sh5007-1e máquinas trifásicas asincronas profesor ingles.pdf

8/9/2019 SH5007-1E Máquinas Trifásicas Asincronas Profesor Ingles.pdf

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Course"EEM 41 Three-phase asynchronous machines"

Photo: ABB Group

SH5007-1E Version 1.0

Author: M.Germeroth

Lucas-Nülle GmbH · Siemensstraße 2 · D-50170 Kerpen (Sindorf)

Tel.: +49 2273 567-0

www.lucas-nuelle.de

Copyright © 2006 LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH.

All rights reserved.

LUCAS-NÜLLE Lehr- und Messgeräte GmbHSiemensstraße 2 D-50170 Kerpen


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EEM41 Drehstromasynchronmaschinen

Training objectives 1Equipment: 300W Classic Series 2

Safety 3Asynchronous motor 5Connection and starting 7Rotation reversal 17Load characteristics 23Dynamic load experiments (Classic series) 31Reactive compensation 41

Asynchronous motor, Steinmetz circuit 53Connection and starting 55Load characteristic 61

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EEM41 Drehstromasynchronmaschinen


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EEM41 DrehstromasynchronmaschinenTraining objectives

This course is designed to convey practical know-how on the topic of three-phaseasynchronous machines.Experiment-based investigations of the asynchronous motor are the focus and coverthe functioning of the machine, its response and how it operates.

Training contents

Motor operation Nominal data, rating plate Star cnnection, delta connnection Star/delta switches Steinmetz circuit (300W series) Reactive power compensation Measurement of phase-to-phase and line-to-line values Reversal of rotation Measurement of power output with and without oad

Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of electrical machines Basic knowledge of electrical engineering Knowledge of using measuring instruments

Welcome to the Three-phase Asynchronous Machine course. The

team from LUCAS-NÜLLE wishes you lots of fun and success whileworking through the course topics and performing the experiments. Thefollowing pages provide you with an overview of the course content andthe required materials.

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EEM41 DrehstromasynchronmaschinenSafety

Basic safety instructions

In all experiments using mains voltages high, life-threatening voltages arise. For thatreason use only safety measurement leads and make sure that there are no short-circuits.

It is imperative that all of the devices which are provided with an earthing or whereearthing is possible must be earthed. This is particularly the case for the frequencyconverter being used!

Always be very careful to check the wiring of the application modules and onlyswitch on the mains voltage after a check has been completed. Whenever possibleuse a robust current monitoring instrument in the circuit.

Always use shaft-end guards and coupling guards as protection against contactwith rotating motor parts

All locally applicable stipulations and standards governing how electrical equipmentis handled mustbe complied with.

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EEM41 DrehstromasynchronmaschinenSafety

General instructions on handling the equipment

Check that the knurled screws at the base of the motor and the couplingsleves (power grip) on the motor shaft are all securely fastened. Use shaft and coupling guards. Any prolonged running of the machines when operating under high loads

can subject the machines to excessive heating. The extreme case of the machine being prevented from rotating entirely

may only arise briefly. All of the machines are equipped with a thermal circuit-breaker, which

triggers when the maximum permissible operating temperature isexceeded. These switching contacts are accessible on the terminalboard and must always be connected to the corresponding connection

sockets of the mains supply and control unit. All measurements have been recorded using conventional measuring

instruments (primarily class 1.5) at the standard mains voltage(230/400V +5% -10% 50Hz) using standard production machines.Experience suggests that measurements will lie within the tolerancerange of +/-15% with respect to the specified measurement. For moreinformation on this please refer to VDE0530.

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EEM41 Drehstromasynchronmaschinen Asynchronous motor

Asynchronous motors

Connection and starting Rotation reversal Load characteristics Dynamic load experiments (Classic series only ) Reactive power compensation

On the subsequent pages you will be performing the following exerciseson the "asynchronous motor":

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Enter the nominal data for the asynchronous machine

What is the maximum permissible voltage of the motor winding (phase voltage)?

