relacao de artigos schneider

8/13/2019 Relacao de Artigos Schneider

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Schneiders Cahier techniques for Engineers

We thought the following may be of interest to you. Click on the links to view each Cahier Technique.

Each "Cahier Technique" provi es an in! epth stu y of a precise sub ect in

the fiel s of electrical networks# protection evices# monitoring an control

an in ustrial automation systems.

Acti0e har1onic conditioners and unity power factor rectifiers Electric loa s are becoming increasinglynon!linear in the in ustrial# tertiary an even househol sectors. These loa s absorb non!sinusoi al currents which# un erthe effect of circuit impe ance# istort the purely sinusoi al voltage waveform. This is what is known as harmonic

isturbance of power networks# currently a cause for concern as it gives rise to serious problems. This escribes the activeharmonic con itioners. This attractive# fle$ible an self!a aptive solution can be use in a wi e variety of cases to completeor replace other solutions. ECT%&'.p f ! (i)e* '+,.%-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Auto1atic transferring of power supplies in 3 and #3 networks 4n e$amination of the ifficulties ofimplementing such switching evices# together with the possible technical solutions. 4 presentation of the various switchingtypes backe up by practical e$amples# an a table summari)es the main areas of application. ECT%2%.p f ! (i)e* 53.'-b !

ublishe * %%01203113

Beha0ior of the 456 3 circuit breakers 5luarc for switching 1otor starting currents 6anyyears ago# oil circuit!breakers 78C9: an air magnetic circuit!breakers 7469: were the main breaking

techniques for 6; applications. (ince %+51 or %+5, 7 epen ing on the country: (


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&ohabitation of high and low currents the rapi evelopment of igital systems using low current links 7bus: hasgiven rise to the critical problem forme by cohabitation of high an low currents. The real problem is how to reconcileelectrical safety an electromagnetic compatibility. The following issues thus arise for which solutions must be foun * how totreat the problem of e$pose con uctive parts# which earthing system shoul be chosen# which shiel s# mitigating planes#t places special emphasis on# taking epen ability into consi eration at the esign stage# the

quality approach 7software# qualification# manufacture: with techniques a apte to the constraints encountere in 6e iuman @igh ;oltageD an analysis of e$perience fee back. ECT%5,.p f ! (i)e* 3,+.,-b ! ublishe * %/01203113
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De0elop1ent of #3 circuit breakers to standard IE& 8"9 2 resents the a vantages of >EC 21+/5!3stan ar over the former >EC %,5!%# an escribes the numerous tests to be satisfie by these breaking evices. Thesetests are highly representative of the constraints actually encountere in electrical installations. ECT%,1.p f ! (i)e* //2.5-b! ublishe * 3%01'03113

Directional protection e7uip1ent This aims to give the rea er a better un erstan ing of so calle " irectional "protection* a very useful technology for @; networks an machines. 4 vances in igital technology an the integration oflogical selectivity# has enable it to make great progress in terms of reliability# simplicity of incorporation an even costs. >tsuse allows to implement network configuration an selectivity system improving the epen ability of power supplies. 4fterreviewing their operating principle# the author goes on to present their many applications an gives some useful informationon their incorporation. ECT%&%.p f ! (i)e* %2%.+-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Dyna1ic stability of industrial electrical networks Fiven that electrical energy is very ifficult to store# apermanent balance between pro uction an consumption is vital. Fenerators# loa s an the electrical networks whichconnect them have mechanical an 0or electrical inertias which complicate the maintaining of a balance guaranteeingrelatively constant frequency an voltage. The purpose of this ocument is to un erstan why instability can appear an to

efine the main causes an effects of such instability. >t e$plains the precautions to be taken an # using a concrete e$ample#escribes how a typical stu y is con ucte . ECT%&,.p f ! (i)e* %3,.3-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Earthing I' earthing syste1 unearthed neutral; in #3 This escribes the a vantages an areas ofapplication of the >T earthing system. 4fter a brief intro uction of the electrical ha)ar an the various earthing systems# thefirst fault situations# followe by the ouble fault specific to the >T system# are stu ie # an the a vantages an

