mËv/avw` dcv`vbebookbou.edu.bd/books/text/sshl/babss/bph_3302/unit-09.pdf · avgiv b‡zvg‡a¨...

mËv/Avw` Dcv`vb

Reality/Ultimate Stuff

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Ro I cÖv‡Yi DrcwË I ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| cÖv‡Yi

DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ‡K wK gZev` w`‡q‡Qb ZvI †R‡bwQ| wKšÍz Ro I Rxe‡bi †cQ‡b

Avmj mËv KqwU I wK wK Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb| mËv m¤úKx©q `k©b, `k©‡bi

Ggb GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb ev mËv, mËvi ¯iƒc I mËvi msL¨v

m¤úK©xq welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Avgiv G BDwb‡U Gme welq wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡ev|

GB BDwb‡U †gvU QqwU cvV i‡q‡Q

ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : Roev`

Nature of Reality: Materialism

ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : fveev`

Nature of Reality: Idealism

ã mËvi cÖK…wZ : A‡ÁqZvev`

Nature of Reality: Agnosticism

ã mËvi msL¨v : eûZ¡ev`

Number of Reality: Pluralism

ã mËvi msL¨v : ˆØZev`

Number of Reality: Dualism

ã mËvi msL¨v : GKZ¡ev`

Number of Reality: Monism

9

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BDwbU-9 c„ôv w 162

mËvi cÖK…wZ : Roev`

Nature of Reality: Materialism

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb

mËvi A_© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

c„w_exi AMwYZ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU Avmj ev Avw` e¯Íz? Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Roev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

ÔmËv' K_vwU wewfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq e‡j GKK_vq mËvi msÁv †`qv mnR bq| Z‡e

mËv K_vwU mvaviYZ `y'A‡_© eySv hvq| GK A‡_©, mvaviY mËv ej‡Z e¯Íz ev wRwb‡mi

g~j ev Avw` Dcv`vb‡K eySvq| G A‡_© mËv ev¯ÍeZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Av‡iK A‡_©, m„wói

g~j Avavi ev Drm‡K eySv‡bv nq| Gw`K †_‡K A_©vr wØZxq A‡_©, mËv cig mËv‡K

(Absolute Reality) wb‡`©k K‡i|

cig mËvi cÖK…wZ

RMr I Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ vbB `k©‡bi cÖavb KvR| `k©‡bi G Kv‡Ri g‡a¨B Gi ¯iƒc

wbwnZ| `k©b GKwU mvgwMÖK ev me©vZ¥K `„wófw½i cwiPvqK| `k©b hLbB †Kvb wKQyi

e¨vL¨v cÖ v‡b eªZx nq ZLb Zvi †m e¨vL¨v †Kvb bv †Kvb ZË¡ ev mËvi Av‡jv‡KB Kiv

n‡q _v‡K| cig mËv n‡”Q †mB mËv hv Ab¨ †Kvb mËv ev Z‡Ë¡i Ici wbf©i K‡i bv|

†m wb‡R wb‡RB we`¨gvb _v‡K| mËvi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv mPivPi `ywU cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nB|

GKwU n‡”Q, cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ msµvšÍ; Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q, Zvi msL¨v

msµvšÍ| cig mËvi cÖK…wZ wb‡q wewfbœ gZev` jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e gZev`¸‡jv‡K

cÖavbZt wZbwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v- Roev`, fveev` I A‡ÁqZvev`| Avi cig

mËvi msL¨v KZ G wb‡qI `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m wewfbœ gZev‡`i D‡jøL jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G

gZev`¸‡jv‡KI cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K; h_v- GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I

eûZ¡ev`| Avgiv G cv‡V mËvi cÖK…wZ m¤úKx©q Roev`x gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cieZ©x

cvVmg~‡n Avgiv mËvi cÖK…wZ m¤úKx©q fveev`x I A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ Ges mËvi msL¨v

m¤úKx©q Ab¨vb¨ gZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

cvV 1

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 163

Roev` (Materialism)

Roev`xiv Ro c`v_©‡KB we‡k¦i Avw` Dcv`vb e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, cÖvY ev

gbmn we‡k¦i me wKQyB Ro c`v‡_©i m„wó| G gZev‡ì BwZnvm LyeB cyi‡bv| cvðv‡Zï

I wMÖK `k©‡bi RbK e‡j L¨vZ `vk©wbK †_wjm‡K Roev‡ì GKRb mv_©K cÖe³v e‡j

g‡b Kiv nq| ZvQvov, wMÖK `vk©wbK Gbvw·g¨vÛvi, Gbvw·wgwbm, wnivwK¬Uvm, Gw¤úWwK¬m

I Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi `k©‡b Roev‡ì cwiPq cvIqv hvq| ga¨hyMxq `k©b a‡g©i cÖfv‡e

cÖfvweZ wQj e‡j G mgq Roev‡ì weKvk bv NU‡jI AvaywbK hy‡Mi `k©‡b Avevi Gi

weKvk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| _gvm nem&, j¨v‡gwUª, nje¨vK, Rb UjvÛ, KU&‡WvMvU© I Av‡b©÷

cÖgyL AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡ì `k©‡b Roev‡ì Av‡jvPbv cwijwÿZ nq| Roev`x‡ì g‡Z,

R‡oi `ywU c„_K ¸Y i‡q‡Q : h_v- we¯Í„wZ I A‡f`¨Zv| MwZB n‡”Q Ro c`v‡_©i ag©|

Roev`xiv Ro c`v_© I MwZi mvnv‡h¨ ˆRweK I gvbwmK cÖwµqvmn RM‡Zi me

cÖwµqv‡KB e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Zuviv RM‡Zi †Kv_vI †Kvb cig kw³ ev Ck¦‡ii

D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`‡k©i K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| `vk©wbK nY©wj e‡jb, Roev` we‡k¦i m„wó-K‡g©

Ck¦‡ii n¯Í‡ÿc‡K cy‡ivcywifv‡e A¯xKvi K‡i| G gZev` Rx‡ei AvPi‡Y gb I Rxebx

kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi K‡i bv| Avi Ro c`v_©‡K cigvYyi †hvMdj e‡j g‡b K‡i|

Roev`x‡ì hyw³mg~n

K. Roev`xiv cÖZ¨ÿY‡KB Áv‡bi GKgvÎ Drm g‡b K‡ib| ZvB hv‡K ev †h

welq‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| `ªe¨, cig mËv, Ck¦i,

AvZ¥v ev ciKvj Gme‡K Avgiv Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi bv| AZGe

GKgvÎ Ro c`v_© Qvov Ab¨ me Ava¨vwZ¥K welqvw` m¤ú~Y© A_©nxb I gvivZ¥K

åvwšÍKi|

L. Roev`xiv RM‡Zi wewfbœ NUbv‡K Kvh©KviY wbqg Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡ib| ZvB Zuviv

Ro I MwZi wµqvejx‡K m¤ú~Y© hvwš¿K e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avi G A‡_© Zuviv

RM‡Z †Kvb Hkx D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`k©‡K ¯xKvi K‡ib bv|

