenstein.htm

http://www.terra.com.br/cinema/favoritos/eisenstein.htm

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagem







http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_mudo

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Russa

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguarda_russa



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pykcgkphlbfczf phyh o gkcfbh jf }hcnvhyjh mok h Lknh Kczfychgkochl jo Gkcfbh Kcjfpfcjfczf,

mvcjhjh fb 8;9; ch Wvâîh# Hlëb jow mklbfw jf }hcnvhyjh h lknh ftkikh pflâgvlhw jf fwxvfyjh

f lvzh}h goczyh h gfcwvyh#

Ch lkcdh jo gkcfbh pyolfzèyko, h powkîço bhkw h}hcîhjh zhl}fq zfcdh wkjo h jo zf÷ykgodñcnhyo Iflh Ihlhqw xvhcjo pyopúw h mvcjhîço jh Kczfychgkochl jo GkcfbhYf}olvgkocèyko# H oyknkchlkjhjf jh pyopowzh jf Ihlhqw ë xvf, hlëb jf hnyvphy gkcfhwzhw fzëgckgow yf}olvgkocèykow, h Kczfychgkochl kczfnyhykh zhbiëb fwpfgzhjoyfw, aè xvf gkcfbh w÷zfb wfczkjo fb mvcîço jow fwpfgzhjoyfw# Ow fwpfgzhjoyfw cço kcnyfwwhykhb ch Kczfychgkochlgobo pfwwohw mâwkghw, bhw hzyh}ëw jf oynhckqhîöfw# H kjëkh"moyîh jf Ihlhqw fyh vb pñilkgokczfychgkochl oynhckqhjo phyh lvzhy goczyh o gkcfbh ghpkzhlkwzh f wvwzfczhy h pyojvîço jfmklbfw xvf ftpyfwwhwwf ow wfvw kczfyfwwfw polâzkgow# H Kczfychgkochl jo GkcfbhYf}olvgkocèyko mkgov ho câ}fl jf pyopowzh, bhw h kjëkh jf vb pñilkgo oynhckqhjo cço fyhzço moyh jh yfhlkjhjf, pokw phyfgf xvf, fb ébikzo bvkzo loghl, jk}fywhw oynhckqhîöfw jfwwfnácfyo gdfnhyhb h ftkwzky, phyzkgvlhybfczf ch Hlfbhcdh, ocjf, poy }olzh jf 8;9="9>,nyvpow jf pyozfîço gobo Co}h Oiafzk}kjhjf ov Gkcfbh Pyolfzèyko yfhnkyhb goczyh oFtpyfwwkockwbo# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p#6;+

Poyëb, ow gkcfbhw xvf jk}fynkhb jo bojflo jobkchczf moyhb fwbhnhjow pflh kcjñwzykh f

gobëygko gkcfbhzonyèmkgow f pflh yfpyfwwço polkgkhl f polâzkgh#

9#8#9 H gobfygkhlkqhîço jo gkcfbh

O gkcfbh goczkcvh wfcjo vbh bfyghjoykh# Ifychjfz $9000+ ftplkgh xvf1

Jfpokw jo mklbf pyoczo f hczfw jf o fwpfgzhjoy fwzhy ch whlh f }fy o mklbf ch zflh, vb locnopfygvywo jf}f wfy gvbpykjo1 ë cfgfwwèyko xvf o jkwzykivkjoy wf kczfyfwwf pflo mklbf jopyojvzoy, xvf o ftkikjoy wf kczfyfwwf pflo mklbf jo jkwzykivkjoy, xvf o fwpfgzhjoy pozfcgkhlwf kczfyfwwf pflo mklbf jo ftkikjoy# Hczfw jf wf zoychy oiafzo jf myvkîço $o fwpfgzhjoy }fcjoo mklbf+, o mklbf zfb xvf pfygoyyfy zojo o zyhafzo gobo bfyghjoykh xvf jf}fyè zfyghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf hwwfnvyfb h wëykf jf opfyhîöfw cfgfwwèykhw hzë h gobpyh jo kcnyfwwo xvfpowwkiklkzh o lvgyo# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# =9+

Phyh cço pfyjfy cfcdvb fwpfgzhjoy fb pozfcgkhl, ow mklbfw zkcdhb kcnyfjkfczfw phyh hnyhjhy

h zojow ow pñilkgow# Hwwvczow polábkgow w÷ fyhb zyhzhjow co gkcfbh jfpokw jf wfyfb ifb

hiwoy}kjow poy nyhcjf phyzf jh wogkfjhjf#



84

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zyhihldo, cow boljfw kcjvwzykhkw# Xvhcjo o gkcfbh gobfîov h wf kcjvwzykhlkqhy, povghw

pfwwohw phyzkgkphb jo pyogfwwo jf “mhqfy vb mklbf‒# Vb bfwbo kcjk}âjvo pfcwh}h o mklbf,

mklbh}h h dkwz÷ykh f mhqkh h boczhnfb jhw gfchw# Doaf ghjh mvcîço ë jfwfbpfcdhjh poy vb

pyomkwwkochl fwpfgâmkgo#

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yozfkykwzh, ov fxvkpf jf yozfkykwzhw, cço kczfy}kyè ch mklbhnfb5 o jkyfzoy yfgfifyè vb yozfkyo

jfzhldhjo xvf flf cço hlzfyhyè, f flf cço kczfy}kyè ch boczhnfb, zyhihldo jo boczhjoy#‒

$IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# =:+# Fwzf wkwzfbh jf zyhihldo pyfjobkcov fb Doll{~ooj f mok bhkw

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Gobo fwpfgzhjoyfw f gyâzkgow, zfbow vbh }kwço myhnbfczhjh jh oiyh, bfwbo xvhcjo kwwo cço

cow ë zço pfygfpzâ}fl# Bfwbo gob h yknkjfq kbpowzh, hlnvcw jkyfzoyfw gocwfnvkyhb kbpykbky

hlno jf pfwwohl fb wfvw mklbfw#

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hzfcîço jo pñilkgo zk}fyhb jf wfy gykhjow phyh bhczfy h yfczhiklkjhjf jo gkcfbh f hzkcnky

pñilkgow fwpfgâmkgow# Phyh wf hzvhlkqhy, wvynkyhb ftpfykácgkhw gob mklbfw bfcoyfw f jf

pyojvzoyfw kcjfpfcjfczfw#

Gobo ftfbplo jf gkcfbh fwzhzkqhjo pojfbow gkzhy h Vckço Wo}këzkgh, ocjf h pyojvîço

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh fyh zozhlbfczf fwzhzkqhjh# O no}fyco cço }kwh}h lvgyow, flf hpfchw jfwfah wfy

yfwwhygkjo pflo kc}fwzkbfczo f ftphcjky wvh pyojvîço# Zojow ow fc}ol}kjow ch pyojvîço jf

vb mklbf " hzoyfw, jkyfzoyfw, yozfkykwzhw, fzg ", fyhb phnow pflo fwzhjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob h “jhzh ihwf bvcjo‒ jo wkzf Mklbf I9, doaf o gkcfbh yvwwo cço ë bvkzo

jkmfyfczf# Jfwjf 8;;=, gob h Lfk jf Wvpoyzf Fwzhzhl phyh h Hzk}kjhjf Gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, o

mkchcgkhbfczo pñilkgo phyh h pyojvîço, ftkikîço f jkwzykivkîço jf locnhw"bfzyhnfcw yvwwow mok

yfnvlhbfczhjo#

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9 Gm# dzzp1//~~~#mklbfi#gob#iy/jibvcjo/dzbl/yvwwkh#pdp, hgfwwhjo fb 9; jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#



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fwzhzhkw# Hzvhlbfczf, wfnvcjo o lf}hczhbfczo jo wkzf, h jkwzykivkîço jow wviwâjkow mkgov bhkw

jk}fywkmkghjh, mvcgkochcjo gob gfygh jf 70& jf yfgvywow mfjfyhkw, 90 & jhw gobphcdkhw jf

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zfbhw, h mklbhnfb, o yozfkyo f o mklbf pyoczo fyhb goczyolhjow zozhlbfczf pflo fwzhjo# Co

fczhczo, povghw oiyhw moyhb pyojvqkjhw ftglvwk}hbfczf pflo no}fyco# Flhw jfwzkch}hb"wf h

jk}vlnhy h kjfolonkh omkgkhl f gocgfczyhyhb"wf cow nácfyow jf jogvbfczèyko# O yfwzhczf jow

mklbfw hlfbçfw xvf moyhb pyojvqkjow jvyhczf ow 89 hcow jo no}fyco jf Dkzlfy $8;77"8;:6+

zhbiëb jkmvcjkhb h kjfolonkh chqkwzh, bhw jf}khb wfy jf gocwvbo mègkl#

Co Iyhwkl f ch Myhcîh h pyojvîço ë pyk}hjh, bhw o fwzhjo fwzè pyfwfczf jf jk}fywhw moybhw,

gobo ch lfnkwlhîço phyh yfnvlhy h pyojvîço f gobfygkhlkqhîço, mkchcgkhbfczow, fzg# Ch

Polúckh jo mkb jow hcow 60, “zfczov"wf gocavnhy ow kczfyfwwfw jo fwzhjo, jow gkcfhwzhw f jo

pñilkgo, ifb gobo pyozfnfy h pyojvîço zhczo goczyh hw pyfwwöfw fwzhzhkw gobo goczyh hw

pyfwwöfw jo bfyghjo f jo gocwvbo#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p#>0+#

Xvhczo how pyojvzoyfw hbfykghcow, flfw cvcgh }kyhb gob iocw oldow h phyzkgkphîço fwzhzhl,f w÷ vbh lfk yfhlbfczf ow hzkcnkv1 h lfk hczkzyvwzf, goczyh h xvhl lvzhyhb jvyhczf jëghjhw,xvf hghiov wfcjo hplkghjh f xvf ë pyo}h}flbfczf, avczhbfczf gob o hphyfgkbfczo jhzflf}kwço, vb jow bozk}ow jo fcmyhxvfgkbfczo jf Doll{~ooj ch jëghjh jf 60# H lfkhczkzyvwzf kbpfjkh àw gobphcdkhw jf ftfygfyfb wvhw hzk}kjhjfw cow zyáw câ}fkw jh kcjñwzykh fjh gobfygkhlkqhîço1 pyojvîço, jkwzykivkîço f ftkikîço $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# >8+

H Gobkwwço Dh{w mok gykhjh pflow gkcfhwzhw hbfykghcow gobo moybh jf yfwkwzácgkh àw

kcnfyácgkhw jo fwzhjo#

Cow hcow 80 f 90 jk}fywow nyvpow wogkhkw fynvfyhb"wf goczyh jfzfybkchjow mklbfw,woiyfzvjo poy gocwkjfyh"low kboyhkw5 ow pyojvzoyfw wfczkyhb xvf o Fwzhjo pojfykh gfjfy àwpyfwwöfw f phwwhy h ftfygfy h gfcwvyh# Fczço, mvcjhyhb h gdhbhjh Hwwowwkhîço Dh{w,kczfnyhjh poy pyojvzoyfw, phyh jfmfcjfy wfvw kczfyfwwfw# Fwwh hwwogkhîço gykov vbh fwpëgkfjf g÷jkno jf gfcwvyh# Pyhzkghcjo flfw bfwbo h gfcwvyh, ow pyojvzoyfw f}kzhyhb h gfcwvyhfwzhzhl# $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# >9+

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vb gkcfbh xvf jfmfcjfwwf hw kjfolonkhw jobkchczfw# Co fczhczo, jfpokw jh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh

Bvcjkhl, h Gobkwwço BhgGhyzd{ kc}fwzkv mvykowhbfczf goczyh Doll{~ooj f kbpfjkv o



90

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“yflhzk}h hvzocobkh‒#

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gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Oynhckwbow fwpfgkhkw jfzfybkch}hb xvhkw mklbfw pojfykhb ov cço wfy mfkzow

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co}hw#

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xvf wf zyhzh hpfchw jf vbh hybhjkldh phyh fcnhchy ow fwpfgzhjoyfw# Pflo goczyèyko, o pñilkgo

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98

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zflf}kwoy, o wob, hw jkbfcwöfw, fzg# Nyhcjfw kc}fwzkbfczow fb wvpfypyojvîöfw zhbiëb

wvynfb cfwzh ëpogh#

9#8#7 Co}ow gkcfbhw

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jo p÷w"nvfyyh cow hbikfczfw yvyhl f vyihco#

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jo gkcfbh hzvhl mok h Cov}fllf ]hnvf# O gkcfbh myhcgáw jo mkb jow hcow 60 yobpf gob o xvf

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9000, p#;=+# Zvjo bvjov gob o nyvpo moybhjo poy Glhvjf Gdhiyol, Afhc"Lvg Nojhyj f

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pflhw xvfwzöfw ftkwzfcgkhkw jf wfvw pfywochnfcw#

Phyh Hczúcko Gowzh $8;4;+, o bo}kbfczo myhcgáw cço yfpyfwfczov hpfchw h fwzyfkh jf vbh

co}h nfyhîço jf gkcfhwzhw, mok zhbiëb h hmkybhîço jf vb co}o zkpo jf gkcfhwzhw#

“Goczvjo, hlëb jow hwpfgzow chyyhzk}ow f wogkol÷nkgow, ghjh vb jfwzfw mklbfw ë zhbiëb vbfcwhko woiyf kbhnfcw f woiyf gkcfbh, woiyf h yflhîço fczyf o jkyfzoy f hw fwz÷ykhw xvf chyyh,fczyf hzoy f pfywochnfb kczfypyfzhjh5 woiyf h yflhîço fczyf hw phlh}yhw f hw kbhnfcw5 woiyf ophpfl xvf ow }èykow bfkow jf gobvckghîço $h phlh}yh, o gkcfbh, h pvilkgkjhjf, ow aoychkw,zfg#+ záb fb plhwbhy f jfmkcky o doykqoczf jhw cowwhw ftpfykácgkhw‒ $GOWZH, 8;4;, p#898+#