Training content: Connection and starting

Identify the terminal connections of the motor and operate themotor as a three-phase asynchronous motor on a three-phasemains network

Utilise the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate Measure the phase voltage and phase current Put the motor into operation in star and delta configurations Identify the differences between star and delta connections Understand the function of adelta switch Put the motor into operation with the brake Subject the motor to load

Nominal power 370_W

UN star circuit connection 690_V

UN delta circuit connection 400_V

IN star circuit connection 0,55 AIN delta circuit connection 0,95 A

cos φ 0,84

Speed 2800rpm

Frequency 50__Hz

Correct

Uphase= 400_V Correct

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Assembly instructions: "Connection and starting"

More detailed information on the brake can be found in the corresponding onlinedocumentation

Circuit diagram "connection & starting" (star configuration)

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram andset-up instructions Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load

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Set-up "Connection & starting" (star configuration)

Putting the asynchronous motor into operation in star configuration

Required settings:

Brake mode: "Torque Control"

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Experiment procedure:

Put the motor into operation and observe its response Brake the motor down to its nominal speed At the same time measure the phase variables Uphase and Iphase

Make sure that the ammeter and voltmeters have been connected properly

What do you measure the phase variables Uphase and Iphase to be?

Uphase= 226_VIphase= 0,31 A

Correct

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Circuit diagram "Connection & starting" (delta connection)

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Set-up "Connection & starting" (delta connection)

Putting the asynchronous motor into operation in delta configuration

Required settings:

Brake mode: "Torque Control"


Put the motor into operation and observe its response Brake the motor down to its nominal speed At the same time measure the phase variables Uphase and Iphase

Make sure that the ammeter and voltmeters have been connected correctly

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What do you measure the phase variables Uphase and Iphase to be?

Circuit diagram "Connection & starting" (star and delta switch)

Uphase= 392_V

Iphase= 0,55 ACorrect

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Set-up "Connection and starting" (star and delta switch)

Putting the asynchronous motor into operation with a star/delta switch andrecording the load characteristics

Required setting:

Brake mode: "Torque mode"


One load characteristic each is to be recorded for the star and delta circuits Subject the motor to the load torques as given in the table Enter the measured values (M, n, Uphase, Iphase) into the tables

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Table1 (star connection)

Table2 (delta connection)

M/Nm 0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9n/(1/min) 2940 2910 2830 2720 2570 2270

Ustr/V 225 225 225 225 225 225

Istr/A 0,16 0,19 0,27 0,38 0,52 0,75

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2M/Nm

0

200

400

600

800

1000

12001400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

n / ( 1 / m i n )

0

50

100

150

200

250

U s t r

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,60,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5 I s t r

M/Nm 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

n/(1/min) 2980 2920 2850 2770 2650 2460

Ustr/V 392 392 392 392 392 392

Istr/A 0,53 0,6 0,77 1,02 1,34 1,79

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0

M/Nm

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

22002400

2600

2800

3000

n / ( 1 / m i n )

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

U s t r

0,0

0,3

0,6

0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,4

2,7

3,0 I s t r

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Which of the statements below are true?

gfedc The maximum torque of the motor is identical forboth circuit types

gfedcb In star configuration the phase current is lower

gfedcb A delta connection offers the better speed/torqueratio as compared to a star circuit

gfedcb The starting current is generally lower for the starconnection than delta configuration

gfedc The star/delta switch has practically no significanceat all

gfedcb The star/delta switch permits the motor to start "moresmoothly"

gfedc In practice asynchronous motors are operated only instar configuration

Correct

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Definition of rotation directionIf you look at the drive shaft end of the asynchronous machine from the perspectiveof the working machine (in our case the brake), the rotating direction is positivewhen it is clockwise. If the motor has two workable shaft ends, then it is the shaft

end opposite the cooling vents, collector or slip-rings that is the shaft end whichdefines the rotation direction.

