material de apoio redes e conectividade

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Material de

Apoio de

Redes e

Conectividad

e

1



CONTEÚDO

REDES............................................................................................................................................................. 5

TIPOS DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES...................................................................................................6CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA REDE PELA ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA........................................................................6

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA REDE PELA TOPOLOGIA:....................................................................................8

EVOLUÇÃO DOS PADRÕES ISO DE REDES:.............................................................................................12

MODELO DE REFERÊNCIA EM CAMADAS - OSI....................................................................................12

CAMADAS DO MODELO OSI.................................................................................................................1

CAMADA 1 - F!SICA:...................................................................................................................................... 1"

TIPOS DE COMUNICAÇÃO.......................................................................................................................1"

DISPOSITIVOS DA CAMADA F!SICA........................................................................................................1"

MODEMS................................................................................................................................................ 1"

REPETIDORES....................................................................................................................................... 1"

#U$......................................................................................................................................................... 15

MEIOS DE TRANSMISSÃO....................................................................................................................16

CAMADA 2 - ENLACE:................................................................................................................................... 1%

ENVIO DE &UADROS 'ENCAPSULAMENTO(:.........................................................................................1%

ENDEREÇO MAC....................................................................................................................................... 1%

TECNOLOGIAS DE LAN MAIS COMUNS..................................................................................................2)

DISPOSITIVO DE CAMADA 2: S*ITC#....................................................................................................2)PROTOCOLOS DE ACESSO AO MEIO.....................................................................................................21

A+, $/,/0 , C3,4............................................................................................................. 21

A+, O0,/0 S, C3,4......................................................................................................... 22

REDE ET#ERNET......................................................................................................................................... 2

&UADRO ET#ERNET................................................................................................................................ 2

TECNOLOGIAS ET#ERNET......................................................................................................................2"

TO7EN RING.............................................................................................................................................. 2"

FDDI 'F9, D393,0 D/3/ I3,;/+,(.......................................................................................................2"

CAMADA DE ENLACE < DOM!NIO DE COLISÃO E SEGMENTAÇÃO.........................................................26S*ITC#...................................................................................................................................................... 26

G,=+/ 0, ,>/ switch..............................................................................................................2?

REDES *IRELESS........................................................................................................................................ 28

F+/,3........................................................................................................................................... 28

PADRÃO 8)2.11......................................................................................................................................... 28

8)2.11/.................................................................................................................................................... 2%

8)2.119.................................................................................................................................................... 2%

8)2.11@.................................................................................................................................................... )

8)2.11.................................................................................................................................................... )

AR&UITETURA E TOPOLOGIAS 8)2.11................................................................................................... )

2



CAMADA - REDE........................................................................................................................................

SERVIÇOS DE REDE SEM CONEÃO.....................................................................................................

SERVIÇOS DE REDE ORIENTADOS PARA CONEÃO...........................................................................

ENDEREÇAMENTO DE REDE.................................................................................................................."

ROTEADORES........................................................................................................................................... "

DETERMINAÇÃO DE CAMIN#O............................................................................................................"PROTOCOLOS DA CAMADA DE REDE: ARPB RARPB IPB ICMP................................................................"

ARP , RARP........................................................................................................................................... "

IP............................................................................................................................................................. 5

ICMP....................................................................................................................................................... 5

DATAGRAMAS DA CAMADA DE REDE........................................................................................................?

ENDEREÇO IP............................................................................................................................................... ?

ENDEREÇOS DE ORIGEM E DE DESTINO:.............................................................................................?

CLASSES DE ENDEREÇO IP....................................................................................................................8

C/, A:................................................................................................................................................. 8

C/, $:................................................................................................................................................. 8

C/, C:................................................................................................................................................. 8

ENDEREÇOS IPS RESERVADOS:............................................................................................................%

ENDEREÇOS IP PRIVATIVOS:..................................................................................................................%

ENDEREÇOS DE $ROADCAST................................................................................................................%

SU$-REDES................................................................................................................................................... ")

MÁSCARA DE SU$-REDE........................................................................................................................."1

ENDEREÇOS DE SU$-REDE...................................................................................................................."1CRIANDO UMA SU$-REDE......................................................................................................................."2

ROTEAMENTO.............................................................................................................................................. "

TA$ELA DE ROTEAMENTO.......................................................................................................................""

CAMADA ": TRANSPORTE..........................................................................................................................."5

TCP , UDP................................................................................................................................................. "5

PORTAS...................................................................................................................................................... "6

CAMADA 5: SESSÃO..................................................................................................................................... "8

PROTOCOLOS DA CAMADA DE SESSÃO..............................................................................................."8

CAMADA 6: APRESENTAÇÃO.......................................................................................................................5)

FORMATO DOS DADOS............................................................................................................................5)

CRIPTOGRAFIA DOS DADOS...................................................................................................................51

COMPACTAÇÃO DOS DADOS..................................................................................................................51

CAMADA ?: APLICAÇÃO............................................................................................................................... 5

DNS 'D/ N/, S3,(.....................................................................................................................5"

#TTP '#,3,3 T/;, P3+(............................................................................................................5"

TELNET...................................................................................................................................................... 5"

FTP 'FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(.........................................................................................................55



REDES

A ++/4 0, 0/0 / 3,+@/ 9H+/ 0/ ++/4 0/ ;/4. C / ++/4 0,

0/0B 0, ;/ ,0, 0, +3/0,B +/3/ /0J/, , ;3J/,B 3, / ;/4 /

/+/+,B 0,,0,3,,3, 0, 0, ,/ ,3K,.

E / ,0, 0, +3/0,B +/3/ ,3, ,/,3 + ,/ ,

+3/0,B / 3/9 / ;/4. O3 3/3, ,3H / ++/4 ,3, / ,/B

/3/K 0, ,-/B K0,+;,=+/ , / 3,,;/.

E /, +,H 0, ,0, 0, +3/0,B 3, 3= 3/4,:

1. A ,0, 0,K, , +3/ ,9 '+3/0, 3 03K '> 3((

2. O ,9 0,K, , +,+3/ + 3 0, /@/ /,/ '/3/K 0 , 0, ,0,

, 0, 3/(

. T0 ,9 0/ ,0, 0,K, ,3,0, +//,3, , ++/ / 3 // ,

/ ++/4 ,;,3K/ / +,. ',@/ 0,;0/ /3/K 0, 3+(

E, 3= ++,3 ,K/ ,@3, 0,;4 ;/ 0, / ,0, 0, +3/0,:U/ ,0, 0, +3/0, / +,4 0, +3/0, , 3 03K '3( , /

3+ + // / ,0, // +/3/ ,+ + 3 /3/K 0 , 0, ,0,.

A ,0, @/ + ,3/0 0, /+/3K 0, +3/0 , ;/ +/0 // ,,/. N/

+/ , , ,, /+/3K ;/ +/0 +/0/ +3/0 ,/K/ 0,,0,3,,3,B , ,+,9,-

, , ,/ ,;+/Q , ,++B ,+,+,0B /B , / ,0, 0,/ @,/ /

,+/ , 03K0/0,.

A ,0, +,4// / , ,/0 , 3, K/ 3,+@/ /0/,3,B , + +,=+/B +,4

0 / 8) 3,K, / ,/ ,/ ', +/>3+/( +/ 0/ ,0,.

"



E, +,+,3 H0 3,K, /@ 9,/: 3,+@/ , @/ 3/ 0 +/0/ /0-,

0;,,3, ,,3/4, 0, /0J/, , ;3J/, ,B , +,=+/B ,/ +/3K, ,3, B

0;+3/0 / ++/4 ,3, ,0, 0;,,3,.

P// ,K, ,, 9,/ +/0 /0 0, ,0, +/ 'LAN(B , 0/ +,+3/ 30/ /

,3/4, 0, 3/9/B ,;+B 3,/ , 3 03K , / + +/B 3/0 K,

+/3/ /K , ,/ 0, 0 ,;+,3,.C // 0 3, / LAN WH ,/ ;+,3,B ,/ ,+,H 0 0, // ;/4,

0, /,/ H0/ , ,;+,3, 3/9 0, / ,,/ / 3/. A 4B ,3B ; / +/4 0, REDES

DE ÁREAS METROPOLITANAS , 0, ,0, 0, @/ 03X+/B , 0/ +,+3/ ,0, 0,3 0,

@/0, H,/ @,@H;+/B 3/0 K, / ++/4 ,3, ,,/ / @/0, 03X+/.

TIPOS DE REDES DE COMPUTADORES

A ,0, ;,,3,,3, +/;+/0/ ,/ H,/ @,@H;+/ , +9, ,/ 3@/.

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA REDE PELA ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA

LAN 'L+/ A,/ N,3JY( Z R,0, L+/. S ,0, K/0/ , ,/ 0,3 0, / H,/ @,@H;+/

,33/. P0, , / //B 0K,/ // , 0 0K, 0 > '/ 0, 1) / 1)

Y(. S //,3, /0/ // 3,@/ 3 , ,+3>B 03/B ,3+.B ,30

+/3/,3 0, ,+ , 3+/ 0, ;/4,.

A ,0, +/ +3, ,@3, +,3,: +3/0,B /+/ 0, ,0,B ,;+B , 0,

3/B 03K 0, ,0,.

T,+@/ / + 0, ,0, +/: E3,,3B TY, R@ , FDDI.

MAN 'M,33/ A,/ N,3JY( Z R,0, M,33//. S /, , / LAN , ,, , /

*AN. P0, 0Q, , ,/ / K, //0/ 0/ LAN. U/ MAN / ,0, , /9/@,

/ H,/ ,33// '/ 0, 1 / 5) Y(B 0,0 /9/@, @ 0, ,+3> KQ ,

/ +0/0, H,/ 99//.

5



WAN '*0, A,/ N,3JY( Z R,0, 0, L@/ D3X+/. I3,+,+3/ ,+ +3/+/ ,//0

@,@/;+/,3, '/ 0, 1 / ")))) Y(. I + +0/0,B ,3/0 , /,. P0, , ,3,00/ +

/ +,4 0, LAN[. A *AN W,3/0/ // ,,+3/ / ,@3, /4,:

• P,3 , H 3,/ +//+0/0, 0, ++/4 , 3, ,/ + 3

H\

• P+/ , ,+ ,3 ,3,W/ ,/,3,,3, +,+3/0 / ,K4

+/\

• P+/ ,K4 0, ,-/B 3,,3B 3/;,=+/ 0, /K

PAN 'P,/ A,/ N,3JY( Z R,0, P,/. P,,/ ,0, 03+/.

Distância Local aproximado Tipo de rede1 M,3 /0/0 PAN1) S// LAN1)) A0/ 0 LAN1 Y C/ LAN1) Y C0/0, MAN1)) Y P/ *AN1))) Y C3,3, *AN1)))) Y P/,3/ *AN

6



CLASSIFICAÇÃO DA REDE PELA TOPOLOGIA:

T@/ 0, ,0, 0,;, / ,33/ 0/ ,0,. U/ /3, 0/ 0,;4 0, 3@/ / 3@/ ;+/B

, /3 ,;,3K 0 ; , ;+. A 3/ /3, / 3@/ >@+/B , 0,;, + ,

;+ /+,/0 , 3 // ,K 0, 0/0.

E3, 0 ,,/ @,/ 0, 3,+, '3@/ >@+/(:

Ponto a ponto: +3/ > , ,3, 0, , ++/ + > /0W/+,3, ',0/3(.

• N ,3, ,K0 0,0+/0

• C3/0 ;+/ + +,3, , ,K0

• UH 0,3,/ / 0/0 , +/3/0

• T//: + +3/0, '1)(

• C3 9/B ,.

• S3,/ O,/+/: S;3J/, 0, ++/4B ,, /3 0,,, , ,@/4/.

Cliente Servidor > , +/3/ +// 0, ++/4 + , , /+,/ ;/4, ,

+/ ,,+;+.