M. Roev`xiv kw³i Awebk¦iZv bxwZ (Law of Conservation of Energy) †Z

`„pfv‡e Av¯’vkxj| Zuviv RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz ev NUbvi g‡a¨ †Kej AvKviMZ I

cwigvYMZ cv_©‡Kï K_v ¯xKvi K‡ib| wewfbœ e¯Íy ev NUbvi g‡a¨ †h ¸YMZ

cv_©K¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv Zuviv ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| G A‡_© Roev` we`y¨r, Av‡jv,

evZvm, Py¤K, ivmvqwbK m¤Ü I hvwš¿K MwZ‡K G‡K A‡bï g‡a¨ cwieZ©b‡hvM¨

e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

N. Roev`xiv Ro c`v_© I cÖvY‡K GK I Awfbœ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G `y'†qi g‡a¨

¸YMZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Z‡e MVb-cÖwµqvi w`K †_‡K R‡oi mv‡_ cÖv‡Yi

wKQyUv cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Ro c`v‡_©i Zzjbvq cÖvY A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj| mgKvjxb

weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi mgb¦‡q

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gvby‡li Rxe‡Kvl (Protoplasmic cell) MwVZ| ZvB cÖvY‡K R‡oi AwZwi³ mËv

e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq bv|

O. Roev`x‡ì g‡Z, Avgiv hv‡K †PZbv (consciousness) e‡j AwfwnZ Kwi Zv

Avm‡j Ro c`v_© †_‡KB DrcwË jvf K‡i| †Kbbv gw¯Í®‹ wµqvi AwZwi³

¯vaxb †Kvb †PZbv-cÖwµqv †bB| AvaywbK Roev`xiv gb‡K Dce¯Íz, Avi Ro‡K

cÖK…Z e¯Íz e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †Kbbv Ro e¨wZZ g‡bi †Kvb Avjv`v mËv Zuviv

¯xKvi K‡ib bv|

P. Roev`xiv hvwš¿K weeZ©bev‡ì GKwbô mg_©K| Zuv‡ì aviYv, Ro †_‡KB

wek¦RMr I cÖv‡Yi D™¢e ev m„wó| gvbe †`n n‡”Q GKwU hš¿we‡kl| cÖv‡Yi kw³

e‡j hv Av‡Q Zv Avm‡j Ro kw³iB GK RwUj iƒcgvÎ|

Q. Roev`xiv †h‡nZz Kvh©KviY Z‡Ë¡i Øviv we‡k¦i NUbvejx‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖqvmx,

†m‡nZz Zuviv g‡b K‡ib, we‡k¦i †Kvb NUbv cÖevnB B”Qvkw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq|

R. Roev`xiv †h‡nZz me NUbv ev e¯Íz‡KB hvwš¿K I Kvh©KviY wbqg Øviv e¨vL¨v

Ki‡Z Pvb, †m‡nZz Zuviv ag©xq ˆbwZKZv I ag©xq wewaweavb‡K A¯xKvi K‡ib|

Zuviv ag©‡K †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|

Roev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb

Roev`x‡ì Dch©y³ e³e¨ AvcvZt`„wó‡Z †Rviv‡jv I AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ

Zuv‡ì G ai‡bi e³‡e¨ wewfbœ Am½wZ jÿYxq :

GK. Roev‡` RvMwZK HK¨ I k„´Ljvi †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq bv|

Roev`xiv wek¦RM‡Z eyw× I gb‡bi f‚wgKv‡K A¯xKvi K‡i MwZ I cigvYyi

mvnv‡h¨ RvMwZK cÖwµqv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuviv RvMwZK HK¨, msnwZ

I Kjv-†KŠkj‡K cigvYyi AvKw¯§K ms‡hv‡Mi dj e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i RMr

m¤ú‡K© êÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K cvk KvwU‡q wM‡q‡Qb|

`yB. Roev`x‡ì mgw_©Z hvwš¿K weeZ©bev‡ì g‡aÏ bvbv Mowgj jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

RM‡Zi weeZ©b cÖwµqvq Roev` †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨‡K A¯xKvi K‡i hvwš¿K

wbq‡g RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z Pvq| wKšÍz ¯§iY ivLv DwPZ †h, gvbyl †Kvb hš¿ bq|

ZvB gvby‡li wµqv-Kjvc‡K hvwš¿K wbq‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|

wZb. Roev`xiv cÖvY‡K Ro †_‡K m„ó Ges cÖvYkw³ I Rokw³‡K g~jZ GK I Awfbœ

g‡b Ki‡jI AvR ch©šÍ †Kvb weÁvbx K…wÎg c×wZ‡Z ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi

mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb mRxe Rxe‡Kvl m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Pvi. Roev` Rxe‡K R‡oi mgwó e‡j g‡b K‡ib| AvZ¥e„w×, AvZ¥ms¯‹vi, AvZ¥iÿvmn

cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Awf‡hvR‡bi g‡Zv Rx‡ei Acwinvh© êwkó¨‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq

wKfv‡e? Roev` Gm‡ei †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK DËi w`‡Z cv‡iwb|



cuvP. Roev`xiv gvbwmK wµqvi HK¨ I avivewnKZvi †Kvb êÁvwbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z

cv‡ibwb| Roev`xiv gb‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i Dce¯Íz (epiphenomenon) e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

wKšÍz gb hw` ZvB n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv †`nhš¿‡K cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ki‡e

wKfv‡e? Zvi †Kvb my¯úó e¨vL¨v Roev` †`bwb|

Qq. Roev`xiv Áv‡bi DrcwËi e¨vcv‡iI †Kv‡bv my¯úó e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| c~Y©

Áv‡bi DrcwËi Rb¨ ÁvZv ev gb‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv| wKšÍz Roev`xiv g‡bi

¯Zš¿ mËv ¯xKvi K‡ib bv weavq Áv‡bi DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i Zuv‡ì e³e¨ mwVK

bq|

mvZ. mgv‡jvPKiv Roev`x gZ‡K PµK †`v‡l †`vlx e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †Kbbv

Roev`xiv Ro c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_‡g g‡bi e¨vL¨v w`‡q Zvici g‡bi mvnv‡h¨

Ro c`v‡_©i e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| ZvB Zuv‡ì e³e¨ PµK ‡`v‡l `yó|

AvU. AvaywbK weÁv‡bi mv‡_I Roev` m½wZc~Y© bq| AvaywbK weÁvbxiv MwZnxb,

wbðj, wbw®Œq Ro c`v‡_©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡ib bv| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, cÖwZwU cigvYy

GKwU kw³cyÄ| Gme Kvi‡Y Roev`‡K GKwU m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` wn‡m‡e MÖnY

Kiv hvq bv|



mËvi cÖK…wZ : fveev`

Nature of Reality: Idealism

D‡Ïk¨


mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© fveev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‡cø‡Uv I wjewb‡Ri Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` (Idealism) kãwUi wewfbœ eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avi G

Kvi‡Y kãwU‡K wbLuyZfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq bv| ZeyI †Kvb wPšÍvwe` I †jLK

fveev`‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, fveev`x gZev` †Kej Ava¨vwZ¥K

ev AvwZ¥K mËv‡K cig g~jëvb e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zv‡KB cig mËv e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|

myZivs †h gZev` R‡oi Zzjbvq AvZ¥v‡K AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡i Zv‡KB

fveev` e‡j| A_©vr Ava¨vwZ¥K mËvi Avw` I †gŠwjKZvq wek¦vm ¯’vcbKvix gZev`‡KB

fveev` ejv hvq|

fveev`

`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` kãwU cÖavbZ `ywU A‡_© eëüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| GK,

ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev` (Epistemological Idealism) A‡_© Avi `yB, Awawe`¨K fveev`

(Metaphysical Idealism) A‡_©|

ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev` I Awawe`¨K fveev`

ÁvbZvwË¡K A‡_© fveev` ev¯Íeev` (Realism) Gi we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G

gZev` Áv‡bi welq‡K ÁvZvi aviYvi Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j g‡b K‡i| ÁvZvi g‡bvMZ

KZ¸‡jv AvKvi ev aviYv cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j h_v_© Ávb n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB cÖK…Z Ávb

ÁvZvi aviYvi Dci wbf©ikxj| evK©jxi AvZ¥MZ fveev` (Subjective Idealism) ÁvbZvwË¡K fveev‡ì GKwU my›ì D`vniY| Kv‡›Ui fveev`‡KI †KD †KD G `‡ji