99

Zhbiëb h nyhcjf bhkoykh jfwzfw mklbfw mok fwbhnhjh pflow gkygvkzow gobfygkhkw# O gkcfbh

hvzoyhl wf opöf ho gkcfbh"kcjñwzykh f ho gkcfbh jf pyojvzoy# “O hvzoy gkcfbhzonyèmkgo zfcjf

h wfy wfv py÷pyko pyojvzoy# Ë flf xvf pfcwh o pyoafzo, pyogvyh ow bfkow jf yfhlkqè"lo, mklbh f

hgobphcdh h oiyh fb zojhw hw fzhphw#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# 80:+#

Ch Myhcîh, fwwf zkpo jf gkcfbh mkgov gocdfgkjo gobo “polâzkgh jow hvzoyfw‒# Aè co Iyhwkl, o

gkcfbh jf hvzoy ë gocwkjfyhjo yf}olvgkocèyko# Fwzf gkcfbh cço }fjh cfcdvb zfbh polábkgo

ov gobvb, ogvph"wf jf mhqfy vb mklbf xvf pyopocdh yfmlftço polâzkgh, ëzkgh, yflknkowh, fzg#

Cço wço bfyow kcwzyvbfczow jf fczyfzfckbfczo, lf}hb ho pñilkgo vbh kcmoybhîço# Fbioyh

yfwpfkzfb hlnvbhw yfnyhw jo gkcfbh zyhjkgkochl, gobo h jvyhîço f h pyfwfcîh jf vb fcyfjo,

ow mklbfw hvzoyhkw cço pyogvyhb vb pñilkgo jf bhwwhw# Ch }fyjhjf, o xvf wf ivwgh ë vbfwpfgzhjoy xvf wf kczfyfwwf pflo zfbh f pflh kcmoybhîço pyfwfczf ch zyhbh#

Bvkzow mklbfw hzvhkw cço pyogvyhb fwgocjfy xvf wço mklbfw, xvf cço jf}fb wfy gocmvcjkjhw

gob h yfhlkjhjf f xvf wço oiyhw jf lkcnvhnfb# Bfwbo wfb o gobpyobkwwo gob h

yfpyfwfczhîço jo yfhl, ow mklbfw pyfogvphb"wf fb gocwfy}hy h lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh#

Ow gkcfhwzhw hzvhkw pyfogvphb"wf bvkzo bhkw fb hpyomvcjhy o gobpoyzhbfczo jow

pfywochnfcw f hw wknckmkghîöfw pyfwfczfw chw jkwgvwwöfw pyopowzhw pflow gkcfhwzhw# H

gocgfpîço jf fwphîo zhbiëb bvjh# Plhcow locnow f fwphîo goczâcvo pyfjobkchb woiyf o

fwphîo myhnbfczhjo doll{~oojkhco f h lkcdh fcwhâwzkgh jh VYWW#

Chw jëghjhw jf =0 f >0, phyhlflhbfczf ho jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo gkcfbh hvzoyhl, wvynkyhb

mklbfw ftpfykbfczhkw, xvf cço jfwfah}hb wfy zyhcwmoybhjow fb bfyghjoykh# O pykcgkphl

ftfbplo ë o gkcfbh hbfykghco Vcjfynyovcj , xvf vwh}h lkcnvhnfcw f zfbhw gobplfzhbfczf

hldfkow ho gkcfbh gobfygkhl# Hlnvcw gkcfhwzhw iyhwklfkyow kcgoypoyhyhb o zfybo f o

hpoyzvnvfwhyhb zyhcwmoybhcjo"o fb Vjknyvjk, opocjo"wf ho Gkcfbh Co}o#

Ovzyh moybh jf yfwkwzácgkh ho gkcfbh gobfygkhl mok o gkcfbh bklkzhczf# Bo}kbfczow wogkhkw f

phyzkjow polâzkgow jfwgoiykyhb gobo vwhy o gkcfbh fb ghvwh py÷pykh# “Cço w÷ fwzfw mklbfw

wvpöfb bfkow jf pyojvîço f bëzojow jf zyhihldo zozhlbfczf jkmfyfczfw jo gkcfbh"

bfyghjoykh, gobo zhbiëb wvpöfb gkygvkzow jf ftkikîço f yflhîço gob ow fwpfgzhjoyfw

jkmfyfczfw jow xvf gocdfgfbow dhikzvhlbfczf#‒ $IFYCHJFZ, 9000, p# 88=+#



97

7 YFPYFWFCZHÎÇO WKBI×LKGH1 H WVÈWZKGH 7#8 Chqkwbo f Wvèwzkgh

O chqkwbo ë jfwgykzo poy Ghpflhzo f J‛Hlfwwko gobo vbh “ftpfykácgkh jf kczolfyécgkh lf}hjhho ftzyfbo‒# Flf pojf wfy fczfcjkjo gobo o yfwvlzhjo jf vb pyogfwwo kjfczkzèyko, ocjf vb

nyvpo jf pfwwohw wf vcf ho yfjoy jf vb oiafzk}o fb gobvb#

H moybh gobo hw kjfczkjhjfw hzvhb ch dkwz÷ykh jfpfcjf jo goczftzo co xvhl wçogocwzyvâjhw1 bvkzhw }fqfw kjfczkjhjf wknckmkgh pyozfîço _ woiyfzvjo cvbh wogkfjhjf jfbhwwhw, ow kcjk}âjvow wf wfczfb pyozfnkjow poy kczfnyhyfb vb nyvpo ëzckgo, yflknkowo,wftvhl, chgkochl _, ovzyhw }fqfw wknckmkgh hmkybhîço jf vb nyvpo f ftglvwço jf ovzyow#$GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO, 900:# p#80+

O chqkwbo mok vb yfnkbf zozhlkzèyko ch bfjkjh fb xvf wfv pyoafzo pyopvcdh h gykhîço jf vbh

wogkfjhjf kcjk}kwâ}fl# Ow xvf cço wf hjfxvh}hb gobplfzhbfczf co golfzk}o kjfhlkqhjo fyhb

gocwkjfyhjow oiwzègvlow f jf}khb wfy flkbkchjow# Xvhcjo h kbhnfb jo hykhco wf gocwzkzvk

fb pojfy h vckjhjf phwwh h wfy fczfcjkjh gobo h }oczhjf jo lâjfy# “O chqkwbo pyogvyov

flkbkchy h bvlzkplkgkjhjf jhw }oczhjfw wogkhkw poy bfko jh }kolácgkh mâwkgh f jh pfywvhwço

hvzoykzèykh#‒ $GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO, 900:# p#88+#

Hw hvzoyhw jfwgyf}fb fb vb iyf}f phyènyhmo ow goczftzow dkwz÷ykgo, wogkhl f gvlzvyhl xvf

hghihyhb gvlbkchcjo gob o wvynkbfczo jo chqkwbo1

Gocwfxüácgkh mvcjhbfczhl jh kcjvwzykhlkqhîço, o hphyfgkbfczo jhw wogkfjhjfw jf bhwwhw,hwwogkhjo à jkmâgkl wkzvhîço jh Hlfbhcdh co p÷w"nvfyyh, yfwvlzov co goczftzo kjfhl phyh owchqkwzhw hpyfwfczhyfb vbh pyopowzh polâzkgh fb xvf hw bhwwhw pvjfwwfb gocmfyky hlnvbwfczkjo à py÷pykh ftkwzácgkh# Kwwo ftplkgh poy xvf mok powwâ}fl o ftfygâgko jf vb pojfy moyzf,hyikzyèyko, ftglvjfczf, poyzhjoy jf }oq f }fyjhjfw ñckghw# Vb pojfy xvf wvmogh}h hwkcjk}kjvhlkjhjfw, chzvyhkw fb zojow ow hnyvphbfczow dvbhcow f ghphqfw jf oyknkchy hjk}fywkjhjf xvf ghyhgzfykqh h jkbfcwço wogkhl# Cfwwf pyogfwwo jf mkthîço jf vb ñckgo

poczo jf pyojvîço jf kczfyfwwfw, o chqkwbo gykov vbh mknvyh gocgyfzh, h yhîh hykhch, h phyzkyjh xvhl wf jf}fykh yfgocwzyvky h kjfczkjhjf jo po}o hlfbço# H kc}fcîço jo “ovzyo‒ gobokckbkno mok o bfghckwbo xvf pyopkgkov fwwh yfgykhîço kjfczkzèykh# Xvhczo bhkw wf zoych}hcâzkjo f ftplâgkzo, bhkw o co}o “c÷w‒ nhcdh}h fwphîo f hnlvzkch}h pfwwohw# $GHPFLHZO5J‛HLFWWKO, 900: #p#89+

Fb 8;97, Dkzlfy hwgfcjfv ho pojfy ch Hlfbhcdh# Jfczyf ovzyhw gokwhw, flf wviwzkzvkv h

ihcjfkyh jh Yfpñilkgh jf ^fkbhy pflh wvèwzkgh jo chgkochl"wogkhlkwbo# Phyh hw dkwzoykhjoyhw

Bhygkh Bhcwoy J‛Hlfwwko f Bhykh Dflfch Ghpflhzo ë ihwzhczf f}kjfczf o vwo ftgfwwk}o jf

wâbiolow xvf o chqkwbo mfq# Wfnvcjo flhw, ow kjf÷lonow jo phyzkjo whikhb pfymfkzhbfczf xvf

h kbhnfb goc}fcgfykh bhkw jo xvf o pfcwhbfczo hiwzyhzo#



9:

O wkbiolkwbo ihlkqh hw gocwgkácgkhw, hihmh hw yfwkwzácgkhw# Gobo fwzkbvlh fcfynkhw,gobpfcwh myvwzyhîöfw " xvf, co ghwo h Hlfbhcdh, fyhb bvkzhw# Pyopkgkh o hzyflhbfczo jh}kjh jf ghjh vb à }kjh jf vb lâjfy, xvf ghzhlkwh hw fboîöfw f ghchlkqh h }kolácgkh fbjkyfîço how flfkzow gobo kckbknow# $GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO, 900: #p#67+

Ow chqkwzhw vwhyhb wâbiolow hczknow f ow hjhpzhyhb à yfhlkjhjf xvf }k}khb chxvflf

bobfczo# H wvèwzkgh, o wâbiolo omkgkhl jo chqkwbo, ë vb jow wâbiolow bhkw hczknow jo

bvcjo f fwzè pyfwfczf ch gvlzvyh jf jkmfyfczfw po}ow1 gflzhw dkcjvw, nyfnow, zyokhcow f

fzyvwgow# Co lk}yo “Gvykowkjhjfw Dkwz÷ykghw‒, Yonëyko Wkjhxvk ftplkgh hw oyknfcw jo wâbiolo

xvf mok hjozhjo pflow chqkwzhw1

H phlh}yh wvèwzkgh }fb jo wécwgykzo f yfmfyf"wf h vbh gyvq gob dhwzfw jo bfwbo zhbhcdo

joiyhjhw phyh h jkyfkzh# Yfpyfwfczh}h co hczkno Oykfczf vb wol fb f}olvîço, o mono, h }kjhf h ioh woyzf# Phyh ow ivjkwzhw mok wkcúckbo jf whl}hîço, phyh ow dkcjvw, h bfwbh wvèwzkghgob dhwzfw }kyhjhw phyh h fwxvfyjh wkbiolkqh}h h bhnkh, h cokzf, h pojfyowh, zfbkjh fjfwzyvzk}h Ehlk, fwpowh jf Wdk}h f jfvwh jhw zyf}hw# H wvèwzkgh mok hjozhjh gobo wâbiolo jochqkwbo h phyzky jf 8;98, xvhcjo ftkwzkh hpfchw vb phyzkjo gob fwzhw zfcjácgkhw, f xvf cçodh}kh gdfnhjo ho pojfy ch Hlfbhcdh# O vwo jfwzh gyvq yfmoyîh h kjëkh jf Dkzlfy zfy zkjolknhîöfw gob bo}kbfczow fwozëykgow# $WKJHXVK, 900:# p#47+

“H wvèwzkgh kczfnyh vb wâbiolo kbpoyzhczf, h gyvq nhbhjh $gyvq nyfnh jf iyhîow knvhkw+ gob

ow xvhzyo fktow }olzhjow phyh h jkyfkzh#‒ $GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO, 900:, p# 6:+# Pflo

nyhmkwbo jo wâbiolo hw hvzoyhw yf}flhb xvf o bo}kbfczo kcjkghjo ë jf yozhîço fb zoyco jo

gfczyo xvf, poy wvh }fq, pojf wfy fczfcjkjo gobo o “fv‒ ov vb p÷lo jf hzyhîço# Poy zfy

yfpyfwfczhjo “hîço f bhckmfwzhîço jf vb gkglo jf yfnfcfyhîço pfypëzvh‒, h wvèwzkgh mok

ihwzhczf vwhjh ch kbhnfb jf whl}hjoyfw ho locno jh dkwz÷ykh jh dvbhckjhjf#

O pyoafzo chqkwzh kcgoypoyov h wvèwzkgh f wfv wfczkjo jf zozhlkjhjf, hwwkb gobo jf

yfnfcfyhîço jf vbh wogkfjhjf poy bfko jf vb gfczyo, vb lâjfy#

Xvhcjo Dkzlfy, hpyfwfczhjo gobo pyozfzoy jo po}o, yfgvpfyov h wvèwzkgh, yfnhzov hbkzolonkh popvlhy jo lâjfy jk}kco, pyfwfczf ch gvlzvyh nfybéckgh dè bvkzo zfbpo# H gyvqnhbhjh xvf gobpöf h wvèwzkgh mok vwhjh gobo wâbiolo chgkochl ch vckmkghîço hlfbç $9±Yfkgd+# $GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO# 900:# p#6:+