• S,K0 0,0+/0: ;+/ /,/ + ,K0

• P0, /K, / 0, ,K0 '/KB /+/3KB 9/+ 0, 0/0B ,3+.(

• S,@/4/: +3/0/ /03/0

• M/ +// , +,/

• R,+ +/Q/0 +,3/,3,

• G/0, , 0, H.

?



E, 0, 3@/ ;+/:

Estrela: C/0/ > 3,+,+3/0 / > +,3/ ',3,(B /3/K 0 / / ,/@, 0,K, //.

F// > +,3/ 0, +// / //0/ 33/ 0 3,/.

!arramento: L@/4 0, ,3/4, / , , 0, 3/. O +// +/3/0 , 30 0,

K / ;/4, 3/30/.

8



Anel T0 > +,+3/0 , /,B , ,K, + , +/3/0.

Estrela estendida: , ,3,/ 0K0/ / +,+3/ 9 J3+,. E3/ 3@/ 0, ,3,0,

,+ , / +9,3/ 0/ ,0,.

Mal"a ,,3/0/ // K, / / 3,4 K, +3/ 3,4, 0, ,K4. C/0/ 3

3, / >/ +,, + 30 3 3.

%



1)



E#OL$%&O DOS PADR'ES (SO DE REDES

C / ,/ ;/, 0, 0,,KK,3 0/ ,0, ; +/>3+/B +// 0 @/0, /,3 /

/30/0, , 3// 0/ ,0, , 0/ K/ 3,+@/ , 03 0, ,0,B K, 9,/ 0,++/4 ,3, ,0, 0;,,3,.

E3 / ,,/ ,+,9,/ , ,+/K/ /9/0/ 3,/ 0, ,0, ,3H. P// /

ISO 'I3,/3/ O@/Q/3 ; S3/0/0Q/3( , ,,/ 0, ,0, , + 0, 0,

,0, // /W0/ ;/9+/3, / +/ ,0, +/3K, ,3, B 0,+0 3/,;/ +,/ ,

3/,;/ ,,.

A ISO / @/Q/4 K3H/ 0,,0,3,B ;0/0/ , 1%"6B + ,9 0, 0K,/

@/Q/4,. A ISO /3/ , 30 3 0, /0,B , / ,3, ,/+/0/ / /0, 0,

3,,++/4,B / ISO , / ITU-T 3/9// , +W3.

O modelo de re)er*ncia OS( 'Open Systems Interconnection < I3,+, 0, S3,/ A9,3(B /4/0

, 1%8"B ; ,,/ +/0. E, ;,,+, / ;/9+/3, +W3 0, /0, , @//3/ /

+/390/0, , 3,,/90/0, ,3, KH 3 0, 3,+@/ 0, ,0,B +/0 KH/

,,/ 0, 30 0.

MODELO DE REFERÊNCIA EM CAMADAS - OSI

O 0, OSI , 9/,/ / 3/ 0/ ISO , ; , / , 0,4 /0Q/4 0/ ,0,.

E, 3, ? +//0/B 0, +/0/ +//0/ 0,K, ,,+3/ / ;4 9, 0,;0/B / ;4 0, +/0/ +//0/

0,;0/ 3,0 , K3/ / 0,;4 0 3+. V/3/@, 0 0, OSI:

• R,0Q / +,0/0,

• P/0Q/ / 3,;/+,

• G//3, / 3,+@/ 3,,HK,

• A+,,/ / ,K4

• P93/ / ++/4 ,3, 3 0;,,3, 0, /0J/, , 0, ;3J/, 0, ,0, // ,

/ ++/ ,3, .

• ]Evita que as mudanças em uma camada afetem outras camadas

11



CAMADAS DO MODELO OSI

O3/ @/Q/4 0, /0, IEEE 'I333, ; E,+3+/ /0 E,+3+ E@,,(B , 3, @

0, /0Q/4 , 0,,KK, /0, / H,/ 0, ,@,// ,3+/ , ;H3+/.

A /3,3/ TCP^IP ,3/0 0, ,/ , 0,,KK,3 0, 3+ ,/Q/0 / ,0,

,,,3/ ARPANET. E, +W3 0, 3+ +3, , / @/0, +,4 0, 3+ ,

;/ ,30 + /0 0/ I3,,3 , 3, / /90/0, 0, +,+3/ KH/ ,0, 0, /,/ ;,.

A /3,3/ TCP^IP @/Q/0/ , " +//0/:

12



CAMADA + , -.S(CA

A ;4 0/ +//0/ ;+/ 3/3 0/0B 0,;0 / ,,+;+/4, ,3+/ ,3, / ;3, , 0,3.

D, 0, /+/4/ 0B / ,,3+0/0, ,K/0/ / ,3/4, 0, 3/9/B ,K0, , 03K 0,,0,B /3/K 0, +/9 ,930 , /,0,B , 3,3. O 0/0B , 0, +3 , 3,3B

;@/B H0 K0,B +0Q0 , +/9 , ,,,3/0 ,/ ,,4/ 0, ,3+ ,

+/9 0, +04 ;,3 0, +9, 0, Q , ;9/ >3+/.

N, 03K 0/ +//0/ F+/ ,// /, 0 +/9,4/ 0/0 0, /+3,

,+//0. T0 ,, 3/9// + 93.

S, 03K ;, /K ',: @,B +,+3,B 3/0/B /3+ /,B , ;+(B 93

,,3, 3/;,@/ , 03K /KB + 0, 034. S, 03K 0/

+//0/ 1 ;, /3K ',: ,,30, 9(B 93 ,@,,/0.

_ / +//0/ 0, / 9/ K,. D,;, / ,,+;+/4, ,3+/B ,+X+/ , ;+/ // /3K/B

/3, , 0,/3K/ / @/4 ;+/ ,3, 0 +3/0, , ,0,. E,+;+/ / +//+3,3+/ ;+/

+ 3 0, +/9B / +0;+/4 0 /B +,+3, , 3/4, 0, 03X+/ , K,+0/0,.

TIPOS DE COMUNICAÇÃO

A ++/4 +, ,30 0 3/ // ,+,3 , +;, 0 0, ,/4 , ,

,, K,3, / / ;4B ,W/B 3/ // / , ,+,3 , K+,-K,/B 3,:

Simplex: A 3/ ,/Q/0/ ,3, , / 0,4.

/al) d0plex / ++/4 +, , ,30 , 0, ,K,30/ // 3 ,30. N ,0K, / ++/4 0 ,30 3/,/,3,.

-0ll d0plex 0, / ++/4 +, 0 ,30 3/,/,3,. A9 +3/0,

3/3, , ,+,9, / , 3,B ,0 ,+,H/ / K, ,30 0, 3/.

DISPOSITIVOS DA CAMADA F!SICA

MODEMS

P// , / ++/4 +/B ,/ 0,K, , ,+,90/ , +,,00/ , 0,3. A ; 0, /0,/

/ / 3 0, 0,@/0/4 ,,3, / , 0, 3/B ;/ 0,,KK0 03K

+//Q, 0, +0;+/ / 0@3/ 0 +3/0 ;/3 +//Q 0, , 3/30 , , ;+

, , +/ , 0/. T/ 03K 0,/0 0, /0K0 0/ +3/4 0,

0/0 - 0,0/0.

REPETIDORES

1



S/ ;/0/0, @,/ / 0/ ,0, K/,3, , ,3,Q/ K, 0 93 // , ,,

3/;,@, , / 03X+/ / ,. E3, / ,@/ 0 ,,30, +,+0/ + R,@/ 5-"-

: 0,-, +,+3/ ++ ,@,3 0, ,0, 3 / 3 /0 /3 ,,30,B / /,/ 3=

,@,3 0, 3, +3/0,.

O ,,30, 03K 0, 3/ +/ 0, `,3/0/` , 3/ +/ 0, `/0/`. O ,,30,

+/;+/0 + 03K 0/ +//0/ 1B 0, OSIB , /3/ /,/ K, 0 93 , +0,/ ,/ 3/ ;/4.

#U$

D3K +//Q 0, @,/ / 0/ ,0, K/,3,. I ;,3 K, 0, 93 // @/0, ,

0, 3 /0 +, +,+0 + ++,3/4. O 9 3/9 +,+0 + ,,30

33/. A 0;,,4/ , 0, +/9 , , +,+3/ / 03K. O 9 +/ 3 0,

+, +,3/ // , 0, +/9,/,3 , /,3/ / +;/90/0, 0/ ,0,B ,30 /, +/9 + / ;// , /;,3/ 30/ / ,0,.

O 9 +0,/0 03K 0/ +//0/ 1 , /,/ @,/ K/,3, / , 3/3,

// / 3/ '+,, 0/ ,0,(.

1"



MEIOS DE TRANSMISSÃO

P// +/3/ ,K4 0, ,0,B +3/0, 0,K, 3, +/ // +3/3/ 3+3/0,. F/3, , ;,+/ / ,+/ 0 , 0, 3/: +3B ;/+0/0, 0, 3//4B

+//+0/0,B /3,/4B 0/0, +3/ 3,;,=+/ ,,3/@3+/.

• PAR TRAN%ADO 1TW(STED PA(R , TP2 0 ; 0, +9, + +/9 0, 3/. &/0

0 ; 0, +9, 3 > +0Q, / ,3+B +, +,3/ 3,;,=+/

,,3/@3+/ '0/;/(B , 3/4/ ; ,0Q / 0/;/. O 0 3 0, +/9 TP :

90/0 'U,0,0 TJ3,0 P/ - UTP( , 90/0 'S,0,0 TJ3,0 P/ - STP(. O +/9 /

3/4/0 0, 3, +;@/4, 033/: rollover 1+, ,3, / ,3/4 0, 3/9/ , /

3/ 0 +, 0, 3,/0 0, J3+( , crossover 1+, 0, ,3/4 0, 3/9/

,3/4 0, 3/9/ 0, J3+ / J3+(

o Par Tran3ado N4o,!lindado 1$TP2 C3 0, +W3 0, " /, 3/4/0 +

, ,K,3,3 0, H3+. C/0/ / 0, ; /0 0 3. V/3/@,:

F/+0/0, 0, 3//4B 0, 9/ ;H+B 9/ +3B 0X,3 ,3, ,,.

D,K/3/@,: / , / 0 ,3+ , 3,;,=+/ ,,3/@3+/.

A3,/4 / //0/,3, 1))

15



o Par Tran3ado !lindado 1STP2 C3 0, +W3 0, " /, 3/4/0B +9/

/ 3++/ 0, 90/@,B +/+,/,3 , 3/4/,3 0, ;. S / +/ ,

UTPB / 0;+, 0, 3// , +0/0 + /3,/,3 3, , , 9, ;,3B ,

, 3/;/ , / /3,/. P 30/ / K/3/@, , 0,K/3/@, 0 +/9 0, /

3/4/0 90/0B / ,3, / 3,4 +3/ 30 3 0, 3,;,=+/

,3,/.

•

-(!RA 5PT(CA C3 0, ;9/ 0, K0 '+/( ,K,30 / 3,4 H3+/. O/ ,3+ 0 PC +K,30 , / 0, Q ;3, / 'LED LASER(B K/W/

16



,/ ;9/ , +K,30 0, K3/ // / ,3+. O +/9 /0 // ,0, +3, ,

0/ ;9/ , ,K,3,3 ,//0B +/0/ / ,K3/ +//0/ 0, /3,/ 0,

,K,3,3 ,;,KB / +//0/ 0, H3+ ;,3/ 0, 7,K/ , ,K,3,3 ,3,. O

,K,3,3 ,3, ;,+, 3,4 // +/9. A,,3, /3/ 3// 0, 3/ ,

;, 3,;,=+/ ,,3/@3+/. _ / +/ , 0,/ +/9,/,3. E3, 0 3 0,

;9/ >3+/: 30 ';9/ , , KH 0 0, /@/4( , 0 ';9/, , + 0 0, /@/4(

• W(RELESS 1REDES SEM -(O2 / K/W/ , ,/4 , +/9 ;+. E3/ 3,+@/

/0/ /0 H 0;+0/0, // / 3//4 0, +/9 /0 , , 0,,0, 0/

;/-,33/ +/9,/0/. U/-, 3 0, /+, , ,3/3, /+3, 0, 0/0 //

30 +. _ 3 H3+/ // , /0/ + 3,9YB , ,3, 90/0,.