AšÍf©y³ K‡i _v‡Kb|

cvV 2

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cÿvšÍ‡i, Awawe`¨K A‡_© fveev` Roev` (Materialism) Gi we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e

cwiwPZ| G A‡_©, †h gZev` AvZ¥v‡K gyL¨, Avi Ro‡K ‡MŠY e‡j g‡b K‡i Ges wek¦

f~e‡bi ¯Kxq Zvrch©‡K A¯xKvi K‡i Zv‡K Awawe`¨K fveev` e‡j| eZ©gvb cv‡V

Avgiv Awawe`¨K fveev` wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

†cø‡Uvi Awawe`¨K fveev`

wMÖK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv‡K Awawe`¨K fveev` (hv‡K Ava¨vwZ¥K fveevÌ ejv nq) Gi cÖavb

I mdj cÖe³v e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Zuvi g‡Z, we‡kl e¨w³ I we‡kl e¯Íz wb‡q †h RMr

MwVZ Zv‡K f½yi I ÿY¯’vqx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| ZvB hv we‡kl bq, eis mvwe©K

ZvB †Kej ¯’vqx I wPišÍb| mvwe©K GKgvÎ mr e¯Íz| G mvwe©K‡K wZwb KL‡bv AvKvi

(Form), KL‡bv aviYv ev cÖZ¨q (Idea) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| e¨wómËv wb‡q †hgb GB

Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr MwVZ ‡Zgwb mvwe©K wb‡q aviYv ev cÖZ¨‡qi RMr MwVZ| GB cÖZ¨q ev

aviYvi RMr k¦vkZ I wPišÍb| G RMr m‡Zï RMr, Avi Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr n‡”Q wg_¨vi

RMr|

P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, bÿÎ, MvQ-cvjv, b`x-bvjv, cvnvo-ce©Z, gvbyl, Miæ BZ¨vw` wb‡q Avgiv

Pwj, †`wL I ¯úk© Kwi| Gme wKQy n‡jv †cø‡Uvi g‡Z cwieZ©‡bi RMr, wg_¨v I Aefvm

(appearence) Gi RMr| wKšÍz e¨w³ gvbyl, we‡kl †Nvov I we‡kl Miæi †cQ‡b Avgv‡ì

GK GKwU aviYv Av‡Q, hv gvbyl, Miæ I †Nvov bv _vK‡jI we`¨gvb _vK‡e| GB aviYvi

RMZB †cø‡Uvi g‡Z mZ¨, k¦vkZ I wPišÍb| Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b ‡bB| Bw›`ªq RM‡Zi

gvbyl, Miæ, †Nvov BZ¨vw` n‡”Q Zvi cÖwZ”QwegvÎ|

mgv‡jvPbv

†cø‡Uvi G gZev` wewfbœ Kvi‡Y AvKl©Yxq n‡jI G gZev` wewfbœ gnj KZ©©„K mgv‡jvwPZ

n‡q‡Q| Zuvi cÖ_g mgv‡jvPK n‡jb ZuviB wkl¨ `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj| wZwb †cø‡Uvi aviYv

ZË¡‡K Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| A¨vwi÷Uj e‡jb, †cø‡Uv mvwe©K I we‡k‡li ga¨Kvi

wbweo m¤úK©‡K ¯xKvi Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| we‡kl‡K wb‡qB †h mvwe©K MwVZ nq GK_v

wZwb †egvjyg fy‡j wM‡q‡Qb| ZvQvov we‡kl †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q mvwe©K wKfv‡e cÖZ¨‡qi

RM‡Z evm K‡i GK_v †cø‡Uv ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z cv‡ibwb|

wjewb‡Ri Awawe`¨K ev Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev`

Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq wjewbR GK Awfbe gZev` ‡ck K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, Avw` mËv

n‡jv Awef³, AwefvR¨ I Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj| G K_vi mg_©‡b wZwb e‡jb †h, hv wef³ ev

wefvR¨ Zv Aek¨B f½yi| Avi hv f½yi Zv KL‡bv mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avw` mËv ZvB

AwefvR¨, c~Y© I wPišÍb| hv Ac~Y©, wefvR¨ I mvgwqK Zv AmZ¨ I Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj| GLb

cªkœ n‡jv, Avw` mËv AwefvR¨ n‡q wK K‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡evb n‡Z cv‡i? wjewbR G cÖ‡kœi DËi

w`‡Z wM‡q wMÖK cigvYyev` I Kv‡U©mxq `vk©wbK‡ì gZev‡ì g‡a¨ GK mgb¦q weav‡bi



†Póv K‡ib| wMÖK cigvYyev`xiv e¯Ízi cigvYy‡KB Avw` mËv e‡j g‡b K‡ib| hv‡K †Kvb

Ae¯’v‡ZB wef³ Kiv hvq bv Zv‡KB cigvYy e‡j| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z, cigvYy¸‡jv Roxq

(material) e‡j Zviv KL‡bv AwefvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv Ro c`v‡_©i we¯Í„wZ e‡j

GKwU Acwinvh© ¸Y Av‡Q| cigvYy¸‡jv †h‡nZz Roxq ‡m‡nZz Zv‡`i we¯Í„wZ Av‡Q| Avi

hvi g‡a¨ we¯Í„wZ ¸Y i‡q‡Q Zv Aek¨B wefvR¨| ZvB Roxq cigvYy‡K †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB

Avw` mËv ejv hvq bv| cÿvšÍ‡i, Kv‡U©mxq g‡Z, MvwYwZK we›`y AwefvR¨ n‡Z eva¨|

†Kbbv MwY‡Z we›`y ej‡Z Ggb wKQy‡K eySvq, hvi †Kvb ˆ`N¨© I cÖ ’ †bB, Zv m¤ú~Y©

Ag~Z©| Avi G Kvi‡Y AwefvR¨ n‡qI Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj| hv Abw¯ÍZ¡kxj Zv KL‡bv Avw` mËv

(ultimate reality) n‡Z cv‡i bv|

wPr cigvYy (Monad)

Dc‡iv³ `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡Zi mgb¦q K‡i wjewbR Ggb GK cigvYyi mÜvb w`‡jb,

hv Ro cigvYyi gZ Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj n‡qI Kv‡U©mxq we›`yi gZ Awef³| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z,

cigvYy hw` †PZb I Ava¨vwZ¥K ¯fv‡ei AwaKvix nq Zvn‡j Zv GKvav‡i AwefvR¨ I

Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj n‡Z eva¨| wjewbR G Ava¨vwZ¥K I †PZbvc~Y© cigvYyi bvg ‡`b †gvbvW ev

wPr cigvYy|

mgv‡jvPbv

wjewb‡Ri gZI m¤ú~Y© MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| wjewbR cÖ_‡g eû †PZb cigvYyi cig‡Z¡i wek¦vm

wb‡q `vk©wbK wPšÍv ïiæ Ki‡jI GKvwaK ¯vaxb cigvYyi cvi¯úwiK k„´Ljv e¨vL¨v Kivi

Rb¨ Ae‡k‡l Ck¦‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ nb| ZvB G w`KwU Zvi gZev‡`i GKwU

g¯Í eo `ye©jZv e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© fveev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|


1| wjewb‡Ri †gvbvWZË¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| †cø‡Uvi aviYvZË¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| †cø‡Uvi g‡Z cig mËv n‡jv

(A) aviYvi RMr (Av) Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr

(B) we‡kl e¯Íz (C) ÿY¯’vqx

2| `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m fveev` kãwU cÖavbZt e¨eüZ nq

(A) `ywU A‡_© (Av) wZbwU A‡_©

(B) PviwU A‡_© (C) cuvPwU A‡_©

3| Avwawe`¨K A‡_© fveev‡`i we‡ivax gZev` wn‡m‡e cwiwPZÑ

(A) ev¯Íeev` (Av) Roev`

(B) wePviev` (C) eyw×ev`

4| Ava¨vwZ¥K I †PZbvc~Y© cigvYyi bvg †gvbvW †`bÑ

(A) †cø‡Uv (Av) evK©wj

(B) wjewbR (C) Kv›U


1| wjewb‡Ri g‡Z †gvbvW AwefvR¨|

mwVK DËi

1| (A) 2| (A) 3| (Av) 4| (B)

