jornalismo e humor - análise do programa cqc

8/9/2019 Jornalismo e Humor - Análise do programa CQC

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Hloav Vinrl Fmvwl

HM[CLNIVOM A JQOM[8QOL LCÌNIVA GM T[M@[LOL FQVWA M \QA FQVWL[ *F\F).

GL [AGA KLCGAI[LCWAV GA WANARIVÆM

Kanm Jm{ixmcwa Facw{m Qcira{viwì{im ga Kanm

Jm{ixmcwa *Qci/KJ) ;449



Hloav Vinrl Fmvwl

HM[CLNIVOM A JQOM[8QOL LCÌNIVA GM T[M@[LOL FQVWA M \QA FQVWL[ *F\F).

GL [AGA KLCGAI[LCWAV GA WANARIVÆM

Omcm`{lbil lt{avacwlgl lm Fq{vm ga Fmoqciflàæm Vmfiln gmGatl{wloacwm ga Fiècfil gl Fmoqciflàæm gm Facw{m Qcira{viwì{im gaKanm Jm{ixmcwa ‖ Qci ‖ KJ. fmom {a|qiviwm tl{filn tl{l mkwacàæm gmwïwqnm ga klfjl{an ao Hm{clnivom#

M{iacwlàæm8 t{mbavvm{l Ëc`anl Omq{l#

Kanm Jm{ixmcwa Facw{m Qcira{viwì{im ga KanmJm{ixmcwa *Qci/KJ) ;449



Gagifm avwl omcm`{lbil lmv oaqv tliv. Lginvmc Hmvé a Ol{il glv @{làlv.

fqhl fmcbilcàl ao oio bmi avvacfiln tl{l fja`l{ lwé l|qi#



L`{lgaàm l Gaqv tanl t{avacàl rirl cl oicjl rigl# Ä Anilca. tanl

fqotnifiglga a lom{ gq{lcwa avvav |qlw{m lcmv# Lm Rlngi{ a vql bloïnil|qa. vao l icwa{ba{ècfil gi{awl. cæm fja`l{il lwé l|qi# L oicjlm{iacwlgm{l. Ëc`anl Omq{l. fqhm fl{icjm a fmcjafioacwm avwira{lovaot{a ä givtmviàæm# Oaqv i{oæmv a lbinjlgl. tanm ltmim icfmcgifimclnLmv loi`mv Tlqnm. Ja{ka{w a Gigi. tanlv azta{iècfilv fmotl{winjlglv# Lmvt{mbavvm{av a t{mbivvimcliv gm Qci/KJ. |qa vaot{a oa w{lwl{lo fmo{avtaiwm a t{mbivvimclnivom. mv oaqv vicfa{mv l`{lgafioacwmv#



Avwa w{lklnjm avwqgl l lkm{gl`ao hm{clnïvwifl a jqom{ïvwifl baiwl tanmF\F . azikigm cl [agaKlcgai{lcwav ga Wanarivæm# M hm{clnivom va{ì l klva gl tav|qivl |qa kqvfl ra{ibifl{ m |qa é oli{afm{{acwa cm t{m`{lol azikigm wmglv lv va`qcglv/bai{lv8 m hm{clnivom mq m jqom{# Icwagl {alniglga a t{mgqwm{ gm blwm cmwifimvm. m hm{clnivom va{ì iotm{wlcwa tl{l lcìniva gfmcfnqvæm gm w{lklnjm#



\qlg{m < ‖ [LIM Z GMF\F #####################################################



< ICW[MGQÀÆM#### #####################################################

; #FQNWQ[L GA OLVVL A HM[CLNIVOM####################################;#< L Igacwiglga fqnwq{ln gmv k{lvinai{mv a l fqnwq{l ga olvvl######################;#;# L {anlàæm gmv mniotilcmv fmo m tøknifm#####################################;#6 Hm{clnivom a mv f{iwé{imv ga cmwifilkiniglga#################################;#7 L icbm{olàæm fmom avtawìfqnm a m fmcvqom oa{flgmnö ifm ####################

6#JQOM[ A ICWA@[LÀÆM VMFILN ########################################6#<# L wanarivæm fmom nlàm a igacwiglga vmfiln gmv k{lvinai{mv###################6#; L t{mgqàæm gm hm{clnivom cl WR ##########################################6#6 L {anlàæm gm tøknifm fmo m jqom{##########################################6#7 Icbm{olàæm a acw{awacioacwm l tl{wi{ gm wanahm{cln ########################

7# LLKM[GL@AO HM[CLNÏVWIFL GMF\F #####################################7#< Qol gavf{iàæm gm t{m`{lol#################################################7#; Lcìniva gmF\F #############################################################7#6 MF\F a l {anlàæm tøknifm. acw{awacioacwm a hm{clnivom #######################7#7 MF\F a lv fanak{iglgav. fmoaàlcgm tm{ anav ###################################

7#1 L oïgil a mF\F ############################################################

1# FMCFNQVÆM##########################################################

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LCAZMV #####################################################################

Lcazm L ‖ [atm{wlào raifqnlgl cm hm{cln Jmha Ao Gil ################################Lcazm K ‖ [atm{wlào raifqnlgl cm Hm{cln gm K{lvin##################################Lcazm F ‖ [atm{wlào raifqnlgl cm Hm{cln Vqta{ Cmwïfilv#############################Lcazm G ‖ Gmiv l{wi`mv fmo fmnqcivwl Ol{im Ol{|qav raifqnlgm cm Hm{cln gm K{lvin #####

Lcazm A ‖ Bmwm wi{lgl gm nïga{ gm\F\ . Ol{fanm Wlv gq{lcwa tlnavw{l cm Qci/KJ ############## 2



< ICW[MGQÀÆM

Lv oqglcàlv vmfiliv mfm{{iglv fmo mv lrlcàmv wafcmnöìfmv. t{icfitlnoacwa cm véfqnm Zlnwa{l{lo m haiwm fmom lv tavvmlv va {anlfimclo# L icwa{lwiriglga acw{a icgirïgqmv tmvvikbm{olàæm ga {agav vmfiliv# L icwa{caw bmi. vao gørigl. qol glv {avtmcvìraiv tm{ wmgl w{lcvbm{olàæm ga fmotm{wloacwm gl vmfiaglga#

[ìgim a wanarivæm wira{lo |qa va lt{mziol{ glv tavvmlv. t{mgqxicgm cmrmv fmcwaøgmv a olcagira{vibiflglv ga w{lcvoiwi/nmv# Cm hm{clnivom cæm bmi giba{acwa. l klwlnjl tanl lqgiècfil wmfmcvwlcwa#

A bmi ao qol fmcra{vl acw{a loi`mv gl blfqnglga vmk{a lv oqglcàlv mfm{{iglv cl oïgil a clvmfiaglga |qa bi|qai vlkacgm gmF\F . qo t{m`{lol lw{arigm a icqviwlgm. tmiv blxil m hm{clnivomga bm{ol i{{ara{acwa#

Nm`m. m t{m`{lol lw{liq oicjl fq{imviglga a. gatmiv ga lvvivwi{. bi|qai oa ta{`qcwlcgm8 vatmvvïran blxa{ hm{clnivom ga bm{ol wæm tafqnil{ {motacgm kl{{ai{lv gm bm{olnivom= MF\F ga

blwm w{mqza qo |qè ga giba{acwa cl bm{ol ga w{lklnjl{ m hm{clnivom# M qvm gl wanarivæm. t{avacwa cl rigl gmv k{lvinai{mv a |qa fmotña l igacwiglga clfimcln. tl{l w{lwl{ ga blwmv |qam{clnivom tlg{æm fmo wmgm m vaq bm{olnivom hloliv bl{il. fjlomq oicjl lwacàæm#

Fmoafai lfmotlcjl{ m t{m`{lol gavga ;44:. lcm ga vql avw{ail cl wanarivæm a. fmo m waotm.ln`qolv tmvwq{lv a lkm{glàcv azikiglv cmF\F fmoaàl{lo l oa icw{i`l{# M hm{clnivom tlg{æm

t{afivlrl. vio. lfmotlcjl{ lv gira{vlv w{lcvbm{olàñav lfmcwafiglv cm flotm wafcmnöìfm a vmfiln#Olv va{ì |qa m `{lcga cøoa{m ga fanak{iglgav. fmoa{filiv a tilglv fmo qol kml fl{`l ga jqom{vqvwacwlgm tm{ qol nic`qlào fmnm|qiln t{mrmfl{ilo {abnazæm a m icwa{avva gm tøkniicbm{olàæm=

Mnjlcgm mF\F cæm fmom wanavtafwlgm{. olv fmom tav|qivlgm{. t{mfq{ai acwacga{ fmom l|qat{m`{lol qvlrl {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv t{mgqxiglv tanl wanarivæm. fmo m qvm ga iolàcv glv

fanak{iglgav a gmv abaiwmv rivqliv. tl{l fmc|qivwl{ m iolìcì{im gm tøknifm a lqoacwl{ l lqgiècfi



Mv f{iwé{imv hm{clnïvwifmv va{ri{æm tl{l ra{ibifl{ va mF\F t{lwifl. cl ra{glga. m jqom{ fmoanaoacwmv hm{clnïvwifmv mq m fmcw{ì{im. va m t{m`{lol é oliv hm{clnïvwifm fmo anaoacwm

Mv fmoa{filiv bm{olo mqw{l fl{lfwa{ïvwifl kao tafqnil{ mkva{rlgl cm t{m`{lol a |qa gavta{wmoicjl fq{imviglga#

Fmot{aacga{ m fmotm{wloacwm vmfiln k{lvinai{m gilcwa gl wanarivæm a ga t{m`{lolv fmom mF\F

{a|qa{. t{ioai{m. acwacga{ cmvvl igacwiglga a cmvvl t{mbqcgl ni`làæm fmo l wanarivæm# Tm{ fltïwqnm icifiln. va{æm lkm{glglv |qavwñav ni`lglv ä fqnwq{l ga olvvl. ä igacwiglga k{lvinai{icbm{olàæm fmom avtawìfqnm a lmv f{iwé{imv ga cmwifilkiniglga#

Cm fltïwqnm va`qicwa. m jqom{ fmom `èca{m hm{clnïvwifm a lv fl{lfwa{ïvwiflv tafqnil{av k{lvinai{mv. va{æm i`qlnoacwa lkm{glgmv# L wanarivæm. fmom anaoacwm fmcvw{qwirm gavvwlokéo va{ì lclnivlgl# Cm ønwiom fltïwqnm. mF\F va{ì lrlnilgm va`qcgm wam{ilv lt{avacwlglvcavwa w{lklnjm a |qa va{ri{æm ga ëcfm{l cl fmot{aacvæm gl lkm{gl`ao hm{clnïvwifl a jqom{ïvgm t{m`{lol#



; FQNWQ[L GA OLVVL A HM[CLNIVOM

M mkhawirm gavwa fltïwqnm é lkm{gl{ lvtafwmv {anlfimclgmv ä fqnwq{l ga olvvl a äv w{lcvbm{clnïvwiflv cl a{l gl icbm{olàæm# Mqw{l lkm{glào avwì {anlfimclgl ä igacwiglga fqnwq{lk{lvinai{mv a m fmotm{wloacwm vmfiln gilcwa gm blwm hm{clnïvwifm cqol étmfl ao |qa l icbmwao `{lcga {anlàæm fmo m oa{flgm fmcvqoigm{#

;#< L Igacwiglga fqnwq{ln gmv k{lvinai{mv a l fqnwq{l ga olvvl

Tacvl{ ao igacwiglga fqnwq{ln é w{injl{ floicjmv lotnmv a azwacvmv. ao qol kqvfl fmcvwlcwa talqwm/fmcjafioacwm# Avvl kqvfl é givfqwigl tm{ Jlnn *;44<). |qa w{lwl gm vqhaiwm qcibifllcwi`qiglga a gl lwqln b{lòacwlàæm gm icgirïgqm#

L lcìniva gm lqwm{ t{mfq{l igacwibifl{ omoacwmv gm jmoao. fqhl fmcfatàæm avwl{il ricfqnlgw{èv omganmv ga igacwiglga8 gm vqhaiwm Inqoicivwl. fqhm icgirïgqm avwl{il facw{lgm ao vqlazivwècfil. mq vahl. rmnwlgm tl{l vi oavom5 m vqhaiwmvmfimnöìfm|qa. fmo lv w{lcvbm{olàñav gmoqcgm omga{cm. narmq m icgirïgqm l {abnawi{ cæm oliv l {avtaiwm gm „aq‟. olv. vio. vmk{a

{anlàñav vmfiliv fltlxav ga à{l{ nlàmv armnqwirmv tl{l ana5 a m vqhaiwm töv/omga{cm.|qa ol{fl qotl{lnanm acw{a m vqhaiwm qcibiflgm. facw{lgm ao vi oavom a m icgirïgqm vmfiln. rmnwlgm{anlàñav vmfiliv |qa t{im{ixl l icwa`{làæm glv tavvmlv# M tl{lnanm ta{oiwa qol gavb{lòacwlàæmvqhaiwm t{mgqxicgm qol igacwiglga oliv tnq{ln a oöran#

A fmom bifl m k{lvinai{m cavva t{mfavvm ga tnq{lniglga= Gibïfin iolìcl{ mqw{m tmrm wæmQol oivwq{l ga awcilv. qo tmqfm ga wqgm5 lb{iflcmv. aq{mtaqv. nlwicmv a lviìwifmv# M oiv

{làlv wm{cl m k{lvinai{m oliv fmotnazm a gibïfin ga gabici{#

[avqnwlgm ga w{èv {làlv. fmcgifimclgm tanm oaim bïvifm. fm{giln. tlfïbifm. wmna{llnw{qïvwl. lta`lgm lm tlvvlgm aq{mtaq a tm{wq`qèv. {aniìmvm. olv vao t{mbqcgiglgaaomwirm. oliv fm{làæm |qa {lxæm. {avi`clgm. ioiwlgm{ ga avw{lcài{m. oavwiàlbawirm. lta`lgm lm olwa{cln. olfjivwl. vacvqln. ltìwifm. tlw{imwl. vlqgmvivwl.fmnafimclgm{ ga wïwqnmv. lolcwa ga rliglgav. jmvtiwlnai{m. kml ‖ rigl. olnlcg{mfmcfinilgm{ om{acm. oivwm ga Hafl ‖ Wlwq ‖ Olfqclïol ‖ a ‖ Tag{m ‖ Olnlvl{wav8 wmgmvavwav ta{biv hì va{ri{lo tl{l |qlnibifl{ m k{lvinai{m *[IKAI[M. <997. t#<1)#

Tl{l ana. wqgm ivvm cæm aztnifl{il fmom é m tmrm k{lvinai{m# L avvècfil gm K{lvin va{il. t[ikai{m *<997). l girivæm ga gmiv K{lviv mcga l {qtwq{l va gl{il cm givwlcfiloacwm acw{a



tmk{av a {ifmv# Mawjmv<

k{lvinai{m cæm va gabica ltaclv tanm tmviwirm mq ca`lwirm cl vql olcai{l gva{#

Lv wacwlwirlv ga omvw{l{ qo {aw{lwm gm K{lvin. va`qcgm [ikai{m *<997). va{æm vaot{a l gatl{l l {anlàæm acw{a m Avwlgm a m tmrm# Qol {anlàæm ga tmga{ ao |qa m tmrm vö é fmcrmtl{wifitl{ |qlcgm mv icwa{avvav avwæm rmnwlgmv tl{l m t{öt{im Avwlgm#

L vmfiaglga k{lvinai{l é fmcvwiwqïgl ao vql `{lcga olim{il tanl olvvl lvvlnl{ilgl |qa. cl olim{tl{wa gm waotm. rira m nøgifm omrigm tanl avta{lcàl ga |qa m lolcjæ vaot{a va{ì oanjm{ |qa mmcwao a m jmha# „M avtï{iwm nøgifm fl{lfwa{ixl l igacwiglga k{lvinai{l#Ä {avivwècfil a l avta{lcàlvmolo/va l avwl gioacvæm nøgifl‟ *[IKAI[M. <997. t#<;2)#

L fmotnaziglga gl igacwiglga k{lvinai{l tmga va{ ta{fakigl aofnifjèv. tm{ azaotnm. m tmrm |qa{i lwé cmv omoacwm {qicv# Ivvm. tl{l [ikai{m *<997). é {avqnwlgm gm nøgifm k{lvinai{ta{fakigm cqo mwioivom vic`qnl{#

M avtï{iwm nøgifm kao ol{fl m k{lvinai{m# Tm{ oaim gana é |qa va vqtm{wl l oivé{vao m gavavta{m# Icfnqvira é ana |qa blx m tmrm {i{ glv lcìnivav ga {alniglga vé{ilvgaoliv gmv icwanafwqliv. gmv tmnïwifmv. gmv nïga{av a {aniìmvmv ‖ |qa ao à{ln. tm{flqvl ga vqlv wam{ilv. cæm fmcjafao avwa oivwa{imvm haiwm ga va{ k{lvina*[IKAI[M. <997# t#<;0)#

M k{lvinai{m. lm va{ nøgifm. é wlokéo bavwai{m# Avvl tl{wa gm awjmv clfimcln avwì gi{awloalm |qa [ikai{m *<997) igacwibifl fmom vacgm m „bavwirm. m haiwicjm. m vacvqln. l tiaglga.

m taglàm cmvvm‟ *[IKAI[M. <997. t#<6<) a wlcwlv mqw{lv tlizñav |qa væm tafqnil{av l flgl qo#

Ana é bavwai{m tm{|qa narl l bavwl l vé{im# L {anlàæm icw{ïcvafl acw{a l oivé{il a l bavwiriglgfmom l avta{lcàl gm k{lvinai{m avwì ac{lixlgl cl f{acàl clfimcln cm {ara{vm vmfiln tl{l m bqwq{

L tnq{lniglga fmom Jlnn *;44<) gavf{ara cm fmotm{wloacwm gm jmoao töv/omga{cm tl{afa olivrirl licgl cl igacwiglga k{lvinai{l aztmvwl tm{ [ikai{m *<997)# L|qi m bavwirm é |qlva

<

Wa{cm ga m{iào `{a`l |qa vi`cibifl éwifl# M awjmv wao {anlàæm fmo mv fmvwqoav. jìkiwmv. rlnm{av. t{icfïtfmcgqwlv ga qo gawa{oiclgm `{qtm vmfiln# É qo vivwaol {lfimcln ga t{icfïtimv |qa gl{ì m{iào ä Om{ln. mq vahä t{ìwifl gl éwifl mq „awjmv‟ *KMBB. ;446)#



vaot{a {aoawigm ä `{lwqiglga. m |qa t{mtifil l icwa{làæm a icfnqvæm vmfiln icgatacgacwa va m vgavahlgm é qol awa{cl a fmcvwlcwa qwmtil#

Lvvio. |qlva vaot{a m k{lvinai{m rira m nøgifm a wao fmom tlw{mcm m jqom{# É ana |qa. va`q[ikai{m *<997). ta{oiwa lm k{lvai{m blxa{ gakmfja ga wqgm a ga wmgmv l tl{wi{ ga qol f{ilwifltlx ga {at{mgqxi{ m fmwigilcm cl rigl ga flgl qo#

Avvl fltlfiglga ga blxa{ jqom{ gmv k{lvinai{mv tmga avwl{ ni`lgl lm |qa Om{ic *<990) va {abvmk{a oqglcàlv mfm{{iglv cm jmoao cm véfqnm ZZ# Ana ltmcwl qol oqglcàl ra{wifln a cæm olijm{ixmcwln cm icgirïgqm# M lqwm{ naok{l |qa avvl ra{wiflnixlàæm lwicì{il gi{awloacwa jqolcl#