H ihcjfkyh chqkwzh gocwfnvkv yfvcky f yfgvpfyhy wâbiolow zyhjkgkochkw jo Kbpëyko Nfybéckgo#

O wogkhl ë yfpyfwfczhjo pflo }fybfldo, o chgkochl pflo iyhcgo f h lvzh hczk"wfbkzh f o zykvcmo

hykhco pflh gyvq nhbhjh# H wvèwzkgh cço fwzh}h pyfwfczf hpfchw chw ihcjfkyhw, bhw fb

iyogdfw jf omkgkhkw jow ftëygkzow chqkwzhw f zhbiëb cow ghyzhqfw f pyophnhcjhw jo yfnkbf#



96

7#9 O gkcfbh jf Xvfczkb Zhyhczkco

7#9#8 Xvfb ë Zhyhczkco

O jkyfzoy ë bvcjkhlbfczf gocdfgkjo pflh moybh fglëzkgh gob xvf jkyknf f fwgyf}f wfvw mklbfw#

Hlëb jf yfmfyácgkhw glèwwkghw, ow ~fwzfycw f ftplokzhzkoc wço hlnvcw jow nácfyow xvf o

gkcfhwzh zfb gobo ihwf# Wfvw zyhihldow gdhbhb h hzfcîço poy pfgvlkhykjhjfw jh bkwf"fb"

wgäcf, gobo h pyfmfyácgkh poy wfxüácgkhw locnhw f vwo jow plhcow jf pyomvcjkjhjf#

O aoychlkwzh f gyâzkgo jf gkcfbh, joco jo wkzf Gkcf Yfp÷yzfy 7, Yojykno Ghyyfkyo, jfwgyf}f

Zhyhczkco gobo “vb zâpkgo pyojvzo jo wëgvlo TTK‒# O jkyfzoy mok ihzkqhjo gob o cobf jfXvfczkc Afyobf Zhyhczkco f chwgfv co jkh 98 jf bhyîo jf 8;=7, ch gkjhjf jf Ecot}kllf, co

Zfccfwwff $FVH+# Bfwbo zfcjo chwgkjo fb vbh gkjhjf yvyhl, Zhyhczkco wfbpyf mok

hphktochjo poy gkcfbh# Flf wf bvjov gob h bçf phyh Wovzd Ifhgd, fb Low Hcnflfw, xvhcjo

hkcjh zkcdh jokw hcow# Ghyyfkyo jfwzhgh h jfgkwço “pyfgogf‒ jf Zhyhczkco fb wf zoychy

gkcfhwzh# Jfwjf bvkzo gfjo, ho gobplfzhy wfvw 84 hcow, o jkyfzoy jfgkjkv zyhihldhy gob

gkcfbh#

Phyh wvwzfczhy vb gvywo jf jkyfîço jo Wvcjhcgf Kcwzkzvzf, Zhyhczkco mok zyhihldhy ch ]kjfo

Hygdk}fw, vbh }kjfologhjoyh# Hlëb jkwwo, gobfîov h mhqfy pfxvfchw poczhw gobo hzoy fb

mklbfw jf ihkto oyîhbfczo f wëykfw jf Z]# Fcxvhczo zyhihldh}h, Zhyhczkco pojkh hwwkwzky

}èykow mklbfw# Ghyyfkyo ftplkgh xvf ow pyfmfykjow jo jkyfzoy fyhb locnhw jf hyzfw bhygkhkw

hwkèzkgow f mhyofwzfw kzhlkhcow#

Zhyhczkco oynhckqov pfxvfcow gvywow f wfwwöfw jf mklbfw hwkèzkgow fb gkcfbhw jf ihkyyo#Jfwzfw fcgoczyow, wvynkv vb nyvpo xvf fwgyf}kh yozfkyow poy goczh py÷pykh# Ghyyfkyo yf}flh xvf

o gkcfhwzh Yonfy H}hy{ mok yf}flhjo cfwwf nyvpo, go"fwgyf}fcjo o yozfkyo jo “Pvlp Mkgzkoc‒ f

jkyknkcjo ovzyow mklbfw jfpokw jkwwo#‒ Xvhczo à zyhafz÷ykh jf Zhyhczkco co bvcjo jo gkcfbh,

mok fb 8;;0 xvf flf wf jfwzhgov# Ho }fcjfy ow yozfkyow jf “Hboy à Xvfkbh"Yovph‒ $8;;7+,

jf Zoc{ Wgozz, f “Hwwhwwkcow Poy Chzvyfqh‒ $8;;:+, jf Olk}fy Wzocf, wfv cobf gobfîov h

wfy gocdfgkjo#

7 Gm# dzzp1// ~~~#gkcfyfpoyzfy#gob#iy, hgfwwhjo fb 70 jf hnowzo jf 9080#



9=

H oiyh xvf }fko fb wfnvkjh bhygov o kcâgko jh ghyyfkyh jf Zhyhczkco# “Gçfw jf Hlvnvfl‒

$8;;9+ mfq bvkzo wvgfwwo co Wvcjhcgf Mklb Mfwzk}hl# Ow mklbfw xvf wf wfnvkyhb moyhb1 “Pvlp

Mkgzkoc‒ $8;;:+, “Ahgekf Iyo~c‒ $8;;>+, “Ekll Ikll‒ $9007+, Ekll Ikll KK‒ $900:+ f

“Kcnlovykovw Ihwzfyjw‒ $900;+# Ghyyfkyo yf}flh xvf iocw hzoyfw ihkth}hb whlèykow phyh

zyhihldhy gob o jkyfzoy#

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pyojvzoy ftfgvzk}o jo mklbf “Phygfkyow jo Gykbf‒ $8;;:+, jf Yonfy H}hy{# Hzvov cow mklbfw

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Yojyknvfq# F havjov jkyfzoyfw kckgkhczfw ho jkyknky vb jow fpkw÷jkow jh gobëjkh “Nyhcjf

Dozfl‒ $8;;6+#

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jf Bfldoy Jkyfzoy, fb 8;;6# Gob h bfwbh oiyh, Zhyhczkco }fcgfv o Nloio jf Ovyo ch

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bhkoyfw kcmlvácgkhw jh pyowh ifb"dvboyhjh jo jkyfzoy#

Ovzyo locnh bfzyhnfb ihwzhczf pyfbkhjo mok Kcnlovykovw Ihwzfyjw, Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow ch

zyhjvîço phyh o poyzvnváw# Co Owghy jf 9080, o mklbf yfcjfv à Zhyhczkco jvhw kcjkghîöfw ho

pyábko chw ghzfnoykhw jf Bfldoy Jkyfzoy f Bfldoy Yozfkyo Oyknkchl# Co Nloio jf Ovyo,

zhbiëb mok kcjkghjo jvhw }fqfw gobo Bfldoy Jkyfzoy f Bfldoy Yozfkyo# H jkyfîço f o yozfkyoyfcjfyhb zhbiëb jvhw kcjkghîöfw ho Ihmzh#

7#9#9 O xvf ë o gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco

Bhvyo Ihpzkwzh $9080+ zyhzh jf ftplkghy ho lfkzoy yfwvbkjhbfczf o xvf ë o gkcfbh jf nácfyo,

xvf ch fyh glèwwkgh jf Doll{~ooj $8;86 hzë 8;=0+ omfyfgfv ho pñilkgo mklbfw phjyockqhjow f

jk}fywkmkghjow# Ow jkmfyfczfw nácfyow yfpfzkhb phjyöfw chyyhzk}ow f zfbèzkgow f bfwbo

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Fcmkb, gobfîh h zyhzhy jo gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco1 “Zhyhczkco mhq gkcfbh jf nácfyo p÷w "

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phyènyhmo1

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Hlëb jf gkcëmklo, Zhyhczkco ë joco jf vbh mklbonyhmkh ihwzhczf fglëzkgh co xvf wf yfmfyf how

bhkw jk}fywow hwpfgzow# Wvhw yfmfyácgkhw }ço jfwjf o pvlp,

Gocgfkzo xvf nhcdov yfgocdfgkbfczo popvlhy gob o mklbf Pvlp mkgzkoc, zfbpo jf }kolácgkh $Pvlp mkgzkoc, 8;;:+, fyh o gocavczo jf yf}kwzhw jf chyyhzk}h popvlhy xvf fwzh}h co hvnf chwjëghjhw jf 8;90 f 8;70, gvao cobf jfyk}h jo phpfl jf polph fb xvf fyhb kbpyfwwhw# Fwwhwyf}kwzhw fczyf hw xvhkw wf jfwzhgh Ilhge Bhwe , moyhb kbpoyzhczfw phyh o chwgkbfczo f o

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh lkzfyhzvyh polkgkhl ov dhyj"ioklfj U###R# Hzvhlbfczf, o pvlp ëkjfczkmkghjo gobo nácfyo jf gykbf, hpfwhy jf, fb wvh ëpogh, ow pvlp bhnhqkcfw hihyghyfbvbh hbplh }hykfjhjf jf nácfyow, gobo o ~fwzfyc, hw dkwz÷ykhw jf bkwzëyko f h mkggîçogkfczâmkgh# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 9=+

Ovzyh yfmfyácgkh co gkcfbh jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco hpoczhjh poy Ihpzkwzh wço ow mklbfw

ftplokzhzkoc jow hcow 8;60, 8;=0 f 8;>0, ow xvhkw

fyhb yfhlkqhjow moyh jo gkygvkzo jow nyhcjfw fwzñjkow, poy gobphcdkhw kcjfpfcjfczfw, gobo pyop÷wkzo jf oizfy lvgyow yèpkjow# Fyhb pyoafzhjow fb jyk}f"kcw f whlhw povgo yfwpfkzè}fkw

f zfczh}hb hzyhky vb pñilkgo av}fckl, omfyfgfcjo bhkw wfto f }kolácgkh xvf hw pyojvîöfw jfDoll{~ooj# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 9=+

Hlëb jfwzhw yfmfyácgkhw, hpoczhjhw gobo pykcgkphkw poy Ihpzkwzh, Zhyhczkco zhbiëb vwh

flfbfczow jh yflfkzvyh jf nácfyow }kolfczow mfkzhw poy gkcfhwzhw kzhlkhcow, myhcgfwfw f gdkcfwfw#

Co gkcfbh kzhlkhco, Zhyhczkco cço hpyfwfczh kczfyfwwf pflow jkyfzoyfw bhkw yfgocdfgkjow jo

cfoyyfhlkwbo, jo gkcfbh bojfyco jf 8;=0, ov hzë bfwbo h gobëjkh kzhlkhch# Flf wf kjfczkmkgh

gob ow mklbfw xvf phyojkhb ovzyow nácfyow, o mklbf jf gykbf f o mklbf jf nvfyyh, f ow mklbfw

jf doyyoy, fcmkb, “gkcfbh kzhlkhco jf ihkto oyîhbfczo, ghyhgzfykqhjo pflo ftgfwwo, h }kolácgkh



94

f h phy÷jkh, gob mkcw ftplkgkzhbfczf gobfygkhkw f povgo wzhzvw gvlzvyhl, xvf zf}f wfv hponfv

cow hcow 8;=0, 8;>0 f 8;40‒# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 9>+#

Co gkcfbh myhcgáw, Zhyhczkco }olzh wfv oldhy phyh jkyfzoyfw xvf yfzyhihldhb ow nácfyow jf

Doll{~ooj, gobo Nojhyj f Afhc Pkfyyf Bfl}kllf# Zhyhczkco dfyjh jf Nojhyj h gkzhîço jf

ovzyow mklbfw, h hvzoyyfmfyácgkh f o aono# Ow mklbfw jf hyzfw bhygkhkw pyojvqkjow fb Docn

Eocn chw jëghjhw jf 8;>0, 8;40 f 8;;0 zhbiëb wço kcwpkyhîço phyh o gkcfhwzh#

Ihpzkwzh hchlkwh h glhwwkmkghîço jo gkcfbh jf Doll{~ooj gobo yfhlkwzh# Flf hmkybh xvf pyfmfyf

glhwwkmkgè"lo gobo chzvyhlkwzh f ftplkgh xvf pyfmfyf pfcwhy o zfybo yfhlkwbo gobo vbh

fwzëzkgh jf hifyzvyh phyh o bvcjo, ghpzhcjo hw gokwhw fb wvhw fwwácgkhw# O chzvyhlkwbo ëjfmkckjo gobo vb fwphîo ocjf o bvcjo ë gopkhjo jh bhcfkyh bhkw mkfl powwâ}fl, phyh gykhy h

klvwço jf xvf h plhzëkh fwzè fb goczhzo gob o bvcjo yfhl jkyfzhbfczf# Fb Doll{~ooj ow

hgoczfgkbfczow wfnvfb vbh oyjfb jf ghvwh f fmfkzow f wço nvkhjow poy vbh bhzykq

bflojyhbèzkgh# O bflojyhbh ë gologhjo poy Ihpzkwzh gobo moybh jobkchczf jo gkcfbh

hbfykghco, “vbh moybh wfczkbfczhlkwzh xvf vwh h opowkîço fczyf o ifb f o bhl phyh zyhcwbkzky

lkîöfw boyhkw‒# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 9;+#

Ow mklbfw jf Zhyhczkco cço wfnvfb à ykwgh ow pykcgâpkow jo bflojyhbh, bhw hlnvcw jflfw

fwzço pyfwfczfw# Xvhczo ho chzvyhlkwbo, Ihpzkwzh hjozh h ghyhgzfykqhîço pyopowzh poy Kwbhkl