1| m



mËvi cÖK…wZ : A‡ÁqZvev`

Nature of Reality: Agnosticism

D‡Ïk¨


mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

G gZev‡ì mxgve×Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

cig ev Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq GZÿY Avgiv Roev` I Ava¨vwZ¥K fveev` wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv Kijvg| Roev` I fveev` ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev`| G `ywU gZev‡ì †`vl-

ÎæwU Avgiv c~‡e© D‡jøL K‡iwQ| gvby‡li Ávb mxwgZ| ZvB Amxg we‡k¦i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z

gvby‡li mxwgZ Ávb h‡_ó bq| GRb¨ nq‡Zv nvev©U© †¯úÝvi cig I Avw` mËvi ¯îƒc

e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z A‡ÁqZvev` cÖPvi K‡ib|

A‡ÁqZvev` (Agnosticism)

cig ev Avw` mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq A‡ÁqZvev`‡K GK ai‡bi †bwZevPK gZ e‡j

AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| G gZev‡` wek¦vmx `vk©wbK‡ì g‡Z, cig mËv †Kej AÁvZ I

A‡ÁqB bq; eis Avgv‡ì mxwgZ Áv‡bi AvKvi I Dcv`v‡b Zv‡K Av‡`Š Dcjwä Kiv

hvq bv|

cig mËv cÖm‡½ Kv›U

Kv›U gvbexq Áv‡bi P~ovšÍ we‡kølY K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, gvby‡li Ávb †Kej cwi`„k¨gvb

ev AefvwmK RM‡Zi †ÿ‡ÎB mxgve×| gvbe Ávb cÖwZfvwmK RMZ‡K AwZµg K‡i

KL‡bv AZxw›`ªq‡jv‡K †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi g‡Z, cig mËvi Ávb gvby‡li c‡ÿ AR©b

Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zv AÁvZ I A‡Áq|

cig mËv cÖm‡½ †¯úÝvi

cvV 3

Gm Gm GBP Gj


nvev©U© †¯úÝv‡ii wPšÍvavivq Kv‡›Ui Dc‡iv³ g‡ZiB cÖwZaŸwb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †¯úÝv‡ii

g‡Z, gvbeÁvb mxwgZ weavq Amxg I AbšÍ cig mËvi Ávb gvby‡li c‡ÿ jvf Kiv

m¤¢e bq| cig mËv ¯vaxb, ¯cÖwZwôZ, mvkªqx I Ab‡cÿ| wKšÍz gvbeÁvb mmxg I

civaxb| Avi ZvB cig mËv AÁvZ I A‡Áq _vK‡Z eva¨|

g~j¨vqb

A‡ÁqZvev`‡K Avgiv wbi‡cÿ gZev` wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| A‡ÁqZvev‡`i

cÖavb `ye©jZv n‡jv, G gZev` åvšÍfv‡eB wbi‡cÿ, mv‡cÿ, cig mËv I Zvi

cÖwZfvm‡K we‡ivax e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| A‡ÁqZvev`xiv G K_v nq‡Zv fz‡jB

wM‡qwQ‡jb †h, G mxwgZ I mv‡cÿ Ávb‡K †c‡Z n‡jI Ab‡cÿ ev wbi‡cÿ Áv‡bi

mv‡_ Zv‡K mshy³ K‡i †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov cig mËv‡K AÁvZ I A‡Áq e‡j cÖPvi

K‡i A‡ÁqZvev`xiv gvbe g‡bi ¯vfvweK AvMÖn‡KB evavMÖ ’ K‡i‡Qb|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|


1| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© Kv‡›Ui A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|

2| mËvi ¯iƒc m¤ú‡K© ‡¯úÝv‡ii A‡ÁqZvev`x gZ eY©bv Kiæb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| cig mËvi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨vq A‡ÁqZvev`‡K AwfwnZ Kiv nq GK ai‡biÑ

(A) BwZevPK gZ e‡j (Av) †bwZevPK gZ e‡j

(B) ˆeÁvwbK gZ e‡j (C) †jŠwKK gZ e‡j

2| Kv‡›Ui g‡Z gvbe-Ávb †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i bvÑ

(A) AZxw›`ªq‡jv‡K (Av) cÖwZfvwmK RM‡Z

(B) iƒ‡ci RM‡Z (C) cv‡ci RM‡Z

3| cig mËv ¯vaxb, ¯cÖwZwôZ, mvkªqx I Ab‡cÿÑ

(A) Kv‡›Ui g‡Z (Av) †WKv‡U©i g‡Z

(B) j‡Ki g‡Z (C) †¯úÝv‡ii g‡Z

4| A‡ÁqZvev`x `vk©wbK n‡jb-

(A) Kv›U, †n‡Mj (Av) Kv›U, †¯úÝvi

(B) g~i, iv‡mj (C) jK, evK©wj

mwVK DËi t

1| (Av) 2| (A) 3| (C) 4| (Av)

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mËvi msL¨v : eûZ¡ev`

Number of Reality: Pluralism

D‡Ïk¨


cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© eûZ¡ev`x gZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wewfbœ cÖKvi eûZ¡ev`x gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v msµvšÍ aviYv wePvi-we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

BwZc~‡e© Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GLb Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ

gZev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| Avw` Dcv`vb ev cig mËvi msL¨vi e¨vcv‡i `vk©wbKiv

wewfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡i _v‡Kb| G m¤ú‡K© wZbwU gZev` Av‡Q : GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I

eûZ¡ev`| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv eûZ¡ev` wb‡q Ges cieZ©x cvV `ywU‡Z ˆØZev` I

GKZ¡ev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| Avmyb cÖ_‡g eûZ¡ev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|

eûZ¡ev` (Pluralism)

eûZ¡ev‡ì cÖavb hyw³ GB †h, G wek¦RMr wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b cwic~Y©| Gme Dcv`vb ¯Zš¿

Ges GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU c„_K I wew”Qbœ| cwi`„k¨gvb RMr êwP‡Î¨ fiv| GB êwPÎ¨B

cÖgvY K‡i †h, G cwi`„k¨gvb RM‡Zi †cQ‡b AmsL¨ mËv i‡q‡Q| GB êwPÎ¨gq we‡k¦i

Avmj iƒc GK ev `y‡qi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq bv| Gi mÜvb wg‡j GKgvÎ eû‡Z¡i gv‡S|

eûZ¡ev‡ì mviK_v GB †h, G wek¦RMr eû g~j Dcv`vb ev mËvi ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j MwVZ|

eûZ¡ev‡ì cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv cvIqv hvq cÖvPxb wMÖK `vk©wbK Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi `k©‡b| wZwb

mËv‡K, Av¸b, cvwb, gvwU I evqy bvgK PviwU g~j Dcv`v‡b wef³ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, GB

PviwU g~j Dcv`v‡bi mgb¦‡q hveZxq e¯Ízi m„wó| Gici wMÖK cigvYyev`xiv eû cigvYy

Øviv G RMr MwVZ e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib|

eûZ¡ev‡ì cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv Gi bT_©K I m`_©K e‡j `ywU w`K †`L‡Z

cvB| bT_©K w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eûZ¡ev` GKZ¡ev` I ‰ØZev‡ì

weiæ‡× GKwU ewjô c`‡ÿc| GKZ¡ev` ev A‰ØZev` g‡b K‡i mËv GK Ges ˆØZev`

g‡b K‡i mËv `yB| wKšÍz eûZ¡ev‡ì g‡Z, mËv GKI bq, `yBI bq, eis eû| Avevi

cvV 4



m`_©K w`K †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, eûZ¡ev` cwi`„k¨gvb RM‡Zi Avov‡j

eû mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i| eûZ¡ev`x‡ì g‡Z, KZ¸‡jv ¯wbf©i I ¯Zš¿

