Nouns, Nouns, pronouns and pronouns and determiners determiners in English in English GrammarGrammar

Estudos Linguísticos V: Estudos Linguísticos V: morfossintaxe e processamento de morfossintaxe e processamento de

texto - INGLÊStexto - INGLÊS

Instituto de Ciências humanasInstituto de Ciências humanas

Curso de Letras / 5º PeríodoCurso de Letras / 5º Período

Professora: Rosana Espírito SantoProfessora: Rosana Espírito Santo

Alunos:Alunos:

Paulo Ricardo, Alexandre Alberto e Paulo Ricardo, Alexandre Alberto e Samira dos Santos Samira dos Santos

What is a noun?What is a noun?

A A nounnoun is a word used to name a is a word used to name a person, an animal, a place, a thing, person, an animal, a place, a thing, and abstract ideas.and abstract ideas.

PeoplePeople

Teacher Teacher DoctorDoctor

AnimalAnimal

DogDog LionLion

PlacePlace

PampulhaPampulha MiamiMiami

ThingThing

PencilPencil GlassesGlasses

IdeaIdea

FreedomFreedom LoveLove

The different nounsThe different nouns

They are four:They are four: CollectiveCollective AbstractAbstract Common andCommon and ProperProper

The collective NounThe collective Noun They represent collections of people, They represent collections of people,

places and thingsplaces and things

A A broodbrood of chickens of chickens TeamTeam

AbstractAbstract

They represents qualities and They represents qualities and feelingsfeelings

Honor ; StrengthHonor ; Strength

CommonCommon

They refer to general categories of They refer to general categories of thingsthings

CatCat CityCity

ProperProper

They refer to specific people, They refer to specific people, places, objects and are usually places, objects and are usually written with a capital letter.written with a capital letter.

SamanthaSamantha BrasilBrasil

They can be Countable or They can be Countable or Uncountable Uncountable

The countable are those that we can The countable are those that we can countcount

The uncountable are those that we The uncountable are those that we can’t countcan’t count

CountableCountable

With them, we With them, we can use words like: can use words like: five, one, a few, some, any, a/an etc. five, one, a few, some, any, a/an etc. Or change them into pluralOr change them into plural

Banana/sBanana/s Bottle/s Bottle/s

UncountableUncountable

With them, we With them, we can use words like: can use words like: some, a piece of, a bit of, a cup of, a some, a piece of, a bit of, a cup of, a little but never a or an or numbers.little but never a or an or numbers.

MilkMilk MoneyMoney

Possessive’s (Noun)Possessive’s (Noun)

When we want to show that When we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add something, we usually add 's's to a to a singular noun and an apostrophe singular noun and an apostrophe '' to to a plural noun, for example:a plural noun, for example:

the boy's ballthe boy's ball (one boy) (one boy) the boys' ballthe boys' ball (two or more boys) (two or more boys)

PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

Pronouns are small words that take Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: are words like: hehe, , youyou, , oursours, , themselvesthemselves, , somesome, , eacheach... If we ... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. to repeat a lot of nouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUNPERSONAL PRONOUN

Personal pronouns represent specific Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending people or things. We use them depending on:on:

number: singular (eg: number: singular (eg: II) or plural (eg: ) or plural (eg: wewe) ) person: 1st person (eg: person: 1st person (eg: II), 2nd person ), 2nd person

(eg: (eg: youyou) or 3rd person (eg: ) or 3rd person (eg: hehe) ) gender: male (eg: gender: male (eg: hehe), female (eg: ), female (eg: sheshe) or ) or

neuter (eg: neuter (eg: itit) ) case: subject (eg: case: subject (eg: wewe) or object (eg: ) or object (eg: usus))

DEMONSTRATIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

DemonstrativeDemonstrative (verb): to show; to (verb): to show; to indicate; to point toindicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:a thing or things:

near in distance or time (near in distance or time (thisthis, , thesethese) )

far in distance or time (far in distance or time (thatthat, , thosethose) )

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNS We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific

person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on:We use possessive pronouns depending on: number: singular (eg: number: singular (eg: minemine) or plural (eg: ) or plural (eg: oursours) ) person: 1st person (eg:person: 1st person (eg: mine mine), 2nd person (eg: ), 2nd person (eg:

yoursyours) or 3rd person (eg: ) or 3rd person (eg: hishis) ) gender: male (gender: male (hishis), female (), female (hershers) ) Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by

some example sentences. Notice that each some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:possessive pronoun can:

be subject be subject oror object object refer to a singular refer to a singular oror plural antecedent plural antecedent

INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

We use interrogative pronouns to ask We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about). (what we are asking the question about).

There are four main interrogative There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which pronouns: who, whom, what, which

Notice that the possessive pronoun Notice that the possessive pronoun whosewhose can also be an interrogative can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).pronoun).

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

reflexivereflexive (adj.) [grammar]: (adj.) [grammar]: reflecting back on the subject, like a reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror mirror

We use a reflexive pronoun when we We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). "-selves" (plural).

DETERMINERSDETERMINERS Determiners are words that are used with nouns Determiners are words that are used with nouns

to clarify the noun.to clarify the noun.

They can clarify:They can clarify: to define something or someoneto define something or someone to state the amount of people, things or other to state the amount of people, things or other

nounsnouns to state possessivesto state possessives to state something or someone is specificto state something or someone is specific to state how things or people are distributedto state how things or people are distributed to state the difference between nounsto state the difference between nouns to state someone or something is not specificto state someone or something is not specific

DETERMINERSDETERMINERS

There are different types of There are different types of determiners. The type of determiner determiners. The type of determiner depends on the type of noun. depends on the type of noun. Singular nouns always need a Singular nouns always need a determiner. With plural and determiner. With plural and uncountable nouns the determiner is uncountable nouns the determiner is optional. optional.

DETERMINERSDETERMINERS There are about 50 different determiners in the There are about 50 different determiners in the

English language. They include:English language. They include: Articles: Articles: a, ana, an, , thethe Demonstratives: Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, which this, that, these, those, which

etc.etc. Possessives: Possessives: my, your, our, their, his, hers, my, your, our, their, his, hers,

whose, my friend's, our friends', whose, my friend's, our friends', etc.etc. Quantifiers: Quantifiers: few, a few, many, much, each, few, a few, many, much, each,

every, some, any every, some, any etc.etc. Numbers: Numbers: one, two, three, twenty, fortyone, two, three, twenty, forty Ordinals: Ordinals: firstfirst, , secondsecond, , 1st 2nd, 3rd, last1st 2nd, 3rd, last, , nextnext, ,

etc.etc.

DETERMINERSDETERMINERS EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

""AA girl sat under  girl sat under anan umbrella." umbrella.""Have you got "Have you got anyany English books that I  English books that I could have?"could have?""There is "There is enoughenough food to feed everyone." food to feed everyone."

""TheThe dog barked at  dog barked at thethe boy." boy."""TheseThese apples are rotten." apples are rotten."""TheirTheir bus was late." bus was late."

I've got tea and coffee, so you can I've got tea and coffee, so you can have have eithereither. . (One or the other)(One or the other)The room has a door at The room has a door at eithereither end. end.  (Both) (Both)