1?



CAMADA 6 , ENLACE

A +//0/ 2 3/3/ 0/ 3/4, 0/ +//0/ 1. P// +/0/ 3/4 / +//0/ 1B / +//0/ 2 3, /

4. A +//0/ 2 , ++/ + / +//0/ 0, K, , /3/K 0 L@+/ LY C3 'LLC(B/ +, 0, ,0,,4/,3 ' ,/4( // +3/0,B / ,/0/,3 //

@/Q/ /@/ 93.

A +//0/ 0, ,/+, 0, 0/0 3, ;4 ;,,+, / ;/ 0, ++/4 +;HK, ,3,

+,3, 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0,. O K, ;+ 3/3/ 93 0 3/ / ,+,3. D/3, /

3/ 93 0, ;, /3,/4, , ;4 0/ +//0/ 0, ,/+, 0,3,+3/ , +/,3,B

+@ , , K,3/ +/ K, ;+. P// ,,+3/ ,3/ ;4B / +/0,/ 0, 93 ,K/0/

/ K, 0, ,/+, @/Q/0/ , +W3 0, 93 0,/0 70adros8 A 0 +3, 0, , ,

0/ 0,3/4 0, /0B ,3/ +//0/ ,/Q/ +3, 0, ; 0, 3/ ,/+,.

U /0 +3, 0, +W3 0, 0/0 +3,0 +,3,/ 0, 93,. C 9W,3K 0, ,3

+3, 0, , / ,;+,3,B / /0 /0+/0 +>0@ 0, +3, 0, ,. D,/ ;/B

,+,3 0,H K,;+/ , +>0@ ,K/0 +3,3 0, /0 +3 ,.

ENVIO DE &UADROS 'ENCAPSULAMENTO(:

A ;/0/0, 0 ,K 0, /0 / 93,4 0, 0/0 0, +//0/ ,,B ,,+/,3, 0/0

0, /+/3K 0 HB 0 +3/0 0, @, // +3/0 0, 0,3. O /+3, 0, 0/0 ,

K+= 0,,W/ ,3,@/ 3, 0/ /3,. P,B / ,/@, , 0,,W/ ,K/ , ,@0B 93,,+//0 , K+= , , +,@, / +3/0 0, 0,3. I+0 ,, 0/0B K+= 3/9

0,K, ,K/ /@ 3 93,. E, +//0 0, bytes de enchimentoB , /@/ K,Q,

/0+/0 // , /0 3,/ +,3 +// 0/ 3,Q/4.

ENDEREÇO MAC

T0 +3/0, 3= / ;/ ,+K/ 0, , 0,3;+/. C/0/ +3/0 3, ,0,,4

;+B , , ,+3/ , + / /+/ 0, ,0,. C ,0,,4 MAC ,3H +/Q/0 / /+/ 0,,0,B , / /+/ 0, ,0, ;, 3+/0/ , +3/0B ,0,,4 ;+ 0/ ,3/4 0// //

K ,0,,4 MAC. N+/ 0 ,0,,4 ;+ @/. C//0 0, ,0,,4 M,0/ A++, C3

' ,0,,4 MAC(.

O ,0,,4 MAC 3= "8 93 0, +,3 , ,, + 0Q, 0@3 ,/0,+/. O

, , 0@3 ,/0,+/B 0,3;+/ ;/9+/3, 0/ /+/ ,B 3/3B +,,0,

O@/Q/3/ U, I0,3;, 'OUI(. O , 0@3 ,/0,+/ ,3/3, +,,0, ,

,/ 0/ /+/.

#H 0 ;/3 // ,0,,4 MAC: 0000.0c!."#$% 00&00&0c&!&"#&$% .

O ,0,,4/,3 MAC 3,/ 0, ,/4 ,B ,,+/B -,H+B , 0H +3/

0, , @/0, 0, +3/0,.

18



TECNOLOGIAS DE LAN MAIS COMUNS

A 3,+@/ + 0/ +//0/ 2 To'en Rin( B )DDI , Ethernet . T0/ / 3= ,,+;+/

,3, ,/3K/ +//0/ 2B / + +,3, 0, /Q/4 0/ +//0/ 1 , ,3, 0

,. A 3,+@/ ,,+;+/ 0, +/0/ / 0,/ / ,@3,:• E3,,3 - 3@/ 0, 9//,3 >@+ ' ; 0, ;/4, /+3,+, , 9//,3

,/( , ,3,/ ;+/ ,3,/ ,3,00/ '+/9,/0/ + / ,3,/(

• TY, R@ - 3@/ , /, >@+/ ' ,W/B ; 0, ;/4, +3/0 , /,( ,

/ 3@/ , ,3,/ ;+/ ' ,W/B +/9,/0/ + / ,3,/(

• FDDI - 3@/ , /, >@+/ ' ; 0, ;/4, +3/0 , /,( , 3@/ ,

/, 0 '+/9,/0 + /, 0(

DISPOSITIVO DE CAMADA 2: S*ITC#

O J3+ ,/,3 , /K/ +@,3/,3 / LAN[B ,0Q0 3H;,@ , /,3/0 /

/@/ 0, 9/0/. O J3+,B 3/9 +,+0 + J3+, LANB ;,,3,,3, 933,

9 , 3/9// + ;/-,33/ 0, +/9 ,3,3, // @//3 , ,W/ 3//0 +

0, 3,4 / ,0, ,3,3,.

O J3+, +,+3/ ,@,3 LANB / / 3/9,/ 0, ,0,,4 MAC / ; 0, 0,3,/

,@,3 // 0, 0/3/@// ,+/ , 3/30 , ,0Q, 3H;,@.

P,3, , KH H , +, //,/,3, /3/K 0 0, ++3 K3/ , 0,

,@,3 0, ,0, 0,0+/0 , /9,3, K, 0, +,. I /Q/ / /@/ 0, 9/0/

0K, , , +/3/0.

A0+/ 3,@=+/ / @,,+/,3 0/ 3/;,=+/ 0, 0/0. D,3,/ , 0/0 0,K,

,/,+, , / ,0, +/B / + 3/9 0, 3/;, 0/0 ,3, // / +, ,

,+,3/ 0/,, 0/0.

1%



PROTOCOLOS DE ACESSO AO MEIO

O 3+ 0, /+, / , ;/ 0,,KK0 / // 0 +/ // / 3@/ /3+/

0, ,0,B ,9/ 3/ 0/ ,3/3@/ 0, +3, 0, , /0/ , /, 3@/. O 30 0,

/+, 0, , ,//0 , 0 @/0, @: 30 9/,/0 , +3,4 , 0, /+,

0,/0 , +3,4.

ACESSO $ASE AD O EM CONT ENÇÃO

N/ ,0, 9/,/0/ , +3,4 ,3, / 0, 0, /+, , /0/ ,0, , 0 / >

3/3/ 3/,/,3, K+/0 / +B , /+/,3/HB @,/,3,B / ,0/ 0/

,/@,. S, 3H;,@ 0/ ,0, ; ,,B , 0, +, , ,3/, ,H ,, ,

3+ ,;+,3,.

CSMA 'C/, S,, M3, A++,(: &/0 0,,W/ 3/3B / ,3/4 K, /3, , // /9,

, ,3, /@/ 3/ , @,. S, / ,+3/ @ +3/ ,B / ,3/4 0,3/3. U/ + > +, , 0 > 3,3/, 3/3 / , 3,B , > +,4/

/ 3/3 , , , / 3K, 3, 0, /@/ /3 3 >B / K /B /@/0/H 3 0/

3/ // 0, 3,3/ @// /+,.

CSMA^CD'CSMA J3 C D,3,+3(: / 0,3,+4 0, + ,/Q/0/ 0/3, / 3/. A

3/3B > ;+/ 3, 30 ,+3/0 , ,B 3/0 / +B / ,3/4 ,,/ 3,

// 3,3/ / ,3/.

2)



ACESSO ORD ENAD O SEM CO NT ENÇÃ O

O /+, 0,/0 / , 0, ++/4B ,K3/ 9,/ 0/ +.

P//@, 0, P,: U/ , '3Y,( //0/ ,,+/,3, 0, / ,3/4 // 3/.

S,3, / 3,;/+, , / , 0, 3/3. A0/3/-, , 30 3 0, 3@/B

,0 / /0/ , /,.

PRO#A + AT9 A:$(

21



REDE ET/ERNET

A E3,,3 / 3,+@/ 0, LAN /0/ / //,3,. O P/ A3 R,,/+ C,3, 'PARC(B 0/ ,B0,,KK, , 3,/ E3,,3 ,,,3/ + 0 / ?)B , ; /0 + 9/, //

/ ,,+;+/4 8)2. 0 IEEEB /4/0/ , 1%8).

A 3,+@/ E3,,3 +3, 0 , ;+B 0/ ,@/ 0, +3, 0, /+, / , , 0 /0

E3,,3.

&UADRO ET#ERNET

O /0 E3,,3 0K00 , +/. O +/ +/ 0, , 0,+3 0/ ,@3, /,/:

Preâm;0lo '8 93,(: +/0/ 0 ? , 93, 3, K/ 1)1)1)1) , ,K, // 0,,3/

,+,3 , ,3/, , +/. O 3 93, 3, K/ 1)1)1)11 . &/0 ,+,3 ,+,9, 0

3 93 11B /9, , 6 > 93, ,0,,4 0, 0,3.

Endere3o de destino '6 93,(: +3, ,0,,4 MAC 0 0,3/3H\

Endere3o da )onte '6 93,(: +3 ,0,,4 MAC 0 ,,3,3,\

Tipo '2 93,(: O 3 ,,+;+/ 3+ 0/ +//0/ , , ,+,9, 0/0 0, ,

+,/,3 0/ E3,,3 ,3K, ++0.

Dados '"6 / 15)) 93,(: ,3, +/ +/,@/ 0/3/@// IP. S, 0/3/@// ,+,0, 15)) 93,B /

@, 3,H , ;/@,3/ 0/3/@//. S, ; , , "6 93,B 3,H , , ,,+0.

#eri)ica34o de Red0ndância C<clica 1CRC2 '" 93,(: ,3, , ,+,3 0,3,+3, , /@ , ;30Q0 /0B 3 B , /@ 93 ; 3+/0. E3, / +// 0, , ,3 / /3,/4 , /

3,;,=+/ ,,3/@3+/. E3, +/ +/0 , , ,+/+/0 ,+,3

T0/ / 3,+@/ E3,,3 ;,,+, ,K4 ,3/0 +, // / +//0/ 0, ,0,.

&/0 , A , ,K/ 0/3/@// / 0,3 $B ,, ,+// /0 E3,,3 ,

,K/ LANB , , +,+3/ ,K/,3, + $.

T0/ / 3,+@/ E3,,3 ;,,+, ,K4 +;HK, +//0/ 0, ,0,. &/0 ,+,3 $

,+,9, /0 0, AB 9,3, / / K,;+/4 CRCB / ,K/ ,+,+,3 , /0

/ . S, /0 / ,/ K,;+/4B ,, 0,+/3/0. E3/ ;/3/ 0, 3/3,

+;HK,B 3/ / E3,,3 H0/ , 9//3/.

22



TECNOLOGIAS ET#ERNET

A 3,+@/ / + 0/ E3,,3 / 1)9/,T , 1))9/,T 'F/3 E3,,3(B , / /, 0,

; 3/4/0 , 3@/ ,3,/ , 3= K,+0/0, 0, 3/ 0, 1) M9 , 1))M9

,,+3K/,3,. E3/ 3,+@/ ,3 /0Q/0/ IEEE 8)2..

=i>a;it Et"ernet e Et"ernet +? =;ps / ,3, 9, +,00/ 0 /0, 1) M9 , 1))M9.