Dcv`vb ev mËv wb‡q G wek¦RMr MwVZ| wKšÍz Gme Dcv`vb ev mËvi ¯iƒc Kx ev msMVb

wKiƒc Zv wb‡q Avgv‡ì g‡b cÖ‡kœi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| eûZ¡ev‡` mËvi cÖK…wZ I msL¨v

m¤ú‡K© cÖavbZ `ywU gZev` †`Lv hvq : RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev cigvYyev` Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K

eûZ¡ev` ev wPr cigvYyev`| `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Av‡iv `ywU gZev` †`Lv hvq Ges G¸‡jv

n‡jv cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` I be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev`|

RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev Ro cigvYyev` (Materialistic Pluralism or Atomism)

cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b wMÖK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvm G RovZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev cigvYyev‡ì cÖeZ©b

K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb `ªe¨‡K hw` µgvMZ wef³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Ggb ¯Í‡i †cuŠQ‡e

†h Avi wef³ Kiv hv‡e bv| GB AwefvR¨ KYv¸‡jvi bvgB cigvYy| G cigvYy¸‡jvi

mswgkªY I wewgkª‡Yi d‡jB `„k¨gvb RM‡Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q|

weÁvbx Wvëb †W‡gvwµUv‡mi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, cigvYy wbðj Ro Ges

wewfbœ cigvYyi g‡a¨ ïay cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| cigvYyev‡ì g‡Z, ¯wbf©i AmsL¨

RovZ¥K cigvYy wewÿß Ae¯’vq gnvk~‡b¨ m„wói ïiæ‡Z N~Y©vqgvb Ae¯’vq wQj| GB

cigvYyi g‡a¨ AvKl©Y I weKl©Y MwZi Kvi‡Y AvKw¯§Kfv‡e cigvYy¸‡jvi ms‡hvM I

we‡qv‡Mi d‡jB Ro RM‡Zi DrcwË| GB Ro cigvYy †_‡KB cÖvY I Rxe‡`‡ni m„wó

nq| Avi Rxe †`‡ni ¯œvqy‡K›`ª I gw¯Í®‹ †_‡KB gb ev †PZbvi Avwef©ve| G gZev`

Abymv‡i, Ck¦‡ii Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kíbv e¨wZ‡i‡K RM‡Zi m„wó, w¯’wZ I jq e¨vL¨v †`qv †h‡Z

cv‡i| ZvB G gZev` RMr cÖwµqvi g~‡j †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ ev cwiYwZ‡K ¯xKvi K‡i bv|

mgv‡jvPbv

Ro cigvYyev‡ì weiæ‡× mvaviYZ †hme AvcwË DÌvwcZ nq, †m¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡jv :

GK. RMr AmsL¨ Ro cigvYyi ms‡hvM I we‡qv‡Mi d‡jB m„wó n‡q‡QÑ G n‡jv Ro

cigvYyev‡ì g~j m~Î| wKšÍy cÖkœ n‡jv, wKfv‡e G A‡PZb, wewÿß, wew”Qbœ Ro cigvYy

myk„´Lj I mvgÄm¨c~Y© wek¦ RM‡Zi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i? G cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi G gZev‡`

†bB|

`yB. cigvYyev` webv cÖgv‡YB cigvYyi Aw¯ÍZ¡, R‡oi AvKl©Y-weKl©Y I ms‡hvM-we‡qv‡Mi

MwZ ¯xKvi K‡i †bq| GgbwK Gme Abygv‡bi mg_©‡b †Kvb hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Yi AeZviYv

Kiv nqwb|

wZb. AÜ hvwš¿K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ev A‡PZb Ro cigvYy †_‡K wKfv‡e cÖv‡Yi DrcwË

n‡Z cv‡i? G m¤ú‡K© †Kvb myôz e¨vL¨v Ro cigvYyev‡` †`qv nqwb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


Pvi. gb ev †PZbv Ro kw³i RwUjZi iƒc n‡Z cv‡i bv| gb ev †PZbv gw¯Í‡®‹i wµqv-

G AwfgZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq; †Kbbv A‡PZb Ro †_‡K †PZbvi DrcwË m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov

cÖvYkw³ I gb ev †PZbv Ro †_‡K D”PZi I wfbœ cÖK…wZi|

cuvP. Ro cigvYyev` hvwš¿K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g RM‡Zi msMVb I HK¨ m¤ú‡K© †h gZ †`q

Zv hyw³m½Z bq|

Ava¨vwZ¥K eûZ¡ev` ev wPr cigvYyev` (Spiritualistic Pluralism or Monadism)

Rvg©vb `vk©wbK wjewbR wPr cigvYyev‡ì cÖeZ©K| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦RMr Ro cigvYy

Øviv MwVZ bq, eis wPr cigvYyi Øviv MwVZ| wjewbR wMÖK cigvYyev`x‡ì gZev‡ì

mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, wPr cigvYyB RM‡Zi g~j ev Avw` Dcv`vb| Gme wPr cigvYy

msL¨vq AmsL¨ Ges G¸‡jv mwµq (active), AwefvR¨ I Ava¨vwZ¥K|

cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` (Pragmatic Pluralism)

cÖ‡qvMev‡ì Ab¨Zg cÖe³v DBwjqvg †Rgm& (1842-1910) †n‡M‡ji GKZ¡ev` ev

A‰ØZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h, G wek¦RMr cigmËvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z bq|

hw` ZvB n‡e Zvn‡j G wek¦RMr ÔAve× RMr' (Blocked Universe) G cwiYZ n‡e|

RM‡Z êwPÎ¨, bZzbZ¡ I ¯vaxbZvi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡B _vK‡e bv| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦RMr eû

wew”Qbœ e¯Ízi mgwó| wew”QbœZv I êwPÎ¨B G wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw`g I Avmj iƒc| Gme

wew”Qbœ e¯Íz ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡qI †Kvb HK¨ MVb K‡iwb| G wek¦RMr wewPÎ I

Awfbe| G RMr GK bq, eis eû| ¯vaxb, Awfbe I wewPÎ m„wó I µ‡gvbœwZi m¤¢vebvq

G wek¦RM‡Z HK¨nxb AR‡mªi mgv‡ek we`¨gvb| wZwb G wek¦ RMZ‡K ïay Ck¦i-

wbi‡cÿ bq, e¨w³ gb-wbi‡cÿ wn‡m‡eI †`Lvi mycvwik K‡ib|

mgv‡jvPbv

†Rgm& G RMZ‡K Ck¦i I e¨w³ gb-wbi‡cÿ Ki‡Z wM‡q G wek¦ RMZ‡K GK

wek„´Ljvi ivR‡Z¡ †V‡j w`‡q‡Qb| G wek¦RMr n‡”Q GK wbq‡gi ivRZ¡ Ges G n‡”Q

GK mymse× I mymsnZ cig HK¨| êwPÎ¨ I mvgÄm¨ n‡jv wek¦ RM‡Zi `ywU iƒc| HK¨

Qvov êwPÎ¨ Ges êwPÎ¨ Qvov HK¨ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB cÖ‡qvMev`x eûZ¡ev` GKwU

Pig gZev`, GwU wek¦ RM‡Zi ¯iƒc I msL¨v m¤ú‡K© mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z mÿg bq|

be¨ ev¯Íeev`x eûZ¡ev` (Neo Realistic Pluralism)

fveev‡ì weiæ× gZev` wn‡m‡e be¨ ev¯Íeev‡ì DrcwË| be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv fveev`x‡ì

A‰ØZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, G wek¦RM‡Z †PZbv ev gb-wbi‡cÿ e¯Ízi

¯vaxb mËv i‡q‡Q| G RM‡Z †hgb gb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ¯vaxb mËvwewkó eû e¯ÍzI i‡q‡Q|

Avi e¯Íz‡K gb mivmwi Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, G we‡k¦ †Kvb Avw½K HK¨ †bB Ges



eû-B mZ¨| wewfbœ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ †h m¤úK© Av‡Q, †m m¤úK© Af¨šÍixY bq eis evn¨

m¤úK©| fveev`xiv G m¤úK©‡K Af¨šÍixY e‡j fv‡eb| A_©vr GKwU e¯Íz Ab¨ e¯Ízi mv‡_

m¤úwK©Z n‡j H e¯Ízi cwiPq I cÖK…wZ e`‡j hvq| wKšÍz be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv G gZev`