Th}kfy, xvf hpoczh zyáw flfbfczow ièwkgow1 h jfgvphnfb glèwwkgh, h flhioyhîço jf vb bëzojo

jf kczfypyfzhîço phyh ow hzoyfw xvf ivwgh h yfpyojvîço mkfl jo gobpoyzhbfczo dvbhco f h

fwgoldh jf dkwz÷ykhw pfyzfcgfczfw h nácfyow chyyhzk}ow gob goc}fcîöfw jf lfkzvyh mègkl f

popvlhykjhjf gobpyo}hjh poy locnh zyhjkîço# Hchlkwhcjo ow zyáw hwpfgzow, Ihpzkwzh gocglvk

xvf o gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco cço ë chzvyhlkwzh#

H bhkoykh jow pfywochnfcw zfb hzvhîço hyzkmkgkhl, flfw wço gocwgkfczfw jf wvh kbhnfb f

oiwfwwk}ow pflo phpfl xvf jfwfbpfcdhb# H jfgvphnfb zyhjkgkochl jk}kjf vbh gfch fb

}èykow plhcow xvf záb povgh wknckmkghîço poy wk w÷# Flfw wfyço vckjow co bobfczo jh

boczhnfb phyh xvf o wfczkjo wfah gykhjo# Ow plhcow goc}fcgkochkw wço ihwzhczf gvyzow f jf

povgh pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo# Zhyhczkco pyfmfyf plhcow bhkw locnow gob bhkw pyomvcjkjhjf

jf ghbpo f }hloykqh bhkw o pyogfwwo jf jkyfîço f o zyhihldo jow hzoyfw phyh h gykhîço jf

wfczkjo jo xvf h boczhnfb#



9;

Yfwvbkcjo1 o gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco ftkif vb gocavczo jf moybhw jf mklbhy vb jkèlono fxvf h hioyjhnfb glèwwkgh ë hpfchw bhkw vbh moybh, myfxvfczfbfczf wfgvcjèykh# Hw ovzyhwbhcfkyhw jf fcxvhjyhy záb oiafzk}ow pyfgkwow1 pykbfkyo, bowzyhy h hîço gobjkwzhcgkhbfczo, f}kjfcgkhy h kcwzécgkh ftzfych jh chyyhîço $mhqfcjo cozhy h powkîço jhgébfyh f h boczhnfb+ f, poyzhczo, yfgvwhy h kjfczkmkghîço jo fwpfgzhjoy5 wfnvcjo,

yflhzk}kqhy o fwxvfbh goc}fcgkochl jo zykécnvlo, bowzyhy wvh hyzkmkgkhlkjhjf f iykcghy gobkwwo5 zfygfkyo, oizfy vbh bhkoy goczkcvkjhjf jow plhcow xvf mh}oyfîh o jfwfbpfcdo jowhzoyfw $cço cow fwxvfîhbow jow dhikzvhkw jkèlonow locnow+ $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 77+

Xvhczo à chyyhîço o hvzoy bowzyh xvf Zhyhczkco opzh poy jfkthy glhyo ho fwpfgzhjoy jfwjf o

pykbfkyo bobfczo, xvf h dkwz÷ykh fwzè wfcjo goczhjh f bhckpvlhjh poy vbh kcwzécgkh ftzfych#

“O mklbf jkq glhyhbfczf ho fwpfgzhjoy xvf fwzè goczhcjo vbh dkwz÷ykh jf moybh fwzklkqhjh, xvf

wvh pyfogvphîço cço ë yfhlkwzh cfb chzvyhlkwzh1 zyhzh"wf jf vbh dkwz÷ykh hwwvbkjh gobo

dkwz÷ykh, jf vb aono fczyf chyyhjoy f pñilkgo‒# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 7:+# Co gkcfbh glèwwkgo,

h chyyhîço gowzvbh wfy ftplâgkzh hpfchw co kcâgko jo mklbf, gob o jfwfcyolhy jh zyhbh flh mkgh

ogvlzh phyh o fwpfgzhjoy#

Zhbiëb co gkcfbh glèwwkgo, hw dkwz÷ykhw wço gocwzyvâjhw h phyzky jf vbh l÷nkgh jf ghvwh f

fmfkzo, ch ghvwhlkjhjf# Zhyhczkco yobpf gob h oyjfb lkcfhy f ghvwhl xvf wf gfczyh co

pfywochnfb# “Jfwzh moybh, hw gfchw wço phyzfw jf vbh zyhbh, bhw zhbiëb wfnbfczow

hvzúcobow jf vb xvfiyh"ghifîh co xvhl o pñilkgo zfb jf yfgocwzyvky hw nyhcjfw lkcdhw jh

oyjfb gyocol÷nkgh phyh ghpzhy o wfczkjo jo mklbf‒# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 76+#

Fb wfnvkjh, Ihpzkwzh hpyfwfczh zyáw bojow jf yfpyfwfczhîço xvf wço o hlkgfygf jh

“dfzfyonfcfkjhjf p÷w"bojfych‒ jf Zhyhczkco1 hw gfchw jo gozkjkhco, ow bobfczow

ftplokzhzkoc f aono# “O gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco owgklh fczyf fwwfw zyáw bojow jf yfpyfwfczhîço,

xvf kbplkghb coz÷ykhw bvjhcîhw jf zob f pyo}oghb yfhîöfw jk}fywhw co fwpfgzhjoy, gobo

doyyoy, o ykwo f h gvbplkgkjhjf‒# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# 7>+#

O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf fwwhw zyáw yfpyfwfczhîöfw pojfb goftkwzky# Hw gfchw jo gozkjkhco wço

hxvflhw xvf, jf gfyzh moybh, hivcjhb cow mklbfw jf Zhyhczkco1 hw iykcghjfkyhw f pkhjhw woiyf

wfto, dèikzow jf gocwvbo gozkjkhco f yfmfyácgkhw à gvlzvyh pop#

Ho nácfyo jf gykbf f àw gfchw jo gozkjkhco, o gkcfbh jf Zhyhczkco hnyfnh bobfczow jfftzyfbh }kolácgkh, goc}fywhw ikqhyyhw woiyf wfto f h gvlzvyh jh jyonh xvf gdoghb fhnykjfb o fwpfgzhjoy# Bobfczow xvf, nyhîhw à phy÷jkh f ho dvboy cfnyo, pyo}oghbfboîöfw goczyhjkz÷ykhw f myfxvfczfbfczf wkbvlzécfhw, gobo o doyyoy f o ykwo# Yfhîöfw

jk}fywhw, xvf, pflh hbik}hlácgkh pyopowkzhl, jfpfcjfb ihwzhczf jo fwzhjo jf fwpâykzo jofwpfgzhjoy cfwwf bobfczo phyzkgvlhy# Ow mklbfw gykhb fwwh hbik}hlácgkh xvf jfwgocgfyzh ofwpfgzhjoy jf jvhw moybhw1 poy vb lhjo, opfyh yèpkjhw f gocwzhczfw bvjhcîhw jf zob, poy



70

ovzyo, ftkif h }kolácgkh f lhcîh ho bfwbo zfbpo vb oldhy kyúckgo f jkwzhcgkhjo woiyf hgfch5 jvhw opfyhîöfw wkbvlzécfhw woiyf vb bfwbo bobfczo# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# :9+

Ihpzkwzh hmkybh xvf ow bobfczow ftplokzhzkoc jf Zhyhczkco ghyyfnhb h zyhjkîço lñjkgh jo

gkcfbh jf hzyhîöfw “gocgfkzo jfwfc}ol}kjo ch bfzhjf jh jëghjh jf 8;40 pflo hbfykghco Zob

Nvcckcn $8;;0+, ho fwzvjhy vb gkcfbh cço chyyhzk}o jow pykbfkyow zfbpow‒# $IHPZKWZH,

9080, p# :7+# O gkcfbh jf hzyhîöfw pyfogvph}h"wf bhkw fb bowzyhy ftgfczykgkjhjfw jo xvf fb

goczhy vbh dkwz÷ykh# Hlëb jkwwo, h hzyhîço ivwgh}h fwzkbvlhy jkyfzhbfczf o fwpfgzhjoy f cço

goc}kjè"lo h fbihyghy fb vb bvcjo mkgzâgko# Ihpzkwzh gocglvk xvf o gkcfbh jf hzyhîöfw ë vb

gobpocfczf jo ftplokzhzkoc jow hcow 8;>0#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jow mklbfw jo gkcfhwzh wço ow aonow# Flfw pojfb wfy fczfcjkjow gobo

zyvxvfw, “zëgckghw phyh bhyghy o ghyèzfy mkggkochl jh yfpyfwfczhîço‒# O fwpfgzhjoy wf jkwzhcgkh

jo bvcjo mkgzâgko jo mklbf, vb aono jf jkwzhcgkhbfczo f “cço vb fwpfldo jo yfhl‒# Zhyhczkco

vwh }èykhw zëgckghw phyh kwwo, gobo poy ftfbplo1 o vwo jf ghyzöfw"zâzvlo, }oq o}fy, powkîöfw jf

gébfyh xvf f}kjfcgkhb h pyfwfcîh jo chyyhjoy, jfczyf ovzyhw# “Hw zëgckghw xvf jkwzhcgkhb o

fwpfgzhjoy pojfb gykhy, fb gfyzhw oghwköfw, phwwhnfcw jf bfzhmkgîço, co wfczkjo jf kbhnfcw

cço jo bvcjo, bhw kbhnfcw xvf h gobvckghîço nfyh phyh yfpyfwfczhy fwwf bvcjo‒

$BFLLKFY, 8;;=, p# 994, hpvj IHPZKWZH, 9080, p# :=+#

Cfb zojh h phy÷jkh ë ykjkgvlhykqhjoyh f cfb zojh yfmfyácgkh h vbh oiyh hczfykoy ë vbh

phy÷jkh# O zfybo ë vwhjo pflo hvzoy gob yfmfyácgkh ho zyhihldo jf Lkcjh Dvzgdfoc $Poëzkgh

jo p÷w"bojfyckwbo1 Dkwz÷ykh zfoykh f mkgîço, 8;;8+, f zyhihldh gob h oiyh gkzhjh f h kyockh

gobo goczyhpoczo#

Ow mklbfw jf Zhyhczkco hjozhb vbh powzvyh lñjkgh fb yflhîço ho gkcfbh jf phwwhjo f h wkbfwbo# Ë vb gkcfbh p÷w"bojfyco gykhzk}o, xvf wf }hlf jh phy÷jkh, fb opowkîço h vbgkcfbh p÷w"bojfyco gocwfy}hjoy, hpfnhjo h vbh jfphvpfyhîço jo gkcfbh glèwwkgo, àgkzhîço wfb jkmfyfcîh ho phwzkgdf# U###R O mhzo jf yfzobhy o gkcfbh jo phwwhjo f bhyghyvbh jkmfyfcîh $h phy÷jkh gob jkwzécgkh gykhzk}h+ yf}flh xvf Zhyhczkco zfb vbh gocgfpîçogkcfbhzonyèmkgh pfwwohl f py÷pykh# Ë jfczyo jfwwh yf}kwço gykhzk}h jo phwwhjo xvf pojfbow}hloykqhy fb wfvw mklbfw h pfybhcácgkh jf xvfwzöfw"gdh}f jo nácfyo, cço gobo bfyowwknckmkghczfw jo nácfyo, bhw gobo pyojvzo jf vb pyogfwwo xvf yfmoybvlh o mklbf jf gykbfjf vbh pfywpfgzk}h goczfbpoyécfh# Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco yfpfcwh o phwwhjo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo èlvq jh ëpogh fb xvf gocgfif wfvw mklbfw# $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p#:= f :>+

H ñlzkbh oiyh jo gkcfhwzh yfgfif o cobf oyknkchl1 “Kcnlovykvw Ihwzfyjw‒, xvhcjo o goyyfzo

wfykh “Kcnloykovw Ihwzhyjw‒# Ch zyhjvîço fwwh “iykcghjfkyh‒ ë pfyjkjh, o zâzvlo fb poyzvnváw,

Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow, cço kcgoypoyh o dvboy jo zâzvlo fb kcnláw, xvf fwzè fwgykzo fyyhjo# Ovzyo



79

: H WVÈWZKGH JF ZHYHCZKCO

:#8 Ow whghchw wfb lfk Gocmoybf jfwgykzo ch kczyojvîço jfwzh boconyhmkh, h phyzky jhw lfkzvyhw xvf fbihwhb o cowwo

yfmfyfcgkhl zf÷ykgo f jh oiwfy}hîço jh kbhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, hchlkwhbow gobo h chyyhzk}h

jo mklbf jf Zhyhczkco ivwgov hlzfyhy o wfczkjo jo wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh#

Poy bfko jhw lfkzvyhw, vwhbow, poy ftfbplo, ftplkghîöfw woiyf gkcfbh f yfpyfwfczhîço jh

yfhlkjhjf, phyh xvf mkghwwf glhyh h yflhîço jo gkcfbh gob h wogkolonkh f h wfbk÷zkgh, gkácgkhw

fwgoldkjhw phyh hchlkwhy o wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh# Fwgoldfbow h wogkolonkh f h wfbk÷zkgh poy

hgyfjkzhybow xvf ow gocgfkzow hpyfwfczhjow poy flhw wfykhb ow bhkw kczfyfwwhczfw phyh nvkhycowwh hcèlkwf jo mklbf fwgoldkjo#

Gob h wogkolonkh, bhkw fwpfgkmkghbfczf gob o zyhihldo jf Nommbhc, bowzyhyfbow o xvf ë vb

fwzknbh, gobo flf ë gocwzkzvâjo f gobo pojfbow kjfczkmkghy o gobpoyzhbfczo jo kcjk}âjvo

fwzknbhzkqhjo f jow “coybhkw‒ ch cowwh yfhlkjhjf gozkjkhch# H zfoykh jf Pkfygf, hpyfwfczhjh

poy Lñgkh Whczhfllh, bowzyov"wf yflf}hczf phyh h boconyhmkh, zyhqfcjo ow flfbfczow

pfyzkcfczfw phyh hchlkwhy o wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh#