isa vantages of this particular earthing system are evelope . This "Cahier Technique" also offers solutions for the surgelimiter with the various types of possible overvoltages. ECT%5&.p f ! (i)e* ,1/.2-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Earthing syste1s in #3 This reviews the ha)ar s that insulation faults represent for safety of persons an property. >temphasi)es the influence of earthing systems an the availability of electrical power. >t presents the three earthing systems

efine in stan ar >EC '2/ an use to varying egrees in all countries. Each earthing system is looke at in terms ofepen ability 7safety# maintainability an availability:. ECT%53.p f ! (i)e* '3%.%-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Earthing syste1s worldwide and e0olutions


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Electrical installation dependability studies ?oss of power is always annoying# but it can be particularlypenali)ing for information systems 7computing !monitoring an control:D they can even have isastrous consequences forcertain processes an in certain cases en anger peopleHs lives. Bepen ability stu ies enable electrical availabilityrequirements to be incorporate in the choice of electrical network to be installe . They also enable two ifferent installationconfigurations to be compare ... the most e$pensive one is not always better. This ocument shows how epen abilitystu ies are performe * metho ology an tools. Two e$amples of stu ies are given* that of an electrical network in a factoryan that of the monitoring an control system of a high voltage substation. These stu ies are becoming increasingly easy to

perform thanks to computing tools. ECT%&/.p f ! (i )e* %31.1-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Electrodyna1ic forces on busbars in #3 syste1s 9ehavior of their components in the light of their environmentan of possible operating stresses. Calculations lay own to allow for these forces an in particular to etermine ?; busbarrequirements. ECT%23.p f ! (i)e* %'2.5-b ! ublishe * %%01203113

E &: electro1agnetic co1patibility


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5u>>y #ogic Ase alongsi e other a vance control techniques# it is making a iscrete but appreciate appearance inin ustrial control automation systems. ts a vantages stem from its ability to* formali)e an simulate the e$pertise of an operator or

esigner in process control an tuning# provi e a simple answer for processes which are ifficult to mo el# continually takeinto account cases or e$ceptions of ifferent kin s# an progressively incorporate them into the e$pertise# take into accountseveral variables an perform "weighte merging" of influencing into variables. ECT%+%.p f ! (i)e* /5'.&-b ! ublishe *%/01,0311'

ar1onic Disturbances in ?etworks and their 'reat1ent Electricity is generally istribute as three voltagewaves forming a '!phase sinusoi al system. 8ne of the characteristics of such a system is its waveform# which must alwaysremain as close as possible to that of a pure sine wave. >f istorte beyon certain limits# as is often the case on networkscomprising sources of harmonic currents an voltages such as arc furnaces# static power converters# lighting systems# etc.#the waveform must be correcte . ECT%,3.p f ! (i)e* 3+&.1-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113

ar1onics upstrea1 of rectifiers in nother wor s* how to master power availability so as to achieve the operating BE EGB49>?>TI ob ective. ECT%/&.p f J

(i)e* &5.'-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113

3 industrial network design Electrical networks supply the energy require to run the pro uction facilities. Theprovision of a continuous power supply to loa s is strive for from the start of the network esign# in particular uringpreliminary choices in the single!line iagram. =e uctions in electrical installation an operating costs# together with reliablefailure!free operation# are vital con itions for profitability. ECT%2+.p f ! (i)e* %51.'-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Integration of #ocal Power $eneration in Industrial 4ites and &o11ercial Buildings Engine rivenalternating current generator sets are often use in remote in ustrial sites as a prime source of electrical energy. They arealso e$tensively use in both in ustry an commercial buil ings as a source of back!up power. Biscusses most of thesub ects which have to be han le when implementing engine riven alternating current generator sets having rate powersup to 31 6W. ECT%+2. B< ! (i)e* ,&1.3-b ! ublishe * %/01,0311'