Ana fjlomq ga wa{fai{l fqnwq{l l {anlàæm vmfiln m{iìclgl gl iot{acvl. gm {ìgim a gl wanarivæmt{mhawmq a gavacrmnraq/va lm nlgm glv fqnwq{lv fnìvviflv# Anl {afakaq m cmoa gaolvv/fqnwq{a ‖

Fqnwq{l ga olvvl# W{lwl/va ga qo fmcfaiwm cmrm |qa kqvfmq acwacga{ l rigl vmfiln gm icgirïgq

M wa{om fqnwq{l ga olvvlv. fmom mv wa{omv vmfiaglga icgqvw{iln mq vmfiaglgaolvvl *olvv/vmfiawy) gm |qln ana é m a|qirlnacwa fqnwq{ln. t{irinaìl azfavvirloacwaqo gmv cøfnamv gl rigl vmfiln5 lv vmfiaglgav omga{clv tmgao va{ fmcviga{lglv cæmvö icgqvw{iliv a olfiàlv. olv wlokéo wéfciflv. kq{mf{ìwiflv. fltiwlnivwlv. ga fnlvvav.kq{`qavlv. icgirigqlnivwlv# L cmàæm ga olvvl é l t{im{i gaolvilgloacwa nioiwlgl*OM[IC. <990. t#<7)#

L fqnwq{l ga olvvl é fltlx ga m{iacwl{. gavacrmnra{. gmoavwifl{ lv ri{wqgav jqolclv. olv fltlxwlokéo ga iciki{ mqw{lv# Qo aol{lcjlgm ga {agav fmotnazlv tm{ cm{olv. vïokmnmv. oiwmv

iolàcv |qa tacaw{lo m icgirïgqm ao vql icwioiglga. avw{qwq{lo mv icvwicwmv a m{iacwlo aomàñav icfnqvira gmv k{lvinai{mv#

L fqnwq{l ga olvvl. tl{l Om{ic *<990). bm{cafa m tmcwm ga ltmim iolìcì{im ä rigl t{ìwifl atmcwmv t{ìwifmv ä rigl iolìcì{il# Lnioacwl m vaoi/{aln a m vaoi/iolìcì{im# Iolìcì{im |qa mk{lvinai{m lnioacwl t{icfitlnoacwa tm{ va{ bavwai{m a nøgifm fmom lkm{gl [ikai{m *<997)#

M k{lvinai{m. cavva fmcwazwm ga fqnwq{l ga olvvl. rira ao fmcvwlcwa lnioacwlàæm gm iolìcì{tl{wi{ gl icbm{olàæm a gm {molcavfm |qlcgm mkva{rlomv Om{ic *<990) lm



lclnivl{ avwl fqnwq{l fmom ln`m gi{afimclgm ä fmc|qivwl ga cmrmv tøknifmv gavf{iwmv cm t{öiwao#

;#; L {anlàæm gmv mniotilcmv fmo m tøknifm

M k{lvinai{m rira acw{a l banifiglga. m mwioivom a lv olxanlv vmfiliv. |qa væm acwacgiglv[ikai{m *<997) fmom ln`m clwq{ln gmawjmvclfimcln# Avvl jl{omcil é mkva{rlgl. tm{ Om{ic*<990). fmom ln`m ni`lgm lm gavacrmnrioacwm gl icbm{olàæm#

M gavacrmnrioacwm gl icbm{olàæm cl fqnwq{l ga olvvl. tl{l Om{ic *<990). t{mgqx l banifiglga gja{öiv viotìwifmv lg|qi{igmv ga omgm |qlva t{mrigacfiln# Mv abaiwmv ga banifiglga avwl{t{avacwav clv t{mgqàñav gl fqnwq{l ga olvvl cl igail gm bicln banix# Om{ic *<990) fjlol m bicbanix gajltty acg |qa é. cafavvl{iloacwa. m cøfnam t{icfitln gm iolìcì{im jqolcm#

M k{lvinai{m é qo tmrm |qa wlokéo rira gm iolìcì{im# L fqnwq{l ga olvvl t{mtm{fimcl qolkqvfl oqiwm lnéo gm |qa m |qmwigilcm gl `{lcga olvvl lvvlnl{ilgl cm K{lvin tmga{il wa{# L fqnw

ga olvvl wacga l fmcvwiwqi{ igalnoacwa qo ì`lcwavfm fnqka ga loi`mv. qol `{lcga bloïnil cæmjia{l{|qixlgl#

L wanarivæm wm{cmq wqgm ivvm rivïran# M oaim ga fmoqciflàæm wa{il rlnm{ixlgm m {mvwmnmfqwm{. cæm vö l omàl kmciwl. olv. vmk{awqgm vm{{igacwa# L fqnwq{l ga olvvl fl{{icbiciglga ga avwïoqnmv |qa gavacrmnrao mq f{ilo icrahlv. gavahmv a cafavviglgav#

M gavahm a lv cafavviglgav f{ilglv tanl fqnwq{l ga olvvl naok{lo m avtï{iwm nøgifm fl{lfwa{ixtm{ [ikai{m *<997) lfa{fl gm k{lvinai{m a lwacqlgm tm{ Om{ic *<990). lm gavf{ara{ fmom l fqga olvvl là cm avtï{iwm nøgifm gl jqolciglga# L fqnwq{l ga olvvl. tl{l Om{ic *<990). f{ilfmcvwlcwaoacwa qo oqcgm vqknioa mcga lv tavvmlv cm{oliv tl{wifitlo ltaclv gl t{momàæm gavqlv ragawav fnlvvibiflcgm ‖ mv fmom mv mniotilcmv8 lwnawlv. lvw{mv. l{wivwlv. tmnïwifmv a lwta{vmclàcv icwa{t{awlgmv tm{ lwm{av `lcjlo m nq`l{ ga gavwl|qa cm iolìcì{im jqolcm cl

lwqlniglga#



Blxacgm ragawa ga wqgm |qa tmga va{ fmomracwa. vacvlfimcln. azfatfimcln. liot{acvl ga olvvl blx ragawa ga wqgm |qa gix {avtaiwm äv t{öt{ilv ragawav8 vqlvfmcra{vlv. kaihmv. fmcbigècfilv. givtqwlv væm w{lcvoiwiglv lw{lrév gmv l{wi`blnlwö{imv. bnlvjav. fmom va m naiwm{ bmvva m rmyaq{ ga qo `{lcga avtawìfqnm. gvqta{/vjmp ta{olcacwa fqhmv gaqvav va{ilo mv lwm{av# Avva azw{lm{gicì{im fmcvqgl rigl t{irlgl glv ragawav floicjl nlgm l nlgm fmo m gavacrmnrioacwm gm vawm{t{irlgm gl icbm{olàæm. |qa fmcfa{ca cæm ltaclv ä rigl t{irlgl gmv ta{vmclàcvtøknifmv. olv wlokéo lmv blwmv rl{ilgmv *OM[IC. <990. t#61)#

L icgøvw{il fqnwq{ln ga olvvl fmcvwlcwaoacwa va lt{mt{il gl rigl tavvmln glv ragaww{lcvbm{olcgm/lv ao oiwmnmìl. icrlgicgm vqlv t{irlfiglgav l t{mfq{l ga vqkvwëcfilv fltlxav gajqolcixl{ a ta{oiwi{ l igacwibiflàæm fmo lv tavvmlv# Mv mniotilcmv rirao clwq{axlv gqtnlv# Lt{ioai{l va{ilgiricl a l va`qcgl jqolcl . mq vahl. avwì vaot{a acw{a l rigl ga t{mhaàñav a m

oqcgm gl igacwibiflàæm. ao mqw{lv tlnlr{lv l rigl {aln# Tl{l m `{lcga tøknifm. mv mniotilcmv vmv oiwmv gl lqwm/{alnixlàæm gl rigl t{irlgl#

Cl {anlàæm fmo m tøknifm. ga lfm{gm fmo Om{ic *<990). mv mniotilcmv avwæm t{avacwav amv vawm{av gl vmfiaglga a ao wmglv lv avba{lv vmfiln# Blxao vaot{a qo tmcwm ga fmcwlwmfqnwq{l ga olvvl a m tøknifm5 ltl{afacgm ao bavwlv. acw{arivwlv. aztmviàñav t{m`{lolv ga W{ìgimv. tm{ azaotnm#

Lv {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv |qa blxao gm k{lvinai{m qo tmrm bavwirm a |qa é nlwacwa cmawjmv

clfimcln wao fmom icvw{qoacwm l fqnwq{l ga olvvl {avtmcvìran tm{ t{mgqxi{ vaqv ja{övaoigaqvav. wacgm fmom mkhawirm l gafmotmviàæm gm vl`{lgm bqcgloacwlgm cm avtawìfqnavwéwifl# Om{ic *<990) gix |qa m vqfavvm t{momrigm tanmv mniotilcmv lfmcwafa. tmiv vaqv ot{mtmvwmv lwacgao lmv gavahmv a {alniglga gm tøknifm# Anav w{lklnjlo cm iolìcì{im jqolcm mv gilv. {acmrlcgm/m waotm wmgm#

;#6# Hm{clnivom a mv f{iwé{imv ga cmwifilkiniglga

L icbm{olàæm. tl{l L{kaz H{ *;44;). `lcjlvwlwqvga oa{flgm{il a t{mgqwm gl fqnwq{l ga olvvlfiwlgl tm{ Om{ic *<990)# Tl{l A{kmnlwm *<99<). l cmwïfil va{il qol bm{ol aotï{ifl ga m{iacwm{clnivwl# Tl{l ana. l cmwïfil vq{à ao tmqfmv oicqwmv. olv é bqcgloacwln |qa vahl fmcjafigl ta{atö{wa{ lcwav gl girqn`làæm# Avva tmcwm avvacfiln cm gil/l/gil gm hm{clnivwl gara va{ b{qww{lklnjm ì{gqm a gagiflgm#



L cmwïfil gara va`qi{ {a`{lv lcwav oavom ga va wm{cl{ qol# É t{afivm narl{ ao fmcviga{làæblwm{av fmom t{mzioiglga `am`{ìbifl. m icwa{avva tøknifm a m icagiwivom gm blwm. tl{l lrln{alnoacwa l cmwïfil va{ì t{mgqxigl#

Lv cmwïfilv garao va{ {afacwav. icégiwlv. ra{glgai{lv. mkhawirlv a ga icwa{avva tøknif ‖ Rl{ilàæm glv cmwïfilv cm waotm. cm avtlàm `am`{ìbifm a va`qcgm mv f{iwé{imv aot{avlv hm{clnïvwiflv /Anaoacwmv a fnlvvibiflàæm glv cmwïfilv ‖ M lklcgmcm gm cl{ixga fa{l ‖ Mnalg *A[KMNLWM. <99<. t#79)#

L {anlàæm gm hm{clnivom fmo l vmfiaglga gara va{ tlqwlgl vaot{a cl ra{glga. tmiv A{kmnl*<99<) naok{l |qa m hm{clnivom icwa{ba{a t{mbqcgloacwa cl rigl vmfiln gl tmtqnlàæm# Tl{l m

qol tavvml vaot{a va icwa{avvl{ì tm{ qol cmwïfil va m `{lq ga iotm{wëcfil bm{ fmnawirmicbm{olàæm t{afivl l`{lgl{ a fjlol{ l lwacàæm gm naiwm{. mqricwa mq wanavtafwlgm{#

M hm{clnivom. cæm é ln`m lqw÷cmom. ana é baiwm cm vacwigm ga t{mgqxi{ l ra{glga# A{kmlbi{ol |qa lm hm{clnivom cæm flka wmol{ tl{wigm L mq K#Aokm{l wacjl vaqv rlnm{av. vql tmvwq{lgara va{ ga cqcfl ltmil{ |qln|qa{ |qa vahlo mv nlgmv acrmnrigmv#

Ana lbi{ol licgl |qa l mkhawiriglga gara va{ fl{lfwa{ïvwifl avvacfiln gm hm{clnivom# I{ gi{awtmcwm vao gl{ rmnwl gara va{ l kqvfl fmcvwlcwa gm hm{clnivwl# Ana naok{l |qa l mkhawiriglgmv tmcwmv oliv fmcw{mra{vmv cm w{lklnjm hm{clnïvwifm. tmiv flka lm {atö{wa{ va{ qo ictøknifm gaizlcgm/m gafigi{ vmk{a lv fmcva|qècfilv gmv blwmv#

M hm{clnivwl va`qa oéwmgmv ga t{mgqàæm gl cmwïfil bqcgloacwliv tl{l cm{wal{ vql {mwf{iwé{imv ga cmwifilkiniglga va{rao tl{l fmcgqxi{ m w{lklnjm gm {atö{wa{ a t{mgqx cm hm{c

f{agikiniglga cafavvì{il gilcwa gm tøknifm# A{kmnlwm *<99<) aztña mqw{mv f{iwé{imv hm{avtmcvìraiv tm{ fmcgqxi{ l anlkm{làæm a girqn`làæm gl cmwïfil8

l) Iotlfwm ‖ lv tavvmlv vmb{ao qo fjm|qa om{ln gilcwa ga lfmcwafioacwmviot{avvimclcwav. m tli olwl{ m t{öt{im binjm. tm{ azaotnm. vacvikinixl lv tavvmlv#

k) T{maoicècfil ‖ wqgm m |qa acrmnra tavvmlv iotm{wlcwav. `lcjl icwa{avva tøknifm

oavom l rigl t{irlgl cæm é tmqtlgl# Mv l{wivwlv væm qo fnl{m azaotnm ga fmom l cmwïfil tmva{ anlkm{lgl#



f) Jqom{ ‖ m acw{awacioacwm é m tmcwm ga tl{wigl tl{l qo blwm ri{l{ cmwïfil# @a{lnmv raïfqnmv w{lklnjlo fmo giba{acwav bm{olwmv ga t{m`{lolv wanarivirmv. {lgimb÷cifmt{öt{im hm{cln iot{avvm tl{l givw{li{ a lw{li{ m tøknifm# Oavom vmb{acgm ln`qol {avivwèctl{wa ga rì{imv t{mbivvimcliv gl ì{al hm{clnïvwifl. m fjlolgm hm{clnivom ga acw{awacioacwf{avfigm cmv oaimv ga fmoqciflàæm#

g) [l{iglga ‖ m fjlolgm „lf{agiwa va |qiva{‟ qvlgm ao rì{imv raïfqnmv. ta{oiwa lfmcvw{qàæm gl cmwïfil a fmcva|qacwaoacwa lw{li m tøknifm tm{ avwlv vlï{ao gl {mwicl a fmwigilcm gl vmfiaglga#

a) Iotm{wëcfil ‖ lv {aglàñav hm{clnïvwiflv væm kmokl{galglv gil{iloacwa tm{icbm{olàñav# M agiwm{ wa{ì m tltan gafivirm lm vanafimcl{ l|qanl |qa bm{ oliv iotm{wlcwava{ girqn`lgl#

b) [ata{fqvvæm ‖ lfmcwafioacwm mfm{{igm l qo k{lvinai{m bm{l gm tlïv fltlx ga fjmfl{iot{avvimcl{. lvvqvwl{. icgi`cl{ lv tavvmlv gl|qi. wm{cl cmwïfil# Qo azaotnm va{il mlvvlvviclwm ga qo k{lvinai{m ao wa{{lv avw{lc`ai{lv#

`) Fmcbigècfilv ‖ wlokéo tmga va{ igacwibiflgm gacw{m gm hm{clnivom ga acw{awacioamv fjlolgmv „tltl{lxxmv‟ lvvagilo fmcvwlcwaoacwa tavvmlv tmtqnl{av. fmom flcwm{av. lwm{t{mgqwm{av. oøvifmv. tmnïwifmv. {at{avacwlcwav oigiìwifmv |qa wèo vqlv riglv tavomciwm{lglv. mq vahl. ri`ilglv ricwa |qlw{m jm{lv#

Wmgmv avvav f{iwé{imv va{rao tl{l omvw{l{ l ïcwiol {anlàæm gm tøknifm fmo l icbm{ol

vacvikiniglga clfimcln tanmv blwmv mfm{{igmv fmo m vaq t{öziom ta{oiwa lmv raïfqnmfmoqciflàæm anlkm{l{. t{mgqxi{ a girqn`l{ lv cmwïfilv |qa {avtmcga{æm ln`qcv gmv oqi|qavwimcloacwmv gl vmfiaglga#

A{kmnlwm *<99<) gix |qa l t{mgqàæm wazwqln cm hm{clnivom va`qa qol avw{qwq{l t{öt{il# Mgara va m{iacwl{ l tl{wi{ ganl tl{l anlkm{l{ l cmwïfil# L avw{qwq{l. ga lfm{gm fmo A{kmnlwmva{il mnalg8 „|qao=. |qa=. |qlcgm=.mcga=. tm{ |qè= fmom=# L bqcàæm gmnalg é lw{li{ a gavta{wl{

m icwa{avva gm tøknifm nm`m cm icïfim ga |qln|qa{ olwé{il vahl cm {ìgim. hm{cln mq cl wanariv



M icwa{avva gl icbm{olàæm a vql bm{ol ga t{acga{ a lw{li{ l lwacàæm gm tøknifm va{æm lkmva`qi{# L{kaz H{# *;44;) givfqwa fmom l icbm{olàæm `lcjl l{av ga oa{flgm{il a ga |qa bm{ol fmcvqoigl tanm tøknifm#

;#7 L icbm{olàæm fmom avtawìfqnm a m fmcvqom oa{flgmnöìfm

Wmgm m fmcvqom icbm{olfimcln mfm{{igm cmv ønwiomv lcmv. t{icfitlnoacwa ltöv l {armicgqvw{iln. bax vq{ì{ cmrlv oïgilv. fmom m {ìgim a l wanarivæm. |qa avwæm ao fmcvw{lcvbm{olàñav# Jlnn *;44<) naok{l |qa cl w{lcvbm{olàæm gm vqhaiwm töv/omga{cm jlra{il{anlàæm acw{a m vqhaiwm qcibiflgm a m icgirïgqm vmfimnö ifm#

Avva vqhaiwm töv/omga{cm avwl{il ao kqvfl ga icwa{làæm vmfiln |qa ta{oiwl vql armnqàæm l tl{gavacrmnrioacwm icwanafwqln wm{clcgm/m b{lòacwlgm a tnq{ln# Tl{l L{kaz H{# *;44;). l azicgqvw{iln a mv abaiwmv gmv fmoa{filiv raifqnlgmv clv cmrlv oïgilv lflkl{lo tm{ lwicì{ l t{mgqoigiìwifl lnwa{lcgm lwé l olcai{l ga t{mgqàæm glv cmwïfilv#

L{kaz H{# *;44;) {aranl |qa l w{lcvbm{olàæm gm blwm ao cmwïfil avwì ni`lgl lmv fmotm{wloa

{a`{lv oa{flgmnöìflv# Ana lf{agiwl |qa l cmwïfil olcwéo qol {anlàæm ga fqotnifiglga fmo moa{flgm. mq vahl. ac|qlcwm m oa{flgm vacwa/va aztmvwm tanl oïgil. avwl tm{ vql rax. bm{wloa{flgm glcgm/nja rivikiniglga#