Note: in the "Classic series" (0.3 KW & 1.0 KW) the rotation direction isdetermined by the rotation direction of the brake, i.e. if the asynchronous machinerotates clockwise, i.e. in the positive direction, the control unit of the brake indicatesa negative rotation direction. Thus the rotation direction displayed is always that ofthe brake.

Training content: "Rotation reversal"

Identify the difference between clockwise and anti-clockwiserotation

Put the motor into operation in both rotation directions

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Assembly instructions: "Rotation reversal"

More detailed information on the brake can be found in the corresponding onlinedocumentation

Circuit diagram "Rotation reversal" (star/delta switch)

Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagrams and set-upinstructions below. Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.

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Set-up for "rotation reversal" (star/delta switch)

Rotation reversal


Switch on the motor and observe how it responds

What is the motor's direction of rotation?

nmlkji The motor rotates clockwise

nmlkj The motor rotates anti-clockwiseCorrect

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Switch the motor off and modify the circuit according to the following circuitdiagram

Turn the motor back on and observe its response again

Circuit diagram "Rotation Reversal" (star-delta switch)

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What is the motor's direction of rotation

How can the rotation direction of the three-phase asynchronous machine bereversed?

nmlkj The motor rotates clockwise

nmlkji The motor rotates anti-clockwiseCorrect

nmlkji Interchanging any two phase lines

nmlkj Only by exchanging phase lines L2 & L3Correct

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Assembly instructions: "Load characteristics"

More detailed information on the brake and the software used can be found in theappropriate online documentation

Training contents: "Load characteristics"

Record the load characteristics of the motor Determine the nominal torque Determine the highest degree of efficiency Study how the motor responds to loads

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram andset-up instructions.

Switch the brake on too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.

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Circuit diagram "Load characteristics" (star-delta switch)

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Set-up "Load characteristics" (star-delta switch)

Recording the motor's load characteristics with the aid of the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software

Required settings:

Brake: Industrial series: "PC mode" Classic series: "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the

"ActiveASMA" software you will be prompted to select "Application

mode")

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Experiment procedure: Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software Select the operating mode "automatic speed control" Apply the brake to the motor in 20 discrete steps until the motor ceases

to turn ( Note: in the "ActiveDrive / ActiveASMA" software enter thecorresponding number of steps before this occurs under "Settings" ->"Presets" -> "Ramp")

The load characteristics of the asynchronous motor are to be recorded for bothstar as well as delta connection

Begin with a star connection For each operating mode two graphs are plotted Label and scale the graphs as shown in the place holders below The following parameters are to be recorded:

In the first graph: Torque M(n) Slip s(n) ( Note: in the "ActiveDrive / ActiveASMA" software

enter the corresponding number of steps before this occurs under"Settings" -> "Presets" -> "Machine")

In the second graph: Mechanical power P2(n)

Power factor cosφ(n) Efficiency η(n)

After completing the measurement, export the plotted graph and copy it inplace of the placeholder below

Determine the the highest possible efficiency η(n) for each operating modebased on the second graph

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Placeholder for the load graph (star connection); M(n); s(n)

Placeholder for load graph (star connection);

P2(n); cosφ(n) ;η(n) (η => "eta")

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Placeholder for load graph (delta connection); M(n); s(n)

Placeholder for load graph (delta connection);

P2(n);cos φ(n); η(n) (η => "eta")

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What is the efficiency of the asynchronous machine in star configuration at

nominal speed?

What is the torque of the asynchronous machine at nominal speed in starconfiguration?

What is the efficiency of the asynchronous machine in delta configuration atnominal speed?

What is the torque of the asynchronous machine at nominal speed in deltaconfiguration?

η = 45__% Correct

MN = 0,4_Nm Correct

η = 63__% Correct

MN = 1,4_Nm Correct

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Assembly instructions: "Dynamic load experiments (Classicseries)"

More detailed information regarding the brake and the software being used canbe found in the corresponding online documentation

Training content: "Dynamic load experiments"

Simulate different dynamic loads (load machines) with the"DynAMA" software

Set the software parameters using the load specific default values(inertia and load torque, load constants, etc.)