• U/ ;/3-/0 0 /0 E3,,3 , +/3K, + / 1) , 1))M9\

• P,3, ,/+, 3 / 3 '3Q/0 J3+,( +// 9/0+/3 +/3/0 '3Q/0

9(\

• U3Q/ CSMA^CD

• P,3, ,/4 ; 0,\

• T@/ ,3,/.

TO7EN RING

TY, R@ +/ ,, 0, ,0, + //@, 0, 3Y,. A ,0, + //@, 0, 3Y,

K, ,, /0 '3Y,( ,/ ,0,. A , 0 3Y, @//3, 0,3 0, 3/3 0/0. S,

> ,+,9, 3Y,B / 3K, ;/4, // ,K/B //H 3Y, >/ ,3/4 ;/.

C/0/ ,3/4 0, /3, 3Y, ,0 H 0, 3,B 0,,0,0 0/ 3,+@/ ,,+;+/

, ; ,,3/0/.

E/ ,0, 3= +,. O /0 0, ;/4, ++/ /, /3 /+/4/ / ,3/4 0, 0,3,3,00/B , +/ / ;/4, // +,/,3. O /0 0, ;/4, +3/ ++/0

/, /3 /+/4/ / ,3/4 0, ,KB 0, ,K0. A ,3/4 ,/ 0, K,;+/ , /0 ;

,+,90 , +/0 , 0,3.

S/ 3// 0, 3/ 0, " 16 M9.

P// , / 3/3 0/0B +/0/ ,3/4 0,K, ,,+3/ /3 /B +,+0 + TY,

P3+:

1. C/3/ 3Y,

2. T/3 0/0

. R,3/ 0 /, 0/0 3/30

". L9,/B 3/3B K 3Y,

FDDI ' FI$ER DIST RI$UTED DATA INTERFACE(

_ / LAN 3Y, @ + 0 /: + ; ,30 H , 3 + ; ,30 /3-

H. A FDDI ; W,3/0/ // LAN[ 0, @/0, /+/+, @,@H;+B +0 / 0,/0/ ,0, 0,

H,/ ,33// 'MAN(. D,K0 /+/+, @,@H;+B ,;+,3, ,3 , /0 , /@,

2



0, K3/ / > ,,3,3, / , // , > 0,3. A FDDI ;/Q + , > 0, 0,3 ,K/

/0 0 ++.

• 1)) M9\

• A3 2)) Y\

• A3 1))) ,3/4,\

• C//

• U/ ;9/ 30B / 9//3/\

• U/ LED / K 0, LASER.

2"



CAMADA DE ENLACE @ DOM.N(O DE COL(S&O E SE=MENTA%&O

N/ ,0, 0, +3/0,B dom<nio de colis4o / H,/ >@+/ 0, /+3, 0, +0

+3/ 3B , /3+/ 3+ E3,,3. &/3 / +, +,, ,H / ,;+=+/

0/ ,0,.

U 0 0, + 0, ,3 + ,@,3 0/ ,0, '+ / ,0, , 9//,3(

/ 4 33/ 0, / ,0, / '3,-, , / 3Q/4 0, 9 ;/Q /@/ 0 0,

+ / 30 , ,@,3(. A ,0, E3,,3 3Q/ / 3@/ >@+/ 0, 9//,3B 3

@;+/ , , / 3Q/ 9B / ,3/4, +3/-, + , ,3K,, 30/ @/0/ /

+ +/9. I ;+/ / 3/ 0, 0/0 , 9//3,/ ,/,3B / , +,/4 3/Q @/K, 9,/: / +, 0, /+3, , +, ,, , 0/ ' /( ,3/4, 3,3/

3/3 0/0 / , 3,.

O 3+ 0, ++/4 CSMA^CDB K3 /3,,3,B Q/ ,3, 9,/: /3, 0, 3/3

/+3,B / ,3/4 `,+3/` +/9B // K,;+/ , 3/ ,3/4 WH ,3H 3/30. C/ +/9

,3,W/ +/0 ,/ ,,/B +/ ,3,W/ K, ,/ 3/3,. E +/ 0, +B ,, ,0/3/,3,

3,, / 3/B /0 9/0/B , , ,@0/ ,,/ 3, /,/3>B , +,+,3, , +/

0, ,+0=+/ 0, +B // ,3/3.

S*ITC#

C WH KB J3+ 03K /0 , ,0, // ,,+// /0 ,3, 0K,

>B , 0K,/ 3/B / + 9 , +//Q 0, ,@,3/ / ,0, 3,/,3, '+/0/

3/ +,0, ,@,3 0;,,3,(B , @;+/ , /K,H +, ,3, /+3, 0,

,@,3 0;,,3,.

O J3+ ,+// /0 0, /+0 + ,0,,4 MAC 0, 0,3B , 0,3/0 / ,0, +/

// se>menta34o. PB ,3, /3/,3, J3+, , ,/ W3/,3, / +//0/ ',0,(B

,0/0 /@/ ,0/0, 0 3,/0,.

25



GERÊNCIA DE MEMaRIA NO S*IT+,

&/0 ,3, 0/ / ++/4, // , ,0,,4B / 4 +,3, 3Q/0/

, ,, /3,/ b-er 3, // +/0/ 3/ ,3,3,. D,/ ;/B ,, //Q,/ 3,//,3,

/0 /3 0, 3/3-.

A 0;,,4/ ,3, switches 0 ,+/0 ,3H / ;/ + , ,, @,,+/ ,/ ,>/. A@

, b-er 0,0+/0 // +/0/ 3/. C/ 3,/ 3/ ++/4, // ,/ 3/B 0,

/+3,+, 0 b-er 3,/B ;/Q,0 + , ,W/ ,00/ ;/4, ', , b-ers 0/

3/ 3/ ,3,W/ K,(. O3/ 4 3Q/ / @,=+/ // / ,>/. AB 3,-, /

,>/ // +/0/ 3/ 0 switch , / ,>/ @9/. C/ b-er 0/ 3/ ,3,B /3/3+/,3,

/0 // / , @/0/0 / ,>/ @9/. N,/ 3/ ;/B + , 3// 0,

,>/B +,@,-, , /K,3/,3 , , ,0/ 0, ;/4.

26



REDES W(RELESS

R,0, , ; J,, 3,/ ;,K, 0, ++/4 ,,3/0 + ,3,

/3,/3K/ // / ,0, 3/0+/. O 0/0 3/30 0/ ,,3/@3+/ , /B,/0 0, +/9 , ,30 / 90/0, / H.

E/ +,4// / , ,30/0/ / +/ , , 3,9Y @/B + 33 0, 3/Q,

90/0, /+, 3,,3. C 30/ / ,0,B + 0K, /0, , @/ ,

+K,/K/ , ,3 IEEE /0Q / ,0, J,,. F +/0 /0 8)2.11.

FUNCIONAMENTO

P// , 3, / ,0, J,,B /-, 03K 9/,B , ,+,9, , 3/3, / 0, H0 , /+/

0, ,0, ,,+/ , ;/Q, / 3, ,3, / ,3/4, >K, , / 9/,. O 03K 9/, +//0

0, 3 0, /+, 'ACCESS POINT(B , 03K , ,3/3, /+3, 0, 0/0 // /

0,/ ,3/4,B 3 3 0, /+, /3 // / ,0, +/9,/0/. O +/9 ,+,HB 3/9B

// / 3,@/4 + 0, , ,3/ /+, / 3 0, ,0, ADSL. A /+/ J-; 3/9

/+/ ,3,,3.

A ,0, , ; / / 0/ ,,3/@3+/ // , ++/, 0, 3 / 3 , +,

;+/.

N/ ,0, , ;B 3 0, /+, 0, +,+3/-, ,0, +/9,/0/ /0 +/9 + ,B ,

,+,HB J3+ 3/0+/. U + 3 0, /+, 0, 3/ ,, @ 0, H, , ; ,+,H +,+3/ / H 0 , A++, 3 / 3/B / A++, 3 0,

, /0. O H ;/ , +,+3/ , /0/3/0, 0 > ,/,3.

#anta>ens ,3, 0K,/ K/3/@, 0/ ,0, , ;B ,3, ,/: ;/+0/0, 0, 3//4B

9/ +3B 90/0,B ;,90/0,B ,+//90/0,.

Desvanta>ens ,@/4/

PADRÃO 8)2.11

2?



O /0, 8)2.11 +/3/ 3/ +//+3,3+/: 30 / , 3+ 0, /+, / ,B

CSMA^CA. T= / ,/ ,33/ 0, /0 0, +//0/ 0, ,/+,B 3= +//+0/0, 0, ,0Q / 3//

0, 3/ // /+/4/ 03X+/ /, , ,3, 0 0, ;/-,33/ , 0 /0 +.

O 9W,3K / ++/4 ,3, 03K ,//0 /3 1)) ,3.

A 3/9,/ /9/ 3/ 0;,,4/ 3/3, ,3, +/ /0, 8)2.11 + ,/4 / /

K,+0/0, 0, 3/:

Padr4o Taxa de Dados8)2.11b 5" < 1)8 M98)2.119 A3 11 M98)2.11@ A3 5" < 1)8 M98)2.11 6)) M9

E 1%%) IEEE 3/ +3= // 0,;4 0, /0 // +,+3K0/0, , ;. A> ? /

0, ,/B , 1%%?B ; /K/0 /0 IEEE 8)2.11B + 3// 0, 3/ , /3@/ 1 , 2

M9. E 1%%% ;/ /K/0 /0, 8)2.119 , 8)2.11/B , +//Q, 0, /3@ 3// 0,3/ 0, 11 , 5" M9B ,,+3K/,3,.

O /0 8)2.119B /,/ 0, /3@ 3// 0, 3/ ,,B @/ ;/3/ /, 0, ,+/0

/ 3,;/+, 8)2.119 ,/ / 9//3/ , / ,,3/4, 0, 8)2.119 ;/ /4/0/ /3,.

T/9 , 1%%% ; +/0/ / *ire/ess Ethernet +omptibi/ity A//ince '*ECA(B , 3,K, 9W,3K 0,

@//3 / 3,,/90/0, ,3, 03K 0, 0;,,3, ;/9+/3,\

E 2))) @/ , hot spots 1 H,/ 9+/ 0, K, /+,/ / I3,,3 K/ J,,(.

T/9 ,, / / *ECA /4 , *ire/ess )ide/ity '*-F( // /3,3/ / /0,=+/ 0 03

,,+;+/4,.

E 2))B IEEE /K /0 IEEE 8)2.11@ , /+/4/ /3 5" M9 0, 3// / 0,

3/.

E 2))6 @/ / -,,3/4, 0 /0 8)2.11B , / 3/ /3,/ // 3/

, ,+,4B M-/tip/e&Inp-t M-/tip/e&O-tp-t 'MIMO(B /3@0 3// / 0, 3/ 0, /3 6)) M9.

8)2.11A

C,@/ / /+/4/ K,+0/0, 0, 5" M9B ,/ / ;,=+/ 0, 5 G#Q , 3/ 6" 3Q/0,

/++, 3. A / +/ K/3/@, / K,+0/0,B / @/30/0, 0/ ;,=+/ , /0/ , //=+/ 0, 3,;,=+/. A / 0,K/3/@, / +/390/0, + /0, , 0Q ,,3

/ A++, P3 ?68++ 9 , @B /3 / +,3,B /0 8)2.11/ +/3K, 3/3 + 8)2.119 ,

8)2.11@ / // 0 +/B WH , 3/0 /0 / ;/9+/4 0 ,/,3.

8)2.11$

A+/4/ / K,+0/0, 0, 11 M9B ,/ / ;,=+/ 0, 2." G#Q. S3/ 2 3Q/0, 3 0,

/+,. U 3 ,@/3K ,3, /0 / /3/ 3,;,=+/ 3/3 / 3/ + / ,+,4 0,

/B , ;+/ / 2B" G#Q ,K/,3, / 3,,;, >K,B ; +0/ , 03K

$,33. O /,+3 3K 9/ ,4 0 , 03KB / /@/ 0, 9/0/ @/33/ 9, + /

28



090/0, @/33/ , 30 0. O 8)2.119 //,3, 3Q/0 K,0, 0, 3,,3 ,

;.