Intelligent #3 switchboards >n all buil ings# regar less of the activity carrie out insi e# the istribution of electricalpower must to ay satisfy ever!increasing nee s for epen ability an efficiency. (tarting with an analysis of nee s# this

ocument takes a close look at how ?; power istribution can be manage . articular emphasis is place on ecentrali)ingan istributing intelligence in an aroun the ?; switchboar . (everal e$amples of such installations are also provi e .ECT%&2.p f ! (i)e* %&1.3-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

Introduction to dependability design Equipment failures# unavailability of a power supply# stoppage of automateequipment an acci ents are quickly becoming unacceptable events# be it to the or inary citi)en or in ustrial manufacturers.Bepen ability an its components* reliability# maintainability# availability an safety# have become a science that no esigner

can affor to ignore. ECT%//.p f ! (i)e* %51.+-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113
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In0erters and har1onics case studies of non linear loads; 6o ern inverters are e$cellent generators ofsinusoi al voltage even when they supply non!linear loa s. This is consi ere quite normal as A ( are esigne an veryoften utili)e to supply computer0 microprocessor systems which raw non!sinusoi al currents. ECT%,+.p f ! (i)e* %1&./-b! ublishe * %%01203113

#ightning and 3 electrical installations This presents an overview of lightning phenomena an their effects onelectrical installations# present currently available means to protect installations an limit etrimental effects# iscussproblems concerning continuity of service# in icate the main steps in lightning stu ies on the basis of an e$ample involvingan E@; installation evelope by the Getwork =esearch Bepartment. ECT%2&.p f ! (i)e* %2%.2-b ! ublishe * %'01203113

#ow 3oltage circuit breaker breaking techni7ues This aims to efine the currents to break in ?; installations#e$plain a phenomenon which occurs whenever a circuit is opene * the electric arc# theoretically analy)e the breaking ofvarious currents by the arc place in the e$tinguishing con ition an escribe breaking evices. ECT%,/.p f ! (i)e* 23/.&-b! ublishe * 3%01'03113

#3 breaking by current li1itation 4 simple intro uction to the principles of low voltage current limitation# atechnique evelope by 6erlin Ferin. >t simplifies un erstan ing of the a vantages gaine by using limiting circuit!breakersin electrical installations# en ing with a etaile bibliography for those wishing to satisfy their scientific curiosity. ECT%2'.p f! (i)e* 315./-b ! ublishe * %'01203113

#3 circuit breakers confronted with har1onic= transient and cyclic currents Bevelopment of loa s# aresult of the technological breakthroughs of the last eca e# has le to an increase number of constraints in electricalpower istribution. rotection evices have ha to a apt accor ingly# particularly with regar to three phenomena# highharmonic currents ue to multiplication of non!linear loa s using power electronics 7rectifiers# switch mo e power

supplies#...:# transient currents cause by energi)ing loa s with a high inrush current such as capacitive loa s# ?;0?;transformers an cyclic currents resulting from a marke increase in loa automatically in repetitive cycles 7wel ing robots#wave train heating:. ECT%&3.p f ! (i)e* +1.&-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

#3 surges and surge arresters #3 insulation co ordination ?ow voltage insulation co!or ination consists ofmatching the surge levels that may appear on an electrical network 7or installation: with the surge withstan of the in ustrialor omestic equipment that it supplies# bearing in min the possibility of inclu ing surge limiting evices in the networkstructure. This iscipline contributes to increase safety of equipment an increase availability of electrical power.ECT%5+.p f ! (i)e* '1/.%-b ! ublishe * %/01203113

3 Breaking 'echni7ues Betails the a vantages# isa vantages an application fiel s of past an present 6e ium;oltage breaking techniques. @aving efine the currents to be broken an iscusse breaking on a theoretical level# theauthor goes on to present breaking in air# oil# an in (< 2# finishing with two comparative tables. ECT%+'. B< ! (i)e*,35.3-b ! ublishe * %/01,0311'