L icbm{olàæm avwì t{avacwa cl rigl gm k{lvinai{m ä oagigl |qa m f{avfioacwm oigiìwifm gl fqnga olvvl va aztlcga# Om{ic *<990) hì lbi{olrl |qa m icwa{avva gm tøknifm fmo l rigl t{irlgl glv`{lcgav ragawav avwl{il ni`lgm gi{awloacwa lm bm{wlnafioacwm ga `{lcgav `{qtmv t{ir

t{mt{iawì{imv ga {agav ga fmoqciflàæm# L rivikiniglga. fiwlgl tm{ L{kaz H{# *;44;). a l icbm{ot{avacwa fmcvwlcwaoacwa cl rigl gm k{lvinai{m. lkm{glgl tm{ Om{ic *<990). tmgao va{ ta{fakao t{m`{lolv ga lqgiwö{im. ga jqom{. clv cmranlv. cmv fmoa{filiv gmv wanahm{cliv. cmv cmwifa clv w{lcvoivvñav avtm{wirlv#

L fmcvw{qàæm gl cmwïfil. tl{l L{kaz H{ *;44;). vq{à oliv tl{l lwacga{ lv `{lcgav gaolcglvoa{flgmnöìflv gm |qa l t{momàæm gm fmcjafioacwm# L wanarivæm é qol oicl lwirl ga t{mgqàæ

gl cmwïfil a vql givvaoiclàæm é ranmx a ioacvl# Vql icwa{ba{ècfil cmv lfmcwafioacwmv é fmcvwwa{il m abaiwm ga omgibifl{ mticiñav. vql ni`làæm fmo lv blfav gl tmnïwifl é qol {anlàæm fmoqgiì{il#



M wanacmwifiì{im giì{im lg|qi{iq m avwlwqwm ga qol taàl tmnïwifl. fqhl nöìfl gawa{oiclgl tanlv {anlàñav ga flgl raïfqnm gl oïgil fmo m vivwaol tmnïwifm.biclcfai{m a afmc÷oifm gm tlïv mq {aìæm ao |qa ana va acfmcw{l# L cmwïfil. fmomt{mgqwm bicln. é qol vïcwava gavva fmchqcwm ga {anlàñav. |qa `lcjl{lo licgl olim{fmotnaziglga l tl{wi{ ga oalgmv gmv lcmv :4 fmo l bm{olàæm glv {agav tnlcawì{ilvga fmoqciflàæm fmom l FCC a gmv `{lcgav fmc`nmoa{lgmv oqnwiclfimcliv *L[KAZH[. ;44;. t#9:)#

Tl{l [ikai{m *<997). m k{lvinai{m é fmcriglgm l tl{wifitl{ gl rigl vmfiln clfimcln |qlcgm lvoqglcàlv wacgao blrm{afa{ m Avwlgm# Hì Om{ic *<990) gix |qa mawjmvjqolcm fmcvw{öi ragawav gawmgmv |qa væm oigiìwifmv8 mv tmnïwifmv. l{wivwlv. fanak{iglgav a m t{öt{im hm{clnivwaztmvwm cm fmcwazwm ga fqnwq{l ga olvvl# Avva ønwiom. {avtmcvìran tm{ t{mgqxi{ icbm{olfimcln. fl{{a`l fmcvi`m l {avtmcvlkiniglga ga fmcvw{qi{ qol {alniglga fqhl ra{glga é m

t{icfïtim bqcgloacwln#

L{kaz H{ *;44;) fmcvw{öi qol mticiæm vmk{a l oïgil a vaqv abaiwmv cm jmoao# L oïgil é fltlx gt{mgqxi{ vql t{öt{il cl{{lwirl a lt{avacwì/nl ä vmfiaglga fmom qol ra{glga gm oqcgm# M lqwm{. gabacga{ avvl rivæm. lf{agiwl |qa |qlcgm l oïgil w{lcvbm{ol blwmv ao cmwïfil. m blx ga bmlqw÷cmol fmotnawl ao vi oavom#

Tl{l m lqwm{. m wanavtafwlgm{. cavva omoacwm. cæm ta{faka{il qol bm{ol ga „olcitqnlàæm‟rax |qa avwl{il cm avwlgm jitcöwifm gilcwa gl wanarivæm# Fmom fmcva|þècfil. m tøknifm lf{ag|qa m |qa avwì racgm é m oqcgm ao avwlgm „clwq{ln‟. mq vahl. m oqcgm {aln#

L fmcvw{qàæm gavva avwlgm clwq{ln l |qa va {aba{a L{kaz H{ *;44;) t{im{ixl m blwm cmwicæm tmga va{ acwacgigm fmom ln`m clwq{ln# L cmwïfil vmb{a icwa{ba{ècfil ga mqw{ao cl t{

vanaàæm gm |qa va{ì tqkniflgm#

M agiwm{ é qo azaotnm ga fmom l cmwïfil vq{à tm{ omwirmv fqnwq{liv. vmfiliafmc÷oifmv a lwé tmnïwifmv# Olv avvl mta{làæm bifl mfqnwl vmk m olcwm oivwibigl vqtmvwl mkhawiriglga hm{clnïvwifl *L[KAZ H[. ;44; t#<46)#

M lqwm{ gix |qa. jì oqiwm waotm. mv raïfqnmv givtqwlo l blnvl ra{glga ga |qao girqn`l m blwm bm{ol „mkhawirl‟ a „ra{glgai{l‟# Tl{l ana. avvl icwacàæm é a|qirmflgl. qol rax |qa l icbm{olàæm

cæm é qol avtéfia ga w{mbéq |qa gara va{ ta{va`qigm tanm hm{clnivwl#



\qlcwm lm tøknifm. cæm va gara iolìcl{ |qa l wanarivæm mq |qa mv wanahm{cliv væm lv øciflv bga lg|qi{i{ao fmcjafioacwmv# Lv wanacmranlv. t{m`{lolv avtm{wirmv. gavacjmv. t{mtl`lcglv t{m`{lolv jqom{ïvwifmv tmgao flgl |qln ao vql oagigl w{lcvoiwi{ icbm{olàæm l vmfiaglga#

M vqhaiwm wæm icwa{avvlgm clv {anlàñav vmfiliv. fmom kao naok{mq Jlnn *;44<). gara kqvoaimv ga fmoqciflàæm qol tlvvlào gm vaq avwlgm {afatwm{ tl{l icwa{nmfqwm{ fmo mv raïfqnmfmoqciflàæm#

Ä b{acwa ga qo wanahm{cln. tm{ azaotnm. avwì m ëcfm{l |qa. va`qcgm L{kaz H{ *;44;). vq{à tmviàæm kao avtafïbifl#Tl{l ana. m „ëcfm{l‟ vq{à fmom qol „riw{ica‟ gl oïgil. |qa {at{avacwl manm acw{a lv igailv gabacgiglv tanm raïfqnm a mv wanavtafwlgm{av# Avva ta{vmclào f{il. gqt{mfavvm ga {anlàæm fmo m tøknifm. qol f{agikiniglga fltlx ga wm{cì/nm girqn`lgm{ ga fqnwl{wa. lnéo. é fnl{m. ga wm{cì/nm icbnqacwa cl tmnïwifl a cm fmcvqom oa{flgmnöìfm# Vqlv làlwacgao l qol avfmnjl tavvmln. olv l qol gafivæm oa{flgmnöìfl ga viotnibiflàñav.

rqn`l{ixlàñav a fnifjèv gm fmwigilcm# Cl bqcàæm ga wm{cl{ l cmwïfil oliv fmoqo. m ëcfm{l gavtcm tøknifm m gavahm ga fmcvqoi/nl#

Tl{l L{kaz H{ *;44;). m hm{clnivom vö va{ì abiflx va {alnixlgm l tl{wi{ gm acwacgioacwm ga icwa{avvav gl vmfiaglga cæm tmgao va{ azwi{tlgmv ao bqcàæm ga `{lcgav fm{tm{làñav gmcfltiwliv azw{lm{gicì{imv fltlxav ga lnwa{l{ l bm{ol ga t{mgqxi{ a raifqnl{ l icbm{olàæm#

L {anlàæm gm tøknifm gara va{ cm vacwigm ga fmot{aacga{ m |qa. tl{l L{kaz H{ *;44;). fmcbi`qtmga{ nioiwlgm gl oïgil# M oaim cæm gara vacwi{/va icgiba{acwa lmv blwmv a oacmv licgl gir

icbm{olàñav |qa lwacglo ltaclv lmv icwa{avvav t{öt{imv#

L{kaz H{ *;44;) {afmcjafa |qa l oïgil t{mrmfl l{kiw{l{iaglgav fmo b{a|þècfil a |qa ivvm é olivfmoqo ao tlïvav fqhl riìnëcfil f{ïwifl gl vmfiaglga cæm lfmcwafa. fmom m flvm gm K{lvin#

M lqwm{ vlka |qa l t{mgqàæm gl cmwïfil é qo ioacvm a fmotnazm hm`m ga icwa{avvav# Icøoa{mblwm{av væm fltlxav ga lnwa{l{ l fmcvw{qàæm gm blwm cmwifimvm8 lv givtqwlv igamnöìflv c

m oif{mhm`m gm tmga{. lv `{lcgav a ta|qaclv vlkmwlàcv lwé t{afmcfaiwmv a



i`cm{ëcfilv. omvw{lo fmom l t{mgqàæm gl cmwïfil cæm é nical{ mq jmom`ècal# Tl{l L{kaz H{#*;44;). l cmwïfil vaot{a vmb{a{ì icwa{ba{ècfilv azwa{cl a icwa{cl ä {aglàæm#

A fmom gara va{ l girqn`làæm gl cmwïfil cl wanarivæm= A m wanahm{cln t{mgqx mq cæm acw{cl oavol t{mtm{àæm |qa icbm{ol= L cmwïfil tmga va{ w{lcvoiwigl ga olcai{l jqom{lgl bq`icgmgmv tlg{ñav fmcracfimcliv= L{kaz H{ *;44;) hì givva |qa mv raïfqnmv ga fmoqciflàæm t{mrmfl{kiw{l{iaglgav fmo b{a|þècfil# Ivvm icfnqi oivwq{l{ jqom{. hm{clnivom a raïfqnm ga olvvl fmom flvm gl wanarivæm=

M t{öziom fltïwqnm lkm{gl{ì fmom l wanarivæm fmotña l igacwiglga gm k{lvinai{m# Lnéo ggivfqwi{ì m waol m{iqcgm gl t{mgqàæm hm{clnïvwifl cl WR a fmom avvl t{mgqàæm wao lwlokéo ga acw{awa{#



6 JQOM[ A ICWA@[LÀÆM VMFILN

Avwa fltïwqnm lkm{gl m t{mfavvm ga oqglcàlv fmotm{wloacwliv clv {anlàñav vmfiliv t{mhawligacwiglga clfimcln l tl{wi{ gmv oaimv ga fmoqciflàæm# L wanarivæm va{ì lclnivlgl fmom oaimicwa`{làæm vmfiln# L t{mgqàæm gm wanahm{cln a m jqom{ fmom {at{avacwlàñav viokövmfiaglga va{æm i`qlnoacwa fmcviga{lgmv#

6#< L wanarivæm fmom nlàm a igacwiglga vmfiln gmv k{lvinai{mv

Tl{l Jlnn *;44<). l vmfiaglga cæm é fmotmvwl ltaclv tanlv icvwiwqiàñav fqnwq{liv. olv wlokéo tm{at{avacwlàñav a vïokmnmv# Ana lbi{ol |qa l `nmklnixlàæm wm{cmq m jmoao oliv b{lòacwlgoagigl ao |qa va gavacrmnraq qol olim{ icwa{làæm vmfiln# É fmoqo l bloïnil va {aqci{ cm vmbìga vqlv flvlv cl b{acwa gl wanarivæm. tl{l lvvivwi{ l cmranl t{aba{igl a lm wanahm{cln oliv iotmgm gil# Avvl lwiwqga omvw{l fmom m k{lvinai{m é fmcvwiwqïgm wlokéo ga {at{avacwlàñav afiwlgmv tm{ Jlnn *;44<)#

„L wanarivæm é oqiwm oliv gm |qa qo l`nmoa{lgm ga t{mgqwmv gavfl{wìraiv gavwiclgm

acw{awacioacwm gl olvvl# Cm K{lvin. m raïfqnm fmcvivwa cqo vivwaol fmotnazm |qa bm{fögi`m tanm |qln m k{lvinai{m va {afmcjafa k{lvinai{m‟ *KQFFI. <990# t#1)# M lqwm{ lf{agiwwanarivæm é fltlx ga nlcàl{ nqx vmk{a l rigl t{irlgl k{lvinai{l. tl{l ana l|qinm |qa licgl cæm fliqclv `{làlv glv nacwav wanarivirlv. cæm tmga va{ fmcviga{lgm fmom ln`m abawirm gm avtlàm tk{lvinai{m#

L t{avacàl gl wanarivæm. cl rigl gm k{lvinai{m. `lcjlvwlwqvga vïokmnm clfimcln naok{lgm tm{ Jlnn

*;44<) a givfqwigm tm{ Kqffi *<990). |qlcgm lbi{ol va{ gibïfin iolìcl{ qol flvl vao qol WR# Lwanarivæm. va`qcgm Kqffi *<990). é {avtmcvìran tm{ ic`{avvl{ l f{ilcàl cm oqcgm gm fmcvqm{iacwl{ m lgmnavfacwa l clom{l{5 a. é tanl wanarivæm |qa gmclv ‖ ga ‖ flvl lt{acgao l gafm{l{ l vlnl#

Kqffi *<990) gix |qa cæm va tmga iolìcl{ |qa tm{ w{ìv gl wanarivæm azivwlo tavvmlv fmo oacwaol|qilréniflv t{mcwlv tl{l blxa{ m tøknifm tacvl{ fmom anlv |qa{ao# Ivvm cæm lfmcwafa# M lqwmlbi{ol |qa l wanarivæm vq{à tl{l vqt{i{ cafavviglgav rl{ilglv a givta{vlv# L wanarivæm é qot{mgqwm gl fqnwq{l ga olvvl tl{l Om{ic *<990). a va`qcgm ana. l fqnwq{l ga



olvvl fl{{a`l qol icbiciglga ga avwïoqnmv |qa gavacrmnrao mq f{ilo icrahlv. gavahmv acafavviglgav#

Tl{l Kqffi *<990). l wanarivæm k{lvinai{l kqvfl lwacga{ gavahmv a lwé lv icvlwivblàñav gl vmfil`{a`l cmriglgav |qa va lt{avacwlo givwlcwav gm avtlàm vmfiln# M raïfqnm gì m w{lwloaqcira{vln äv wacvñav glcgm/njav l gioacvæm gl {alniglga# Licgl va`qcgm Kqffi *<990). l wanarivcm K{lvin é fltlx ga fmnmfl{ m tmrm lfiol gm tnlcm gm {aln#

Lv olxanlv k{lvinai{lv t{mgqxao fmcvwlcwaoacwa givwm{àñav gl {alniglga oqiwlv raxav azikigt{m`{lolv wanarivirmv# M k{lvinai{m gilcwa gl WR va rè {at{avacwlgm ao t{mgqàñav fmomwanacmranlv a oicivvé{iav# Tl{l Kqffi *<990). é oqiwm t{mrìran cæm azivwi{ cacjqo K{lvin tl{ra{ bm{l gl wanarivæm# M lqwm{ cæm lf{agiwl |qa m oaim t{mgqxl nizm fqnwq{ln# Tl{l ana. wao qo tltan qcibm{oixlgm{ a qcibiflgm{ gm iolìcì{im fmnawirm#

Olfjlgm *;441). tm{éo. l{`qoacwl |qa lvvivwi{ wanarivæm cm K{lvin é qo lwm ga lqw{afmcjafioacwm. tmiv. lv t{mgqàñav va{ilo {at{avacwlàñav gl {alniglga vmfiln gm k{lvinai{m

jmoao naìwiol avvlv {at{avacwlàñav l tl{wi{ gl wanarivæm rmnwlgl l lwacga{ lv cafavviglga

gavahmv vmfiliv#

Ana acwacga |qa l t{mgqàæm cl wanarivæm é fmotnazl a |qa {a|qa{ qo w{lklnjm ì{gqm a fmcvwTl{l m lqwm{. fnlvvibifì/nl fmom nizm a bmcwa ga icqwiniglga é wa{ qol rivæm t{afmcfaiwqmlrlnilàæm oln bm{oqnlgl vmk{a m raïfqnm# Olfjlgm *;441) licgl gix |qa. tm{ va{ l bm{ol olivkl{lwl ga acw{awacioacwm glv flolglv oliv klizlv gl vmfiaglga. l wanarivæm vmb{a{il fmcvwlta{va`qiàñav#

Tl{l Olfjlgm *;441). l wanarivæm é l bm{ol tanl |qln l vmfiaglga va olcwéo icbm{olgl# Tm{éo. mblwm ga l wanarivæm va{ qo bac÷oacm cæm l blx va{ vmk{aclwq{ln a. tm{ ivvm oavom. gatjmoao tl{l azivwi{# M jmoao. tl{l Olfjlgm *;441). é |qao anaà t{m`{lolv olvvibiflgmvnlcàlgmv cl oïgil. tmiv. ga ln`qol bm{ol. anav fmcw{ikqao tl{l l icwa{làæm vmfiln# L wanarivætl{l m lqwm{. cæm é bizl. olv m oaim va omgibifl ga lfm{gm fmo lv gaolcglv gm tøknifm#

Cm acwlcwm. avvl gaolcgl. tl{l Olfjlgm *;441). cæm tmga avwl{ bqcgloacwlgl ltaclv cmfmcvqom fmoa{filn a icgqvw{iln# M lqwm{ acza{`l cm raïfqnm qo flcln fltlx ga t{mgqxi{



givfq{vm l tl{wi{ ga qol nic`ql`ao t{öt{il a ga |qlniglga ïotl{# Ana avwlkanafa qol nicjl acw{a m|qa ga blwm é „nizm‟ a l|qinm |qa ga oanjm{ l wanarivæm wao a tmga mba{afa{#

M{l. lv wl{ablv ga qol f{ïwifl vé{il ga wanarivæm væm hqvwloacwa avwlkanafa{ f{iwga vanaàæm. wæm {i`m{mvmv |qlcwm tmvvïran. |qa ta{oiwlo vatl{l{ m hmim gm w{i`ta{oiwlo anarl{ mv cïraiv ga azi`ècfil gl lqgiècfil a. vmk{awqgm. t{aoil{. fmoavwqgmv a fmoacwì{imv f{ïwifmv. mv avbm{àmv gl|qanav |qa. fmcw{l wmgmv mv mkl gavtaiwm ga wmglv lv avw{qwq{lv a omganmv. blxao loanjm{ wanarivæm gm oqcgm*OLFJLGM. ;441. t#;4)#

M hm{clnivom. tl{l m lqwm{. wa{il qo tltan tafqnil{ cavvl t{mgqàæm ga |qlniglga# Tl{l Olfjlgm*;441). m hm{clnivom wao m tltan ga oagilgm{ viokönifm acw{a mv aracwmv a m tøknifm |qa blnaiwq{l gm blwm# M lqwm{ lotnil l givfqvvæm vmk{a m tltan gm hm{clnivom lm t{mgqxi{ fmcwaol gm t{öziom iwao#

6#; L t{mgqàæm gm hm{clnivom cl WR

Tl{l L{kaz H{ *;44;). l cmwïfil vmb{a icwa{ba{ècfil lcwav ga va{ lt{avacwlgl lm tøknifm# Olfj*;441) l{`qoacwl |qa cl wanarivæm. l icbm{olàæm `lcjl vacwigm oicqwmv lcwav ga i{ lm l{# #

Havta{v *<99:). l cmwïfil lcwav ga i{ tl{l m wanahm{cln. gara va{ {afmnjigl hqcwm ä bmcwa {afm{wlgl. vanafimclgl. lclnivlgl. m{gaclgl a jia{l{|qixlgl va`qcgm mv oéwmgmv hm{clnïvwln`qcv hì fiwlgmv tm{ A{kmnlwm *<99<) cm iwao ;#; gavwa w{lklnjm#