¯xKvi K‡ib bv|

be¨ ev¯Íeev`x‡ì Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, gbI bq ev Roe¯ÍzI bq, eis wbi‡cÿ c`v_©

(neutral entities) n‡jv RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb, hv GK †cÖwÿ‡Z †fŠwZK (physical) Ges

Ab¨ †cÖwÿ‡Z gvbwmK (mental) e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| †`k I Kv‡j †hme e¯Íz Av‡Q,

†m¸‡jvi cÖKvkgvb mËv ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ (existence) Av‡Q| msL¨v, m¤Ü, †`k, g~j¨ BZ¨vwÌ

ev¯Íe I mZ¨| wKšÍz G¸‡jvi †`k I Kv‡j Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev cÖKvk †bB, eis G¸‡jvi

we`¨gvbZv (subsistence) Av‡Q| Ro, cÖvY I gb n‡jv wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii mËv| cÖv‡Yi Ro

†_‡K Ges g‡bi ¯œvqyZš¿ †_‡K D‡b¥l N‡U‡Q| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, G wek¦RMr cigvZ¥vi cÖKvk

bq, Giƒc aviYv AjxK KíbvgvÎ| eû e¯Ízi mgwó wb‡q G wek¦RM‡Zi m„wó|

mgv‡jvPbv

be¨ ev¯Íeev`xiv e¯Ízi Af¨šÍixY m¤úK©‡K A¯xKvi K‡i e¯Ízi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i I H‡Kï †Kvb

m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvQvov, G RMr ci¯úi wew”Qbœ I ¯Zš¿ e¯Ízi

mgwógvÎ bq| G RM‡Z wewfbœ e¯Ízi g‡a¨ GKUv HK¨, k„´Ljv I mvgÄm¨Zv Av‡Q|

Zuviv wbi‡cÿ c`v_©, we`¨gvbZv BZ¨vw` aviYv m¤ú‡K© hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

eû Ck¦iev` ev eû ‡è‡èxev` (Polytheism)

eûZ¡ev`x `„wófw½ ZË¡ Qvov a‡g©i †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq| wn›`y ag©vej¤xiv eû †èZvq wek¦vm

K‡ib| cÖvPxb wMÖK, †ivgvb I wgkixqiv eû †èZvev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| cÖvK…wZK kw³i

cðv‡Z Zuviv GKvwaK †èZvi mËvq wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| wewfbœ †èZv wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©

m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb| d‡j RMZ‡K wewfbœ wefv‡M fvM K‡i wewfbœ †èZvi Aaxb Kiv nq|

Zuviv †èZvi g‡a¨ gvby‡li ¸‡Yi Abyiƒc ¸Y †hgbÑ B”Qv, cÖe„wË I Abyf‚wZ BZ¨vw`

Av‡Q e‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|

Avgiv G Av‡jvPbvq †`‡LwQ †h, eûZ¡ev` GKwU m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ

n‡Z cv‡iwb| eûi gv‡S †h HK¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Zv Zuviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|



mËvi msL¨v : ˆØZev`

Number of Reality: Dualism

D‡Ïk¨


cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© ‰`¡Zev`x gZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

‰`¡Zev`x g‡Zi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Avgiv cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z eûZ¡ev`x gZ wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv ˆØZev`x gZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| ‰ØZev‡ì

g~jK_v n‡jv cig mËv GKI bq, eûI bq, eis `ywU| Avmyb GLb Avgiv ‰ØZev` wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv Kwi|

ˆØZev` (Dualism)

†h gZev` `ywU ¯Zš¿ I ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ mËv‡K wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` ev g~j Dcv`vb e‡j

MY¨ K‡i Zv‡K ˆØZev` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| G gZev‡ì g~jK_v n‡jv, RM‡Z gb

I Ro e‡j `ywU †gŠwjK I Avw`g Dcv`vb Av‡Q| G Dcv`vb `ywU ci¯úi ¯Zš¿ mËv|

G‡ì GKwU‡K Ab¨wU‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv P‡j bv| RM‡Zi me Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj e¯Íz‡KB `yB

†kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|

ˆØZev` : †WKvU©

`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m ˆØZev‡ì GKwU ¯’vqx Avmb Av‡Q| Gi g~‡j Av‡Q `ywU we‡kl KviY|

cÖ_gZ ˆØZev` GKwU †gŠwjK gZev`| G gZev` mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q †ek wcÖq I

MÖnY‡hvM¨| †Kbbv Gi mvnv‡h¨ my›ì I Amy›ì, fvj I g›`, kvšÍ I AkvšÍ BZ¨vw` welq

mn‡R we‡kølY Kiv hvq|

wØZxqZ AvaywbK `k©‡bi RbK †WKv‡U©i cÖfv‡ei d‡j ˆØZev` cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b GK ¯’vqx

Avmb K‡i †bq| ZvB A‡bK mgq †WKvU©‡K ejv nq ˆØZev‡ì cÖeZ©K| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z,

Ro n‡”Q †PZbvnxb we¯Í„Z c`v_©, Avi gb n‡”Q we¯Í„wZnxb †PZb c`v_©| Ro I gb ZvB

`ywU we‡ivax mËv| G `ywU mËv wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q †Lv`viƒc cig mËv Øviv| GRb¨ G

cvV 5

Gm Gm GBP Gj


gZev‡ì Av‡iK bvg wbqwš¿Z ˆØZev`| †h ˆØZev` wbqš¿Y ¯xKvi K‡i bv Zv‡K ejv nq

Pig ˆØZev`|

ˆØZev` : cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©b

divwm `vk©wbK †WKvU©‡K hwÌ ˆØZev‡ì cÖeZ©K ejv nq, cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bI G

ˆØZev‡ì A‡bK mvÿ¨ †g‡j| hwÌ cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bi gvB‡jkxq m¤úª v‡qi wZb

`vk©wbK- †_wjm, Gbvw·g¨vÛvi I Gbvw·wgwbm Ro‡K GKgvÎ mËv e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb,

ZeyI Zuviv e¯Íz‡Z cÖv‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯xKvi K‡i ev wbqš¿Y KZ©v‡K ¯xKvi K‡i GKZ¡ev‡ì

cwie‡Z© ˆØZev` cÖPvi K‡ib| Gw¤úWwK¬m PviwU Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb|

wKšÍz G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mswgkª‡Y †jvc I cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wZwb AbyivM I

weivM bvgK `ywU gb¯ÍvwË¡K kw³i Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Gbv·v‡Mvivm Ro I gvbm

mËvi Kíbv K‡ib| †cø‡Uv Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ RMr I Bw›`ªqvZxZ RM‡Zi we‡kl I mvgv‡bï

ˆØZZv ¯xKvi K‡ib| A¨vwi÷Uj Dcv`vb I AvKv‡ii ˆØZZv ¯xKvi K‡ib|

ˆØZev` : ga¨hyM

ga¨hy‡Mi `k©‡bI †`n-g‡bi ˆØZZvi GKvwaK `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq| †m›U AMvw÷‡bi

`k©‡b, we‡kl K‡i †`n I g‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †`n ev e¯Íy bk¦i, Avi

AvZ¥v Awebk¦iiƒ‡cB G‡ì gZev‡` ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|

ˆØZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv

ˆØZev` mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Lye AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡jI `vk©wbK wePv‡i Lye mv_©K gZev`

bq| †WKvU© †hfv‡e †`n-g‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡i‡Qb Zv ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡j gvby‡li

g‡a¨ †`n-g‡bi m¤ÜwU GKwU inm¨gq †nuqvwj‡Z ch©ewmZ nq| cÖK…Z cÖ Ív‡e †WKv‡U©i

wµqv-cÖwZwµqvev` †`n-gb m¤ú‡K©i †Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡iwb| †WKvU© †h

wcwbqvj MÖwš’i gva¨‡g †`n-g‡bi m¤úK©‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †mB wcwbqvj MÖwš’I

wKšÍz we‡kl ai‡bi GKwU Ro c`v_©| †nvqvBU‡nW ZvB `ytL K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, †WKv‡U©i