Record and evaluate the various load characteristics Study how the motor responds to different loads

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram andset-up instruction.

Switch the brake on. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.

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Circuit diagram "Dynamic load experiments"

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Set-up "Load characteristics" (star-delta switch)

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Generating different dynamic loads using the "DynAMA" software

Recording characteristics in star and delta starting with the "Flywheel" loadmachine

Required settings:

Brake: "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the "DynAMA" softwareyou will be prompted to select "Application mode")

The following settings are to made in "DynAMA": Load machine: "Flywheel" Moment of inertia: "10" Measurement time:"50" (seconds) Trigger: "Speed"

Level: "4" Delay: "4"


Start the "DynAMA" software and make the required settings Label and scale the graphs as shown in the placeholders below The following parameters should be recorded during the measurement:

Speed n(t)

Torque M(t) Conductor current I(t) Start the motor first in star configuration and then, at a certain switchover

speed, the motor is switched to delta configuration A total of 3 start characteristics should be recorded for the following switchover

speeds: n1=500 rpm

n2=1000 rpm n3=1500 rpm

After completing the measurements the plotted graphs should be exportedand copied into the placeholders below

Note: during the measurement monitor the actual speed being displayed in"DynAMA" in order to perform switchover at the right point in time

Additional information on the "Flywheel" load machine and on the definition ofmoment of inertia can be found in the online documentation of the "DynAMA"software

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Placeholder for starting characteristic (n1=500 rpm)

Placeholder for starting characteristic (n2=1000 rpm)

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Placer for the starting characteristic (n3=1500 rpm)

Which of the following statements about the plotted graphs are correct?

gfedcb The magnitude of the surge in motor current isdependent on the respective switchover speed

gfedc The switchover from star to delta should always beperformed in this experiment when a max. of 15% ofthe nominal speed has been reached

gfedc The starting current drops as the moment of inertiaincreases

gfedcb When starting in star configuration, this considerablyreduces the motor's starting current

gfedc In practice there are no loads which correspond tothe speed/torque characteristic of a flywheel

Correct

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Recording characteristics during star-delta starting with the "Calender" loadmachine

Required settings:

Brake: "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the "DynAMA" softwareyou will be prompted to select "Application mode")

The following settings should be made in the "DynAMA" software: Load machine: "Calender" Load constant 1: "4" (1st measurement) Load constant 2: "6" (2nd measurement) Measurement time:"5" (seconds) Trigger: "Speed"

Level: "4" Delay: "4"


Start the "DynAMA" software and make the required settings Label and scale the graphs as in the appropriate placeholders below The following parameters should be recorded during the measurement:

Speed n(t) Torque M(t)

Conductor current I(t) First start the motor in star configuration and then switch over to delta

configuration after 2 seconds A total of 2 starting characteristics should be recorded for 2 load constants:

L1= 4 L2= 6

After completing each of the measurements export the plotted graphs andcopy them into the placeholders below

Additional information regarding the load machine and on the definition of loadconstants can be found in the online documentation of the DynAMA software

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Placeholder for starting characteristic (L1=4)

Placeholder for starting characteristic (L2=6)

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Which of the following statements about the plotted graphs are correct?

gfedc There is severe delay before the increase in speed

gfedcb Only when the speed is no longer varying shouldswitchover from star to delta take place as otherwiseunnecessarily high motor currents can be producedwith this load machine

gfedc The switchover point from star to delta is arbitrarysince the load increases linearly with the speed

gfedcb After some time the speed no longer varies butremains constant

gfedc The smaller the load constant, the greater the motorcurrent at the moment of switchover

gfedcb The speed is lower in star configuration than in deltaconfiguration

Correct

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Assembly instructions: "Reactive power compensation"

More detailed information regarding the brake can be found in the correspondingonline documentation

Training content: "Reactive power compensation"

Understand the purpose of reactive power compensation Recognise the influence of the connection configuration ( Y- or ∆

configuration) and the effect of the capacitance on reactivepower compensation

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagrams andset-up instructions.

Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.

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Circuit diagram "Reactive power compensation" (star connection with compensation)

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Set-up "Reactive power compensation" (star connection with compensation 0.5 µF)

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Set-up "Reactive power compensation" (star connection with compensation 1.0 µF)

Recording a load characteristic for the motor in star configuration with

compensation (0.5/1.0 µF) using the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software

Required settings:

Industrial series: "PC mode" Classic series: "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the software

"ActiveASMA" you will be prompted to select "Application mode")

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Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software Select "Automatic speed control" operating mode The brake should be applied to the motor in 20 steps until the motor can no

longer rotate ( Note: enter the corresponding number of steps in the"ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software under the "Settings" -> "Presets" ->"Ramp")

Record a load characteristic for the asynchronous motor in star configurationwith various reactive power compensation levels

Begin with a compensation of 0.5 µF A separate graph is to be plotted for each compensation Label the graphs as in the placeholders below The following parameters are to be recorded:

Apparent power S(n) Active power P1(n) Reactive power Q(n) Power factor cos φ(n)

After completing the measurements the graphs plotted should be exportedand copied into the appropriate placeholders below

Placeholder for load graph; compensation 0.5 µF

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Circuit diagram "Reactive power compensation" (delta connection with compensation)

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Set-up "Reactive compensation" (Delta connection with compensation 0.5 µF)

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Set-up "Reactive power compensation" (delta connection with compensation 1.0 µF)

Recording a load characteristic for the motor in delta configuration withcompensation (0.5/1.0 µF) using the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software

Required settings:

Brake: Industrial series: "PC mode" Classic series: "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the

"ActiveASMA" software you will be prompted to select "Applicationmode")

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Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software Select "Automatic speed control" operating mode The brake is to be applied to the motor in 20 discrete steps until the motor is

no longer able to rotate ( Note: enter the corresponding number of steps ittakes for this to occur into "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" under "Settings" ->"Presets" -> "Ramp")

Record a load characteristic for the asynchronous motor in delta configurationwith various reactive power compensation levels

Begin with a compensation level of 0.5 µF For each compensation level a separate graph is to be plotted Label the graphs as shown in the placeholders below The following parameters should be recorded:

Apparent power S(n) Active power P1(n) Reactive power Q(n) Power factor cos φ(n)

After completing the plots export the graphs and copy them into thecorresponding placeholders below


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Placeholder for load graphs; compensation 1.0 µF

For which connection type is a higher reactive power compensation achieved?

What effect does the capacitance of the capacitors have on the performance?

nmlkj Star connection

nmlkji Delta connectionCorrect

gfedc None

gfedcb When the capacitors are too large the capacitivereactive power is tapped from the mains

gfedc An oversized capacitor reduces the capacitive loadon the mains and for that reason tends to bedesirable

gfedcb In general the following holds true: the lower thecapacitance of the capacitors, the worse the reactivepower compensation

Correct

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EEM41 Drehstromasynchronmaschinen Asynchronous motor, Steinmetz circuit

Asynchronous motor, Steinmetz circuit

Connection and starting Load characteristics

On the subsequent pages you will be performing the following exerciseson the asynchronous motor with a Steinmetz circuit:

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Assembly instructions: "Connection and starting"

More detailed information regarding the brake and the software can be found inthe appropriate online documentation

Training contents: "Connection and starting"

Identify the motor terminals and operate the three-phaseasynchronous motor using the Steinmetz circuit from a single-conductor mains (AC power mains)

Measure the phase voltage and the phase current Examine the attributes of the Steinmetz circuit with various

operating capacitors (capacitances) Put the motor into operation with the brake Subject the motor to loads

Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagrams andset-up instructions.