8)2.11G

$/,/-, / +/390/0, + 03K 8)2.119 , ;,,+, / K,+0/0, 0, 5" M9. O,/ /

;,=+/ 0, 2B" G#Q. T, , +K,,3, 0 /0 8)2.119 '+/390/0, +

03K 0, 0;,,3, ;/9+/3,(. A K/3/@, / K,+0/0,.

8)2.11N

T, / /@/ 0, 9/0/ 0, +?BM;ps , ,/ / ;// 0, 6B =/ , =/. O;,,+,B /3/K 0,

+;@/4, M(MO 1M0ltiple (np0t M0ltiple O0tp0t2B 3// / /3/ 0, 3/ '/3 F?? M;ps(B

/ ,;+=+/ / /@/4 0 / , // +/390/0, ,K,/ + 0,/ 3+.

AR&UIT ET URA E TOPO LO GIAS 8)2.11

2%



A +/ 3@/ / $SS , / A0-#+

!SS 1!asic Service Set2 @ 0, ,3/4, ++/0-, ,3, /3/K 0, A++, 3. N,/

,3/4 +,@, +K,/ + 3/ , /3, // , A++, P3. C3 / / ,3/4,

, ; , / ,3/4-9/, +,3/ '/++, 3(. C /+3,+, , 03K E3,,3B +/0/ ,3/4

, ; 8)2.11 3, ,0,,4 MAC.

Rede ad "oc A + K, @/ 0 + 0,3/,3, /0 0/ /+/ E3,,3 , +/9

+K,B 3/9 K, +/ / ,0, *,, ,3, 0 PC , / A++, 3. $/3/

+;@/ /9/ / /+/ // ,/ , 0 A0-+. A K,+0/0, 0, 3/ / ,/B /

/+/+, 0 / 9, ,B WH , 3/, , /3,/ 0/ 3,;/+, , / ,/

3=+/ 0 3 0, /+,. S ,0, , , +3, +,3/ , , ,/ +, +

0 ,3,

)



1



CAMADA G , REDE

A +//0/ 0, ,0, ,HK, ,/ K,3/4 0 0/0 /3/K 0/ ,0,. O ,,/ 0,

,0,,4/,3 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0, /0 , 03K // 0,3,/ 0,3 0 0/0

,00/ , ,, , K, ,/ ,0,.

O 3+ , 3/ / +//0/ 0, ,0, / / 3++/ 0, 0,3;+/4 // 03K ,

@//3, 0,3;+/0 ,+K. Os endereços da camada de rede usam um esquema de

endereçamento hierárquico , ,3, , ,0,,4 ,+K /3/K,, 3, 0/ ,0,B

3,0B W3/,3, + B 30 // ,+3/ +/ // 0/0 3/;,@/, ,3, /

,0,.

O 03K 0, ,0, ,+/ 0, ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 , ,3/ , ,, ,+/,

/+3, 0, 0/0 /3/K 0, +W3 0, ,0, +3/ 0, KH ,@,3 /0 , 3

0, ,0,,4/,3.O 9W,3K 0,3/ +//0/ /,@/ 3/3, 0, /+3, 0 3,/ ;3, / 3,/ 0,3/3HB

0,;0 / 3/W,3>/ //0/. A ;4 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0, ,+3/ , +/ /3/K 0/

,0,. E/ 0,+,K, 30 0, K,3/4 0/ ;/4 0K,/ ,0,.

O ,0,,4/,3 0/ +//0/ 0, ,/+, ,K/ 0/0 // 30 03K +,+3/0 / / +/

,0, , 0,,0, 0 ,+,3, // 0,3,/ , 0/0 ;/ 0,3/0 / ,. A +//0/ 0,

,0, 0, ,+, / 3/ ,,+;+/ , / ,0, 3,@/0/ , ,0 , 0/0 ,W/ ,K/0

,0, ,KK0/. E, +, ,,+3/0 /3/K 0, ,0,,4/,3 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0, ,

3,/,3.

A +//0/ 0, ,0, 0, ,3/ ,K4 ,3/0 +, ,K4 -,3/0 +,.

SERVIÇOS DE REDE SEM CONEÃO

A // 0 ,K4 0, ,0, / 3,/ 0, ,3,@/ , +, '0/3/@//(. E, 3/3/ +/0/

/+3, ,//0/,3, , ,K/ ,/ ,0,. O /+3, 0, ,@ +/ 0;,,3, //

/3/K,/ / ,0,B / ,/@/0 /0 +,@/ / 0,3. E 3,/ , +,B

0,3 +3/3/0 /3, 0, /+3, , ,K/0.

SERVIÇOS DE REDE ORIENTADOS PARA CONEÃO

E 3,/ orientdos pr cone23oB / +, ,3/9,,+0/ ,3, ,,3,3, , 0,3/3HB

/3, , /, 0/0 ,W/ 3/;,0.

2



ENDEREÇAMENTO DE REDE

O ,0,,4 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0, / ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 ,H+ , ,3, ,

,0,,4 ,+K /3/K,, 3, 0/ ,0,B 3,0B W3/,3, + B 30 //

,+3/ , +/ // 0/0 3/;,@/, ,3, / ,0,.

ROTEADORES

O 3,/0, ,/,3 , 0, ,@,,/ /B ++,3/ +,, 3/B +K,3,

;/3 0 0/0 3/30B , @,,+/ / 3/;,=+/ 0, 0/0. E, 3/9 0, ,

+,+3/0 / / *ANB , , ,3, +,+3/ ,0, +/ , ,3 ,//0/ @/ 03X+/.

N, 3 03K 0, K, ,3, 3 0, +,.

O 3,/0, / ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 0/ +//0/ // 3/ 0,+, 0,

,+//,3. E, / ,0,,4 IP ',0,,4 >@+(. E, // /+3, 0, 0/0 ,3, /,0, 9/,/0 / ;/4, 0 3+ 0, ,0, 0/ +//0/ . O 3,/0, 3/ 0,+,

>@+/ ,/3K/ / , +/ // / ,3,@/ 0 0/0 , 0, 0,+/ /+3, // / 3/

0, /0/ , ,@,3 //0.

O 3,/0, +,+3/ 2 / ,0,B +/0/ / 0,K,0 3, , 0, ,0, ,+K // ,

3,/,3 3,/ =3. O , 0, ,0, ,+K +/0 / ,0,,4 IP , /390 / +/0/

03K +,+3/0 / ,/ ,0,.

DETERMINAÇÃO DE CAMIN#O

A determin43o do cminho ,3, , 3,/0 /K/, +/ 0K, // 0,3 ,

,3/9,,4/ / ;/ ,;,K, 0, 0/ + /+3,. O ,K4 0, 3,/,3 / / ;/4, 0/

3@/ 0/ ,0, /0 ,3K,, /K//0 +/ 0/ ,0,. A 0,3,/4 0 +/

+, , 3,/0 / // ,+, > /3 +/ // , /+3, 3/;,@, ,

0,4 / , 0,3. O 3,/0, 3/9 0, 3/ / 0,+, 9/,/0/ / 0,0/0, 0

3H;,@ , / /@/ 0, 9/0/.

PROTOCOLOS DA CAMADA DE REDE: ARPB RARPB IPB ICMP

ARP E RARP

E9/ / I3,,3 +/0/ H/ 3,/ ,0,,4 IPB / K,0/0,B ,, 0, , /0 //

3/3 /+3,B /0J/, 0/ +//0/ 0, ,/+, 0, 0/0 ,+,+, ,0,,4 0/ I3,,3.

C ,3, ,0,,4 0, +//0/ 0, ,0, 'IP( , ,0,,4 0/ +//0/ 0, ,/+, 'MAC(B ,+ ;/Q,

/ 3/04 0, // 3. E, 9W,3K 0 P3+ 0, R,4 0, ,0,,4 ' Address

Reso/-tion Protoco/ 5 ARP(.



O ARP ,3, / ,4 0, ,0,,4 ;+ / /3 0, ,0,,4 IP. T0 3 , 3,/0,

0, / LAN 3= >0 ARP.

O ARP ,K, 9,/ 0, ,+3/ ,0,,4 E3,,3 , +,0/ / 0,3,/0

,0,,4 IP. c K,Q,B ,+,H ,K, 9,/ K,: &/ ,0,,4 IP +,0,3, /

,0,,4 E3,,3d

A ,/ 4 /@/0/ ; / RARP 'R,K,, A00, R,3 P3+(. E, 3+,3, , / ,3/4 0, 3/9/ ,+-+/Q/0/ 3/3/ , ,0,,4 E3,,3 , ;,: M,

,0,,4 E3,,3 0, "8 93 1".)".)5.18.)1.25. A@ +,+, , ,0,,4 IPd O ,K0 RARP K=

,/ +3/4B +/ ,0,,4 E3,,3 , , /K 0, +;@/4 , ,K/ 0, K3/

,0,,4 IP +,0,3,.

IP

O I3,,3 P3+ 'IP( / ,,3/4 / 3Q/0/ 0, ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 0, ,0,

,H+. O IP 3+ , +,B 0, , ,3,@/ K, ,B +;HK,. O IP 0,3,/

/ 3/ / ,;+,3, // 0/0 + 9/, 3+ 0, 3,/,3. O 3, ` +;HK,` ,

`, ,3,@/` +/ , 3,/ ,W/ +;HK, , , ;+, 9,B / , IP

K,;+/ , 0/0 +,@// / 0,3. S, ,+,HB / K,;+/4 +3/0/ , 3+ 0/

+//0/ ,.

ICMP

A ,/4 0/ I3,,3 3/0/ @/,3, , 3,/0,. &/0 +, /@ ,,/0B ,K,3 ,3/0 , ICMP 'I3,,3 C3 M,/@, P3+(B , 3/9 /0 // 3,3/ /

I3,,3. O ICMP @,/ ,/3> 0, , , +3/ ,/@, 0, / / IP. C/0/ 3 0, ,/@,

ICMP ,+//0 , /+3, IP.

M,/@, ICMP 3= +/ 0, 3 , +/ 0, +>0@. A 0B +3= +/9,4/ ,

, 8 93, 0 0/3/@// IP , +/ / +/4 0/ ,/@, ICMP , , @/.

E3, //0/,3, / 0,Q,/ 0, 3 0, ,/@, ICMP 0,;0. A@ ,3 3/0 /9/:

Mensa>em (CMP Tipo CHdi>o Descri34oS+3/4 0, ,+ 8 ) D,3,/ , > IP ' 3 3,/0( ,3H 0K, / ,0,.R,3/ 0, ,+ ) ) R,0, / / +3/4 0, ,+ ICMP.D,3

/+,K,

) I;/ / 3 , 0/3/@// 0, , ,3,@,.

T, ,+,00 11 ) I0+/ , 3, 0, K0/ 'TTL( 0, 0/3/@// IP WH ,.

O +/0 @ / 0/ ;4, / 3/3, 0 ICMPB ,0 /0 // K,;+/ , /

0,3,/0/ H/ ,3H ,B ,,. O +/0 @ 0, , /0 // ,K/ ,/@,

0, +3/4 0, ,+ ICMP , ,@3/ ,+,9,3 0, ,/@, 0, ,3/ 0, ,+ ICMP. C ,/

,/@,B 3/9 K, 0,3,+3/ ;// 0, ++/4 / ,0, 3 , +/ 9,/

+ 0, +,+3K0/0, TCP^IP.

"



PRO#A 6 AT9 A:$(

5



DATA=RAMAS DA CAMADA DE REDE

O I3,,3 P3+ 'IP( / ,,3/4 / / 0, ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 0, ,0,

,H+. O IP 3+ 0, ,0, , / I3,,3 /. c ,00/ , / ;/4, 3/;,@/ ,/

+//0/ 0 0, OSIB 0/0 ,+//0 , +/0/ +//0/. N/ +//0/ 0, ,0,B 0/0

,+//0 0,3 0, /+3, '3/9 +,+0 + 0/3/@//(. O IP 0,3,/ / ;/ 0

+/9,4/ IP 0 /+3, ', + ,0,,4/,3 , 3/ ;/4, 0, +3,(B /B ,

,+/ + 0/0 ,/: /+,3/ 30 , //0 ,/ +//0/ ,,.