M wanahm{clnivom. tl{l Havta{v *<99:). olcwéo vaq t{öt{im f{iwé{im ga vanaàæm# L jia{l{|qixqo ganav. m{`lcixl{ lv cmwïfilv ni`lglv l nq`l{ a ao cïran clfimcln a icwa{clfimcln cm t{icfïtim.ac|qlcwm lv icbm{olàñav „gavtm{wirlv a ac`{làlglv‟ ltl{afa{ilo cm bicln#

Om{ic *<990) lf{agiwl |qa l wanarivæm é fltlx ga rlnm{ixl{ m {mvwm viotìwifm gm nmfqwm{. comàl kmciwl. olv. vmk{awqgm vm{{igacwa# Ga blwm. m wanahm{cln blx tl{wa gm fmwigilcm k`lcjl gioacvæm ga aracwm fltlx ga icwa`{l{ lv bloïnilv# M bicln banix fiwlgm tm{ Om{ic *<990).iot{a`clgm clv cmranlv a t{m`{lolv ga jqom{ ao `a{ln. wlokéo tmga va{



acfmcw{lgm cm wanahm{clnivom# M hm{clnivom wanarivirm wa{il l bqcàæm ga olcwa{ m iolìcjqolcm fmo l icbm{olàæm {molcfalgl. ragawixlgl a vacvlfimclnixlgl

;#

Cæm va tmga av|qafa{ |qa. cl fmc|qivwl ga cmrmv tøknifmv. l lqgiècfil é m ic`{agiacwa t{icfitlngmv oaimv ga fmoqciflàæm# M wanahm{cln kqvfl avva {afmcjafioacwm l tl{wi{ gm tøknifm. tm{clwq{ln |qa m hm{clnivom wanarivirm lvvqol qo tltan ga icwa`{lgm{ vmfiln gl tmtqnlàæm#

L wanarivæm w{lklnjl fmo anaoacwmv fmoqcv gm hm{clnivom8 vmo. wazwm a iolào fmotñt{mgqàæm wanarivirl# Cm acwlcwm. l iolào é. vao gørigl. m oliv iotm{wlcwa hì |qa m wazwm cva{ì vmk{atmvwm ao vql olim{il fmo anlv# Cl `{lrlàæm gl icbm{olàæm tl{l l wanarivæm. Hav*<99:) gix |qa é t{afivm {avtaiwl{ l iolào gm icgirïgqm# Wmgl tavvml wao m gi{aiwm ga cæm |qva{ `{lrlgl mq binolgl a lwé oavom cæm t{avacfil{ qol givwm{àæm ga vql iolào wm{clcgm ‖ valnrm ga fjlfmwl#

M lqwm{ lf{agiwl. vmk{awqgm. ao nioiwav |qa fmcgqxao ä t{mgqàæm gl icbm{olàæm cl wanarfmcwììm gm gira{wioacwm‟ é qo azaotnm lt{avacwlgm# Tl{l Havta{v *<99:). ltaclv ;1! gm avtlàm

wanarivirm é gagiflgm ä w{lcvoivvæm gl icbm{olàæm# L{kaz H{# *;44;) hì lvvmfilrl l t{mgicbm{olfimcln fmo m fmcvqom oa{flgmnöìfm#

Havta{v *<99:) lbi{ol |qa m tl{lgiòl gl wanarivæm lwqln é m avtawìfqnm |qa va vmk{atñaanlkm{làæm gl oacvlào {aln#

Lwé mv wanahm{cliv va wm{clovjmpv. fmo mv vaqv facì{imv bqwq{ivwlv. abaiwmv avtafiliv.nic`qlào acbìwifl a lt{avacwlgm{av-lt{avacwlgm{lv/ragawlv# É m |qa tmga{ïlomvfjlol{ l avtawlfqnl{ixlàæm gm fmchqcwm gm givfq{vm wanarivirm. |qa wacga blxat{agmoicl{ acw{a lv bqcàñav w{lgifimclnoacwa lw{ikqïglv ä wanarivæm *icbm{obm{ol{. gira{wi{) l bqcàæm gm gira{wioacwm# Ivwm fmcfaka/va ta{baiwloacwa tl{l wanarivæm fmoa{filn fqhl avw{lwéìl va klvail cqol gira{væm gm tøknifm fmo t{mgqwga fmcvqom *HAVTA[V. <99:. t#07/01)#

;

L icbm{olàæm {molcfalgl qvl m avtawìfqnm gavta{wlcgm m iolìcì{im# L icbm{olàæm ragawixlgl t{irinaìl mmniotilcmv a vaq fmwigilcm# L icbm{olàæm vacvlfimclnixlgl é rlnm{ixlgl tanm avtawlfqnl{. fqhlv flwìvw{mw{l`égilv væm |qlva {molcavflv# *OM[IC. <990)



M lt{avacwlgm{ fmcw{ikqi fmcvwlcwaoacwa fmo avvl {anlàæm# Tl{l Havta{v *<99:). m lt{avaqo cl{{lgm{ bloinil{. qo icgirïgqm |qa tacaw{l cm iolìcì{im jqolcm fmcvw{qicgm l iolào gaqol tavvml l`{lgìran. agqflgl a cæm m mtmvwm#

Om{ic *<990) lbi{ol |qa mv mniotilcmv rirao clwq{axlv gqtnlv# L t{ioai{l va{ilgiricl alva`qcgl jqolcl# Mv lt{avacwlgm{av gmv wanahm{cliv avwæm aztmvwmv ä oïgil. a vqlv t{mta{oailo m iolìcì{im jqolcm# Havta{v *<99:) acwacga avvl gqtnl clwq{axl fiwlgl tm{ Om{ic*<990) lm fmcvw{qi{ l bi`q{l gm lt{avacwlgm{ ga qo wanahm{cln tl{l m jmoao#

Tmga/va fja`l{ l fmcfaka{ m vaq tltan fmom m ga qo tvifmwa{ltaqwl8 m lt{avacwlgm{

gm wanahm{cln wa{il tm{ bqcàæm gl{ lm oqcgm qol iolào tmviwirl. lwacql{ l lc`øvwilgm tøknifm blfa lmv g{lolv a äv gibifqnglgav vmfiliv a afmc÷oiflv |qa blxao llwqlniglga *HAVTA[V. <99:. t#<:<)#

M lt{avacwlgm{ é m anm acw{a m wanahm{cln a m tøknifm# Ana olcwéo avva anm gq{lcwa l lgm hm{cln# Tl{l Havta{v *<99:). ana ol{fl acfmcw{mv. klnixl m wanahm{cln tl{l qol oafmot{aacvæm gm wanavtafwlgm{# Tm{éo. tl{l m lqwm{. cæm flka lm lt{avacwlgm{ wm{vlnwioklcfm ga bai{l mq qo làcwa ga tqknifiglga#

L tmvwq{l gara va{ vaot{a tlqwlgl cl kqvfl gl f{agikiniglga. m tnlcm gilcwa gl fëoa{l tl{lHavta{v *<99:). gara va{ bizm fmo m oïciom omrioacwm tmvvïran# Ana gara va{ binolgm gl fic tl{l fiol a m „xmmo‟. |qlcgm cafavvì{im. va{ baiwm ga olcai{l nacwl#

Clgl cm lt{avacwlgm{ tmga gavril{ l lwacàæm gm tøknifm lm |qa avwì vacgm cmwifilgm# Tmtl{l Havta{v *<99:). cao {mqtl. `{lrlwl. fiflw{ix. àvwmv a azt{avvñav lk{qtwlv tmgao t{mrmflavva gavrim# Tl{l m lqwm{. wmglv avvlv {a`{lv væm fmotmcacwav ga qol fmcgqwl olim{ |qa glgmwlgl tanm lt{avacwlgm{# Vql rmcwlga ga va fmoqcifl{ ga bm{ol abiflx. mkvwiclgl. fnl{l a t{momrl f{agikiniglga ta{lcwa m tøknifm gara va{ l t{im{i. m oliv iotm{wlcwa#

A{kmnlwm *<99<). gix |qa l {anlàæm gm hm{clnivom fmo l vmfiaglga gara va{ tlqwlgl vaot{a clra{glga. tmiv. m hm{clnivom icwa{ba{a t{mbqcgloacwa cl rigl vmfiln gl tmtqnlàæm# L t{mgqàæmm{clnïvwifl gara w{lklnjl{ vaot{a cm tnlcm gl jmcavwiglga gm {i`m{ a gl iotl{filniglga# Tl{lHavta{v *<99:). lwql{ fmo jmcavwiglga é w{lcvoiwi{ l icbm{olàæm vao |qln|qa{ gabm{olàæm# L



iotl{filniglga. tl{l m lqwm{. vi`cibifl |qa m hm{clnivwl cæm gara ltmil{ avvl mq l|qanl fm{{acwa gtacvloacwm#

Tl{l Havta{v *<99:). m hm{clnivwl é mk{i`lgm l olcwa{ qo {anlfimcloacwm i`qlniwì{im fmobmcwav. va t{irlcgm. lvvio. ga cæm t{irinaìl{ qcv mq mqw{mv# Ana gara va t{amfqtl{ fmof{agikiniglga hqcwm ä vmfiaglga t{ava{rlcgm vql iolào# Avvl t{amfqtlàæm. va`qcgm Havta*<99:). icfnqi vql fmcgqwl bm{l gm lokiacwa a bm{l gm jm{ì{im ga w{lklnjm#

L mk{i`làæm ga iotl{filniglga wao ga va{ mk{i`lwö{il ao wmglv lv olwé{ilv |qa vat{avwlo l fmcw{mré{vil. fmom tm{ az8 lv t{aba{ècfilv ao olwé{ilv ga vivwaolafmc÷oifm. lv mtàñav tmnï wiflv. om{liv. {aniìmvlv. awf# L {a`{l é fnl{l a cïwigl8 „ét{mikigm lm hm{clnivwl *ga wanarivæm) wmol{ tl{wigm mq lrlnixl{ qol mq mqwwmolglv ga tmviàæm girqn`lgl *HAVTA[V. <99:. t# 1:)#

M hm{clnivwl. tl{l Havta{v *<99:). vö gara blxa{ fmoacwì{imv |qlcgm avvav cæm gav{avtrlnm{av. acw{a anav. m gl tavvml jqolcl# Lnéo givvm. é lqwm{ixlgl l omcwlào a m {avqom gicbm{olàñav t{avwlglv cl acw{arivwl hì |qa m waotm ao WR é nioiwlgm# Tm{éo. avva t{mfagioavwì fmcgifimclgm ä azlwigæm a ä iotl{filniglga fmcviga{lcgm l iolào gl tavvml |qaaracwqlnoacwa é aztmvwl#

Tl{l A{kmnlwm *<99<). qol tavvml vaot{a va icwa{avvl{ì tm{ qol cmwïfil va m `{lq ga iotm{wbm{ fmnawirm# M lqwm{ l{`qoacwl |qa l t{mgqàæm gl cmwïfil wao fmom mkhawirm lwacga{ oa{flgmnöìflv vqt{icgm cafavviglgav a fq{imviglgav# L icbm{olàæm girqn`lgl cl iot{acvl. tl{lHavta{v *<99:). {avtmcga wlokéo lmv gavahmv vmfiliv a fïrifmv t{ava{rlcgm m gi{aiwm gm jmicbm{olàæm# M hm{clnivwl. tl{l ana. é qol taàl fjlra cavva t{mfavvm#

Cl t{ioai{l fmcfatàæm. fmoa{filn gl bqcàæm gl icbm{olàæm. m hm{clnivwl é qol taàlgl aot{avl a gì l t{im{iglga lm vqfavvm afmc÷oifm gm oagiqo mcga avwì l w{lklnjl{#M hm{clnivwl wao. tmiv. lcwav qol bqcàæm afmc÷oifl# L va`qcgl fmcfatàæm.rmnqcwl{ivwl. gm tltan gl icbm{olàæm é lm hm{clnivwl |qa flka l {avtmcvlkiniglga gawm{cl{ l icbm{olàæm va{riàm ga qwiniglga tøknifl *HAVTA[V. <99:. t# ;1)#

M wanahm{cln {aøca lv bloïnilv gilcwa gl WR garigm l f{iwé{imv hì fiwlgmv tm{ A{kmnlwm *<99<). acw{a ana|qa lv tavvmlv va icwa{avvl{æm tanl icbm{olàæm ga qwiniglga fmnawirl# Avvl {a`{l lt{avacwlgl tm{ Havta{v *<fmcfaiwqlgl tm{ A{kmnlwm *<99<). lm lbi{ol{ |qa l



icbm{olàæm gara va{ ga qwiniglga fmnawirl a |qa wao t{mbqcgl {anlàæm gm wanahm{cln fmo m tøknifm#

6#6 L {anlàæm gm tøknifm fmo m jqom{

M {ivm. {at{avacwlàæm viokönifl gm iolìcì{im jqolcm. fmotña m jqom{ t{avacwa cm icgirïgqm#acw{awacioacwm fmom bm{ol ga icwa`{làæm vmfiln wao m{iàcv gm jqom{ {at{avacwlgm `{mwavfm. l tl{ögil. m oanmg{lol. l vìwi{l a lv bavwlv tmtqnl{av# M k{lvinai{m {i icfnqvira gilcolxanlv vmfiliv. va`qcgm [ikai{m *<997)#

M avtï{iwm nøgifm floicjl hqcwm fmo m jmoao jì waotmv a. cm K{lvin. ivvm wlokéo lfmcwafabm{ol kao nlwacwa# L {anlàæm tøknifm a jqom{ oa{afa qol lwacàæm tm{|qa qo cæm azivwa vmqw{m# Acwacga{ avwl {anlàæm |qa glwl licgl cl iglga oégil é t{iom{giln#

Klejwic *<999) lt{mbqcgl cl mk{l ga [lkanliv6

. vmk{a m {ivm# Fmo l fmcfatàæm gm {alnivom`{mwavfm ao |qa m avwéwifm a m fm{tm{ln væm omgibiflgmv l tl{wi{ ga qol fqnwq{l f÷oifl tmiolào gl rigl t{ìwifl vmb{a givwm{àñav cm [aclvfioacwm. w{lcvbm{olcgm m t{icfïtim avwéwi

fm{tm{ln ao ln`m qcira{vln a cæm oliv {avw{iwm lm icgirïgqm ivmnlgm#

Tl{l m lqwm{. avvl w{lcvbm{olàæm olwa{iln a fm{tm{ln. lkm{glgl tm{ [lkanliv. ta{oailw{lcvbm{olàñav gl étmfl a licgl tmga va{ lt{afilgl jmha# Klejwic *<999) va {aba{a l qol étmfl ao|qa l vìwi{l tmnïwifl. m avtï{iwm fl{clrlnavfm. m tmtqnl{. m niwa{ì{im a m igamnöìfm w{lcvkm[aclvfioacwm mcga m tmrm lt{afilrl mv baiwmv {lkanlivilcmv ga fmcvw{qàæm gm {ivm#

M qvm gm `{mwavfm t{avacwa cm fmotm{wloacwm gm icgirïgqm gaomcvw{l |qa m fm{tazt{avvñav fmcvw{mao qol givwm{àæm gl {alniglga a avwæm t{avacwav clv bavwlv tmtqnl{av flvm gm fl{clrln# Tl{l Klejwic *<999). m {ivm ao [lkanliv cæm `lcjl l{ ga {igifqnl{ixlàæm. tmiv qol t{ìwifl l{wïvwifl t{avacwa cm [aclvfioacwm. w{lgiàæm gl fqnwq{l f÷oifl a tmtqnl{ gl étmfl#

6

Niwa{ì{im b{lcfèv fmcviga{lgm qo gmv oliv tmtqnl{av a gaomf{ìwifmv tacvlgm{av gm [aclvfioacwm. tl{l Klejw*<999)# M lqwm{ gavacrmnra qol lcìniva vmk{a l mk{l m{iìcln ga [lkanliv vmk{a l fqnwq{l tmtqnl{ a m iolìcìjqolcm gl Iglga Oégil#



M {ivm wicjl l fmcfatàæm gm oqcgm a gl ra{glga |qa fa{flrl l rigl fmwigilcl# Ana olcwicjl qol{anlàæm. va`qcgm Klejwic *<999). mkva{rlcgm l mk{l ga [lkanliv5 qol ra{glga vmk{a l jivwö{il jmoao#

U###_ m {ivm wao qo t{mbqcgm rlnm{ ga fmcfatàæm gm oqcgm. é qol glv bm{olv fltiwtanlv |qliv va azt{ioa l ra{glga vmk{a m oqcgm cl vql wmwlniglga. vmk{a l jivwö{il.vmk{a m jmoao5 é qo tmcwm ga rivwl tl{wifqnl{ a qcira{vln vmk{a m oqcgm. |qata{faka ga bm{ol giba{acwa. aokm{l cæm oacmv iotm{wlcwa *wlnrax oliv) gm |qamvé{im5 tm{ ivvm l `{lcga niwa{lwq{l *|qa fmnmfl tm{ mqw{m nlgm t{mknaolv qcira{vgara lgoiwi/nm gl oavol bm{ol |qa lm vé{im8 vmoacwa m {ivm5 fmo abaiwm. tmga wlfavvm l fa{wmv lvtafwmv azw{aoloacwa iotm{wlcwav gm oqcgm *KLEJWIC. <99t#10)#

M {ivm avwì t{avacwa cmoanmg{lol. fqnwq{l tmtqnl{ gm [aclvfioacwm |qlcgm m tmrm cæm `lcjlrlrmx. olv. tl{l Kl{ka{m *;44<). l oïoifl fqot{il m tltan ga {igifqnl{ixl{ l cmk{axl gl étmfl# M{ivm licgl tmga va{ mkva{rlgm cl bi`q{l gmkmkm. ta{vmclào |qa Kl{ka{m *;44<) gavf{ara fmomta{wacfacwa lm oanmg{lol# Tl{l m lqwm{. mkmkm.lnéo ga f÷oifm. a{l bqcgloacwln cl olw{ixtmtqnl{#

Mkmkmlwql bm{l gm flotm gl {a`qnl{iglga fmotm{wloacwln# Kl{ka{m *;44<) lbi{ol |qa l bi`q{l

gm lcwi/ja{öi. gm tnakaq. l nic`qlào `{mwavfl a fmo i{mcil fl{lfwa{ixlo mkmkm. a. væm tm{ vi vö.anaoacwmv avvacfiliv tl{l m {ivm# Tl{l m lqwm{. m oanmg{lol é m ra{glgai{m omrioacwm gl acw{a „l igl gmgavfmcjafigmlm{a/fmcjafioacwmgl igacwiglga‟ *KL[KA[M. ;44<. t#<0:)#

M k{lvinai{m. va`qcgm [ikai{m *<997). é bavwai{m a narl ivvm l vé{im# Lv olcibavwlàñav tmtqK{lvin væm {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv gm fmwigilcm ao |qa cæm jì giba{acàlv vmfiliv oavom azivwicgm#

M jqom{. tl{l Vlnikl *;44;). vq{à gm fmcw{lvwa. gl avw{lcjaxl a gl f{ilàæm ga cmrmv vi`cibiflgM jqom{. va`qcgm Vlnikl *;44;) clvfa gl bm{wa a ïcwiol {anlàæm gm jmoao fmo avwa{aöwiavwlkanafigmv cl oaoö{il gm icgirïgqm. fmcvw{qïgmv ga b{lòacwmv gm tlvvlgm# Lv lcagmwazaotnmv ga viotnibiflàñav fqhm jqom{ é gavta{wlgm ao icvwlcwav#