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Circuit diagram "Connection and starting" (Steinmetz circuit)

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Set-up "Connection and starting" (Steinmetz circuit, C B = 6µF)

Putting the three-phase asynchronous motor into operation on the AC mainswith the aid of an operating capacitor (CB=6µF)

Required settings:

Brake mode: "Torque control"


Put the motor into operation and observe how it responds Apply the brake to the motor until the motor reaches the nominal speed At the same time measure the phase winding voltage and

current variables Uphase, Iphase and the required braking torque MBrake

Make sure that the ammeter and voltmeter are connected correctly

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Enter your measurements

Set-up "Connection and starting" (Steinmetz circuit, C B = 3µF)

Uphase = 227_V

Iphase = 0,74 A

MBrake = 0,27Nm

Correct

Now reduce the capacitance of the operating capacitor by modifying the

set-up as shown below.

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Put the motor back into operation and observe how it responds

How does the motor respond?

Which of the following statements are true?

nmlkj There is a severe delay before the motor startsto rotate

nmlkji The motor does not startCorrect

gfedcb Due to the lower capacitance of the operatingcapacitor, sufficient current cannot be induced and

for that reason the motor does not startgfedc The size of the operating capacitor is irrelevant to the

starting response of the motor

gfedcb The greater the capacitance the higher the startingtorque

gfedc Of course the size of the capacitor determines therotation direction of the asynchronous motor

gfedcb The torque of the three-phase motor connected to an AC mains is considerably lower than one connectedto a three-phase mains

Correct

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Assembly instructions: "Load characteristics"

More detailed information on the brake and the software can be found in theappropriate online documentation

Training contents: "Load characteristics"

Record the load characteristics of the motor Compute the nominal torque Determine the highest degree of efficiency Study how the motor responds to loads

Assemble the circuits according to the following circuit diagram and set-up instructions.


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Circuit diagram "Load characteristics" (Steinmetz circuit)

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Set-up "Load characteristics " (Steinmetz circuit, C B = 6µF)

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Required settings:

Brake: "PC mode" or "Application mode" ( Note: when starting the"ActiveASMA" software you will be prompted to select "Application mode")


Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software Select "Automatic speed control" operating mode The brake is applied to the motor in 20 discrete steps until a speed of 1200

rpms is reached ( Note: enter the corresponding number of steps it takes toachieve this in the "ActiveDrive/ActiveASMA" software under "Settings" ->"Presets" -> "Ramp"!)

Record load characteristics for the asynchronous motor on an AC mains A total of two graphs are to be recorded Label and scale the graphs as in the appropriate placeholders shown below The following parameters are to be recorded:

In the first graph: Torque M(n) Degree of efficiency η(n)

In the second graph: Mechanical power P2(n) Apparent power S(n)

Active power P1(n) Reactive power Q(n) After completing the measurement export the plotted graphs and copy them

into the appropriate placeholders below

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Placeholder for load graph; M(n); η(n) (η => "eta")

Placeholder for load graph; P2(n); S(n); P1(n); Q(n)

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Based on the first graph determine the efficiency for the nominal speed

η = 31__% Correct

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EEM41 DrehstromasynchronmaschinenCopyright

Copyright © 2004-2006 LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH.

This course "EEM 41 Three-phase asynchronous machines" is protected bycopyright. All rights pertaining thereto are reserved. Any reproduction of thedocument as a file or in written form be it photocopy, microfilm or any other methodor conversion into a machine-compatible language, in particular for data processingsystems, without the expressed written approval of the LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH isstrictly forbidden.

The software as described above is made available on the basis of a generallicensing agreement or in the form of a single license. The use or reproduction of thesoftware is only permitted in strict compliance with the contractual terms stated

therein.

If changes have been performed in a manner which was not strictly authorised bythe LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH, any product liability or warranty claims pertaining theretoare null and void.

Congratulations! This is the last page. You have completed the course "EEM41 Three-phase asynchronous machines".

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Lucas-Nülle Lehr- und Meßgeräte GmbH

Siemensstraße 2 · D-50170 Kerpen-Sindorf

Telefon +492273567-0 · Fax +49 2273567-30

www.lucas-nuelle.de

sh5007-1e máquinas trifásicas asincronas profesor ingles.pdf

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