ENDERE%O (P

U ,0,,4 IP 3, 2 93 , +3, , 0/ /3, +/B , 0, ,0, , , 0, 3.

C 3 0;+ ,Q/ 2 93B +K,+-, , ,0,,4 IP /@/0 , 8 93 0,

+/0/ K,QB ,//0 3 , ,,,3/0 ;/3 0,+/ , , 9H. E, ;/3

+,+0 + 0,+/ + 3.

O , 0, ,0, 0, ,0,,4 IP 0,3;+/ / ,0, / 03K ,3H +,+3/0B ,/3 /

/3, 0 3 0, ,0,,4 IP 0,3;+/ 03K ,,+;+ / ,0,. C ,0,,4 IP

+3, , /3 +3,3 ,//0 3B /3 3= 0,, +3,3 0, , /0 //

0,3;+/ , 0, ,0,. D, ;/ ,,/3,B /3 3= 0,, +3,3 0, , /0 //

0,3;+/ / /3, 0 3 0, ,0,,4 IP.

ENDEREÇOS DE ORIGEM E DE DESTINO:

O ,0,,4 IP +3 / ;/4, , ,+,H/ // 3,/ /+3, /3/K 0/ ,0,. T0

+/ 0, ,0,,4 0, @, , 0,3 +3= ,0,,4 0, 2 93. O +/ 0 ,0,,4 0,

@, +3 ,0,,4 IP 0 03K , ,K/ /+3,. O +/ 0, 0,3 +3 ,0,,4 IP

0 03K , ,+,9, /+3,.

6



CLASSES DE ENDEREÇO IP

P// ;/+3/ / /03/4B W,33/ 0 ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 IP 0,3,// , 0,K,/

/K, ++ +/, 0, ,0,,4B / /,/ 3= 0,/ /0/ // ,0,,4 0, 3.

CLASSE A:

O ,0,,4 0/ +/, A ,,K/0 // @/0, @/Q/4, + 3 3. &/3 / 93

/+/0 / +/ 0, 3B / ,0,,4 0, 3 0,-, 0,3 0,/ ,0, , ,@3H-B

,W/B / ,/,3 ,/ ,0, 0, 3,. C 2" 93 // ,0,,4 0, 3B K, 2 2"

+9/4, 'e 6 , 0, ,0,,4 0, 3(. O ,0,,4 0, +/, A 0,K, +,4/ + ,

,3, 1 , 126 '12? ,,K/0 / 3,3, 0, 9/+Y(. &/0 ,+3 , ;/3 9HB , 93 0,

,0,,4 0, +/, A SEMPRE ).

CLASSE $:

O ,0,,4 0/ +/, $ /0 // ,0, 0, 3// 0. C ,/4 0, 3 0, 16 93B0,-, 3, 216 'e 65 ( 3 , / ,0, +/, $. O ,0,,4 0, +/, $ 0,K, +,4/ +

, ,3, 128 , 1%1. O 0 , 93 0, ,0,,4 0, +/, $ ,, 1).

CLASSE C:

A +/, C / 3/ +/, +,+/ 0, ,0,,4. C 8 93 // ,0,,4 0, 3B /,/ 25" '2 8(

3 K,. A // 0/ @/Q/4, ,, / KH ,0,,4 0, +/, C. O

,0,,4 0, +/, C 0,K, +,4/ + , ,3, 1%2 , 22. O , 93 0, ,0,,4

0, +/, C ,, 11).

?



ENDEREÇOS IPS RESE RVADOS:

U ,0,,4 IP , 3,, + )[ 9H , 30 93 0, 3 ,,K/0 // ,0,,4 0,

,0,. E, 0, ,0, 0, +/, A: 11.).).) ,0,,4 IP 0/ ,0, , +3 3 11.1.2.. U

3,/0 / ,0,,4 IP 0, / ,0, / ,+// 0/0 / I3,,3. E ,, 0, ,0, 0,

+/, $B ,0,,4 IP 1?6.1).).) ,0,,4 0, / ,0,.

O ,0,,4 IP 0 ,, '1?6.1).).)( ,,K/0 // ,0,,4 0/ ,0,. E, +/ K/ , /0

+ ,0,,4 // /, 03K , ,3,W/ @/0 / ,/.

ENDEREÇOS I P PRIVATIVOS:

#H /@ ,0,,4 , +/0/ +/, IP , NUNCA /390. E, ,0,,4 +//0 0,

,0,,4 K/3K. O ,0,,4 K/3K 0, , /0 3 , ,3 +,+3/0

I3,,3B ,,. M3 /+/3K ,@, +,+3K0/0, 0,3 0, /,/ / ,0, ,

,+,3/ 0, +,+3K0/0, ,3,/.

O ,0,,4 K/3K 0, , /0 + ,K0 0, +K, 0 ,0,,4 0, ,0, 'NAT(

,K0 // ;,+, +,+3K0/0, / 30 3 , / ,0, , 3,/B ,/3K/,3,B

+ ,0,,4 9+ 0K,. C;, ,3/9,,+0B 30 3H;,@ + ,0,,4 0, 0,3

0,3 0, 0 3,K/ 0, ,0,,4 K/3K NÃO , 3,/0 / I3,,3.

O ,@3, 3,K/ 0, ,0,,4 K/3K:

Classe A 1).).).) /3 1).255.255.255

Classe ! 1?2.16.).) /3 1?2.1.255.255

Classe C 1%2.168.).) /3 1%2.168.255.255

ENDEREÇOS DE $ROADCAST

P// ,K/ 0/0 / 30 03K , / ,0,B ,+ / ,0,,4 0, 9/0+/3. U

9/0+/3 /+3,+, /0 / @, ,K/ 0/0 / 30 03K , / ,0,. P// /,@/

, 30 03K / ,0, K ,+,9, ,, 9/0+/3B / @, 0,K, / ,0,,4 IP 0,

0,3 , 30 ,, / ,+,+, , ,+,. O ,0,,4 IP 0, 9/0+/3 3,/ + 1

9H / /3, 0 3 0 ,0,,4.

P// / ,0, 1?6.1).).)B 0, 3 16 93 ;/ +/ 0 3B 9/0+/3 , ,/ ,K/0 /

30 03K / ,0, +/ ,0,,4 0, 0,3 1?6.1).255.255.

8



S$!,REDES

O 3 0, / ,0, 0, /,/ , ++/ 0,3/,3, + 03K , 3,/ / ,/

ID 0, ,0,. E, 0, +/3/ , ,@,3 ;+ /B , 3K,, , 0, ,0, 0;,,3,B

@,/,3,B 0, , ++/ ,3, B / , , /W/ 3 03K , / ;/Q, /

+, ,3, / ,0,.

c K,Q, ,+ 0K0 / @/0, ,0, , ,0, ,,B +//0/ 0, 9-,0,B // ;,+,

;,90/0, / 3,/,3.

O +/ 3K // , / 9-,0, ,0Q 3// 0, 0 0, 9/0+/3. O 9/0+/3

,K/0 / 30 3 , / ,0, 9-,0,. &/0 3H;,@ 0, 9/0+/3 +,4/ / +/

0,/ / /@/ 0, 9/0/ 0K,B /03/0, 0, ,0, 0, 3/ ,0Q 3// 0

0 0, 9/0+/3.

O ,0,,4 0, 9-,0, /390 +/,3,B /,3, , /03/0 0/ ,0,B 0, ;/,,/3, /3, 0 , 0 3 0 ,0,,4 0, +/, AB $ C. A 0B + 3

,0,,4 IPB 30 ,0,,4 0, 9-,0, ,+K.

A , +/ 9-,0,B ,+ 0,3,/ , 0,/ 0, 9-,0, , 0, 3.

N , / / ,/ , / 3/ 9-,0,B / + , / , , 3 ,0,,4 0,3

0/ 9-,0,: ,0,,4 0, 9/0+/3 0/ 9-,0, , 3 /3, 0 ,0,,4 0/ ,0,.

&/0 , +/ 9-,0,B ,0,-, / /30/0, /QHK, 0, ,0,,4 KHK,. P ,/ /QB

/03/0, 0, ,0, 0,K, ,3/ 9/3/3, /3,4 +,3/@, 0, ,0,,4 , ,, ,0, /

+/, 9-,0,.

Endere3amento sem s0;,redes

%



Endere3amento com s0;,redes

MÁSCARA DE SU$-REDE

A H+// 0, 9-,0, /0 /W0/ 3,/0, , 3 / 0,3,/, , 3 0, 0,3 ,3H

,/ ,0, , 3/.

C/, A 255.).).)

C/, $ 255.255.).)

C/, C 255.255.255.)

A 9-,0, +3/ / ,0, ,3,/ /3/K 0 0, H+// +//0/ 0, H+// 0, 9-

,0,.

A H+// 0, 9-,0, ;/ / 03K 0/ ,0, , /3, 0, ,0,,4 +/ 0/ ,0, ,

, /3, +/ 0 3. U/ H+// 0, 9-,0, 3, 3// 0, 2 93 , 3, " +3,3B 0/

,/ ;/ , ,0,,4 IP.

ENDEREÇOS DE SU$-REDE

P// , +/ 9-,0,B 0,K,-, ,3,0, / /3, 0 3,/,3 0 ,0,,4. A I3,,3 +,+, / ,0,

+ 30B 0,3;+/0/ , ,0,,4 0, +/, AB $ CB , 0,;, 8B 16 2" 93 0, 3,/,3 '

, 0/ ,0,(. O +/ 0/ 9-,0, , 3/;/H , 93 0, 3,/,3 /0+/B // ,

3,/0, 0,3 0/ @/Q/4 / ,+,+, / 0;,,3, +/Q/4,B 9-,0,B 0,3 0/

,0,.

")



CRIANDO UMA SU$-REDE

A , +/ 9-,0,B ,+ 0,3,/ , 0,/ 0, 9-,0, , 0, 3 'O , 0, 9-

,0, ,+,H/ / K,Q 0,3,/ , 0, 3 0K,. P ,,B + 93

,,3/0 , / ,0, 0, +/, CB /,/ 5 93 9/ // 3(.

N , / / ,/ , / 3/ 9-,0,. N , / , , 3 ,0,,4 0,3 0/ 9-,0,:

,0,,4 0, 9/0+/3 0/ 9-,0, , 3 /3, 0 ,0,,4 0/ ,0,. &/0 +/ 9-,0,B

,0,-, / /30/0, /QHK, 0, ,0,,4 KHK,. P ,/ /QB /03/0, 0, ,0,

0,K, ,3/ 9/3/3, /3,4 +,3/@, 0, ,0,,4 , ,, ,0, / +/, 9-,0,.

Exemplo

T/0-, ,,3/0 2 93B +/-, " 9-,0,B +/0/ / + 6" 3. A,/ 0/ 0/ 9-

,0, 0, , /0/ , /,/ 62 3 0, , /0 9-,0,B ,3/0 12" 3 ,

0, , /0 0 25" , 0,/ , /0 /3, 0, K+= 3/ / 9-,0,. I @;+/, K+= ,3H ,0,0 51f 0 , ,0,,4.

T/0-, ,,3/0 93B H 8 9-,0,B 0/ / /,/ 6 0, , /0/B + ) 3 ,

0, , /0 9-,0,. I , 0H 33/ 0, 18) 3 , 0, , /0B 0, 25"B /

/@/ ,0,-, /,/ 2%f 0 , ,0,,4. S,, , +/ 9-,0,B ,+ ,K/ ,

+0,/4 +,+,3 ;3 0/ ,0, , / +,3/@, 0, ,0,,4 , , ,0, + / +/4 0,

9-,0,.