M jqom{ a m {ivm væm tlw{io÷cimv gl fqnwq{l Mfigacwln# Tl{l Vlnikl *;44;). va w{lwl gazta{iècfil jqolcl fltlx ga icfnqi{ |qlva wqgm. icfnqvira mv wa{omv fmcviga{lgmv vl`{lgmv#



Cqol wl{ga ga ra{æm. qo tlg{a tlvvail tanm flotm. ga flkaàl gavfmka{wl.t{mbqcgloacwa lkvm{rigl ao oagiwlàñav vmk{a lv ol{lrinjlv gl f{ilàæm# Civwm. qotl{gln vqhl/nja l fl{afl# M tlg{a hqcwl lv oæmv a a{`qa/lv tl{l m féq. gixacgm8„[acgm/wa `{làlv. Vacjm{. tm{ cæm wa{av glgm lvlv äv rlflv‟ *VLNIKL. ;44;. t#<9)#

Vlnikl *;44;) fiwl Ka{`vmc7

tl{l aztnifl{ |qa m jqom{ tmvwlgm ao |qlva wqgm clvfil gl inqvæm glrigl a l vacvlàæm cïwigl ga qolomcwlào oafëcifl # Vlnikl *;44;) lbi{ol |qa biclnoacwa Ka{`vmct{mtña t{mfq{l{ l m{iào gm {ivm a gm f÷oifm cm flotm gl vmfiaglga a cæm vmoacwa {at{avacwlàæm fm`ciwirl#

Tl{l fmot{aacga{ m {ivm. iotña/va fmnmfì/nm ao vaq lokiacwa clwq{ln. |qa é lvmfiaglga. iotña/va. vmk{awqgm gawa{oicl{/nja l bqcàæm øwin. |qa é qol bqcàæmvmfiln# Gi`lomv/nm gavga hì8 avvl va{ì l igail gi{aw{ix ga wmglv lv cmvvlv {abnazña{ivm gara fm{{avtmcga{ l fa{wlv azi`ècfilv gl rigl ao fmoqo# M {ivm gara wa{ qolvi`cibiflàæm vmfiln *KA[@VMC ltqg VLNIKL ;44;. t# ;;)#

M {ivm acwæm. tl{l Vlnikl *;44;) `lcjl qol bqcàæm vmfiln. tmiv tl{l l vmfiaglga é qol bm{ol gaavwlkanafa{ mv anaoacwmv rirmv |qa l avw{qwq{lo. tm{wlcwm. m {ivm `lcjl qo vacwigm fmnaVlnikl *;44;). m {ivm bqcfimcl fmom rì{ilv olcibavwlàñav {at{avacwlwirlv cm icgirïgqm# Ao qganlv. ana bqcfimcl{il fmom qo nika{lgm{ glv aomàñav {at{ioiglv#

Va cm K{lvin m {ivm é wæm nlwacwa l tmcwm ga vmk{atm{ äv gavi`qlnglgav a olxanlv vmflbi{ol [ikai{m *<997). va blx cafavvì{im vlka{ va m hm{clnivom. w{lgqwm{ viokönifm ga tl{alniglga fmwigilcl. wao ao vaq givfq{vm m fmot{moivvm ga acw{awa{. lnéo ga wm{cl{ fmoqo cmwifimvm# M hm{clnivom fmom icbm{olàæm a acw{awacioacwm va{ì m t{öziom lvvqcwm#

6#7 Icbm{olàæm a acw{awacioacwm l tl{wi{ gm wanahm{cln

L wanarivæm. fmom raïfqnm ga olvvl. wao l iolào fmom t{icfitln fl{lfwa{ïvwifl# Avva anaoacwfltlx ga olcwa{ m tøknifm tmvwlgm tm{ nmc`m waotm gilcwa ganl blx fmo |qa m wanahm{clqwinixa l iolào fmom qo flwlnivlgm{ gl lqgiècfil# Cavva t{mfavvm ga lqoacwl{ a olcwa{ llqgiècfil. m wanahm{cln wa{il gqtnm tltan8 m t{ioai{m ga icbm{ol{ a m va`qcgm ga acw{awa{ micfnqvira fmo icbm{olàñav fltlxav ga t{momra{ bicliv banixav#

Cm wanahm{cln. m lt{avacwlgm{ avwì blnlcgm gi{awloacwa fmo m tøknifm# L fëoa{l

viokmnifloacwa m vacwigm gm mnjl{ gm wanavtafwlgm{# Tl{l Olfian *<991). m hm{clnivwl fm7

KA[@VMC. Jac{i# Nè {i{a8avvli vq{ nl vi`cibiflwimc gq fmoi|qa. Tl{iv.Tqb #. <90:. tt#<7/;0 a 67/2.{avtafwirloacwa#



m tøknifm acza{`lcgm/m fmom øcifm. oavom l WR a m t{m`{lol wacgm bqcàñav olvvibiflgm{lv#

M lqwm{ naok{l |qa m wanahm{cln gara wa{ qol nic`qlào oliv fmnm|qiln tl{l. fmo ivvm. wmflvacwioacwmv gm wanavtafwlgm{# L m{lniglga é anaoacwm |qa fmotña l iolào. l fmoaàl{ lt{avacwlgm{#

M hm{clnivom wanarivirm kqvfl t{acga{ l lwacàæm gm tøknifm. tl{l Olfian *<991). oavom fmom {iwom ììn gl wanarivæm# Anaoacwmv tafqnil{av8 ricjawlv. vmcm{lv. fmoa{filiv a lv oøviflv. vtl{l fmcrmfl{ a t{acga{ l lwacàæm gm wanavtafwlgm{ lm blwm cmwifimvm# Cm acwlcwm. Olgivfm{{a vmk{a m blwm ga |qa m wanahm{clnivom cæm tmvvqi l fltlfiglga ga lt{mbqcgloacicbm{olàæm# M {iwom ranmx gl wanarivæm cæm ta{oiwi{il qol lcìniva oliv lt{mbqcgl gl cmwïfil

Olv avvl fl{lfwa{ïvwifl ‖ l givta{viriglga gm raïfqnm ‖ wlokéo fmk{l qo t{aàm# Clwanarivæm. tm{ azaotnm. ivvm va {abnawa cl |qlva iotmvvikiniglga ga blxa{ lcìnivat{mbqcglv vmk{a |qln|qa{ lvvqcwm# M avtawìfqnm wanarivirm wm{cl m raïfqnm vqta{azià gana qo {iwom fmcvwlcwa tl{l bizl{ l lwacàæm gm wanavtafwlgm{ *OLFIAN. <9t# ;<)#

L oavol mkva{rlàæm vmk{a l vqta{bifilniglga gm blwm cmwifimvm t{mgqxigm tanmv wanahm{tm{ Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999). lm fnlvvibifl{ l clwq{axl gl wanarivæm fmom oaim ga fmoqciflàolvvl# Cm acwlcwm. anl fmnmfl l iolào fmom ln`m rlcwlhmvm gl wanarivæm a lbi{ol |qa m raïfavwioqnl a t{mrmfl m icwa{avva gm tøknifm ao lotnil{ l icbm{olàæm fmo m qvm ga iolàcv#

M wazwm hm{clnïvwifm wanarivirm gara t{im{iwl{iloacwa lwacga{ m waotm fq{wm a nioiwgivtña l WR# Tl{l Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999). l wanarivæm é fmotmvwl tm{ rì{ilv {at{avacwlàñav vicm iolìcì{im gm tøknifm# Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999) acwacga |qa l wanarivæm. tm{ cæm va lt{mbicbm{olàæm. avwioqnl l kqvfl tm{ oliv fmcjafioacwm a m icwa{avva gm tøknifm#

Lm hm{clnivwl flka l {avtmcvlkiniglga ga kqvfl{ qo a|qinïk{im cl jm{l ga gavacrmnra{ m wawanarivirm. |qa gara t{irinaìl{ m blwm cmwifimvm a lwacga{ lv cafavviglgav gm wanavtafwlg

Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999). ln`qcv tmcwmv garao va{ mkva{rlgmv cm omoacwm gl t{mgqàæm wazwanarivæm8



• icbm{olàæm rivqln8Ao à{ln l wanarivæm qvl qol nic`qlào |qa icgatacga gm igimolmq avf{iwl gm tøknifm# M raïfqnm fqot{a l bqcàæm ga w{lcvoiwi{ icbm{olàæm lnilgl lm qvmiolào# Ac|qlcwm m wanavtafwlgm{ lvvivwa. lqoacwl m vaq {ata{wö{im ga fmcjafioacwm#• Ioagilwivom8Lrlcàmv wafcmnöìfmv tmvvikiniwlo m acrim ga iolàcv tl{l m mqw{m nlg

gm oqcgm ao va`qcgmv# Avvl t{ìwifl rivl lwacga{ m ioagilwivom glv fmka{wq{lv hm{clnïvwiwanarivæm# M wazwm tl{l WR gara lwacga{ l avvl fl{lfwa{ïvwifl#• Lnflcfa8L wanarivæm wao `{lcga lk{lc`ècfil a cæm tmga. tl{l Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999).givwic`qi{ fnlvvav vmfiliv# M w{lwloacwm gl cmwïfil gara narl{ ao fmcviga{làæm mv rl{ilgm tøknifmv hì |qa l icbm{olàæm va{ì „mqrigl‟ a „rivwl‟ ga rì{ilv olcai{lv ao gafm{{ècfil gmvrì{imv tøknifmv#• Icvwlcwlcaiglga8 Cl wanarivæm. l oacvlào gara va{ rivwl mq mqrigl cl „jm{l fa{wl‟.tmiv. é fltwlgl ga qol vö rax. cm icvwlcwa ao |qa é aoiwigl#• Acrmnrioacwm8L wanarivæm gavta{wl m icwa{avva cm tøknifm tm{ w{lcvtm{wì/nm tl{l ga vqlv jivwö{ilv# Tl{l l lqwm{l. cæm azivwa qo tlg{æm ga nic`qlào wanarivirl. tm{éo. lolcai{l tavvmln ga w{lcvoiwi{ l icbm{olàæm a l bloinil{iglga fmo m {atö{wa{ a lt{avacwlgm{væm fltlxav ga lw{li{ a vagqxi{ m tøknifm#• Vqta{bifilniglga8M `{lcga taflgm gl wanarivæm wlnrax vahl l vqta{bifilniglga clw{lcvoivvæm gl cmwïfil# M cæm lt{mbqcgloacwm gl icbm{olàæm mfm{{a garigm lm fqvwmw{lcvoivvñav. l nqwl tanl lqgiècfil a m fmot{moivvm fmoa{filn. |qa væm fl{lfwa{ïvwiflv clwq{cm {iwom gl wanarivæm# M wazwm. tm{ avvlv {lxñav. gara va{ fnl{m. lw{lacwa a mkhawirm• Ïcgifa ga lqgiècfil8 L lqgiècfil f{il fmcgiàñav ga vqvwacwlàæm fmoa{filn a m{iacwl lt{m`{lolàæm# L lqgiècfil icwa{ba{a ga wln bm{ol |qa aoivvm{lv ga WR va tmvifimclo gacw{mtlg{ñav lfaiwìraiv gm tøknifm# Oavom cmv fmoa{filiv azikigmv cmv icwa{rlnmv gm wanahmwazwm gara à{l{ cm tøknifm qo gavahm ga fq{imviglga a fmcvqom#



M wanahm{cln t{afivl w{lcvoiwi{ l icbm{olàæm ao qol nic`ql`ao fmnm|qiln. olv fm{{awl# Tllqwm{l. é t{afivm fqiglgmv avtafiliv fmo lv `ï{ilv. tm{|qa vaq qvm tmga rqn`l{ixl{ m wazwwm{clcgm/m icfmot{aacvïran tl{l m wanavtafwlgm{#

Tl{l Olfian *<991). m hm{clnivwl ga WR gatmiv ga ln`qo waotm. wm{cl/va ta{vmclniglga tøkvacgm {afmcjafigm tanmv wanavtafwlgm{av# Cm acwlcwm. m lqwm{ lbi{ol |qa m hm{clnivwl g|qa vql bqcàæm é w{lcvoiwi{ l cmwïfil ga bm{ol fnl{l a mkhawirl. a cæm va vmk{atm{ ä icbm{o{avtaiwm tanm wanavtafwlgm{ gara va avwacga{ lmv acw{arivwlgmv#

M {avtaiwm |qa m hm{clnivwl gara gaomcvw{l{ tanm wanavtafwlgm{ va avwarigacwaoacwa. lm acw{arivwlgm# M {atö{wa{ cæm tmga. ao omoacwm ln`qo. av|qaf|qa l acw{arivwl ta{wacfa l |qao l fmcfaga a cæm l |qao l girqn`l# U###_ tm{ olivlkm{{afigm |qa m {atö{wa{ tmvvl bifl{. m acw{arivwlgm wao wmgm m gi{aiwm glcwafitlgloacwa |qln é m wam{ glv ta{`qcwlv |qa ræm va{ baiwlv l ana *OLFIAN. <991.t# :2/:0)#

Wqgm ao qo wanahm{cln é tl{wa icwa`{lcwa gm t{mfavvm wanarivirm# M tøknifm. tl{l Olfian|qa{ va{ icbm{olgm tanm wanahm{cln. tm{éo ana cæm |qa{ lvvivwi{ qol olwé{il ao |qa vql flvl.

kli{{m mq vaq tlïv fm{{lo {ivfmv mq loalàlv# M wanahm{cln. tl{l m lqwm{. gara bqcfimcl{ fmacw{awacioacwm# Gatmiv ga qo t{m`{lol ga lqgiwö{im mq qol cmranl. tm{ azaotnm. m tøknifm vacwi{ l oavol aotmn`làæm lvvivwicgm lm wanahm{cln#

Tl{l m lqwm{. acfa{{l{ qo hm{cln wanarivirm fmo w{l`égil é tévviom# M wanahm{cln gara.acwacgioacwm. w{lcvbm{ol{ m iotm{wlcwa ao icwa{avvlcwa a gl{ lm tøknifm l vacvlàæm ga avicbm{olgm# Olfian *<991) vq`a{a tl{l m acfa{{loacwm ga qo wanahm{cln lv olwé{ilv avtm{wac`{làlglv fltlxav ga t{mgqxi{ m bicln banix a olcwa{ l lqgiècfil anarlgl#

Ga blwm. l olcai{l fmom mF\F lkm{gl mv blwmv vmfiliv gavta{wl icwa{avva. hì |qa m jqom{ é wt{avacwa# M t{öziom fltïwqnm wao tm{ mkhawirm ltnifl{ mv fmcfaiwmv lkm{glgmv lwé l|qi cF\F .azikigm wmglv lv va`qcglv bai{lv. äv ;;j<1. a {at{ivlgm fmo mv oanjm{av omoacwmv lmv vìklgmtl{wi{ ga ;6j71. tanl [aga Klcgai{lcwav ga Wanarivæm#



7 L LKM[GL@AO HM[CLNÏVWIFL GMF\F

Avwa fltïwqnm wao tm{ mkhawirm acwacga{ ga |qa olcai{l mF\F lt{mt{il/va gl nic`qlàom{clnïvwifl tl{l w{lcvoiwi{ vaq fmcwaøgm# Fmcb{mcwl{ m hm{clnivom fmcracfimcln fmo lt{avacwlgm tanm t{m`{lol va blx cafavvì{im. tmiv. lm mkva{rl{ mv wanahm{cliv. é bìfin ta{fakbm{olwm kao giba{acwa cmF\F #

M t{m`{lol oavfnl fm{{i|qai{loacwa anaoacwmv hm{clnïvwifmv fmo qol fl{`l ga jqom{ kao olim{Tm{éo. vmoacwa avvl ta{fatàæm é icvqbifiacwa tl{l lbi{ol{ |qa mF\F é qo t{m`{lol ga jqom{fmo anaoacwmv hm{clnïvwifmv mq m fmcw{ì{im. hm{clnïvwifm fmo anaoacwmv ga jqom{# Vbqcgloacwln ltnifl{ vmk{a m mkhawm m mnjl{ f{ïwifm a waö{ifm ga lqwm{av anaiwmv. cavwavqvwacwl{ mv l{`qoacwmv l|qi lt{avacwlgmv#

Bmi mkva{rlgm. tl{l avwl tav|qivl. qo oèv ga t{m`{lol. azikigmv ao |qlw{m va`qcglv/bai{lv8 gilv<7. ;<. a ;: ga vawaok{m a ; ga mqwqk{m ga ;449# L oawmgmnmìl fmcvivwa ao blxa{ qol lcìnivfmcwaøgm a qol lcìniva gmfqoacwln ga olwa{iliv azw{lïgmv ga hm{cliv a icwa{caw#

M waol ga tav|qivl é m t{ioai{m tlvvm |qa m tav|qivlgm{ gara wmol{# L avfmnjl gm lvvqcwtav|qivlgm va{ì m mkvwìfqnm icifiln l va{ vqta{lgm# M w{lklnjm oawmgmnöìfm t{afivl va{ lvqvwacwlgm a cm{walgm tm{ wam{ilv {anlfimclglv lm waol t{mtmvwm# L oawmgmnmìl avwqgimvm lotnil{ vaq fmcjafioacwm qwinixlcgm wéfciflv cafavvì{ilv tl{l lnflcàl{ mv mkhawgavahlgmv#

Tl{l fja`l{ lmv {avqnwlgmv gavahlgmv. é bqcgloacwln l qwinixlàæm ga icvw{qoacwmv oawmg

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M |qlg{m ta{oiwa qol naiwq{l ga anaoacwmv iotm{wlcwav cl avw{qwq{l gmF\F . |qa tmvvqi. aooégil. < jm{l a 74 oicqwmv ga gq{làæm# W{èv knmfmv. vacgm |qa flgl qo wao qo waotgiba{acfilgm8 m t{ioai{m wao 6 oicqwmv. tmiv é |qlcgm Ol{fanm Wlv blx lv fjlolglv gm t{m`{loM va`qcgm wao 6: oicqwmv a m wa{fai{m wao 11 oicqwmv# MF\F lt{avacwl qol oégil ga :olwé{ilv tm{ t{m`{lol. agiwlglv fmo lt{mziolgloacwa 1 oicqwmv flgl# Væm oliv ga <2 fmoa{filivazikigmv gq{lcwa m t{m`{lol a qol oégil ga 04 fanak{iglgav |qa ltl{afao l flgl va`qcgl bai{l#Tm{ ønwiom. m |qlg{m omvw{l |qa anaoacwmv hm{clnïvwifmv avwæm t{avacwav clv blnlv ga|qita ao oégil cmra raxav l flgl t{m`{lol Qol |qlcwiglga ta|qacl tl{l va{ fmotl{lgm ä qowanahm{cln#

M bmfm gl lcìniva {afli wlokéo vmk{a l mkva{rlàæm ga fmom é glgl l rivikiniglga gm t{m`{lol aomqw{mv raïfqnmv. fmom hm{cliv a l icwa{caw# MF\F. lm va{ fiwlgm tm{ avvav raïfqnmv. é gavf{iwmfmom m hm{clnivom i{{ara{acwa fmo lkm{glàcv mqvlglv mq é {aw{lwlgm ltaclv fmom t{mjqom{ïvwifm=

Lcwav. tm{éo. ga lt{avacwl{ mv {avqnwlgmv gl lcìniva. va{ì baiwl qol k{ara gavf{iàæm gmF\F #