Jfpokw jf fczfcjfybow ow gocgfkzow"gdh}f, phyzkyfbow phyh h hcèlkwf jo mklbf# Ivwghbow

jfwgyf}fy hw gfchw ocjf h wvèwzkgh ë zyhzhjh poy Zhyhczkco gobo wâbiolo jf oynvldo jh chîço

chqkwzh f xvhcjo flh wf zoych vb fwzknbh# Jf}fbow lfbiyhy xvf phyh fczfcjfy ow wfczkjow jh

lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh dè jf wf lf}hy fb goczh o gocdfgkbfczo dkwz÷ykgo f gocgfkzvhl jo

fwpfgzhjoy, o xvf fwghph àw pyfzfcwöfw jfwwf zyhihldo, }olzhjo phyh h yfhlkqhîço jf vbh

kczfypyfzhîço powwâ}fl jf Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow f, fb fwpfgkhl, jh yfwwknckmkghîço jo wâbiolo jhwvèwzkgh chqkwzh#

]kcnhcîh# Fwwh ë h phlh}yh xvf wkczfzkqh o mklbf jf Zhyhczkco fb xvfwzço cfwzf zyhihldo# O

jkyfzoy jk}kjf o mklbf fb ghpâzvlow, kczkzvlhjow fb poyzvnváw1 Ghpâzvlo 8 "Fyh vbh }fq ch

Myhcîh ogvphjh poy chqkwzhw5 ghpâzvlo 91 Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow5 ghpâzvlo 71 Cokzf hlfbç fb

Phykw5 ghpâzvlo :1 Opfyhîço Ekco5 f ghpâzvlo 61 H }kcnhcîh jo yowzo nknhczf# Fwwh jk}kwço

zhbiëb fwzè pyfwfczf fb mklbfw hczfykoyfw gobo Ekll Ikll# Gob flfcgo fwzyflhjo poy1 Jkhcf

Eyvnfy $Iykjnfz ]oc Dhbbfywbhye+, Jhckfl Iyüdl, Bkef B{fyw $Nfcfyhl Fj Mfcfgd+,

Bkgdhfl Mhwwifcjfy, Avlkf Jyf{mvw, Obhy Joob, Bkgdhfl Ihghll, Bhyzkc ^vzzef $Hjolpd



77

Dkzlfy+, Ahge{ Kjo $Bhygfl+, Zkl Wgd~fknfy, Bëlhckf Lhvyfcz $Wdowdhcch Jyf{mvw+, Iyhj Pkzz

$Zfcfczf Hljo Yhkcf+, Whbvfl L# Ahgewoc $chyyhjoy+, Flk Yozd $Wnz# Jocckf Joco~kzq+,

Whbb Lf}kcf, I#A# Co}he $Woljhjo Vzk}kgd+ f Gdykwzopd ^hlzq $Goyocfl Dhcw Lhcjh+, jfczyf

ovzyow, o mklbf zyhcwpoyzh o pñilkgo phyh vbh }khafb pflh Myhcîh ogvphjh pflow chqkwzhw#

H pykbfkyh wfxvácgkh wf phwwh fb vbh mhqfcjh jh Myhcîh, fb 8;:8, ocjf o joco jh

pyopykfjhjf, o wfcdoy Lh Phjkzf, zfb vbh locnh goc}fywh gob o goyocfl hlfbço Dhcw Lhcjh#

O goyocfl mhq phyzf jh WW, h zyoph jf pyozfîço jf Hjolm Dkzlfy# H WW mok mvcjhjh fb 8;96

phyh pyozfnfy ow lâjfyfw chqkwzhw# Kckgkhlbfczf fyh yfwpocwè}fl pflo fwzhiflfgkbfczo jo

goczyolf fb zojo o wkwzfbh polkgkhl jo Fwzhjo chqkwzh# Jfpokw hwwvbkv h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf

kcwzyvbfczo phyh h yfpyfwwço yhgkhl# Fkw o xvf Lhcjh mhqkh ch mhqfcjh jf Lh Phjkzf# O goyocfldh}kh wkjo jfwknchjo phyh fcgoczyhy mhbâlkhw avjkhw xvf yfwkjkhb chxvflh yfnkço f xvf cço

zkcdhb wkjo yfgoldkjhw phyh ow ghbpow jf gocgfczyhîço#

Lh Phjkzf fwgocjkh woi o hwwohldo jh yfwkjácgkh h mhbâlkh jf Wdowhcch Jyf{mvw, vbh nhyozh

jf 84 hcow# Dhcw Lhcjh, xvf owzfczh}h o hpflkjo jf “ghîhjoy jf avjfvw‒ zf}f átkzo fb wvh

bkwwço# Ow woljhjow hlfbçfw mvqklhyhb zojow ow mhbklkhyfw jh nhyozh xvf gocwfnvkv fwghphy#

Jf}f"wf jfwzhghy h fwplácjkjh hzvhîço jf Gdykwzopd ^hlzq gobo o goyocfl chqkwzh# O zyhihldofb Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow yfcjfv à ^hlzq o Owghy jf Bfldoy Hzoy Gohjav}hczf# O goyocfl

chqkwzh ë gâckgo f pyfpozfczf, ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bvkzo ifb yfpyfwfczhjhw pflo hzoy#

Ovzyo poczo lov}è}fl xvf jf}f wfy oiwfy}hjo ë o vwo jow kjkobhw co mklbf# Lh Phjkzf f Lhcjh

goc}fywhb fb myhcgáw jvyhczf vb iob zfbpo# Wobfczf xvhcjo Lhcjh pfynvczh wf o

mhqfcjfkyo wf kcgobojhykh wf h goc}fywh goczkcvhwwf fb kcnláw ow hzoyfw vwhb o ovzyo kjkobh#

Fb mklbfw jf Doll{~ooj ë gobvb oiwfy}hy woljhjow jf ovzyhw chîöfw mhlhcjo fb kcnláw#

Co ghpâzvlo jokw gocdfgfbow ow “Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow‒1 o nyvpo jf okzo woljhjow coyzf"

hbfykghcow $f vb jfwfyzoy hlfbço+ yfgyvzhjow pflo zfcfczf Hljo Yhkcf gob h bkwwço jf

bhzhy woljhjow chqkwzhw ch Myhcîh# O zfcfczf mhq vbh ftknácgkh how wfvw yfgyvzhw1 ghjh vb

jf}f fczyfnhy ho gobhcjhczf 800 fwghlpow chqkwzhw# Fwghlpow wço hw phyzfw jf gkbh jo govyo

ghiflvjo jow wfyfw dvbhcow# Yfzkyhy o fwghlpo phyh bowzyhy how ovzyow nvfyyfkyow xvf o

kckbkno fwzh}h bfwbo boyzo ë vbh pyèzkgh kcjânfch jh Hbëykgh Lhzkch xvf hghiov wfcjo

kcgoypoyhjh pflow âcjkow coyzf"hbfykghcow# O zfcfczf Hljo Yhkcf ë jfwgfcjfczf jf

kczfnyhczfw jf vbh zykio jo Zfccfwwff, jhâ o hpflkjo jf Yhkcf jf “o hphgdf‒# Jvyhczf fwzf



76

pflo bkckwzyo jh pyophnhcjh, Aowfpd Nofiiflw, “O oynvldo jh chîço‒# Jvyhczf vb fcgoczyo

moyîhjo gob Qollfy, Nofiiflw f vbh hzykq mhcgfwh hbhczf jo bkckwzyo, Wdowhcch yffcgoczyh

Dhcw Lhcjh# O goyocfl ë yfwpocwè}fl pflh wfnvyhcîh jo f}fczo f jfwfah whify gobo ë o

gkcfbh jh ao}fb# Wdowhcch yfgocdfgf Lhcjh, bhw flf cço pfygfif xvf h bvldfy à wvh myfczf

ë h nhyozkcdh gvah mhbâlkh flf mvqklov#

Wdowhcch kckgkh vb plhco jf }kcnhcîh, phyhlflo à fwzyhzënkh jow “Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow‒# Flh

xvfy kcgfcjkhy o gkcfbh f zyhcghy zojow ow chqkwzhw co loghl phyh xvf flfw boyyhb xvfkbhjow

poy vbh avjkh# Co ghpâzvlo xvhzyo, o nyvpo jf Hljo Yhkcf kckgkh h opfyhîço Ekco, gob o

oiafzk}o jf bhzhy zojow ow kczfnyhczfw jo hlzo gobhcjo chqkwzh# Flfw goczhb gob h havjh jf

vbh hzykq myhcgfwh, Iykjnfz ]oc Dhbbfywbhge# Flh kyè havjè"low h fczyhy ch pyfbkäyf jomklbf jf Nofiiflw# O plhco hghih wfcjo jfwgoifyzo pflo goyocfl chqkwzh Lhcjh, xvf wf

hpyo}fkzh jh wkzvhîço phyh zfczhy cfnogkhy gob ow hbfykghcow# Flf wf pyopöf h cço kbpfjky h

goczkcvkjhjf jh Opfyhîço Ekco gob h gocjkîço jf wfy hgoldkjo pflow coyzf"hbfykghcow gob o

mkb jh nvfyyh#

Co gkcfbh fwzh}hb zojow ow kczfnyhczfw jo hlzo gobhcjo chqkwzh, kcglvkcjo Dkzlfy# Zojow

boyyfb kcgfcjkhjow pflo plhco jf }kcnhcîh jf Wdowhcch f pflo plhco jow IhwzhyjowKcnl÷ykow# Lhcjh gocwfnvkv mhqfy vb hgoyjo gob ow hbfykghcow, bhw hghiov wfcjo bhyghjo

gob h wvèwzkgh pflh mhgh jo zfcfczf Hphgdf#

Fbioyh hlnvcw gyâzkgow hpoczfb h xvhczkjhjf ftgfwwk}h jf jkèlonow gobo vb poczo cfnhzk}o,

flfw pojfb wfy }kwzow zhbiëb gobo poczo moyzf jo mklbf# Ifb flhioyhjo f bowzyhcjo hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pwkgol÷nkghw jow pfywochnfcw, o yozfkyo jf Zhyhczkco yf}flh h gobpfzácgkh jo

gkcfhwzh phyh gykhy pfywochnfcw f hjbkckwzyhy vbh dkwz÷ykh# Pyo}h jkwwo ë h xvhczkjhjf jfpyábkow xvf o mklbf yfcjfv ho jkyfzoy f à wvh fxvkpf# Hlnvbhw gkzhîöfw }kwvhkw jf ovzyow

mklbfw $Yhwzyow jf ×jko, Ghyykf ‗ h Fwzyhcdh, O Fcgovyhîhjo Pozfbekc+ wf hpyfwfczhb ho

pñilkgo, hwwkb gobo hgoczfgfb fb ovzyow mklbfw jf Zhyhczkco#

Ow cobfw jf pfywochnfcw gocdfgkjow jo gkcfbh zhbiëb hphyfgfb cfwzh zyhbh $Hljo Yh{,

Dvno Wzknlkzq, Fj~knf Mfcfgd, Fjnhy N# Vlbfy, f ovzyow+# H wëzkbh hyzf zhbiëb ë yfmfyácgkh

cow jkèlonow# Ch Kcnlhzfyyh, o zfcfczf Dkgot mhlh woiyf o gkcfbh chqkwzh f jvyhczf vb aono ch

zh}fych ]klh jf Chjkcf pfywochnfcw jf mklbfw gobo Ekcn"Eocn zhbiëb wço gkzhjow# H bhkoy



7=

yfmfyácgkh à wëzkbh hyzf co mklbf fwzè co mhzo jf xvf vb mklbf ë o fkto gfczyhl fb zoyco jo

xvhl nkyhb ow plhcow jf }kcnhcîh jf Wdowhcch f jow woljhjow “Kcnl÷ykow‒#

:#9 H wvèwzkgh gobo wâbiolo Jf bhcfkyh ihwzhczf jkjèzkgh, hw dkwzoykhjoyhw Bhygkh Bhcwoy J‛Hlfwwko f Bhykh Dflfch

Ghpflhzo ftplkghb h jkmfyfcîh fczyf wknco f wâbiolo1

Wknco f Wâbiolo cço wknckmkghb h bfwbh gokwh# Hyghw jf pyojvzow, fbilfbhw, kcwânckhw,wknlhw wço wkncow xvf ghyfgf jf wknckmkghjo f wk bfwbow, bhw hjxvkyfb vb wknckmkghjoyfgocdfgâ}fl bfjkhczf o vwo gobvb ov vbh kczfcîço jflkifyhjh1 jfcozhb vb oiafzoyfgocdfgâ}fl how xvhkw fwzço }kcgvlhjow# $###+ Wâbiolo ë vb zfybo, vb cobf ov vbhkbhnfb }kwvhl yfgocdfgkjow co jkh"h"jkh, hkcjh xvf powwvhb gocozhîöfw fwpfgâmkghw, phyhhlëb jo wfv wknckmkghjo goyyfczf f ÷i}ko# Goczëb bvkzhw }fqfw yfpyfwfczhîöfwjfwgocdfgkjhw poy c÷w# $###+ H hcèlkwf jo vck}fywo wkbi÷lkgo jf vb po}o ov nyvpo jf}flf}hy fb goczh xvf vb bfwbo wâbiolo hpyfwfczh wknckmkghjow jkwzkczow fb jkmfyfczfwëpoghw f gvlzvyhw# $GHPFLHZO5 J‛HLFWWKO, 900:#p#69+