"1



ROTEAMENTO

E 3,/ 0, 3+/ 0, ,/@,B 3,/,3 +, 0, ,+/ 0 +/ , /

, ,K/ 0/3/@//. P0, , 0K00 ,:

• Roteamento direto ++/4 ,3, 2 3 /+/0 , / ,/ ,0, ;+/. P, /

,/ 0,3;+/4 'ID(.

• Roteamento indireto +, ,3, 2 3 /+/0 , ,0, 033/. P, 0,3;+/4

'ID( 0;,,3,.

&/0 /+/3K 3 ,+/ ,K/ /+3, // 0,3 , 3/ ,0,B 3 ,0,,4/

/0 0, ,/+, 0, 0/0 // 3,/0B /0 ,0,,4 0, / 0/ 3,;/+, 0 3,/0. O

+, 0, +//0/ 0, ,0, 0 3,/0 ,// +/9,4/ 0 /+3, ,0 ,+,90 // 0,3,/ /

,0, 0, 0,3 , 0, ;/Q ,;,=+/ / 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3 , /+/ ,0, 3,;/+, 0, /0/. O

/+3, K/,3, ,+//0 /0 0, ,/+, 0, 0/0 //0 // / 3,;/+, ,,+/0/ ,

,;,/0 // ,K / > /3 0 +/.

E, +, +, 30/ K,Q , /+3, ,+//0 /3/K 0, 3 3,/0. N 3,/0 ,

,3H +,+3/0 H ,0, 0 3 0, 0,3B /+3, ,+//0 3 0, /0 0, ,/+, 0, 0/0 0/

LAN 0, 0,3 , ,3,@, / 3 0, 0,3.

O 3,/,3 +, 0, +/Q/ +/ / ,;+,3, ,3, 0 03K. O 03K ,

,,+3/ +, 0, 3,/,3 3,/0.

D/ 3/3, ;4, 0, , 0,3;+/0/:

1( A 0,3,/4 0 3/W,3: 0,;, / ,/+, / 0,3,/0/ ,/@, 0,K, , ,K/0/

// +,@/ / , 0,3. P// ,/Q/ ,/ ;4B 3,/0 3Q/ 2 ++,3: 3+/ ,

3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3.

2( C3/4: /0 /+3, +,@/ 3,;/+, 0, 3,/0B 3,/0 0,K, / / 3/9,/ 0,

3,/,3 // 0,3,/ // 0, ,KH-. O 3,/0 +3/ /+3, // / 3,;/+,

//0/B /0+/ / ;/4, 0, ,/0/,3 ,+,H/ 3,;/+, , 3/3,

/0."2



MItrica /0 0, ,00/ , /0 , /@3 0, 3,/,3 // 0,3,/ ,

+/ // 0,3. &/0 /@3 0, 3,/,3 /3/Q/ / 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3B ,

9W,3K +/ 0,3,/ / ,, ;/4, // ,, +0/ / 3/9,/. C/0/ /@3 0,

3,/,3 3,,3/ / / /,/ , ,. O /@3 @,/ , 0, 3+/ // 30

+/ /3/K 0/ ,0,. A 3+/ 0, , +/+/0/ 9/,/0/ , / +/ +//+3,3+/ 0 +/ +9/0 KH/ +//+3,3+/. E, 0, 3+/:

• L/@/ 0, 9/0/: +//+0/0, 0, 0/0 0, Y\

• D,/: /3/. O 3, ,+,H // K, /+3, +/0/ Y 0/ @, / 0,3\

• S/3: g 0, 3,/0, , / /+3, 0,K, 3/;,@/ /3, 0, +,@/ / , 0,3.

TA$ELA DE ROTEAMENT O

O 3,/0, +3, 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3 // ,/Q/, / / ;4,. C3= ,3/0/ ,

,/+/ 0,3,/0 0,3 + ,/+, , / 3+/. P3/3B 0,3B ,/+, , /

3+/B 0/0 ,,+/ / 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3.

A 0,3,/4 0 +/ ,3, , 3,/0 +/, ,0,,4 0, 0,3 3/ 0K,

, / 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3 , ,,+, , +/. O 3,/0 /,0, ,/ 3/ 0K,

/3/K 0, 3,/,3 estJtico dinâmico. A 3/ +;@/0/ //,3, , /03/0 0/

,0, ,3H3+/. A 3/ /,00/ 3 3,/0, + 0, 3+ 0, 3,/,3

dinâmicas.

O 3,/0, //Q,/ ;/4, /+/ , / 3/9,/ 0, 3,/,3 0,K0 / ,+,0/0, 0,

9;;, 3 @/0, , /3 3H;,@ // /3/Q/4 0, 3/9,/ +,3/.

O al>oritmo de roteamento ;0/,3/ // 3,/,3 0X+. S,, , / 3@/ 0, /

,0, /3,/0/ +// 0, +,+,3B ,+;@/4 ;//B / 9/, 0 +,+,3 0/ ,0,

3/9 0,K, , /3,/0/. O +,+,3 ,+/ ,;,3 / K +3,3, , ,/3/ 0/ K/ 3@/.

E/ K +//0/ 0, conver>*ncia8

&/0 30 3,/0, , / ,0, ,/ + , +,+,3B 0Q-, , / ,0,

+K,@. A +K,@=+/ H0/ ,+ 0, ,0, 0,,WHK,B , ,0Q ,0 0, 3, , ,

3,/0, +3// / 3/ 0,+, 0, 3,/,3 +,3/ 0,,+,H/.

"



CAMADA B TRANSPORTE

O 3,/0 3, / +//+0/0, 0, 3/ 0,+, 3,@,3, +0,/0 , +/ // / ,3,@/

0, 0/0 / ,0,. I 9/,/0 , ,,/ 0, ,0,,4/,3 0/ +//0/ 0, ,0,. O 3,/0 /

,/ ;/4, // 3/ 0,+, 0, ,+//,3. D, , /+3, 0, 0/0 // ,/

+//0/ 0, ,0,B // ,/ +//0/ 0, 3/3,B ,-, , ,, / / / ,0, + / `K,`

// ,K/ /+3, 0, 0/0 0/ @, // 0,3. A K, ,K, 9,/ + `&/ 0 KH

+/ , // / 3/ ,,+;+/0/d`

O 3, `/0/0, 0, ,K4` ;,,3,,3, /0 // 0,+,K, / ;/0/0, 0/ +//0/ 0,

3/3,. A / ,/90/0, +/ 3/3/ , ,@/ ; 0, ;/4, 0/ @,

// 0,3 0, ;/ +;HK, , ,+/.

TCP E UDP

O 3+ TCPÎP 0/ +//0/ 0, 3/3, 3, 0 3+: T+P , 6DP .

O Trnsmission +ontro/ Protoco/ 1T+P7 3+ 0/ +//0/ 3/3, ,3/0 // +, ,

;,+, 3/ 0, 0/0 +;HK,. O TCP /3, 0/ / 0, 3+ TCPÎP.

O U, D/3/@/ P3+ 'UDP( 3+ 0, 3/3, , +, 0/ / 0, 3+ TCPÎP. O

UDP 3+ , , 3+/ 0/3/@//B , +;/4, ,3,@/ @//30/. O

+,/,3 0, , , / ,3/ 0, , 0,K, , 3/3/0 3 3+.

O 3+ , / UDP : TFTPB SNMPB D#CPB DNS 'D/ N/, S3,(

O T+P ;,+, ++3 K3/ ,3, /+/4, 0 H ;/. P+/ +//+3,3+/:

• O,3/0 // +,

• C;HK,

• DK0, / ,/@, ,K/0/ , ,@,3

• R,/@/ / ,/@, / ,3/4 0, 0,3

• R,,K/ 30 , ; ,+,90

""



O UDP 3/3/ 0/0 , +;/90/0, ,3, 3. P+/ +//+3,3+/:

• N ,3/0 / +,

• N +;HK,

• N ,/@/ / ,/@, 0, ,3/0/

• N / +;/4,

• N ;,+, +3, 0, ;

O TCP^IP / +9/4 0, 0 3+ 0K0/B TCP , IP. O IP 3+ 0/ +//0/

0, ,0,B ,K4 , +, , ;/Q ,, ,;4 // ;/Q, / ,3,@/ /3/K 0, / ,0,.

O TCP 3+ 0/ +//0/ 0, 3/3,B ,3/0 // +, , ;,+, +3, 0, ; ,

+;/90/0,. U 0 3+ ,3, , ,, ;,4/ / /30/0, / 0, ,K4.

h3B ,, ,,,3/ +W3 3,. O TCP^IP 3+ 0/ +//0/ , 0/ +//0/ " , ,

/ I3,,3 , 9/,/.

PORTAS

T/3 TCP /3 UDP / , 0, port // // / ;/4, +//0/ ,,. O

, 0, 3/ /0 // /3, ,@3 0, 0;,,3, +K,/4, , +Q/ / ,0, /

, 3,. E3, , 0, 3/ +,+0 WH 0,;0. CK,/4,B , ,KK,

/+/4, + , 0, 3/ +,+0 ,+,9, , 0, 3/ , ;/ ,,+/0

/,/3/,3, , +W3 ,,+;+.

A@/ 3/ ,,K/0/ TCP , UDP. O , 0, 3/ 3= ,@3, +W3

/390:

• N, /9/ 0, 255 - // /+/4, 9+/

• N, 0, 255 / 1)2 - /390 ,,/ // /+/4, +,+/.

• N, /+/ 0, 1)2 - ,@/,3/0

O 3,/ ;/ / , 0, 3/ // ,,+/ / /+/4, +,3/. O , 0, 3/

0, @, /390 0/+/,3, , 3 0, @,.

"5



"6



CAMADA SESS&O

A> /+3, 0, 0/0 ;,+0 ,/ " +//0/ ;,, 3/;,@/, ,/ +//0/ 0, 3/3,B

,, , 3/;/0 , ,, , 3+ 0/ +//0/ 0, ,.

A +//0/ 0, , +0,/ ,00 , ,3/ 0, ,K4 , +, /0 /+/3K ,

++/ ,3, 3 0;,,3,.

A cmd de sess3o ,3/9,,+,B @,,+/ , 3,/ ,, ,3, /+/3K. I + +/B ,+,/

, ,+Q/ 2 +3/0, , ,3 3,0 / `, 0, ++/4`. A +//0/ 0, ,

+0,/H /+/3K ,/3 ,, 3,/@, , 2 3 0, ++/4.

A ++/4 ,3, 2 3 ,KK, 3/ +K,/4,B @//30B /B , /9 / ,

++/ + ,;+=+/. U/ ,@=+/ 0,/ +K,/4, , +/0/ 3 ,,+3, 2 ;4,:

+3/ ,K4B + +,3,\ , ,0, + ,K4B + ,K0. A 0,3,/4 0/ ;4

, ,, K ,,+3/ , ,3 ,,+;+ +//0/ 0, +3, 0, 0H@.

PROTOCOLOS DA CAMADA DE SESSÃO

A +//0/ 5 3, KH 3+ 3/3,. V+= 0,K,H , +//Q 0, ,+,+, ,, 3+

/0 ,, //,+,, , +,0,3 0, @ , /+/3K. S ,, 0, 3+

0/ +//0/ 5:

• N,3JY F, S3, 'NFS(: 3,/ 0, /K // +/3/,3 0, /K , 0,3>

• S3+3,0 &, L/@/@, 'S&L(: @/@, 0, ,/ // $D

• R,3, P+,0, C/ 'RPC(: 3,+@/ 0, ++/4 ,3, +,B , ,3, / 3

+// +,0,3 , 3 3• S3,/ -*0J: ,,@ 0, 3,;/+, @H;+/ + W/,/ /0 3,/ U , L

"?