7#< Qol gavf{iàæm gmF\F

Avw{algm ao <0 ga ol{àm ga ;44:. mF\F/Fqvwa m \qa Fqvwl{ é azikigm wmglv lv va`qcglv bai{lväv ;;j<1 a {at{ivlgm fmo mv oanjm{av omoacwmv lmv vìklgmv. l tl{wi{ ga ;6j71 tanl [agaKlcgai{lcwav ga Wanarivæm# L aoivvm{l k{lvinai{l. gm `{qtm Klcgai{lcwav ga Fmoqciflàæm. al{ gavga <6 ga olim ga <920 a bmi bqcglgl tm{ Hmæm Vllg# Lwqlnoacwa. vaq binjm. Hmjccymfqtl l t{avigècfil# M bm{olwm m{iìcln gmF\F ta{wacfa ä t{mgqwm{lFqlw{m Flkaxlv.gl

L{àcwicl. |qa azika m t{m`{lol cl|qana tlïv . fmo m cmoaFli`l \qiac Fli`l. mq tanl vi`nlF\F# L t{ioai{l azikiàæm l{àcwicl bmi ao <992#

MF\F é qo t{mhawm gm hm{clnivwl l{àcwicm Oì{im Ta{`mnici. |qa riq cm t{m`{lol l tmvvikinga i{mcixl{ a gacqcfil{ blwmv tmnïwifmv. lnéo ga vlwi{ixl{ fanak{iglgav nmfliv# L {afaiwvqfagigl gm t{m`{lol bmi aztm{wlgl tl{l rì{imv tlïvav gl Loé{ifl8 Fjina. Q{q`qli. AQL a K{lvin#Iwìnil. Tm{wq`ln . lnéo ga Iv{lan narl{lo mF\F tl{l Aq{mtl# L t{mtmvwl é blxa{ qo {avqom gmv

t{icfitliv blwmv mfm{{igmv cl vaolcl. w{lwlcgm/mv ga olcai{l i{{ara{acwa fmo jqom{ vìwvqvwacwlgm tm{ ta{`qcwlv |qa bmào gm hm{clnivom fmcracfimcln#



M bm{olwm k{lvinai{m wao fmom nïga{ a lt{avacwlgm{ m hm{clnivwl Ol{fanm Wlv1

|qa. lm nlgm gaOl{fm Nq|qa

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avwøgim wmwlnoacwa bm{l gmv tlg{ñav hm{clnïvwifmv. qol rax |qa. cmv avwøgimv ga wanahm

jì tnlwail. wanñav bqwq{ivwlv azikicgm m cmoa gm t{m`{lol. iolàcv tlcm{ëoiflv mq lt{avacwlgmga öfqnmv avfq{mv#Lnéo givvm. l iolào ao bm{olwm gil`mcln t{mgqxigl cmF\F cæm lfmcwafa cm

m{clnivom fmcracfimcln#

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wm{clcgm qol glv tmqflv oqnja{av l fmotm{ qo anacfm gaF\F cm oqcgm# Mv icwa`{lcwav gm`{qtm væm fmcjafigmv wlokéo fmom mv „jmoacv ga t{awm‟#

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Hm{clnivwl. lwm{. lt{avacwlgm{. {mwai{ivwl a gi{awm{ ga gira{vmv t{m`{lolv ga {ìgim a wanarivæm# Hì tlvv@nmkm. WR fqnwq{l a Tnly WR# Bmi fmnqcivwl glv {arivwlv W{it a Ivwm Ê. lnéo ga avf{ara{ tl{l mv hm{clivVæm Tlqnm a m Avwlgm ga Væm Tlqnm# Wlv hì fmm{gacmq m Wanafq{vm gl Bqcglàæm [mka{wm Ol{icjm a f{ilgm{ gm knm` gm Wlv cm tm{wln QMN#

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Lwm{. nmfqwm{. oavw{a ga fa{io÷cil a l{wivwl tnìvwifm# Giriga vaq waotmfmo vjmpv ga jqom{. fmoa{filiv a aztmviàñav#0Lwm{. hm{clnivwl a lwqlnoacwa t{mwl`mcixl qo va{ilgm cl WR lflkm# [lbicjl wao qo vjmp ga vwlcg/qt *jqom{ ga fl{l/niotl). l{wa fmo l |qln wara fmcwlwm cmv Avwlgmv Qcigmmcga om{mq#

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Tqknifiwì{im. jqom{ivwl. avf{iwm{ a fl{wqcivwl# Fmcviga{lgm m bqcglgm{ gl fmoégil vwlcg/qt cmK{lvin#

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Lwm{. oøvifm a hm{clnivwl# Hì tl{wifitmq ga rì{ilv taàlv tqknifiwì{ilv. lnéo ga wa{ baiwm t{mgqàñav icgatacgacraifqnlglv clv aoivvm{lv FCW. @lxawl a [aga Oqnja{ ga Wanarivæm#

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Lwm{ a jqom{ivwl# Jì 6 lcmv avwì fmo vaqavtawìfqnm fnqka gl fmoégil vwlcg/qt#

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Fmcfq{vm clfimcln fmo ;6 oin icvf{iwmv cm ta{ïmgm ga ;4 l 6</40/;449# Mv flcgiglwmv acril{lo qol biwl garïgam tl{l m viwappp#klcg#fmo#k{-f|f-fmcfq{vm#lvt. lfavvlgm ao <4/<4/;449# M tøknifm lhqgmq l vanafimcl{rmwlcgm tanl icwa{caw a VOV cmv 6; oanjm{av. |qa tlvvl{lo tm{ rì{imv wavwav cl aoivvm{l lwé {avwl{ao :flcgiglwmv# Mv biclnivwlv t{mgqxi{lo olwé{ilv qvlglv tl{l lrlniì/nmv# Ltöv anioiclàæm ga ; fmcfm{{acwav acw{mv lt{avacwlgm{av hqcwloacwa fmo l gi{aàæm gm t{m`{lol avfmnja{lo cm gil <7 ga vawaok{m m miwlrm icwa

gmF\F # Nmflnixlgm aoppp#wanaolìl#pm{gt{avv#fmo-;449-40-;<-f|f/icvf{iàæm/tl{l/m/miwlrm/anaoacwmao<4/<4/;449#



M F\F k{lvinai{m wao gq{làæm oégil ga qol jm{l a oail# L lka{wq{l lfmcwafa ga olcai{lb{acéwifl a fmo qol gmva ga aqbm{il wïtifl gmv t{m`{lolv ga lqgiwö{im# Nm`m cm icïfim. qo tmgmv w{èv lt{avacwlgm{av væm omvw{lgmv ao tmvwq{l „vwlcg ‖ qt

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‟# Omvflv. icvawm vïokmnm gmF\F.

ltl{afao cm oaim gmv lt{avacwlgm{av. ac|qlcwm tlw{mficlgm{av givtqwlo l lwacàæm gwanavtafwlgm{ fmotmcgm wlokéo l ricjawl ga lka{wq{l#

M facì{im gm t{m`{lol é fmotmvwm tm{ bm{wav nqxav k{lcflv a lxqiv |qlva jitcöwiflv# lt{avacwlgm{av biflo cm facw{m gm tlnfm mcga jì qol nmc`l oavl ga bm{olwm la{mgicëoibqwq{ivwl# Gmiv fica`{lbivwlv. qo ga flgl nlgm. bmflnixlo Wlv. Nq|qa a [lbicjl ga rì{imv ëc`qnmicfnqvira ao w{icwl `{lqv t{mgqxicgm qol iol`ao gil`mcln# Qol fëoa{l icvwlnlgl ao qol `{ql

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blx lv iol`acv tlcm{ëoiflv gm t{m`{lol ac|qlcwm mqw{lv fëoa{lv bmflnixlo {ltigloacwa ltnlwail#

Cm icïfim gmF\F. l vi`nl gm t{m`{lol ltl{afa cm rïgam omrioacwlcgm/va ga rì{ilv olcai{lv agi{aàæm# Qo abaiwm rivqln omvw{l omvflv vmk{armlcgm l tnlwail. mv lt{avacwlgm{av a qcwloacwa fmo qol fëoa{l. cqol `{ql |qa gatmiv ga ln`qcv icvwlcwav blx qol olcmk{l

facw{lnixlcgm m w{im cl wanl glcgm icïfim lm t{m`{lol vaot{a fmo Ol{fanm Wlv# L va`qi l blnlt{avacwlgm{ azw{lïgl gm t{m`{lol gil ;</49/;4498

Wlv/vio###vio. vlnlkio# Avwa é mF\F /Fqvwa m |qa Fqvwl{. m vaq {avqom vaolcln gacmwïfilv lm rirm tl{l wmgm m K{lvin# M t{m`{lol gl bloïnil k{lvinai{l#

Ol{fanm Wlv licgl fmcwicql l lka{wq{l gmF\F lt{avacwlcgm lv „lw{làñav‟ gm t{m`{lol cl|qanagil#

Wlv/acwa. m t{m`{lol jmha wl gl tmcwicjl. *fmo l tmcwl gmv gagmv cl m{anjl. anafmcfnqi)# Mnjl ivvm# *lv t{icfitliv lw{làñav væm omvw{lglv)#

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W{lcvoivvæm ga icbm{olàñav tanm {atö{wa{ gm nmfln gm lfmcwafioacwm# M {atö{wa{ ga té a ao tnlcm oégimtnlcm loa{iflcm. ta{olcafa cl wanl gq{lcwa m waotm ga w{lcvoivvæm gm kmnawio# Tmga va{ lm rirm mq `{lrlgmNmflnixlgm aojwwt8--ppp#viwawh#hm{#k{-`nmvv#lvt=igtlnlr{l?<4cm gil 47/<</;449#

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A|qitloacwm qvlgm tl{lnarlcwl{ a klizl{ olwa{iliv. tm{ oaim ga flkmv a |qa bqcfimcl ao wmglv lv gi{aàñav# Nmflnixlgm aojwwt8--ppp#va`q{lcflaw{lklnjm#fmo#k{-gmpcnmlg-`{ql/cifmnlq]kannm#tgb cm gil ;0/<</;449#



Ltöv omvw{l{ qo w{afjm glv t{icfitliv lw{làñav. qo icwa{rlnm fmoa{filn é icifilgm# Lvvio |qam t{m`{lol {awm{cl. Wlv blx qol lt{avacwlàæm ga Nq|qa a [lbicjl. vaot{a fmo qol nic`qlào

oawlbö{ifl tl{l fjlol{ qo tm{ qo# Qol gavvlv lt{avacwlàñav avwì gavf{iwl l va`qi{. {awi{lgl gmt{m`{lol gm gil ;</49/;4498

Wlv/A aq rmq gl{ kml cmiwa tl{l ana. lm oaq nlgm gi{aiwm m ønwiom vmk{ariracwa@qa{{l gmv Bl{{ltmv. m {ivmcjm a nïotigm. [lbicjl Klvwmv, Gm oaq nlgm av|qa{gmana. àcwa. qol bm{àl k{qwl gl clwq{axl. m lkivoln Ol{fm Nq|qa,

M F\F é fmcgqxigm cqo {iwom ranmx a aqbö{ifm tm{ Wlv. [lbicjl a Nq|qa vaot{a fmo l

fqotnifiglga gl tnlwail |qa rik{l l flgl |qlg{m. fmoacwì{im a tilgl# M t{öziom iwao givfqwi{ìavwl {anlàæm gm t{m`{lol fmo m tøknifm a l olcai{l fmom mF\F va lt{mt{il ga anaoacwmvm{clnïvwifmv tl{l w{lcvoiwi{ vaq fmcwaøgm#

7#; Lcìniva gmF\F

Havta{v *<99:) lbi{ol |qa l tmvwq{l gm lt{avacwlgm{ ga wanahm{cln gara va{ vaot{a tlqwlg

kqvfl gl f{agikiniglga# M tnlcm gilcwa gl fëoa{l t{afivl va{ bizm fmo m oïciom ga omrioacwm tmvvïran# M lt{avacwlgm{ gara va{ binolgm gl ficwq{l tl{l fiol a m „xmmo‟. |qlcgm cafavvì{im. baiwm ga olcai{l nacwl# CmF\F ivvm cæm lfmcwafa# Mv lt{avacwlgm{av avwæm va omrioacwlfmcvwlcwaoacwa. a. é fmoqo anav va narlcwl{ao glv flgai{lv gq{lcwa m t{m`{lol tl{l blxa{k{icflgai{lv acw{a vi#

Qol tnlwail lfmotlcjl m t{m`{lol lm rirm a va{ra fmom qo wa{o÷oaw{m tl{l oagi{ l vlwivblàæmgm tøknifm. lnéo ga olcwa{ m {iwom lìwlgm gq{lcwa l lt{avacwlàæm# L tl{wifitlàæm gl tnlwaF\F `lcjl gioacvñav wæm iotm{wlcwav |qa m tøknifm tmga va flglvw{l{ cm acga{aàppp#tnlwailf|fDklcg#fmo#k{ tl{l fmcjafa{ a tl{wifitl{ lm rirm ga qo t{m`{lol clvva`qcglv/bai{lv# Ao cacjqo wanahm{cln fmcracfimcln m ëcfm{l va narlcwl tl{l k{icfl{ fmo

m wanavtafwlgm{ mq fmo mv t{mbivvimcliv gm avwøgim# Avwlv gqlv fl{lfwa{ïvwiflv gmF\F tl{afaokao vioinl{av lmv t{m`{lolv ga lqgiwö{imv mq jqom{ïvwifmv mv |qliv t{irinaìlo l {anlàæm gi{fmo m tøknifm#

Ltöv lvvivwi{ äv |qlw{m agiàñav gmF\F . ln`qcv gawlnjav tmgao va{ mkva{rlgmv8 m t{m`{lol éfmcvwiwqïgm tm{ w{èv knmfmv# M t{ioai{m wao gq{làæm ga w{èv oicqwmv. |qlcgm Wlv blx lv



fjlolglv gm gil# Ana lgmwl l oavol bm{ol qvlgl tanmv wanahm{cliv tl{l lw{li{ l lwacàæm gm tøknfqhm gavwl|qa glv t{icfitliv cmwïfilv va{ra tl{l t{acga{ m wanavtafwlgm{#

Cm t{m`{lol ga <7/49/;449. Wlv icifil m t{m`{lol omvw{lcgm mv t{icfitliv gavwl|qav gl|qanagil# Ltöv gixa{ |qa m t{m`{lol avwì gl „tmcwicjl gl m{anjl‟ ana taga |qa m wanavtafwlgm{ mkva{racl wanl lv lw{làñav# Cm hm{clnivom. avva {afq{vm va{ra tl{l aziki{ lv olcfjawav. mq vahl. m gagm wanahm{cln# Mv mqw{mv gmiv knmfmv wèo gq{làæm lt{mziolgl ga 11 oicqwmv flgl# M t{mcmra icva{àñav ga olwé{ilv fmo gq{làæm acw{a |qlw{m a ficfm oicqwmv flgl qol#

Qo gmv tmcwmv oliv tafqnil{av gmF\F é. vao gørigl. m blwm ga |qa l flgl cmrm t{m`{lol. qocøoa{m azt{avvirm ga fanak{iglgav a fmoa{filiv `lcjlo rivikiniglga# Qol oégil ga 04 lvw{mv aavw{anlv acw{a lwnawlv. tmnïwifmv. lwm{av. avf{iwm{av. omganmv. flcwm{av. gi{awm{awanarivæm fmotñao l „tlqwl‟ wmgl va`qcgl/bai{l#

Væm tanm oacmv <2 lcøcfimv ga giba{acwav ol{flv a t{mgqwmv givtqwlcgm lv oacwav a fm{làwanavtafwlgm{ l flgl t{m`{lol# Mv t{mgqwmv væm lcqcfilgmv gacw{m gmv knmfmv tanmv

icwa`{lcwav gmF\F # Avwa azfavvm ga fmoa{filiv ni`lgmv ä icbm{olàæm tmga va{ acwacgigm |qlccmv naok{lomv gl lcìniva baiwl tm{ Om{ic *<990). vmk{a l fqnwq{l ga olvvl# Va`qcgm ana. l fqga olvvl é gicëoifl. vaot{a ä t{mfq{l ga cmrmv tøknifmv# Lnéo givvm. l fqnwq{l ga olvvl va{iliotmvwl tanl {a`{l gm oa{flgm fltiwlnivwl {at{avacwlgm tanl icgøvw{il a m fmoé{fim. cqol {anlàacw{a l t{mgqàæm a m fmcvqom#

L{kaz H{ *;44;) wlokéo blx qol lcìniva vmk{a l fqnwq{l ga olvvl a vql ni`làæm fmo l icbm{olàæm

a lv gaolcglv oa{flgmnö`iflv# Ana lf{agiwl |qa l cmwïfil olcwéo qol fqotnifiglga fmo moa{flgm. mq vahl. ac|qlcwm m oa{flgm vacwa/va aztmvwm tanl oïgil. avwl tm{ vql rax. bm{wloa{flgm glcgm/nja rivikiniglga# \qlcgm Ol{fanm Wlv gix |qa mF\F é m t{m`{lol gl bloïnilk{lvinai{l. f{il qo rïcfqnm acw{a l icbm{olàæm a m oa{flgm fmcvqoigm{ t{mwl`mcixlcgm flvloacwm ta{baiwm# Mv gavahmv vmfiliv va{æm i`qlnoacwa fmotnawlgmv wlcwm cm icw

icbm{olàæm |qlcwm lw{lrév gm vmcjm oa{flgmnö`ifm#

Lv olwé{ilv gmF\F væm {atnawlv ga anaoacwmv `{ìbifmv a lqgimrivqliv fmom. tm{ azaotnm. cl{ixga tlnjlàm. ltiwm. gabm{olàæm gl blfa gmv acw{arivwlgmv. fjltéq ac`{làlgm. lnwa{làæm cl rmx. vvioqnlcgm lcioliv acw{a mqw{mv# Wqgm ivvm fmcw{ikqi tl{l {albi{ol{ m fmcwazwm vìwi{m



a i{÷cifm ga wqgm |qa mF\F t{mgqx# Olfian *<991) l{`qoacwl |qa m avtawìfqnm wanarivirm cæmta{oiwa m lt{mbqcgloacwm a lcìniva ga |qln|qa{ blwm cmwifimvm. tmiv m waotm é fq{wm a nioiTl{l Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999). m waotm fq{wm fl{lfwa{ïvwifm gl wanarivæm é {abnawigm cmv wablxao qvm glv iolàcv tl{l t{acga{ l lwacàæm gm wanavtafwlgm{#

Cm t{m`{lol. vö l iolào cæm klvwl# Avvlv lnwa{làñav rivqliv bqcfimclo fmom lw{lwirmv a vìwi{cæm fmom bö{oqnlv abiflxav ga w{lcvoiwi{ m fmcwaøgm# Olfian *<991) lbi{ol |qa m wanahm{c

t{mtm{fimcl acw{awacioacwm lm tøknifm. olv naok{l wlokéo |qa m hm{clnivom gara w{lcvoiwi{icbm{olàæm ga bm{ol fnl{l a mkhawirl# M qvm gavvav anaoacwmv fmcw{ikqi tl{l fmcgqxi{ qol agiwm{iln. m |qa m hm{clnivom gara nqwl{ tl{l cæm t{lwifl{#

Qo tmcwm oqiwm iotm{wlcwa gavwl tav|qivl é m blwm ga |qa mF\F blx qvm ga wa{omv hm{clnïvwifmv tl{l fl{lfwa{ixl{ qo |qlg{m mq làæm gmv „{atö{wa{av‟# Wa{omv avtafïbifmv gmhm{clnivom fmom