3 public distribution networks throughout the world Bescribes the various types of istribution networksan the istributorHs role# plus etails on the topologies of 6; networks# substations# an protection an telecontrol evices.ECT%,,.p f ! (i)e* ,%2.2-b ! ublishe * %%01203113

?eutral Earthing in an Industrial 3 ?etwork @; electrical networks can be earthe in ifferent ways. Thisocument analy)es the constraints impose by the ifferent parameters of the installation 7overvoltages# network# an
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receivers: an calculates the fault currents. Bifferent protection mo es are escribe along with the settings ana ustments suggeste accor ing to the requirements. ECT123. B< ! (i)e* 5'.,-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113

@0er0oltages and insulation coordination in 3 and 3 >nsulation coor ination is a iscipline aiming atachieving the best possible technical!economic compromise for protection of persons an equipment against overvoltages#whether cause by the network or lightning# occurring on electrical installations. >t helps ensure a high egree of availabilityof electrical power. >ts value is ouble by the fact that it concerns high voltage networks. ECT%,%.p f ! (i)e* %+3.,-b !

ublishe * 3%01'03113

Power uality Bescribes the main phenomena causing egra ation in ower Kuality 7 K:# their origins# theconsequences for equipment an the main solutions. >t offers a metho ology for measuring the K in accor ance with

iffering aims. >llustrate with practical e$amples for the implementation of solutions# it shows that only by observing bestpractice an by applying strict metho ology 7 iagnostics# research# solutions# implementation# an preventive maintenance:can users obtain the right quality of power supply for their requirements. ECT%++.p f ! (i)e* &+%.%-b ! ublishe *%/01,0311'

Protection of 3/#3 substation transfor1ers Biscusses the stresses to which the transformers are sub ecteuring operation an the consequences of these stresses an goes on to present the various protection evices that can be

use . >t is necessarily simple# ue to the large number of criteria an solutions that e$ist. Electrical engineers shoulhowever fin this ocument provi es the main information nee e to make the right choices. ECT%+3.p f ! (i)e* 31,.&-b !

ublishe * %/01,0311'

esidual current de0ices in #3 The earth leakage circuit!breaker is generally recogni)e as the best an mostreliable of the protective evices which have been evelope to offer protection against in irect contact in the low voltagefiel . ECT%%/.p f ! (i)e* 32&.2-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113

456 properties= and use in 3 and 3 switchgear The general properties of (< 2 gas an its (< 2 by!pro ucts are presente . 4 brief history of the use of (< 2 in switchgear is given. The effects of (< 2 on the environment are

iscusse . Fui ance is given for working with (< 2 gas an (< 2 fille equipment un er normal an abnormal con itions ofservice. ECT%&&.p f ! (i)e* %5'.,-b ! ublishe * %/01,0311'

'he singularities of the third har1onic >n installations where the neutral is istribute # non!linear loa s maycause significant overloa s in this con uctor ue to the presence of the thir harmonic. 9oth the phenomenon an its

reme ies are e$plaine . ECT313.p f ! (i)e* 315./-b ! ublishe * %/01,0311'

'her1al study of #3 electric switchboards 4ims at furthering the un erstan ing an mastery of the thermalproblems encountere in ?; electric switchboar s. 4fter a brief review of s tan ar s an of thermal phenomena* con uction!ra iation ! convection# the author shows how ?; cubicles can be mo ele using mo eling techniques normally reserve forother areas. 6o eling naturally lea s to software to ai esign of electrical cubicles equippe with switchgear. The resultsare compare with real temperature measurements.ECT%/,.p f ! (i)e* '3%.3-b ! ublishe * 3%01'03113

3acuu1 4witching 4 brief escription of the physical phenomena that are associate with vacuum switching# an oftheir use. >t also inclu es a presentation of the ifferent technological options that are available to vacuum interrupteresigners. ECT%+&. B< ! (i)e* %31'.%-b ! ublishe * %/01,0311'
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