ˆØZev` cieZ©x `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv‡K welv³ K‡i Zy‡j‡Q|

GB ˆØZev‡ì Dci wfwË K‡iB ag©-`k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Øxk¦iev` (Ditheism) Gi DrcwË

N‡U‡Q| Øxk¦iev‡` Ck¦‡ii `ywU iƒc KwíZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q Zuvi Kj¨v‡Yi w`K, Avi

Ab¨wU n‡”Q Zuvi AKj¨v‡Yi w`K| cviwmKiv Kj¨v‡Yi †èZv‡K ÔAvûiv-gvR`v' Avi

AKj¨v‡Yi †èZv‡K ÔAvnwigvb' e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb| ejv hvq, GB ˆØZev‡ì

cÖfv‡eB êòe wPšÍvavivq ivav-K…ò cÖZxwZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| Z‡e m¤¢ve¨ †`vl-ÎæwU

m‡Ë¡I ˆØZev‡ì `vk©wbK Zvrch©‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| ˆØZev` Kx? ˆØZev‡ì GKwU HwZnvwmK weeiY w`b|


1| cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bi ˆØZev`x wPšÍvaviv eY©bv Kiæb|

2| ˆØZev‡ì mgv‡jvPbv wjLyb|

‰be© w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wjLyb|

1| AvaywbK ˆØZev‡ì cÖeZ©K n‡jb

(A) w¯ú‡bvRv (Av) †WKvU©

(B) wjewbR (C) †cø‡Uv

2| ˆØZev‡ì g‡Z cig mËv n‡jv

(A) GKwU (Av) eû

(B) Awba©vwiZ (C) `ywU

3| †h ˆØZev` †Kvb wbqš¿Y ¯xKvi K‡i bv Zv‡K ejv nqÑ

(A) Awbqwš¿Z ˆØZev` (Av) wbqwš¿Z ˆØZev`

(B) K‡Vvi ˆØZev` (C) Pig ˆØZev`

4| †m›U AMvwób n‡jb

(A) cÖvPxb hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x (Av) ga¨hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x

(B) eZ©gvb hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x (C) AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆØZev`x|

mwVK DËi

1| (Av) 2| (C) 3| (C) 4| (Av)

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mËvi msL¨v : GKZ¡ev`

Number of Reality: Monism

D‡Ïk¨


GKZ¡ev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKZ¡ev`, ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii GKZ¡ev` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv

Avgiv c~‡e©i `ywU cv‡V Avw` Dcv`vb ev cig mËv m¤ú‡K© ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev` Ges

G‡ì cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| wKšÍz gZev`¸‡jvi mgv‡jvPbvq †`‡LwQ GKwUI

hyw³m½Z bq| Gevi Avgiv G `ywUi wecixZ gZev` GKZ¡ev` Ges Zvi bvbv cÖKvi wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

GKZ¡ev` ev A‰ØZev` (Monism)

GKZ¡ev‡ì msÁv

†h gZev` cig mËv ev Avw` Dcv`vb‡K GK ev A‰ØZ (One) e‡j e¨vL¨v K‡i Zv‡K

GKZ¡ev` ejv nq| G g‡Zi AbyMvgx‡ì g‡Z, RMr †Kej GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb ev

mËv wb‡q MwVZ| G gZev‡ì bT_©K I m`_©K `ywU w`K Av‡Q| cÖ_gZ GKZ¡ev`

eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev‡ì AmviZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z m‡Pó| wØZxqZ GKZ¡ev` wek„´Lj RM‡Zi

†fZi HK¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq|

eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev` cÖm‡½ GKZ¡ev`

eûZ¡ev` I ˆØZev‡ì AmviZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q GKZ¡ev` D‡jøL K‡i †h, eûZ¡ev`

wewPÎ mËvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ RvMwZK êwPÎ¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡U; wKšÍz wewfbœ mËvi Awbevh©

HK¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB eûZ¡ev` HK¨c~Y© RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e mv_©K

gZev` bq| Avevi ‰ØZev` `yywU wecixZag©x mËvi cÖK‡íi gv‡S RMZ‡K wØLwÛZ I

ci¯úi m¤úK©wehy³ K‡i ‡Zv‡j| myZivs G gZev` cig mËvi mwVK cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z

cv‡i bv| RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz hw` wew”Qbœ nq Z‡e Zv‡ì ¯iƒc KL‡bv Rvbv hv‡e bv|

cvV 6



GKZ¡ev‡ì c‡ÿ hyw³

ˆØZev` I eûZ¡ev‡ì AmviZvi Dci †h gZev` DrcwË jvf K‡i Zv n‡jv GKZ¡ev`|

GKZ¡ev`xiv Zuv‡ì e³‡eï mg_©‡b wb‡æv³ `ywU hyw³i AeZviYv K‡ib:

GK. hw` RM‡Zi mKj e¯Íz‡K Ab¨ mKj e¯Ízi mv‡_ Avgiv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Kg-

‡ewk Awbevh© I AvšÍi m¤‡Ü mse× e‡j g‡b Kwi Zvn‡j GKZ¡ev`‡K A¯xKvi Kiv hvq

bv| KviY I Kv‡h©i gaëZx© m¤Ü‡K Awbevh© m¤Ü ejv hvq| GB KviY I Kv‡h©i

Awbevh© m¤ÜB GKZ¡ev‡ì ¯xK…wZ †NvlYv K‡i|

`yB. G hyw³wU †gŠwjK `„wó†KvY †_‡K †`qv n‡q‡Q| e¯ÍzZ gvbyl ¯vfvweKfv‡eB Ôeûi

g‡a¨ GK', Ôwe‡f‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨' mÜvb Ki‡Z Pvq| gvbyl cÖ_‡g RMZ‡K HK¨nxb

†`L‡jI Ávb e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Gi †fZ‡i Awbevh© HK¨ Luy‡R cvq| G m¤úK© ev HK¨

†Kej evn¨ m¤úK© bq| RM‡Z AvšÍi m¤ú‡K©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ A¯xKvi Kiv hvq bv| gb I Ro

GKB H‡Kï wewfbœ cÖKvk| wewPÎ G RMr †m GKB H‡Kï AefvmgvÎ|

GKZ¡ev‡ì cÖKvi‡f`

cig mËvi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z GKZ¡ev`x e¨vL¨v ev wm×všÍ‡K `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq : Ag~Z©

GKZ¡ev` (Abstract Monism) I g~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Concrete Monism)|

Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Abstract Monism)

ksK‡ii Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` : fviZxq gnv‰e`vwšÍK AvPvh© ksKi I cvðvZ¨ `vk©wbK

w¯ú‡bvRv Ag~Z© (abstract) GKZ¡ev‡ì †bZ…¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa| ksK‡ii g‡Z, GKgvÎ

eªþB mZ¨, RMr wg_¨v Qvov Avi wKQy bq| GKgvÎ eª‡þiB mËv Av‡Q| Rxe I eªþ GK

Ges Awfbœ| eû‡Z¡i aviYv m¤ú~Y© AjxK| wKšÍz Awe`¨v ev AÁZvi Kvi‡Y `„k¨gq

RMZ‡K mZ¨ e‡j g‡b nq| cvigvw_©K `„wó‡Z RMr wg_¨v cÖwZfvm Qvov Avi wKQy bq|

wZwb D`vniY¯iƒc e‡jb, AÜKv‡i AvKuv-evuKv iwk‡K †hgb Avgiv mc© e‡j fvwe,

†Zgwb Awe`¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖwZfvwmK RMZ‡KI Avgiv mZ¨ e‡j fvwe| Avm‡j eªþB