]hbow kczfnyhy fwwh iyf}f ftplkghîço gob h zfoykh jow wkncow jf Pkfygf, f bowzyhy gobo vb

wâbiolo pojf wfy fczfcjkjo# Cço cow jfzfyfbow fb ftplkghy jfzhldhjhbfczf ow mvcjhbfczow

jo pfcwhbfczo pkfygkhco, bhw wkb fb jfbocwzyhy gobo h kjfkh jf wâbiolo mok jfwfc}ol}kjh

poy fwzf gkfczkwzh# H wfbk÷zkgh fwzè lknhjh à mfcobfcolonkh, wfcjo xvf o mfcúbfco jf}f wfyfczfcjkjo gobo xvhlxvfy gokwh xvf wf hpyfwfczf h vbh bfczf# Zojh h zfoykh jf Pkfygf phyh h

hcèlkwf jow wkncow wf jk}kjf fb zyáw ghzfnoykhw1 o wknco, o oiafzo jo wknco f o kczfypyfzhczf#

Jf}fbow fczfcjfy xvf o wknco ë “xvhlxvfy gokwh jf xvhlxvfy fwpëgkf xvf yfpyfwfczh ovzyh

gokwh, gdhbhjh jf oiafzo jo wknco, f xvf pyojvq vb fmfkzo kczfypyfzhzk}o fb vbh bfczf yfhl

ov pozfcgkhl, fmfkzo fwzf xvf ë gdhbhjo jf kczfypyfzhczf jo wknco‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009 p# 4+#

H jfmkckîço pfkygfhch kcglvk hw zfoykhw jh wknckmkghîço, jh oiafzk}hîço f jh kczfypyfzhîço# Owwkncow fwzço mvcjhbfczhjow fb zyáw ghzfnoykhw mfcobfcol÷nkghw jf hgoyjo gob hw

pyopykfjhjfw xvf ldfw jço ghphgkjhjf phyh mvcgkochy gobo wkncow1 “wvh bfyh xvhlkjhjf, wvh

ftkwzácgkh U###R f wfv ghyèzfy jf lfk#‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p#89+#

Xvhcjo vbh xvhlkjhjf mvcgkoch gobo wknco, yfgfif o cobf jf xvhlk"wknco# Xvhcjo o

ftkwzfczf mvcgkoch gobo wknco jf ghjh vbh jhw yfmfyácgkhw àw xvhkw flf hpoczh, flf ë vb wkc"

wknco# Xvhcjo vbh lfk ë o xvf mhq gob xvf o wknco hjxvkyh fwwf ghyèzfy flf ë gdhbhjo jf

lfnk"wknco#



7>

“Vbh lfk ë vbh hiwzyhîço, bhw vbh hiwzyhîço xvf ë opfyhzk}h# Flh opfyh zço lono fcgoczyfvb ghwo wkcnvlhy woiyf o xvhl hnky# H hîço jh lfk ë mhqfy gob xvf o wkcnvlhy wf gocmoybf, wfhboljf à wvh nfcfyhlkjhjf# Ë mhqfy gob xvf, wvynkcjo vbh jfzfybkchjh wkzvhîço, hw gokwhwogoyyhb jf hgoyjo gob hxvklo xvf h lfk pyfwgyf}f# U###R Xvhcjo hlno zfb h pyopykfjhjf jhlfk, yfgfif ch wfbk÷zkgh o cobf jf lfnk"wknco f o ghwo wkcnvlhy xvf wf gocmoybh à

nfcfyhlkjhjf jh lfk ë gdhbhjo jf yëplkgh# Hwwkb mvcgkochb hw phlh}yhw, hwwkb mvcgkochbzojhw hw goc}fcîöfw w÷gko"gvlzvyhkw, hwwkb zhbiëb mvcgkochb zojhw hw lfkw jo jkyfkzo#‒$WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p# 87+

]olzfbow fczço h hchlkwhy h wvèwzkgh chqkwzh# Flh mok kcgoypoyhjh pflow hlfbçfw gobo vb

wknco xvf yfpyfwfczh}h zojhw hw goc}fcîöfw wogkhkw jhxvflf po}o, zojhw hw wvhw hwpkyhîöfw f

gyfcîhw# O bfwbo wâbiolo mok jkmvcjkjo pflo bvcjo zojo gobo yfpyfwfczhczf jo yfnkbf

chqkwzh f cço pfyjfv fwwf ghyèzfy bfwbo jfpokw jh jfyyozh hlfbç, gobo mok ftplkghjo co

ghpâzvlo 7 jfwzf zyhihldo1 “O wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh‒#

Hw pyopykfjhjfw jfwgykzhw cço wço ftglvjfczfw, ch }fyjhjf dè vbh pyfjobkcécgkh, ghwow jf

jobkcécgkh# Jfpfcjfcjo jo xvf mvcjhbfczh o wknco, h bhcfkyh gobo flf yfpyfwfczh wfv

oiafzo zhbiëb bvjh# “Wf o mvcjhbfczo ë vb xvhlk"wknco, ch wvh yflhîço gob o oiafzo, o

wknco wfyè vb âgocf5 wf moy vb ftkwzfczf, ch wvh yflhîço gob o oiafzo wfyè vb âcjkgf5 wf moy

vbh lfk wfyè vb wâbiolo#‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p# 86+#

Pkfygf zhbiëb fwzhiflfgf vbh jkmfyfcgkhîço xvhczo ho oiafzo# Ow wkncow wf yfmfyfb h hlno,

fwwf hlno ë o oiafzo jkcébkgo# Gobo o wknco yfpyfwfczh, kcjkgh ov wf hwwfbfldh ho wfv oiafzo

ë o oiafzo kbfjkhzo# H phyzky jhxvk, cow jfzfybow wobfczf co xvf wf yfmfyf how wâbiolow,

oiafzow jo cowwo zyhihldo#

“Wf o mvcjhbfczo jo wâbiolo ë vbh lfk, fczço, o wâbiolo fwzè plfchbfczf dhiklkzhjo phyhyfpyfwfczhy hxvklo xvf h lfk pyfwgyf}f xvf flf yfpyfwfczf# O dkco chgkochl yfpyfwfczh oIyhwkl# H ihcjfkyh iyhwklfkyh yfpyfwfczh o Iyhwkl# H Pyhîh jow Zyáw Pojfyfw, fb Iyhwâlkh,

yfpyfwfczh ow zyáw pojfyfw# Goc}fcîöfw wogkhkw hnfb hâ co phpfl jf lfkw xvf mhqfb gob xvffwwfw wkncow jf}hb yfpyfwfczhy wfvw oiafzow jkcébkgow# U###R O oiafzo kbfjkhzo jo wâbiolo ëo bojo gobo o wâbiolo yfpyfwfczh o oiafzo jkcébkgo#U###R, o wâbiolo yfpyfwfczh hzyh}ëw jfvbh lfk#‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p# 90+

Xvhczo ho oiafzo jkcébkgo jo wâbiolo, Whczhfllh ftplkgh xvf1

“O oiafzo jkcébkgo jow wâbiolow ë vbh yfmfyácgkh ñlzkbh xvf fcnloih zojo o goczftzo hxvf o wâbiolo wf yfmfyf ov wf hplkgh, wf mowwf powwâ}fl pfcwhy vbh zhl yfmfyácgkh ñlzkbh ovgoczftzo nloihl jo wknco# Ë f}kjfczf xvf cço ë powwâ}fl pfcwhy fwwh zozhlkjhjf bvkzoavwzhbfczf poyxvf o pfcwhbfczo xvf zfczh pfcwè"lh ë vb wknco xvf w÷ pojf yfpyfwfczhy o

wfv goczftzo jf yfmfyácgkh jfczyo jf gfyzhw ghphgkjhjfw f lkbkzfw# Oyh, fwwf yfgoyzffwpfgâmkgo xvf vb wâbiolo mhq jf wfv goczftzo jf yfmfyácgkh ë o oiafzo kbfjkhzo jowâbiolo#‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p# 90 f 98+



74

H hvzoyh hkcjh yfwwhlzh xvf o oiafzo jkcébkgo jf vb wâbiolo “wf pfyjf jf }kwzh‒# Zobfbow h

wvèwzkgh chqkwzh gobo ftfbplo# Flh ë vb wâbiolo jo yfnkbf chqkwzh# ]hlf yfwwhlzhy xvf wfv

hwpfgzo kgúckgo $hw kbhnfcw f moybhw xvf h gocwzkzvfb+ ë jobkchczf woiyf ow hwpfgzow

kcjkgkhkw f jo lfnk"wknco# Poyëb, o âgocf mok zobhjo, hzyh}ëw jf vbh goc}fcîço wogkogvlzvyhl

$vbh lfk+ gobo wâbiolo jo chqkwbo#

O oiafzo jkcébkgo jh wvèwzkgh ë o yfnkbf chqkwzh# O oiafzo kbfjkhzo wço hw yfzhw xvf moybhb

h gyvq f hw goyfw vwhjhw $}fybfldo f iyhcgo+# Flh w÷ mvcgkoch gobo wâbiolo poyxvf h

goc}fcîço mhq gob xvf h lfk hah woiyf o âgocf f o zoycf vb wâbiolo# Ch wvèwzkgh chqkwzh o

ghyèzfy kcjkgkhl fwzè povgo }kwâ}fl#

Xvhcjo vb wknco ë kczfypyfzhjo hzyh}ëw jf vbh lfk kczfychlkqhjh pflo kczëypyfzf, o

kczfypyfzhczf jo wknco ë gdhbhjo jf l÷nkgo# Fwwh yflhîço ftplkgh h yfpfzkîço jf Pkfygf jf xvf

o wâbiolo w÷ wf gocwzkzvk gobo zhl h phyzky jf wfv kczëypyfzf# “Wfb fwwhw yfnyhw kczfypyfzhzk}hw,

ow wâbiolow cço pojfykhb wknckmkghy, pokw o wâbiolo fwzè hwwogkhjo ho oiafzo xvf yfpyfwfczh

hzyh}ëw jf vb dèikzo hwwogkhzk}o xvf wf pyogfwwh ch bfczf jo kczëypyfzf f xvf lf}h o wâbiolo

h wknckmkghy o xvf flf wknckmkgh#‒ $WHCZHFLLH, 9009, p# 96+#

Ov wfah, o wâbiolo w÷ wkbiolkqh o wfv oiafzo phyh hxvflhw pfwwohw xvf kczfychlkqhyhb fwwh

goc}fcîço# H wvèwzkgh, co fczhczo, mok kczfychlkqhjh poy zojow ow dobfcw, vbh }fq xvf wf zyhzh

jo wâbiolo jf vb yfnkbf xvf jkqkbov vbh yhîh f bhzov bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw# O chqkwbo f h

Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl wço oiafzo jf fwzvjow chw fwgolhw# Wfcjo hwwkb, h dkwz÷ykh f ow

wâbiolow chqkwzhw wço gocdfgkjow f kczfychlkqhjow gobo zhkw fb zojo o bvcjo#

:#7 H wvèwzkgh gobo fwzknbh

Nommbhc $9004+ yfbfzf à dkwz÷ykh jo zfybo fwzknbh# Wfnvcjo flf, ow nyfnow vwh}hb h phlh}yh

phyh cobfhy wkchkw goypoyhkw xvf f}kjfcgkh}hb hlno woiyf o kcjk}âjvo xvf o poyzh}h#

Nfyhlbfczf, fwzfw wkchkw zyhjvqkhb"wf fb hlno ftzyhoyjkcèyko ov yvkb woiyf h boyhl jhxvflh

pfwwoh# Hw bhyghw fyhb pyo}fckfczfw jf goyzfw ov bhyghy jf mono ch pflf# Hw pfwwohw xvf

powwvâhb fwzhw bhyghw jf}fykhb wfy f}kzhjhw fb hbikfczfw pñilkgow# Ch ëpogh kckgkhl jo

Gykwzkhckwbo, ovzyhw jvhw jfmkckîöfw moyhb hgyfwgfczhjhw à phlh}yh# H pykbfkyh jkqkh yfwpfkzo



7;

h bhyghw goypoyhkw jk}kchw xvf hphyfgkhb woiyf h pflf# H wfnvcjh mhqkh vbh hlvwço à pykbfkyh

jfmkckîço, bhw zyhzhcjo o wkchl gobo vb jkwzñyiko mâwkgo#

O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf hzvhlbfczf h phlh}yh fwzknbh ë bhkw vwhjh co wfczkjo xvf ow nyfnow

hzykivâyhb h flh# Bhw jfwzhgh xvf h jfwnyhîh yfpyfwfczhjh pflo wkchl ë bhkw kbpoyzhczf jo xvf

h ftpowkîço pyopykhbfczf jkzh# Flf yfwwhlzh zhbiëb xvf o bfwbo wkchl xvf pojf wfy

jfpyfgkhzk}o phyh hlnvëb, pojf cço zfy o bfwbo wfczkjo phyh ovzyh pfwwoh# “O zfybo

fwzknbh, poyzhczo, wfyè vwhjo fb yfmfyácgkh h vb hzykivzo pyomvcjhbfczf jfpyfgkhzk}o, bhw o

xvf ë pyfgkwo, ch yfhlkjhjf, ë vbh lkcnvhnfb jf yflhîöfw f cço jf hzykivzow#‒ $NOMMBHC,