„cmwïfil. tlqwl. {atö{wa{. olwé{il. fmka{wq{l. fmnawirl. acw{arivwl. {atm{wlào‟ væm qvlgmv f

b{a|þècfil# M qvm fmcvwlcwa gavvlv azt{avvñav é vqbifiacwa tl{l va{ri{ ga |qavwimcloacwm |qlclm |qa é oliv {afm{{acwa cmF\F . m hm{clnivom mq m jqom{= Cl blnl l va`qi{ Ol{fanm Wlv cm

t{m`{lol gm gil ;:/49/;449 qvl m wa{om fmka{wq{l tl{l fjlol{ qol olwé{il baiwl tm{ Glcinm

@acwini cm hm`m acw{a Væm Tlqnm a Fm{icwjilcv8

Wlv /L t{ioai{l aomàæm gl cmiwa é l va`qicwa8 Glcinm @acwini. l|qana fltawl aobm{ol ga `q{i. bifmq oliv ranjm mcwao# Oqiwm kmciwicjm. m `q{i bax 64 lcmv# Cövolcglomv m `q{i cm vaq lcira{vì{im „fmk{i{‟ m hm`m Fm{icwjilcv a Væm Tlqnm# Mfltawl ao bm{ol ga `q{i lcira{vl{ilcwa. Glcinm @acwini# Rahl ivvm#*fjlol lolwé{il#)

Hì cl olwé{il. Glcinm @acwini. lm gilnm`l{ fmo qo oégifm {avtmcvìran tm{ lwacga{ m wm{fagm

avwìgim. qvl oliv wa{omv hm{clnïvwifmv oavfnlgmv fmo anaoacwmv jqom{ïvwifmv# Vioqnlcgmt{mknaol cl `l{`lcwl tl{l cæm wa{ |qa blxa{ l fmka{wq{l cm gil gm vaq lcira{vì{im. m giìnm`m valvvio8

Glcinm/é fmo rmfè |qa aq |qa{m blnl{# W÷ fmo t{mknaol l|qi *ltmcwlcgm tl{l l`l{`lcwl)#Oégifm/É, lk{a l kmfl lï#

Oégifm/cæm wao clgl lï cæm#Glcinm/oa gì qo lwavwlgm lï „raim‟# Aq cæm |qa{m

fqot{i{ avvl „tlqwl‟cæm# É oaqlcira{vì{im jmha. oa gì qo lwavwlgm lï#

Oégifm/aq cæm tmvvm cæm#



Glcinm/oa gì qo lwavwlgm lï t{l aq blnwl{. é oaq lcira{vì{im#Oégifm/cæm tmvvm cæm#Glcinm/rmfè rli ra{# Rmfè licgl rli t{afivl{ga qo „{atö{wa{‟ qo gil#

Cm t{öziom iwao. l {anlàæm gmF\F fmo tøknifm. m hm{clnivom a m acw{awacioacwm va{ì lkm{glM avfnl{afioacwm vmk{a m |qa é oliv {afm{{acwa. m hm{clnivom mq m jqom{. é bqcgloacwlnfmcfnqvæm gavwa w{lklnjm#

7#6 MF\F a l {anlàæm tøknifm. acw{awacioacwm a hm{clnivom

Lcwav oavom ga blnl{ vmk{a l {anlàæm gmF\F fmo m tøknifm. m hm{clnivom a m acw{awacioacwm.iotm{wlcwa {awmol{omv l fmot{aacvæm k{ara vmk{a m fmotm{wloacwm a l igacwiglga k{lvina

L igacwiglga gm k{lvinai{m tmga va{ fmotl{lgl ä gavb{l`oacwlàæm mfm{{igl fmo m jmoao töv/omga{ciglga# Tl{l Jlnn *;44<). m t{mfavvm tmvvikiniwmq qol oqglcàl fltlx ga t{mgqxi{ qoicgirïgqm fmo igacwiglga oliv tnq{ln a oöran# Avvl oavol tnq{lniglga tmga va{ lclnivlgl fmol{`qoacwmv ga [ikai{m *<997)# M lqwm{ lfjlrl |qa m k{lvinai{m a{l lnw{qïvwl. {ani`imvm. ot{mbqcgiglga. lta`lgm lm tlvvlgm aomwirm. lbawirm. jmvtiwlnai{m a bavwirm#

Tl{l ana. wqgm ivvm cæm é fltlx ga aztnifl{ l ra{glgai{l gabiciàæm gm tmrm k{lvinai{m# L avvècK{lvin va{il. tl{l [ikai{m *<997). l girivæm ga gmiv K{lviv a l {qtwq{l va gl{il cm givwlcfiloacacw{a tmk{av a {ifmv#

M k{lvinai{m olcwéo qol {anlàæm icw{ïcvafl acw{a l {i|qaxl a l tmk{axl# Qo tlïv mcga m vlnì

oïciom é qol {alniglga gl olim{il gmv w{lklnjlgm{av. icravwi{ ao bm{olv ga acw{awacioacwlnwa{clwirmv é |qlva iotmvvïran# L wanarivæm va wm{cl m oaim ga gira{væm bloinil{ oliv kllfavvïran# M k{lvinai{m rira m nøgifm omrigm tanl avta{lcàl ga |qa m lolcjæ vaot{a va{ì oanjm{|qa m mcwao a m jmha# „M avtï{iwm nøgifm fl{lfwa{ixl l igacwiglga k{lvinai{l# L {avivwècfil a lavta{lcàl vmolo/va l avwl gioacvæm nøgifl‟ *[IKAI[M. <997. t#<;2)#

M k{lvinai{m {i ga wqgm tm{|qa wao l fltlfiglga ga va{ mwioivwl ga olcai{l vic`qnl{# M nøgifm émqw{l fl{lfwa{ïvwifl kao tafqnil{ gm k{lvinai{m |qa [ikai{m *<997) gabica fmom m bavwai{m a



avwì ni`lgm lm awjmv gm k{lvinai{m# L wanarivæm {at{avacwl qol olcai{l {ìtigl a kl{lwl ga vagira{wi{# M oaim t{mtm{fimcl lna`{il a gavta{wl cm wanavtafwlgm{ vacwioacwmv fmom l fmotlvmnigl{iaglga. lna`{il a banifiglga#

L bavwl. tl{l m k{lvinai{m. é fltlx ga ac{lixl{ l f{acàl clfimcln. gavta{wl{ l avta{lcàl a lt{mziol{fnlvvav vmfiliv vatl{lglv tanl giba{acàl afmc÷oifl# L wanarivæm wlokéo lotnil m lnflcfa gl bavwl.tmiv {mota kl{{ai{lv biclcfai{lv a anioicl m lcwl`mcivom vmfimafmc÷oifm# Lvvio fmom fl{clrln. mF\F vqta{l mkvwìfqnmv afmc÷oifmv a vmfiliv# L wanarivæm é føotnifa cavvl bavwlF\F fmcw{ikqi vacgm m t{mwl`mcivwl ga qo avtawìfqnm fmot{moivvlgm fmo mv lcvaimv a gavtøknifm# L gira{væm `{lwqiwl a tmvvïran l wmgmv#

L wanarivæm lotnil lv cmriglgav a l`{a`l ä rigl vmfiln qol gioacvæm {aln gm gil/l/gil glvtavvmlv# L cmranl. mv t{m`{lolv ga lqgiwö{im. m avtawìfqnm oqvifln. l rigl glv fanak{iglgavw{l`égil. l bavwl tmtqnl{. m wanahm{cln5 lv fmc|qivwlv avtm{wirlv a fanak{làñav {ani`imvlv5tl{wa gm avtawìfqnm `{lcgimvm t{momrigm tanl WR# Mkva{rlcgm Wlv a vql w{qta. cmF\F ävva`qcglv/bai{lv. avva avtawìfqnm va wm{cl {aln a vïokmnmv gl rigl fmwigilcl væm lt{mziolvatl{lgmv ltaclv tm{ qo fni|qa#

Cm hm{clnivom. tm{ azaotnm. m blwm é avfmnjigm ga lfm{gm fmo f{iwé{imv hm{clnïvfmcgqxao m w{lklnjm icbm{olfimcln# Tl{l A{kmnlwm *<99<). l icbm{olàæm gara va{ ga icwtøknifm a ra{glgai{l tl{l. ga blwm. va wm{cl{ qol cmwïfil# CmF\F. azivwa qol m{iacwlàæm l tl{wi{ga qo {mwai{m. |qa bifl ao fiol gl oavl fmcgqxicgm m w{lklnjm gmv lt{avacwlgm{av# Avwa {mfl{lfwa{ïvwifm gmv wanahm{cliv. fmcgqx m t{m`{lol l flgl azikiàæm#

A{kmnlwm *<99<) naok{l |qa mv f{iwé{imv ga cmwifilkiniglga t{momrao l f{agikiniglga gm hm{gilcwa gm tøknifm a fmcgqxao m w{lklnjm gmv {atö{wa{av# Wmgmv mv „{atö{wa{av‟ gmF\F fmcgqxaovaqv w{lklnjmv l tl{wi{ ga qol tlqwl |qa. ao ln`qcv omoacwmv. é {aranlgl lm tøknifm# M jqom{ tlqwl gmoiclcwa gm t{m`{lol# A{kmnlwm *<99<) gix |qa m hm{clnivom ga acw{awacioacwm vgivw{li{ a lw{li{ m tøknifm# Glcinm @acwini. cm t{m`{lol gm gil ;<49/;449. lm fmk{i{ qol olw

ao |qa m nqwlgm{ ga rlna wqgm Wan Kaea{cm gavlbil m flotaæm ga Hq Hiwvq[mka{wm @mgmy. cmicïfim gm vaq wazwm blnl gl „tlqwl‟#



Glcinm/Wan Kaea{. qo fl{l oqiwm ti{lgm. nqwlgm{ ga rlna wqgm. {avmnraq gavlbil{ mflotaæm glv l{wav ol{filiv. [mka{wm @mgmy# Aq avwmq l|qi tl{l fqot{i{ avvl „tlqwl‟a ra{ibifl{ m |qa rli gl{ ivvm lï# *va {aba{icgm lm fmcb{mcwm)#

W{mflginjmv a tilglv. oqiwlv raxav fmo m qvm azfavvirm ga oawìbm{lv. `ï{ilv a wa{omv Fjqnmvfmom „kqcgl. nlg{æm. `mvwmvl. ganïfil. avti{m|qawl ga {mgicjlv. tana ga `mnbicjm‟ væm qvlgmv

b{a|þacwaoacwa tm{ wmgmv gmF\F # Cm t{m`{lol gm ;</49/;449. é tmvvïran mkva{rl{ cm giìnm`macw{a Wlv. Nq|qa a [lbicjl avvl viwqlàæm. gatmiv |qa Banita Lcg{amni acfa{{l qol olwé{il fmo lflcwm{l Ic`navl Niny Lnnac ao vjmp cm K{lvin8

Wlv/Rmq blxa{ hqvwiàl l|qi fmo l flcwm{l Niny Lnnac#Wlv/T{l |qao bmi fjlolgl ga

„`m{ganïfil‟. l oacicl wì lbaiàmlgl#[lbicjl /Avta{ao# Avwmq {afakacgm qoloacvl`ao l|qi *ltmcwlcgm tl{l m tmcwmanaw{÷cifm cm mqrigm). ana „fmoaq l Niny Lnnac‟ avwæm oa gixacgm l|qi. ana „fmoa *va {aba{icgm ä Banita Lcg{amni)Nq|qa/{i[lbicjl /\qln m t{mknaol gl tavvml va{„`m{gl‟=[lbicjl/L giba{acàl é |qa l „`m{gl‟ `mvwl oliv ga fmoigl gm |qa va{ „fmoigl‟#Wlv/{iNq|qa/{i

Tl{l Tlwa{cmvw{m *<999). m wazwm gm wanahm{cln t{afivl va{ fmnm|qiln tl{l lnflcàl{ wmgmv

tm{éo é bqcgloacwln |qa vahl fm{{awm a cæm wacjl `ï{ilv. tmiv wln lkm{gl`ao tmga rqn`l{ixl{ m

wazwm#

Lvvio fmom ao t{m`{lolv ga jqom{. l tilgl blx tl{wa gl {mwicl gmF\F # Ao wmglv lv blnlv.

m vaq qvm é blfinoacwa ta{fakigm# Mv lt{avacwlgm{av. lm bicln gmv |qlg{mv. blxao fmoacwì{imvaot{a fmo lcagmwlv mq k{icflgai{lv wïtiflv gm jqom{ivom# Cm t{m`{lol gm gil ;:/49/;449. lm

bicln gl olwé{il lt{avacwlgl tm{ [lblan Fm{wax. vmk{a m Bavwirln Icwa{clfimcln ga Ficaol gm [im

Hlcai{m. Wlv. [lbicjl a Nq|qa fmoacwlo a i{mcixlo qol viwqlàæm mfm{{igl fmo m t{abaiwm fl{imAgql{gm Tlav8

Wlv/li. li. li# M t{abaiwm Agql{gm Tlav bifmq fmo l|qanl fl{l. |qlcgm [lblan Fm{waxacw{a`mq m binoa tm{c÷ . olv ana narmq m binoa tl{l flvl#*i{mcixlcgm m t{abaiwm |qacæm garmnraq m binoa l [lblan Fm{wax)[lbicjl /é ra{glga *{i)

Nq|qa/lljj, Vlblgicjm, *gakmfjlcgm gm t{abaiwm)



Havta{v *<99:) lbi{ol |qa m lt{avacwlgm{ é qo anm acw{a m hm{cln a m tøknifm. ana wao l bqcklnixl{ a w{lgqxi{ tl{l m wanavtafwlgm{ m blwm cmwifimvm# Tm{éo. tl{l m lqwm{. m hm{clnva wm{cl{ qo vlnwioklcfm ga bai{l cao qo làcwa gl tqknifiglga# Avva witm ga fmoacwì{im cmF\F

gavta{wl m iolìcì{im vmfiln. t{mrmflcgm {ivmv l tl{wi{ gl vìwi{l. gm gakmfja a gl i{mcil# Lgivvm. wmgmv væm làcwav tqknifiwì{imv. tmiv fmcw{ikqao cl t{momàæm gmv t{mgqwmvgq{lcwa m t{m`{lol tm{ anav oavomv#

Tl{l A{kmnlwm *<99<). mnalg é l avw{qwq{l |qa fmcgqx l tlqwl hm{clnïvwifl. tmvvikiniwlcgm l{atö{wa{ m gi{afimcloacwm t{mgqwirm. {avtmcgacgm l tanm oacmv w{èv glv vaiv ta{bqcgloacwliv cl fmka{wq{l hm{clnïvwifl8„|qao=. |qa=. |qlcgm=.mcga=. tm{ |qè= fmom=‟# Aowmglv lv olwé{ilv azikiglv tanmF\F. é tmvvïran ta{faka{ l t{avacàl gavvl avw{qwq{l fmoqo lmm{clnivom. olv t{avacwa cm t{m`{lol# Cl olwé{il `{lrlgl tm{ Banita Lcg{amni cm t{m`{lol gmgil 4;/<4/;449. ao Fmtacjl`qa. cl Giclol{fl. vmk{a l avfmnjl gm [im ga Hlcai{m tl{l mv hm`mvMnïotifmv ga ;4<2. é tmvvïran mkva{rl{ l avw{qwq{l gmnalg mqflkaàl

<2

gl {atm{wlào baiwl tm{ ana8

Lcg{amni/avwlomv l|qi ao Fmtacjl`qa cl Giclol{fl *MCGA)a m K{lvin tmga rira{qo omoacwm øcifm jmha *gil 4;/<4/;449)*\QLCGM)#Gl|qi vli l avfmnjl*FMOM)gl figlga vaga tl{l mv hm`mv Mnïotifmv ga ;4<2*\QA)# M [im ga Hlcai{mtmga va{ avfmnjigl tl{l vagil{ mv hm`mv*\QAO) a m F\F avwì l|qi tl{l {aìvw{l{avva omoacwm øcifm tl{l m K{lvin*TM[ \QÈ)

Cmv t{m`{lolv mkva{rlgmv. m cøoa{m ga fmoa{filiv é `{lcga a l flgl icwa{rlnm mq fjlolgl gaolwé{il. qol aot{avl givtqwl l lwacàæm gm wanavtafwlgm{# Wmgmv væm baiwmv tanmvlt{avacwlgm{av a {atö{wa{av gm t{m`{lol# L {anlàæm gm t{m`{lol fmo mv icøoa{mv lcøc

tqknifiwì{imv é fmcvwlcwa a avwì t{avacwa lm nmc`m ga wmgl l azikiàæm

Mv lcøcfimv tqknifiwì{imv a l nic`qlào azfavvirl ga jqom{ cæm væm lv øciflv fl{lfwa{ïvwiflv gF\F # L |qlcwiglga ga fanak{iglgav |qa. l flgl cmrm t{m`{lol. `lcjl rivikiniglga. vahl {afakacgmanmìmv mq f{ïwiflv. f{il qo rïcfqnm gmF\F fmo m acw{awacioacwm à{lgm tanl wanarivæm# Mtøknifm rira m nøgifm t{mrmflgm tanl rigl tl{wifqnl{ glv fanak{iglgav# Fmom anlv

<2

M oavom |qa nalg# Va{ra tl{l Icw{mgqxi{ mq lk{i{ ga qol cmwïfil mq {atm{wlào# L flkaàl-nalg ao à{ln avwvaot{a cm t{ioai{m tl{ì`{lbm `qilcgm.fmcgqxicgm a fmolcglcgm m w{lklnjm gm hm{clnivwl# Nmflnixlgmjwwt8--nqflhm{#rinlkmn#qmn#fmo#k{-avw{qwcmw#jwolfavvlgm ao 42/<4/;449#



rirao a m |qa blxao gavta{wl l fq{imviglga a f{il {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv cl oacwa gmwanavtafwlgm{# L {anlàæm gmF\F fmo lv fanak{iglgav va{ì givfqwigl cm t{öziom iwao#

7#7 MF\F a lv fanak{iglgav. fmoaàlcgm tm{ anav

Cmv |qlw{m t{m`{lolv lclnivlgmv. fa{fl ga 04 fanak{iglgav ltl{afao ao flgl\F\ # T{lwifloacwawmgmv mv |qlg{mv qvlo l bi`q{l oigiìwifl ga ln`qol fanak{iglga# Væm l{wivwlv. tmnïwifmv. lflcwm{av. lwm{av. lt{avacwlgm{av. omganmv a ta{vmclniglgav ao à{ln# Cm t{m`{lol gm<7/49/;449. [lblan Fm{wax rli ä bavwl ga gavtagigl gm anacfm gl cmranl Floicjm glv Ïcgilv. gl[aga @nmkm# L t{avacàl ga fanak{iglgav é m tmcwm ìtifa gm aracwm8

Wlv/vazwl/bai{l biclnoacwa lflkmq l cmranl Floicjm glv Ïcgilv# L cmranl Floicjmglv ïcgilv. mcga l|qana tmrm biflrl glcàlcgm# M anacfm va {aqciq a bax qol bavwl gagavtagigl#Wlv/cöv olcglomv tl{l nì m tì{im icwmfìran gavwa t{m`{lol# L Tmfljmcwlv gm F\F.[lblan Fm{wax# Rahl ivvm, *fjlolcgm l olwé{il)

L |qlcwiglga ga fanak{iglgav cmF\F é wæm azt{avvirl. |qa m |qlg{m „F\ Wavwa‟ é baiwm vmoacwfmo anlv# Qol fmotawiàæm |qa wao tm{ biclniglga oagi{ m\I