GKgvÎ mZ¨, Avi evwK meB Zvi Amvi ev gvqvi wejvmgvÎ|

w¯ú‡bvRvi Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` : cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b w¯ú‡bvRv n‡”Qb Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev‡ì GKRb

mdj cÖwZwbwa| w¯ú‡bvRvi g‡Z, hv mvkªqx, ¯wbf©i, hv wb‡Ri Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb

mËvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq Zv‡KB e‡j `ªe¨| Zuvi g‡Z, Ck¦iB GKgvÎ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨

†Kvb mËvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| ZvB Ck¦iB GKgvÎ `ªe¨| wZwbB GKgvÎ Pig I cig

mZ¨| Zuvi evB‡i †Kvb mËvi ¯Zš¿ Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB, Ck¦iB me, meB Ck¦i| G Kvi‡Y

w¯ú‡bvRvi G gZev`‡K m‡e©k¦iev` (Pantheism) ejv nq| G Ck¦i‡K GKgvÎ aviYvi

gva¨‡gB Rvbv hvq, Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g bq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mgv‡jvPbv

Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` wewfbœ gnj †_‡K Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q :

GK. mgv‡jvPK‡ì g‡Z, Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` GK ai‡bi Pig gZev`| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev`xiv

HK¨ I A‰bK¨, GKZ¡ I eûZ¡ †h ci¯úimv‡cÿ, G‡ì GKUv‡K ev` w`‡j †h AciwU

A_©nxb n‡q c‡o GK_v Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|

`yB. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` mv`v-Kv‡jv, ïf-Aïf, mZ¨-wg_¨v I Av‡jv-Avav‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

†`Lv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| G gZev` hveZxq †f`v‡f` A¯xKvi K‡i e‡m‡Q| G‡Z K‡i

Avgv‡ì ˆbwZK Rxeb evavMÖ ’ nq, Kg©-Rxe‡b Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡‡eva A¯xK…Z n‡q c‡o|

wZb. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` a‡g©i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ| ZvB `vk©wbK wePv‡i G gZev` KZUzKz

hyw³wbf©i Zv Aek¨B g~j¨vq‡bi A‡cÿv iv‡L|

Pvi. Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev`xiv AwfÁZvi RMZ‡K AjxK I wg_¨v e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|

wKšÍz †PvL Lyj‡jB Avgiv †h RMr †`wL Ges †h RM‡Z wePiY Kwi Zv‡K Avgiv A¯xKvi

Kwi wKfv‡e?

g~Z© GKZ¡ev` (Concrete Monism)

ivgvby‡Ri g~Z© GKZ¡ev` : fviZxq `vk©wbK ivgvbyR I cvðvZ¨ `vk©wbK †n‡Mj g~Z©

GKZ¡ev‡ì †bZ…¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa| ZvQvov Rb †KqvW© I †hvwmqv i‡qm cÖgyL fveev`x

`vk©wbKivI G gZev‡ì mg_©K| ivgvby‡Ri g‡Z, eªþ n‡”Q GK Avw` I m¸Y mËv|

wZwb wb¸©Y bb| wZwb A‡bK ¸‡Yi AwaKvix| mr, wPr I Avb›` n‡”Q eª‡þi wZbwU cÖavb

¸Y| eªþ mZ¨ e‡j Zuvi m„wó RMZI mZ¨| wZwb RM‡Zi m„wóKZ©v I wbqš¿K|

‡n‡M‡ji g~Z© GKZ¡ev` : †n‡M‡ji g‡Z, G c`vw_©K RMr (physical world) AjxK ev

KíbvcÖm~Z bq| G RMr Ab‡cÿ cig mËviB GK cwic~Y© cÖKvk| wZwb m¤ú~Y© GKK

mËv| GB êwPÎ¨c~Y© RM‡Zi ga¨ w`‡qB Anin wZwb wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i P‡j‡Qb|

cigmËv I Zvi m„wóRMr ci¯úimv‡cÿ| cig mËv e¨wZZ cvw_©e RMr †hgb A_©nxb,

†Zgwb cvw_©e RMr e¨wZZ cig mËvI A_©nxb| GKK Qvov †hgb êwPÎ¨ A_©nxb †Zgwb

êwPÎ¨ QvovI GKK A_©nxb| êwP‡Îï gva¨‡gB Avgiv GK‡Ki ¯iƒc I Zvrch©‡K

cwic~Y©fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| HK¨ I êwPÎ¨, GKK I AbšÍ Avm‡j cig mËviB

`ywU Awe‡”Q`¨ w`KgvÎ|

†n‡Mj cig mËv‡K cig mZ¨ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| G cig mËvB we‡f‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨,

êwP‡Îï g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ Ges Ab‡šÍi g‡a¨ GKK mËv wn‡m‡e m`v weivwRZ| wZwb

RM‡Zi g‡a¨ Ges evB‡i me©ÎB cwie¨vß| Avi G Kvi‡YB G gZev` me©a‡ik¦iev`

(Panetheism) bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| w¯ú‡bvRvi m‡e©k¦iev‡ì mv‡_ G gZev‡ì cÖavb

cv_©K¨ n‡jv GB †h, w¯ú‡bvRv †hLv‡b cig mËv‡K m¤ú~Y© Ag~Z© Ges eûZ¡ I RvMwZK

êwP‡Îï m¤úK©ewR©Z e‡j g‡b K‡ib; †n‡Mj †mLv‡b cig mËv‡K m¤ú~Y© g~Z© Ges eûZ¡

I RvMwZK e¯Ízi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| w¯ú‡bvRvi g‡Z G RMr m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v,

wKšÍz †n‡M‡ji g‡Z RMr mZ¨|



mgv‡jvPbv

cig mËvi ¯iƒc msµvšÍ gZev` wn‡m‡e A‡b‡KB g~Z© GKZ¡ev`‡K GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨

gZev` e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G gZev` RM‡Zi HK¨ ¯xKvi K‡i wb‡qI gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv I

K…ZK‡g©i `vwqZ¡‡K A¯xKvi K‡i bv| ZvB ˆbwZK I ag©xq Rxe‡bi `vwe‡Z G gZ

mg_©b‡hvM¨| G gZev‡ì Dci wfwË K‡iB G‡Kk¦iev` (Monotheism) Gi D™¢e

n‡q‡Q| g~Z© GKZ¡ev‡ì b¨vq G‡Kk¦iev` eû Ck¦iev` I Øxk¦iev‡ì †`vl-ÎæwU‡K `~i

K‡i gvbe g‡b GK Amxg, AbšÍ, cwic~Y© Ck¦‡ii aviYvi Rb¥ w`‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|



mZ¨ n‡j m, wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| †h gZev` cig mËv‡K GK ev A‰ØZ e‡j g‡b K‡i Zv‡K GKZ¡ev` ejv

nq|

2| eûZ¡ev` HK¨c~Y© RM‡Zi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e mv_©K gZev`|

3| ksK‡ii g‡Z, eû‡Z¡i aviYv m¤ú~Y© AjxK|

4| Ag~Z© GKZ¡ev` a‡g©i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ|

5| w¯ú‡bvRv I †n‡M‡ji cig mËvi aviYvi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|

mwVK DËi

1| (B) GK 2| (Av) ksKi 3| (A) w¯ú‡bvRv

4| (C) g~Z© GKZ¡ev` 5| (B) me©a‡ik¦iev`

1| m 2| wg 3| m 4| m 5| wg

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mnvqK MÖš’ (Reference Books)

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1. Dancy and Sosa (ed.), A Communication of Epistemology, Black-

well Publishers. 2. Keith Lehrer, Theory of Knowledge, Routledge. 3. Smith and Qaklander, Time, Change and Freedom, Routledge. 4. Robert Audi, Epistemology, Routledge. 6. Richard Taylor, Metaphysics, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 7. A.E. Taylor, Elements of Metaphysics, London: Methuen and Co. 8. bxiìeY PµeZx©, `k©‡bi f‚wgKv, G gyLvRx© G¨vÛ †Kvs cÖvt wjt, KjKvZv|

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