9004# p#87+#

Zobfbow h wvèwzkgh chqkwzh hwwkb gobo flh hphyfgf ch gfch fb xvf o woljhjo Ivzq ë

bhyghjo gobo ftfbplo1 fcxvhczo wâbiolo jf wvh gvlzvyh, phyzkjo ov ftëygkzo o wâbiolo fyh

phyh o bklkzhy wkchl jf oynvldo# Flf vwh}h h wvèwzkgh gobo moybh jf wf jkmfyfcgkhy jow jfbhkw

poy hgyfjkzhy ch wvpfykoykjhjf xvf hxvflf wâbiolo hpyfwfczh}h#

Phyh ovzyhw pfwwohw xvf cço mhqkhb phyzf jo yfnkbf chqkwzh h wvèwzkgh pojfykh phyfgfy hpfchw

vb wâbiolo jf doyyoy f bhljhjf# Ow wknckmkghjow hzykivâjow ho wâbiolo bvjhb gocmoybf opoczo jf }kwzh jf xvfb o oiwfy}h# ]hlf yfwwhlzhy, poyëb, xvf o woljhjo whif jkwwo# O

pfywochnfb jf Zhyhczkco jfkth glhyo xvf wf pvjfwwf cço bhkw vwhy h wvèwzkgh phyh wf

jkmfyfcgkhy jow jfbhkw, flf mhykh# Kwwo jfbocwzyh wvh gocwgkácgkh woiyf o xvf o wâbiolo

yfpyfwfczh}h phyh o yfwzo jh wogkfjhjf f o xvf yfpyfwfczhykh vwhy h wvèwzkgh vbh }fq xvf o

ftëygkzo jo Müdfy mowwf jfyyozhjo#

Phyh Nommbhc, o zfybo fwzknbh hpyfwfczh jvhw bhcfkyhw jf wfy pfygfikjo1 ch gocjkîço jf vbjfwhgyfjkzhjo, lf}hcjo"wf fb gocwkjfyhîço o mhzo jf xvf o fwzknbhzkqhjo hwwvbf xvf wvh

“bhygh‒ aè ë gocdfgkjh, ov pojf wfy yfgocdfgkjh kbfjkhzhbfczf fb vbh kczfyhîço mhgf "h"

mhgf5 ov o goczyèyko, ch gocjkîço jf vb jfwhgyfjkzè}fl, xvhcjo o fwzknbhzkqhjo whif xvf o

wkchl xvf ghyyfnh cço pojf wfy kjfczkmkghjo f cfb ë gocdfgkjo pflow pyfwfczfw#

Nommbhc jfwzhgh o mhzo jf xvf h wogkfjhjf ghzfnoykqh hw pfwwohw f o xvf wf jf}f fwpfyhy jhw

pfwwohw kcwfykjhw fb ghjh ghzfnoykh# Xvhcjo cow jfphyhbow gob vbh pfwwoh xvf fwzyhcdh ho

cowwo hbikfczf wogkhl, yhpkjhbfczf zfczhbow glhwwkmkgè"lh jf hgoyjo gob hw ghzfnoykhw xvf

gocdfgfbow# Kcgocwgkfczfbfczf, zfczhbow zhbiëb pyf}fy wvh “kjfczkjhjf wogkhl‒, ov wfah



:0

xvhkw wço ow hzykivzow xvf hxvflf kcjk}âjvo jf}f powwvky phyh wf fcghkthy fb jfzfybkchjh

ghzfnoykh# Xvhcjo mhqfbow fwwh kcmfyácgkh jf hzykivzow kjfczkzèykow h vbh pfwwoh, fwzhbow

gykhcjo vbh “kjfczkjhjf wogkhl }kyzvhl‒ phyh flh# O gocavczo jf hzykivzow xvf flh yfhlbfczf

powwvk ë jfcobkchjo poy Nommbhc gobo “kjfczkjhjf wogkhl yfhl‒

Xvhcjo h pfwwoh xvf cow ë fwzyhcdh hpyfwfczh vb hzykivzo xvf h zoych jkmfyfczf jow ovzyow

kcjk}âjvow xvf wf fcghkthb ch ghzfnoykh ocjf flh pojfykh fwzhy kcwfykjh, fwwf hzykivzo

jkmfyfcgkhjoy wfyè gdhbhjo jf fwzknbh, “fwpfgkhlbfczf xvhcjo wfv fmfkzo jf jfwgyëjkzo ë

bvkzo nyhcjf‒# Cfwzf ghwo, pojfbow jkqfy xvf h wvèwzkgh bhyghjh ch zfwzh jo woljhjo Ivzq ë

vb fwzknbh# Flf zoych"wf vb jfwhgyfjkzè}fl, ch bfjkjh fb xvf hkcjh pojf fwgocjfy wvh

bhygh, bhw ë vb jfwhgyfjkzhjo xvhcjo lf}hbow fb goczh xvf zojow whifb o xvf hxvflfwâbiolo yfpyfwfczh#

O hvzoy jk}kjf o fwzknbh fb zyáw zkpow câzkjow1 hw “hiobkchîöfw jo goypo‒, hw “gvlphw jf

ghyèzfy kcjk}kjvhl‒, f ow “fwzknbhw zykihkw jf yhîh, chîço f yflknkço‒# Hw “hiobkchîöfw jo

goypo‒ wço jfmkckjhw gobo “jfmoybkjhjfw mâwkghw‒5 hw “gvlphw jf ghyèzfy kcjk}kjvhl‒ wço

hxvflhw yflhzk}hw àw gocjvzhw kcjk}kjvhkw jh pfwwoh, gobo dobowwftvhlkjhjf f hlgoolkwbo#

Poy ñlzkbo, ow “fwzknbhw zykihkw jf yhîh, chîço f yflknkço‒ wço hxvflfw pyfwfczfw chgolfzk}kjhjf jf jfzfybkchjo nyvpo# Nommbhc jfwzhgh xvf fbioyh powwhbow jk}kjky ow

fwzknbhw fb jkmfyfczfw ghzfnoykhw, flfw hpyfwfczhb hw bfwbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wogkol÷nkghw#

### vb kcjk}âjvo xvf pojfykh zfy wkjo mhgklbfczf yfgfikjo ch yflhîço wogkhl xvozkjkhchpowwvk vb zyhîo xvf pojf"wf kbpoyàè hzfcîço f hmhwzhy hxvflfw xvf flf fcgoczyh, jfwzyvkcjoh powwkiklkjhjf jf hzfcîço phyh ovzyow hzykivzow wfvw# Flf powwvk vb fwzknbh, vbhghyhgzfyâwzkgh jkmfyfczf jh xvf dh}âhbow pyf}kwzo $NOMMBHC, 900:# p#8:+#

Xvhcjo o kcjk}âjvo poyzhjoy jo fwzknbh pfygfif xvf hxvflf wkchl ë }kwzo gobo kbpvyo f pojfkbhnkchy h wk bfwbo }k}fcjo wfb flf, wvynf h }fynocdh# H pyfwfcîh jf pfwwohw coybhkw $xvf

wço hxvflhw xvf cço wf “hmhwzhb cfnhzk}hbfczf jhw ftpfgzhzk}hw‒+ pojf yfmoyîhy fwzh }kwço co

kcjk}âjvo fwzknbhzkqhjo# Poyëb, ow wfczkbfczow yvkcw fb yflhîço ho fwzknbh pojfb wvynky hzë

bfwbo xvhcjo hpfchw h pfwwoh wf gologh jf myfczf h vb fwpfldo#

Co ghwo jo woljhjo hlfbço, o fwzknbh mok yf}flhjo hpfchw ho wfv Müdfy xvf oyjfch ho bklkzhy

phyh xvf cço mhlf woiyf kwwo gob ow ovzyow woljhjow# Flf zfbf o xvf kwwo powwh hghyyfzhy# Owoljhjo, poy wvh }fq, whif o xvf h bhygh pojf ghvwhy àw ovzyhw pfwwohw f pyfmfyf fwgocjá"lh#



:8

O kcjk}âjvo fwzknbhzkqhjo pojf hgfkzhy o fwzknbh f zfczhy yf}fyzfy h wkzvhîço wogkhl fb xvf wf

fcgoczyh xvhcjo goc}k}f gob pfwwohw xvf “cço gocwfnvfb ldf jhy o yfwpfkzo f h

gocwkjfyhîço xvf ow hwpfgzow cço goczhbkchjow jf wvh kjfczkjhjf wogkhl ow dh}khb lf}hjo h

pyf}fy f xvf flf dh}kh pyf}kwzo yfgfify#‒ $NOMMBHC, 900:#p# 84+# Cfwzf ghwo, o

fwzknbhzkqhjo pojf yfhnky jf jk}fywhw bhcfkyhw# Flf pojf zfczhy yf}fyzfy o xvhjyo ch zfczhzk}h

jf goyyknky o xvf fczfcjf gobo ihwf jo pyoilfbh# Ovzyh opîço wfykh zfczhy, kcjkyfzhbfczf,

goyyknky wvh gocjkîço ivwghcjo hzvhy fb hzk}kjhjfw gocwkjfyhjhw mfgdhjhw phyh pfwwohw gob o

wfv fwzknbh# O fcgoczyo fczyf coybhkw f fwzknbhzkqhjow pojf nfyhy kcwfnvyhcîh f ow jokw

lhjow kyço wfczky hw gocwfxüácgkhw jkwwo1

Xvhcjo coybhkw f fwzknbhzkqhjow yfhlbfczf wf fcgoczyhb ch pyfwfcîh kbfjkhzh vcw jowovzyow, fwpfgkhlbfczf xvhcjo zfczhb bhczfy vbh goc}fywhîço, ogoyyf vbh jhw gfchwmvcjhbfczhkw jh wogkolonkh poyxvf, fb bvkzow ghwow, fwwfw bobfczow wfyço hxvflfw fb xvfhbiow ow lhjow fcmyfczhyço jkyfzhbfczf hw ghvwhw f fmfkzow jo fwzknbh#O kcjk}âjvo fwzknbhzkqhjo pojf jfwgoiyky xvf wf wfczf kcwfnvyo fb yflhîço à bhcfkyh goboow coybhkw o kjfczkmkghyço f o yfgfifyço $NOMMBHC, 900:# p# 97+#

Fwwf pyoilfbh ë bhkw hgfczvhjo co ghwo jo jfwhgyhjkzhjo, hxvflf kcjk}âjvo gvao fwzknbh ë

f}kjfczf f pojf wfy pfygfikjo fb vbh kczfyhîço mhgf"h"mhgf, flf pojf wfczky xvf wvh

kczkbkjhjf fwzè wfcjo ftpowzh jf bhcfkyh bhkw gyvh f hifyzh# Fwzhw pfwwohw pojfb gykhy

fwzyhzënkhw phyh hnky cfwzhw wkzvhîöfw# Flf pojf wf yfzyhky f f}kzhy fwwhw kczfyhîöfw, ov pojf wfy

hnyfwwk}o f ivwghy goczhzo gob kcjk}âjvow coybhkw jf bhcfkyh dowzkl# Fwzknbhzkqhjow pojfb

owgklhy fczyf ow jokw gobpoyzhbfczow, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf ë xvf flf whif xvf dè vbh wfcwhîço

hcnvwzkhczf zhczo phyh h pfwwoh coybhl xvhczo phyh flf f }kgf"}fywh#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, poyëb, ftkwzf h powwkiklkjhjf jf xvf o kcjk}âjvo fwzknbhzkqhjo jfwgviyh xvf

ftkwzfb pfwwohw xvf gobphyzkldhb jo bfwbo fwzknbh ov xvf fwzço jkwpowzhw h jfwpyfqhy ofwzknbh xvf flf ghyyfnh# Dè fczço jokw nyvpow1 ow xvf gobphyzkldhb jo fwzknbh f ovzyo

jfcobkchjo poy Nommbhc gobo “ow kcmoybhjow‒# Ow xvf gobphyzkldhb jo fwzknbh whifb

poy ftpfykácgkh py÷pykh o xvf wf wfczf poy powwvky fwzf hzykivzo#

Hlnvbhw jflhw pojfb kcwzyvâ"lo xvhczo how hyzkmâgkow jh yflhîço f moycfgfy"ldf vb gâygvlojf lhbfczhîço co xvhl flf powwh yfmvnkhy"wf fb ivwgh jf hpoko boyhl f jo gocmoyzo jfwfczky"wf fb wvh ghwh, fb wfv hbikfczf, hgfkzo gobo vbh gykhzvyh xvf yfhlbfczf ë knvhl hxvhlxvfy ovzyh coybhl# $NOMMBHC, 900:# p# 9;+

Gob yflhîço ho nyvpo jow kcmoybhjow, Nommbhc ftplkgh1



:9

O wfnvcjo gocavczo ë gobpowzo _zobhcjo jf fbpyëwzkbo vb zfybo vzklkqhjo pflowdobowwftvhkw _ pflow “kcmoybhjow‒, ov wfah, ow xvf wço coybhkw bhw gvah wkzvhîço fwpfgkhllf}ov h pyk}hy kczkbhbfczf jh }kjh wfgyfzh jo kcjk}âjvo fwzknbhzkqhjo f h wkbphzkqhy gobflh, f xvf noqhb, ho bfwbo zfbpo, jf vbh gfyzh hgfkzhîço, vbh gfyzh pfyzkcácgkh goyzáw hoglç# $Nommbhc, 900:#p# 7>+



:7

GOCGLVWÇO

H phyzky jo zyhihldo jfwfc}ol}kjo pvjfbow }fykmkghy gobo o jkyfzoy jf Doll{~ooj gocwfnvf

}kcnhy, gob o gkcfbh, hw boyzfw avjkhw ghvwhjhw pflo yfnkbf chqkwzh# Fb 867 bkcvzow jf

mklbf Dkzlfy ë hzhghjo fb zojhw hw myfczfw, f zhl}fq h bhkoy jflhw1 wfv wâbiolo zoych"wf vb

wkchl jf jfwgyëjkzo#

Zhyhczkco vwh jhw zëgckghw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw, xvf ldfw wço bvkzo âczkbhw, phyh fc}ol}fy o

pñilkgo f zyhcwpoyzè"lo phyh vbh yfhlkjhjf phyhlflh à yfhlkjhjf jh }kjh gozkjkhch# Xvhcjo o

mklbf gobfîh, hpfwhy jf wfbpyf hphyfczhy zyhzhy jf mhzow yfhkw, pokw chyyh hgoczfgkbfczow

vwhcjo pfywochnfcw dkwz÷ykgow, o pñilkgo ë zyhcwpoyzhjo phyh vbh ovzyh fwmfyh jh yfhlkjhjf#