• A,T/Y S, P3+ 'ASP(: 3+ 0/ A, // ,3/9,,+,B @,,+/ , ,+,/

,,

• D@3/ N,3JY A+3,+3, S, C3 P3+ 'DNA SCP(:

"8



CAMADA F APRESENTA%&O

A +//0/ 0, /,,3/4 ,3H ,+/0/ + ;/3 , / ,,,3/4 0 0/0 ,B , ,+,HB

,/ +//0/ 0, ;/Q, / +K, ,3, ;/3 0, 0/0 0;,,3,. A +//0/ 0, /,,3/4

;,+, / ;/3/4 , / +K, 0, +>0@B /0/ // @//3 , /+/3K 3,/

;/4, @;+/3K/ / ,, +,/0/. A 0B + / +//0/ 6 ,3H 3/9 ,+/0/

+ / ,33/ 0, 0/0 , /0/ , /+/3K.

A +//0/ 0, /,,3/4 ,HK, /,,3/ 0/0 0, / ;/ , 03K ,+,3

/ ,3,0,. P// , K+= ,3,0/ , ++,3B , / //@/ 0, 0/ ,/ ;//0 0/

0;,,3,. A +/ /,/ 0, / ,3,0, / 3/ /3/K 0, 3,3,. A +//0/ 0, /,,3/4

,K, + 3,3, // 03K , ,+,3, , ++/ ,/ ,0,.

A +//0/ 6B / +//0/ 0, /,,3/4B ;,+, 3= ;4, +/. E/ ;4, :

• F/3/4 0, 0/0 '/,,3/4(

• C3@/;/ 0, 0/0

• C/+3/4 0, 0/0

A> ,+,9, 0/0 0, / +//0/ ,B / +//0/ 0, /,,3/4 ,,+3/ / 30/ / /;4, 0/0 /3, 0, ,KH- // / +//0/ 0, ,. N/ ,3/4 ,+,3/B / +//0/ 0,

/,,3/4 3/ 0/0 0/ +//0/ 0, , , ,,+3/ / ;4, ,+,H/ /3, 0, /H-

// / +//0/ 0, /+/4.

FORMATO DOS DADOS

P// ,3,0, + / ;/3/4 0, 0/0 ;+/B /@, 2 3,/ 0;,,3,. O , 3,/

/ E3,0,0 $/ C0,0 D,+/ I3,+/@, C0, 'E$CDIC( // ,,,3/ +//+3,, / 3,/B

, ,@0 3,/ / A,+/ S3/0/0 C0, ; I;/3 I3,+/@, 'ASCII(. A +//0/ 6

;,+, / +K, ,3, ,, 0;,,3, 3 0, +>0@."%



O /0, 0/ +//0/ 6 3/9 0,3,/ + / /@, 0, B , ;, , /,,3/0.

CRIPTOGRAFIA DOS DADOS

A +//0/ 6 3/9 ,HK, ,/ +3@/;/ 0, 0/0. A +3@/;/ 0, 0/0 3,@, /

;/4, 0/3, / 3/. A 3//4, ;/+,/ ' ,,B / ;/4, 0, +/3, 0,

+03( / / +3@/;/ // 3,@, ;/4, @/ /0 ,3/ //0/ ,/ I3,,3.

U/ +/K, 0, +3@/;/ /0/ // +3@/;/ 0/0 / @, ,B 0,B 0,+3@/;/ 0/0

0,3.

COMPACTAÇÃO DOS DADOS

A +//0/ 0, /,,3/4 3/9 ,HK, ,/ +/+3/4 0 /K. A +/+3/4

;+/ /0-, /@3 ';>/ /3,H3+/ +,/( // ,+, 3// 0 /K. O

/@3 +/ , +/0/ /K /0, 0, 93 ,,30 ,B 0,B 933 3Y,. U

3Y, /0 0, 93 3 / +3 , ,,,3/ /0 @. U/ //@/ , ,/

, C/3 ' /,0(B 3Y,B // , ,;, / /, ,/ , , +/, C/3//.

5)



51



CAMADA K APL(CA%&O

A +//0/ 0, /+/4 / +//0/ 0 0, OSI / >/ 0 3,/ ;/ , 0,3,/ , ,3,

,+ ;+,3, // / ++/4 ,3, 3,/. S, / +//0/ 0, /+/4B /K,/

, 3, ++/4 0, ,0,. E/ 3/ +,3, 0, ++/4 0, / /+/4. A

+//0/ 0, /+/4 ,HK, :

• I0,3;+/ , ,3/9,,+, / 090/0, 0, /+, , , ,3,0/ 3, / ++/4

• S+Q/ / /+/4, +,/3K/

• E3/9,,+, /+0 9, +,0,3 // ,+,/4 0, ,

• C3/ / 3,@0/0, 0 0/0

A +//0/ 0, /+/4 ;,+, ,K4 / ,/ 3/ +//0/ 0 0, OSIB ,3/3B ,/

;,+, ,K4 / +, 0, /+/4 ;/ 0 X93 0 0, OSI.

E, 0,, +, 0, /+/4 +,:

P@// 0, //B

P@// 0, +,/,3 0, 3,3

P@// 0, 3,/ 9/+H.

A // 0/ /+/4, , 3/9// , /9,3, , ,0, +/;+/0/ + /+/4, +,3,-

,K0. E/ /+/4,B +B ,,B FTPB /K,@/0, 0/ *,9 , +, ,,3+B 3=

0 +,3, , ,3, , ,/ ;+,: /0 0 +,3, , /0 0 ,K0. O /0 0

+,3, ,3H +/Q/0 +3/0 +/ , +3/0 0 ,K4. O /0 0 ,K0 +/Q/-, , +3/0 ,3 , ;,+, ,K4 , ,3/ +3/4, 0 +,3,.

A 0B / +//0/ 0, /+/4 ;,+, / 3,;/+, 0,3/ // ,3/3, 0 0, OSI /0

/+/4, 0, ,0, ' ,,B ***B +, ,,3+B FTPB T,,3( / 3,;/+, 0,3/ /0

/+/4, 3/0 /, ' ,,B +,/0, 0, 3,3B //B @,,+/0, 0, /,,3/4,(

+ ,0,+/0 0, ,0,.

U/ /+/4 +,3,-,K0 3/9// ,,30 +3/3,,3, / ,@3, 3/ , : +3/4 0

+,3,B ,3/ 0 ,K0\ +3/4 0 +,3,B ,3/ 0 ,K0B ,3+.

AL=$MAS APL(CA%'ES DE CAMADA DE APL(CA%&O

SER#(%O DE REDE PROTOCOLOS,K4 0, , DNSS,K4 J,9 #TTPT/;,=+/ 0, /K FTPC, ,,3+ SMTPB POP , IMAPT,/ ,3 T,,3

DNS 'DOMAIN NAME SiSTEM(

52



E9/ @// 3,+/,3, / , ,;, / 3B +// 0, +, , 3 ,+ 3Q/0

, ,0,,4 ,0, ' ,,B ,0,,4 IP(B ,, ,0,,4 0;+, 0, ,Q/ , ,

,0,,4 IP 0/B ,0,-, / +/Q/4 0 3. A 0B ,K/ +, ,,3+ //

3//j128.111.2"."1 @;+/ ,B , K,0 / @/Q/4 0, T// 0/ ,K0 0, +,

// / H/ 0;,,3, + 3 ,0,,4 IPB , ,0,,4 0, +, ,,3+ 3,H 0, 0/.C,,3,,3,B ;/ 30Q0 , , ASCII // 0,/+/ , 0/ H/ 0

,0,,4 0,/ H/. D,, 0B ,0,,4 0, T// 0,/ , /@ + 3//j/3.+9.,0.

T0/K/B / ,0, , > ,+,+, ,0,,4 +\ 3/3B ,+,H /@ 3 0, ,+/

// +K,3, 3@ ASCII , ,0,,4 0, ,0,. N/ ,4, / ,@B ,30/, + ,,

/,/,3 ;,3 / I3,,3.

A ,=+/ 0 DNS / +/4 0, ,,/ ,H+ 0, /394 0, ,B 9/,/0 0 ,

0, 3,/ 0, 9/+ 0, 0/0 0390 // ,,3/ ,, ,,/ 0, ,+/3/.

#TTP '#iPERTET TRANSFER PROTOCOL(

D,;, + +,3, J,9 '9J, ,,( ,3/ H@/ / ,K0, , + ,, /

3/;,, / +,3,.

&/0 H ,3/ / H@/ J,9B 9J, ,K/ ,/@, 0, ,4 #TTP //

9W,3 0/ H@/. O ,K0 ,+,9, / ,4 , ,0, + ,/@, 0, ,3/ #TTP ,

+3 9W,3.

TELNET

O ;3J/, 0, ,/4 0, 3,/ 'T,,3( ,3, /+, 0, ;/ ,3/ / 3 +3/0. I

,3, , K+= ,;,3, @ , 3 0/ I3,,3 , ,,+3, +/0. U +,3, T,,3 +//0 0,

3 +/ , ,K0 T,,3B , / ;3J/, ,,+/ 0,/0 0/,B +//0 0, 3

,3.

5



A ,/4 T,,3 / ,/ +//+0/0, 0, +,/,3 0 +3/0 0, 3/. E K,Q

0B ,/ 3/3, / 3,+/ ,/0/ / 3 ,3 , ,K/ / /0/ 0, 3,/ ,3/3, 0, K3/ /

3 +/. T0 +,/,3 , //Q,/,3 +, +3/0 ,3.

A /+/4 T,,3 3/9// +/,3, / 3= +//0/ ,, 0 0, OSIB / +//0/ 0,

/+/4 '+/0(B / +//0/ 0, /,,3/4 ';/3B /,3, ASCII( , / +//0/ 0, ,

'3/,(. O 0/0 // // / +//0/ 0, 3/3,B 0, ,@,3/0 , /0+/0 ,0,,4 0/ 3/ , / K,;+/4 0, ,. O 0/0 //B ,3B // / +//0/ 0, ,0, 0,

+/9,4/ IP '+3,0 ,0,,4 IP 0, @, , 0, 0,3( /0+/0. D,B /+3, 3/;,@/ //

/ +//0/ 0, ,/+,B , ,+// /+3, , /0 0, 0/0B /0+/ ,0,,4 MAC 0, @,

, 0, 0,3 , 3/, 0, /0. A> / 0,3,/4 0 ,0,,4 MACB /0 3/;,@/H , ,

;+ '/ ;/ 9H/( // > 03K. &/0 0/0 +,@/, / +3/0 0 3

,3B / +//0/ 0, ,/+,B 0, ,0, , 0, 3/3, ,/@/ +/0 0, 0/0 @/. O

+3/0 0 ,3 ,,+3/ +/0 , 3/3, ,3/0 0, K3/ / +,3, +/B /0

, +, 0, ,+//,3 , ,3,@ +/0 @/.

T0 ,, +, , ,,3,B ,K/0 +/0 , ,+,9,0 ,3/0B /3 , +,3, +/ 3,/

++0 3/9/ , ,+/K/ , ,,+3/0. A> / ++ 0 3/9/B +,3, 3,/H /

,.

FTP 'FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(

O 3+ 0, 3/;,=+/ 0, /K 'FTP( W,3/0 // ;/Q, 0J/0 ' ,,B 0/ I3,,3(

/0 0, /K ' ,,B ,KH- I3,,3(. A +//+0/0, 0, ;/Q, 0J/0 , /0

0, /K / I3,,3 0 ,+ / K/ , / I3,,3 3, / ;,,+,B ,,+/,3, //

/ ,/ , 0,,0, 0 +3/0 // KH/ ;/0/0, , /0 0K, , /3/Q/4, 0,

;3J/, 0, , ,0/3/,3, ,+,H/. O /03/0, 0, ,0, //,3, 0, ,,/B

, /@ 0/B // 93, 0K, ,+,H , ,3/ , ,K0, 0, ,0, K3, /

;+/.

O FTP / /+/4 +,3,-,K0 3/ + TELNET. E, ,@, ;3J/, ,K0 ,0

,,+3/0 , 3 , / , /+,/0 , ;3J/, +,3,. U/ , 0 FTP ,3/9,,+0/

0/ ,/ /,/ , / , T,,3. EB 3/ + T,,3B / , 0 FTP /30/ /3 ,

+,3, / 3,, /W/ /@ 3 0, , 0, ++/4.

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