Cflh, h }kcnhcîh goczyh h jf}hwzhîço chqkwzh hkcjh ë powwâ}fl# Hkcjh xvf hpyfwfczf hlnvbh

pyotkbkjhjf gob h yfhlkjhjf, Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow ë vb mklbf jf mkgîço# Dkzlfy cço fwzf}f fb

cfcdvbh pyfbkäyf ch Myhcîh# Hpfwhy jf zfyfb ftkwzkjo hlnvcw plhcow phyh ftfgvzhy o hlzo

fwghlço jo phyzkjo chqkwzh, cfcdvb jflfw oizf}f wvgfwwo# Ch pykbfkyh gfch jo mklbf, o zfcfczf

Hljo Yhkcf hmkybh1 “Ow bfbiyow jo Phyzkjo Chgkochl Wogkhlkwzh zobhyhb h Fvyoph gob

hwwhwwkchzow, zoyzvyh, kczkbkjhîço f zfyyoy# Ë fthzhbfczf o xvf }hbow mhqfy gob flfw#‒ Hâ fwzè h wâczfwf jh kczfcîço jf Zhyhczkco jvyhczf zojo o mklbf#

O wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh mok kcgoypoyhjo pflow chqkwzhw, bhw cço fyh gykhîço jflfw# O wkchl xvf

yfpyfwfczh}h h f}olvîço f o ifb hghiov zoychcjo"wf o wkchl jo bhl# Xvhcjo ow hlfbçfw

jfgkjkyhb vwhy h gyvq nhbhjh gobo wâbiolo, flfw o mkqfyhb poy hgyfjkzhy xvf flf hzyhkykh f

yfpyfwfczhykh ow kjfhkw jo po}o chqkwzh# Poyëb, jfpokw jf zfy wkjo vwhjo gobo kcwzyvbfczo jfvb yfnkbf zozhlkzèyko xvf jfwzyvkv nyhcjf phyzf jh cowwh gk}klkqhîço, h wvèwzkgh cvcgh bhkw

zoychykh h hjxvkyky vbh gocozhîço powkzk}h#

Zhyhczkco vwov jfwzf hyzkmâgko f gocwfnvkv zyhcwmoybhy o wâbiolo jf oynvldo jf vbh chîço fb

vb fwzknbh# Zobhcjo h hmkybhîço jf Nommbhb gobo mvcjhbfczo, jfmkckbow fwzknbh gobo

vb wkchl jfpyfgkhzk}o# H wfxvácgkh fb xvf o zfcfczf Hljo Yhkcf bhygh o woljhjo Ivzq ch

zfwzh gob o wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh bowzyh xvf o py÷pyko woljhjo pfygfif gobo h bfwbh bhygh

pojf zfy jkmfyfczfw hzykivkîöfw#



::

Ivzq whif xvf jfczyo jo ftëygkzo f co zfyykz÷yko hlfbço h wvèwzkgh ë h bhygh jo oynvldo

chgkochl, vb wâbiolo jo pojfy f kcmlvácgkh jo yfnkbf# Bhw xvhcjo pfynvczhjo wf vwhykh o

vckmoybf chqkwzh, ghwo woiyf}k}fwwf ho hzhxvf jow dobfcw jo zfcfczf Hphgdf, flf cozh xvf

cço wfykh ifb hgoldkjo pflo yfwzo jh wogkfjhjf wf mowwf kjfczkmkghjo gobo vb chqkwzh f hmkybh

xvf hphnhykh xvhlxvfy }fwzânko jf phyzkgkphîço co ftëygkzo jf Dkzlfy#

Yhkcf cço xvfy kwwo# Flf, Zhyhczkco f nyhcjf phyzf jh cowwh wogkfjhjf xvfyfb }kcnhy zojh h

jfwnyhîh xvf o chqkwbo zyovtf ho bvcjo# H yfpoyzhnfb pvilkghjh co wkzf jh yf}kwzh Ëpogh,

hwwkchjh poy Lvâw Hczúcko Nkyoc, gob h golhioyhîço jf Gflwo Bhwwoc f Yhmhfl Pfyfkyh zyhq o

wfnvkczf zâzvlo1 “)Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow) ë h }kcnhcîh jf Zhyhczkco goczyh h Dkwz÷ykh‒# Ow

aoychlkwzhw glhwwkmkghb o mklbf jf Zhyhczkco gobo “vb ftfy gâgko ftplâgkzo, bkcvgkowo,pfywkwzfczf, jf vb jow wfczkbfczow bhkw pykbkzk}ow jh dvbhckjhjf1 h }kcnhcîh#‒

$NKYOC5BHWWOC5PFYFKYH,900;+:

O zftzo ë bkcvgkowo f ftplkgh hw yhqöfw jh }kcnhcîh1

O bozk}o phyh o ÷jko jf Hljo wço hw wf}âgkhw xvf flf womyfv chw bçow jow chqkwzhw, xvhcjomok ghpzvyhjo ch Wkgâlkh# Co pfwgoîo jf Pkzz dè vbh gkghzykq mfkzh poy vbh goyjh, bhw ë

jkmâgkl yfphyhy ch bhygh jvyhczf hw jvhw doyhw f bfkh jo mklbf# Hljo ë vb cfzo jf âcjkowchwgkjo co Zfccfwwff ‗ cço poy hghwo, o Fwzhjo chzhl jf Zhyhczkco# Phyh wf }kcnhy jowchqkwzhw, goc}ogh okzo woljhjow avjfvw hbfykghcow phyh ky à Myhcîh ogvphjh pflow hlfbçfw fbhzhy zhczow kckbknow xvhczow moy powwâ}fl# Ghjh woljhjo zfyè jf hpyfwfczhy ho zfcfczf gfbfwghlpow# Hybhjow jf zhgow jf ifkwfiol, bfzyhldhjoyhw f mhghw, flfw mfwzfahb f }ço phyh ohzhxvf# $NKYOC5BHWWOC5PFYFKYH,900;+

O gyâzkgo jf gkcfbh, Philo ]kllhîh, zhbiëb mhq oiwfy}hîöfw gob yflhîço à zfbèzkgh jo mklbf1

“]olzhcjo h gykhy vb yozfkyo xvf fbpyfnh h jk}kwço fb ghpâzvlow gobo bvlfzh fwzyvzvyhl $}kjf

Ekll Ikll ]olvbfw 8 f 9+, o gkcfhwzh }olzh h hioyjhy vb jf wfvw zfbhw mh}oykzow cfwzf

Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow1 h }kcnhcîh#‒ $]KLLHÎH, 900;+6

Ihpzkwzh $9080+ hmkybh xvf “o mklbf gocgyfzkqh hxvklo xvf bvkzow wocdh}hb mhqfy, h pvyh

}kcnhcîh, wfb jfwgvlphw cfb avwzkmkghzk}hw bflojyhbèzkghw#‒ $IHPZKWZH, 9080, p#87=+

Jfpokw jfwzhw hmkybhîöfw f jfbocwzyhîöfw, pojfbow jkqfy xvf, xvhcjo Hljo Yhkcf bhygh

gob vbh mhgh o wâbiolo jh wvèwzkgh ch zfwzh jf Ivzq, f flf wf }á ghyyfnhcjo o fwzknbh jf

: Gm# dzzp1//yf}kwzhfpogh#nloio#gob/Yf}kwzh/Fpogh/0,,FBK;=:;4"8699>,00"

IHWZHYJOW%KCNLOYKOW%F%H%]KCNHCGH%JF%ZHYHCZKCO%GOCZYH%H%DKWZOYKH#dzbl, hgfwwhjo fb 80 jf ovzviyo jf 90806 Gm# dzzp1//~~~#gkcfbhfbgfch#gob#iy/mkgdh_mklbf#hwpt?kj_mklbf2949:-hih2jfzhldf, hgfwwhjo fb 80 jfovzviyo jf 9080

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http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI96498-15227,00-BASTARDOS+INGLORIOS+E+A+VINGANCA+DE+TARANTINO+CONTRA+A+HISTORIA.html


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:6

woljhjo chqkwzh phyh zojh wvh }kjh# Zhyhczkco gocwfnvf, h phyzky jh wëzkbh hyzf, yfwwknckmkghy h

wvèwzkgh chqkwzh jf vbh moybh xvf hkcjh cço dh}âhbow kbhnkchjo#



:=

YFMFYÁCGKHW

IHPZKWZH, Bhvyo# O Gkcfbh jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco# Wço Phvlo1 Phpkyvw, 9080# 8::p#

Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow# Jkyfîço jf Xvfczkc Zhyhczkco# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Phyhbovcz Pkgzvyfw

Iyhwkl, 900;# 8 J]J plh{fy $867 bkc#+1 J]J, Czwg, woc#, goloy# Lfnfcjhjo# Poyz#

IFYCHJFZ, Afhc"Glhvjf# O xvf ë gkcfbh# Wço Phvlo1 Iyhwklkfcwf, 9000# 88> p#

GHPFLHZO, Bhykh Dflfch5 J‛HLFWWKO, Bhygkh Bhcwoy# Chqkwbo1 polâzkgh, gvlzvyh f

dologhvwzo# Wço Phvlo1 Hzvhl, 900:#

GKCF YFP×YZFY# Jfwfc}ol}kjo poy1 Yojykno Ghyyfkyo# Wfzfbiyo jf 9007# O wkzf goczëb

zftzow, }âjfow f pojghwzw woiyf gkcfbh fwgykzow poy Ghyyfkyo, aoychlkwzh f bfwzyf fb

Gobvckghîço ch Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jf Pfychbivgo, gob ácmhwf ch gyâzkgh jf Gkcfbh#

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//~~~#gkcfyfpoyzfy#gob#iy/cozkgkhw/xvfczkc"zhyhczkco/3# Hgfwwo fb1 70

jf hnowzo jf 9080#

GOJHZO, Dfcykxvf# Gkcfbh f yfpyfwfczhîöfw wogkhkw1 hlnvcw jkèlonow powwâ}fkw# ]fywo f

Yf}fywo, }ol# TTK], c# 66, ahcfkyo"hiykl 9080# Jkwpocâ}fl fb<dzzp1//~~~#vckwkcow#iy/_jk}fywow/yf}kwzhw/oaw/kcjft#pdp/}fywofyf}fywo/hyzkglf/}kf~Mklf/::/43 Hgfwwo fb 90 jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

GOWZH, Hczúcko# Gobpyffcjfy o gkcfbh# 9 fj# Wço Phvlo1 Nloio, 8;4;# 9>8 p#

MKLBF I ‗ Jfwfc}ol}kjo poy1 Phvlo Wëynko Hlbfkjh# Wfzfbiyo jf 9009# O Mklbf I ë vb

poyzhl fwpfgkhlkqhjo co bfyghjo jf gkcfbh xvf wfy}f jf yfmfyácgkh phyh h kbpyfcwh chgkochl f

kczfychgkochl# Jkwpocâ}fl fb <dzzp1//~~~#mklbfi#gob#iy/jibvcjo/dzbl/yvwwkh#pdp3 Hgfwwo

fb 9; jf wfzfbiyo jf 9080#

NOMMBHC, Fy}kc# Fwzknbh f kjfzkjhjf wogkhl# Kc1 Fwzknbh1 cozhw woiyf h bhckpvlhîço jh

kjfczkjhjf jfzfykoyhjh#:#fj# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 LZG, 9004# 864p#

KCZFYCFZ BO]KF JHZH IHWF $KBJI+# Jfwfc}ol}kjo poy1 Gdvge Bvwgkhco, Gol

Cffjdhb, Jh}f Eckndz f Hcj{ Eykfn# Ovzviyo jf 8;;0# O wkzf bhczëb vb ftzfcwo ihcgo jf



:>

jhjow woiyf mklbfw, hzoyfw, jkyfzoyfw, pyfbkhîöfw, jfczyf ovzyow# Pojf wfy lkjo fb kcnláw ov

myhcgáw# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//~~~#kbji#gob/chbf/cb0000977/iko3# Hgfwwo fb1 70 jf

hnowzo jf 9080#

NKYOC, Lvâw Hczúcko5 BHWWOC, Gflwo Bhwwoc5 PFYFKYH, Yhmhfl# )Ihwzhyjow kcnl÷ykow) ë

h }kcnhcîh jf Zhyhczkco goczyh h Dkwz÷ykh# Yf}kwzh Ëpogh Oclkcf, ovz# 900;# Jkwpocâ}fl fb 1

<dzzp1//yf}kwzhfpogh#nloio#gob/Yf}kwzh/Fpogh/0,,FBK;=:;4"8699>,00"

IHWZHYJOW%KCNLOYKOW%F%H%]KCNHCGH%JF%ZHYHCZKCO%GOCZYH%H%DKWZ

OYKH#dzbl3 Hgfwwhjo fb 80 jf ovzviyo jf 9080

JVHYZF, Aoynf5 IHYYOW, Hczocko $Oyn+# Bëzojow f zfgckghw jf pfwxvkwh fbgobvckghîço# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 900=# 740 p

WHCZHFLLH, Lñgkh# Ihwfw Zf÷ykghw phyh Hplkghîço# Kc1 Wfbk÷zkgh Hplkghjh# Wço Phvlo1

Gfcnhnf Lfhyckcn, 9009#84=p#

WKJHXVK, Yonëyko# Gvykowkjhjfw Dkwz÷ykghw# Wço Phvlo1 Kiyhwh, 900:# 84:p#

]KLHÎH, Philo# Gyâzkgh jo mklbf Ihwzhyjow Kcnl÷ykow# Gkcfbh fb gfch, ovz# 900;#

Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

<dzzp1//~~~#gkcfbhfbgfch#gob#iy/mkgdh_mklbf#hwpt?kj_mklbf2949:-hih2jfzhldf3

Hgfwwhjo fb 80 jf ovzviyo jf 9080









tarantino e a ressignificaÇÃo da suÁstica - uma análise de “bastardos inglórios”

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