<0

gmv tl{wifitlcwav fmo ta{`qcwlv{anlfimclglv l rì{imv waolv fmom. tm{ azaotnm. „jivwö{il. fiècfilv. fanak{iglgav a avtm{wav‟tl{wifitlcwa gara {avtmcga{ l ficfm |qavwñav# Cl oagigl ao |qa mfm{{a m a{{m. qol tmcwqlàæ{a`{avvirl icifilgl fmo 744 tmcwmv lrlnil m gavaotacjm gl fanak{iglga#

A |qlcwm lmv ta{vmclàcv |qa fmotñao mF\F . anav væm fanak{iglgav mq cæm= Tl{l Olfian*<991). m hm{clnivwl ga WR. gatmiv ga ln`qo waotm. wm{cl /va ta{vmclniglga# Hì Om{ic lbi{ol |qa l wanarivæm. fmom raïfqnm ga olvvl. t{momra lv {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv gmiolìcì{im jqolcm# Tl{l Om{ic *<990). m oaim ga olvvl rlnm{ixl m {mvwm viotìwifm gm nmfqwgl omàl kmciwl a wlokéo vm{{igacwa#

M iolìcì{im jqolcm. bmflgm cm nøgifm. t{momra wmgmv mv gilv m |qa Om{ic *<990) gabica fmniotilcmv# Ragawav glv tavvmlv fmoqcv. mv mniotilcmv væm lv t{öt{ilv fanak{iglgav#lt{avacwlgm{av a {atö{wa{av gmF\F {afakao l oavol aztmviàæm oigiìwifl |qa vaqv

<0

\qmfiacwa ga icwani`ècfil f{ilgm cl Fjicl cm véfqnm R. qvlgm fiacwibifloacwa cl B{lcàl cm véfqnm ZZ# L oégiloqcgiln gm \I é <44# Nmflnixlgm aojwwt8--tw#pieitagil#m{`-piei-\qmfiacwa]ga]icwani`!F6!LLcfil# Lfavvlgmao ;:/<4/;449#



acw{arivwlgmv# É oqiwm fmoqo rè/nmv vacgm l`l{{lgmv mq wi{lcgm bmwm`{lbilv acw{a qol amqw{l

<:

#

Lv {at{avacwlàñav vioköniflv. fmcvw{qïglv tanl wanarivæm. `lcjlo vacwigm cl rigl a clv làñav glfanak{iglgav# M oqcgm gmv mniotilcmv {aoawa lv tavvmlv cm{oliv lm nq`l{ icfmoqo a givwlcw{alniglga# L rigl t{irlgl gl fanak{iglga gavta{wl l fq{imviglga gm tøknifm# L bqcàæm mniotilcl.va`qcgm Om{ic *<990). va{il jqolcl a giricl# Lt{mziol{ l rigl {aln lm fmwigilcm gl tavvmlfmoqo ä t{irlfiglga gm ïgmnm fmotña m tltan gl icgøvw{il fqnwq{ln ga olvvl#

L fanak{iglga wao wqgm l vaq blrm{# Cm{olnoacwa. lv tavvmlv wmolo vql bi`q{l fmom {aba{èL bm{ol ga ravwi{. lcgl{. blnl{. fmoa{. gira{wi{. acbio. wqgm é mkva{rlgm a gavahlgm wanavtafwlgm{# Cm hm{clnivom wanarivirm. tm{ azaotnm. clgl cm lt{avacwlgm{ tmga gavril{ l gm tøknifm lm |qa avwì vacgm cmwifilgm# Tm{wlcwm. tl{l Havta{v *<99:). cao {mqtl. `{lrlwl. fi`avwmv a azt{avvñav lk{qtwlv tmgao t{mrmfl{ avva gavrim# Tl{l m lqwm{. wmglv avvlv {a`fmotmcacwav ga qol fmcgqwl olim{ |qa gara va{ lgmwlgl tanm lt{avacwlgm{#

CmF\F . lv {mqtlv hì væm m `{lcga giba{acfiln gl a|qita# Wmgmv ga t{awm fmo öfqnmv avfq{{motao fmo m bm{olnivom |qa m hm{clnivom fmcracfimcln avwlkanafa# L nic`ql`ao {atnawl `ï{ilv a oawìbm{lv fmotnawl l `{lcga fl{`l ga tilglv t{mgqxiglv cm t{m`{lol# L fqnwq{l ga olvvl.tl{l Om{ic *<990). é abiflx. tmiv t{mgqx fmcvwlcwaoacwa vaqv ja{öiv a vaoigaqvav bqcgloacwlcm avtawìfqnm gl avwéwifl# Lv fanak{iglgav {at{avacwlo cl rigl {aln m oiwm. m iclnflcàìran#

MF\F. fmo vaqv lt{avacwlgm{av a {atö{wa{av. lt{mziol m oqcgm glv fanak{iglgav a m oqcg{aln# L icgøvw{il fqnwq{ln w{lwl ga f{il{ lv ragawav gl rigl {aln# Cm t{m`{lol. va{ {igïfqnmra{`mcjmvm# Tl{l Klejwic *<999). m {ivm é qol ra{glga gm fmwigilcm a fmcw{ikqi tl{l fmot{aam oqcgm# Cm giìnm`m l va`qi{. gm t{m`{lol gm gil 4;/<4/;449. lv oawìbm{lv qvlglv tanmlt{avacwlgm{av azaotnibiflo kao ivvm8

<:

MF\F lotnimq wlcwm l rivikiniglga ga Wlv a vql w{qta |qa m tm{wln mbifiln gm t{m`{lol f{il qo rïcfqnm fmo m



Wlv/a l`m{l aq gmq kml cmiwa t{l ana# M jmoao vacwlgm l oicjl gi{aiwl# Ana |qa t{lwifl vlnwm vao „rl{l‟ vao l „rl{l‟. *tilgl wacgacfimvl a ltanlwirl l vazqlniglga)



tøknifm a mv bæv ga flgl qo gmv tl{wifitlcwav ricwa |qlw{m jm{lv# Nmflnixlgm c

mjwwt8--tm{wlnf|f#

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m `løfjm mnïotifm [lbicjl Klvwmv,[lbicjl /Vacjm{lv a vacjm{av oqiwm mk{i`lgm. aq oa qblcm *m{`qnjm) ga tl{wifitl{gavva t{m`{lol#Wlv/aq wlokéo oa qblcm ga rmfè tl{wifitl{ gm t{m`{lol [lbicjl Klvwmv. tm{|qal`m{l gm oaq nlgm av|qa{gm# T{avwao lwacàæm m klfinm avtm{mvm *oif{mm`lcit{avacwa cm fm{tm jqolcm). qo lwnawl nqwlcgm tl{l m {afmcjafioacwm gl lol{anicjlfmom avtm{wa mnïotifm# Ol{fm Nq|qa,Nq|qa/kml cmiwa### kml cmiwa####bloïnil k{lvinai{l *blxacgm tmvav fmo mv gagmvl oavl fmcwicql) „wlom hqcwm###wlom hqcwm‟Wlv/„wlom hqcwm‟ l`m{l tavvmln#

Tl{l Om{ic *<990). l fqnwq{l ga olvvl t{mgqx qo `{lcga fnqka fltlx ga qci{ loi`mv ao

fmcvmcëcfil fmo lv avfmnjlv avwlkanafiglv# MF\F f{il qol tmcwa acw{a m tøknifm a m oqcgm glvfanak{iglgav. tmiv l|qana oqcgm vqknioa a givwlcwa tlvvl l va{ tmvvïran t{icfitlnoacwa |qlcgmanlv væm fmnmflglv cm oavom cïran glv tavvmlv fmoqcv#

7#1 Lv oïgilv a mF\F

Avwa iwao va{ì k{ara. tm{éo ga `{lcga fmcw{ikqiàæm tl{l avwa w{lklnjm cm vacwigm ga omvw

mF\F é {aw{lwlgm tm{ mqw{lv oïgilv. tm{ azaotnm. hm{cliv a icwa{caw# Cm hm{cln Jmha Ao Gil. clvaàæm wràcwa/Vmbì. gm gil ;2/4:/;44:. l olwé{il fmo m wïwqnm „Jqom{ a Tmnïwifl‟ a vqkwïwq„wmna{ëcfil blx tl{wa gl gaomf{lfil‟ {aw{lwl m fmcwaøgm gm t{m`{lol fmom m „jqom{ lgmnavgakmfjlgm‟# M flga{cm licgl fmcviga{l |qa mF\F é „tl{ögil ga qol tl{ögil‟. fltlx gagavfmcvw{qi{ l olcai{l fmom m hm{clnivom azika l {alniglga *Lcazm L)#

L olwé{il licgl azlnwl m t{m`{lol. l{`qoacwlcgm |qa vql lkm{glào cmwifimvm bmà gl

g{lolwixlàæm lkm{glgl cmBlcwìvwifma lm omganm ficaolwm`{ìbifm t{mgqxigm cmT{mbivvæm [atö{wa{ . lokmv t{m`{lolv glWR @nmkm# M wïwqnm gl {atm{wlào qvl m jqom{ tl{l gavf{ara{m F\F . tm{éo cm fm{tm gl olwé{il mv tl{wifitlcwav væm fjlolgmv ga {atö{wa{av a cæm jqom{ivwlv. {afm{{acgm cmrloacwa lm hm{clnivom tl{l w{lcvoiwi{ f{agikiniglga lm t{m`{loolwé{il l{`qoacwl |qa mv {afq{vmv rivqliv qvlgmv clv {atm{wlàcv oliv abifiacwav a mfqtlo qolnicjl acw{a m avtawìfqnm a m hm{clnivom#

Lv blnlv. oqiwlv raxav fmo azt{avvñav fjqnlv a cmwm{iloacwa azlà{lglv fmo tilglv fl{{a`lglv gawa{omv tahm{lwirmv a ltanigmv aoknaoìwifmv. cl {atm{wlào gm Jmha Ao Gilvæm gavf{iwlv fmom„blnlv ao wmo gakmfjlgm. olv vao azfavvmv ra{kliv‟# Fmcviga{lcgm m



jm{ì{im ga azikiàæm gm t{m`{lol. é fmoqo iolìcl{ |qa l olim{il glv f{ilcàlv hì avwì gm{oicgm a|qa m tøknifm |qa lvvivwa lm t{m`{lol fmot{aacga{ì lv k{icflgai{lv# Fmcwqgm. wmglv avvlvicwa{ba{ècfilv rivqliv a ra{kliv gm t{m`{lol clv olwé{ilv tmgao f{il{ qol givwm{àæm clicwa{t{awlàæm. l t{im{i. tavvmln ga flgl wanavtafwlgm{#

Cm gil <0/4:/;44:. m Hm{cln gm K{lvin. cl vaàæmTmcwm WR . tqknifmq qol olwé{il fmo m wïwqnm„jqom{ ‖ Fqvwa m |qa fqvwl{8 loa/m mq gaiza/m

<9

‟ fmo Ol{fanm Wlv ao tmviàæm ga nqwl fmo qo

{mvwm qo wlcwm |qlcwm {ivmcjm. olv t{mcwm tl{l fmoklwa{ lv „f{ïwiflv‟# L iolào tl{afa

fmotnawl{ l {aw{lcfl gl {atm{wlào |qa avfnl{afa l t{maxl gmF\F ao lnflcàl{ m va`qcgm oanjm{

jm{ì{im oliv rlnm{ixlgm cl aoivvm{l Klcgai{lcwav ga Wanarivæm ao ltaclv ficfm oavav# Fmo 1

tmcwmv cm ikmta. m t{m`{lol mfqtmq m va`qcgm jm{ì{im fmoa{filn oliv fl{m gl aoivvm{l# Avvicbm{olàæm fmcw{ikqi tl{l fmot{aacga{ l ni`làæm fmcvwlcwa gm t{m`{lol fmo wlcwmv lcøcfimvtqknifiwì{imv *Lcazm K)#

Cl olwé{il. Wlv lgoiwa |qa m t{m`{lol cæm wao qclcioiglga. olv |qa vö rlnm{ixl lv f{ïwiflvfmcvw{qwirlv# Qol cmwl cl oavol olwé{il gavwlfl m vqfavvm baiwm tanm t{m`{lol acw{a mv lw

gq{lcwa lv Mniotïlglv gl Fjicl# Tmcwm icwa{avvlcwa gavwl lcìniva. tmiv mF\F ri{l ragawav ga

ragawa gm fmwigilcm gl vmfiaglga# Lv fanak{iglgav |qa væm fmcvwlcwaoacwa raifqnlglv cmt{m`{lol. l`m{l raao cmF\F vaqv ïgmnmv. mq vahl. mv mniotilcmv glv avw{anlv#

Cm tm{wlnppp#fmoqci|qa/va#fmo#k{. gm gil ;0/<4/;449. Glcinm @acwini cl olwé{il gl hm{clnivwl

Ixlkanl Rlvfmcfanmv. cl agiwm{il <¸ flga{cm. va gix hm{clnivwl. tm{|qa m blx# Bm{olgm aotqknifiglga. Glcinm l{`qoacwmq |qa w{lklnjl fmo m hm{clnivom a qvl wéfciflv gl t{mbivvæm tl{l

blxa{ vaq w{lklnjm# @acwini gix |qa gavfmcvw{öi l icbm{olàæm hm{clnïvwifl a l {ablx fmo jqom

lgoiwa |qa l klva ga wqgm é m hm{clnivom# Glcinm @acwini wao qo wpiwa{;4

a blx gm oaim qololcai{l m{iìcln a tavvmln ga acza{`l{ l rigl. lnéo ga l{`qoacwl{ vmk{a mv blwmv fmwigilcmv vao

tmnifil{ cm |qa ana fjlol ga „oif{mknm`‟. {anlwl l {atm{wlào gm viwa# Avvl {anlàæm gmv icwa`

gm t{m`{lol fmo gira{vlv oïgilv gl icwa{caw bqcfimcl fmom qo flwlnivlgm{ ga bæv a lgatwmv gmF\F wm{clcgm/mv licgl oliv fénak{av l flgl gil#

<9

Azt{avvæm w{lgqxigl gm ic`nèv8Nmra oa m{ nalra oaa |qa {at{avacwmq m vnm`lc qvlgm cm `mra{cm giwlwm{iln ga@l{{lvwlxq Oégifi. ga <929 l <907. ta{ïmgm ga {at{avvæm a oinl`{a afmc÷oifm rmnwlgm tl{l l gmqw{icl glva`q{lcàl clfimcln# Nmflnixlgm cm nir{m ga EMVJIKL. Nqix a OLCXI. Gaciva B{lyxa Ta{ai{l# Jivwö{il gm K{lvin# 0¨# Agiàæm# Væm Tlqnm# Lwqln Agiwm{l. <992. t#662#;4[aga vmfiln a va{rigm{ ga oif{mknm`ìc`. taoiwa lmqvqì{im acril{ a {afaka{ icbm{olàñav tavvmliv ga mqw{m fmcwlwm |qa avwahl ricfqnlgm l vql {aga ga fmcwlwmNmflnixlgm aojwwt8--tw#pieitagil#m{`-piei-Wpiwwa{# Lfavvlgm cm gil <</<</;449#



1 FMCFNQVÆM

Tl{l lnflcàl{ m mkhawirm w{làlgm cavwl tav|qivl. oqiwmv floicjmv bm{lo ta{fm{{igmv# Lkm{gvmk{a m hm{clnivom a l wanarivæm wira{lo |qa va{ mk{i`lwö{ilv. tmiv w{mqza{lo nqx ä talotnil{lo m acwacgioacwm vmk{a m mkhawm avwqglgm# Fmot{aacga{ l igacwiglga fqnwq{ln kwæm tafqnil{ a. lm oavom waotm. tnq{ln bmi ga i`qln iotm{wëcfil tl{l m w{lklnjm#

M tmrm k{lvinai{m. clv tlnlr{lv ga [ikai{m *<997). é {aniìmvm. olnlcg{m. olwa{cln. vmnigìwlokéo bavwai{m# L|qi. m tmrm {i ga wqgm a m blx ga olcai{l va`q{l a nir{a ga fqntl# Bmi tmvta{faka{ lm nmc`m gl tav|qivl |qa m tl{lnanm acw{a olxanlv vmfiliv a l banifiglga clfimcln cæm wni`làæm fmo m gicjai{m# Ltavl{ ga bqcgloacwln tl{l rigl gm jmoao. l blnwl gana cæm iotaga |qa mk{lvinai{m {il ga wqgm. icfnqvira gmv omoacwmv gibïfaiv# M {ivm fl{lfwa{ïvwifm cm avtï{iwml azt{avvæm viokönifl oliv lcwi`l t{avacwa cl vmfiaglga# Ana é l {at{avacwlàæm gl {alniglga gbm{ol jqom{lgl a |qa lt{mziol lv tavvmlv#

Fmo i`qln {anarëcfil. avwa w{lklnjm t{irinaìmq m avwqgm vmk{a l wanarivæm. m raïfqnm fltlx

lv bloïnilv gilcwa gl azikiàæm ga qol cmranl. binoa. fmcfq{vm ga kanaxl. t{m`{lol jqom{ïvwifm awanahm{cln# M k{lvinai{m va {afmcjafa cl WR# MF\F `lcjl fl{ìwa{ ga igacwiglga clfimcln.vmk{awqgm l tl{wi{ gl gabiciàæm ga Ol{fanm Wlv ga |qa m t{m`{lol é gl bloïnil k{lvinai{l#

L wanarivæm {at{mgqx l rigl fmwigilcl lw{lrév glv wanacmranlv. gmv t{m`{lolv jqom{ïvwifwlokéo gm hm{clnivom# L vmfiaglga rè cavva ønwiom l bm{ol oliv abiflx ga mkwa{ icbm{o

vmk{a mv blwmv cmwifimvmv {anlfimclgmv ä {alniglga gm gil/l/gil# Fa{wloacwa m hm{clniqcëcioa acw{a l vmfiaglga wafcmnöìfl ao |qa riraomv jmha. olv w{lx ao vql lq{l l f{agikiniglgacafavvì{il tl{l {at{mgqxi{ l ra{glga ga gawa{oiclgm blwm# A{kmnlwm *<99<) fmot{aacga l t{mfmom m w{lklnjm t{lwiflgm ga olcai{l ì{gql a gagiflgl. tmiv lcwav gl icbm{olàæm va wm{cl{ cmwm w{lklnjm gm hm{clnivwl gara va{ m ga fmcjafa{ kao m blwm cmwifimvm#

Cavwa avwqgm. bmi tmvvïran ra{ibifl{ l tl{wi{ glv wam{ilv lt{avacwlglv tm{ Om{ic *<990). |qa wanarivæm é qo raïfqnm olvvibiflgm{ a |qa m hm{clnivom fmotña l {aga ga fmoqciflàæm acw{araïfqnm. tøknifm a t{m`{lolv# MF\F é føotnifa cavvl {aga# M t{m`{lol oavfnl jqom{ a



icbm{olàæm hm{clnïvwifl cæm icégiwlv# T{momra m acw{awacioacwm l tl{wi{ gl lt{mrlàæm gmf{il qol avba{l ga banifiglga fmo tilglv fmcwazwqlnixlgl cmv blwmv vmfiliv. olv cæm gì l gariglt{mbqcgiglga cl lkm{glào# Cm t{m`{lol. l lna`{il é wïtifl gmv t{m`{lolv jqom{ïvwifmv# M {ivm`lcjl vi`cibiflgm cm qvm gl tilgl |qa {mota kl{{ai{lv gm bm{olnivom# Icwa{t{awlàñav. ao oqiwmv

flvmv fjqnlv a ga t{momàæm ä iolào oigiìwifl glv fanak{iglgav. va fmcvwiwqao {mwai{m fa{wmt{m`{lol#

A{kmnlwm *<99<) lf{agiwl |qa l icbm{olàæm gara gavta{wl{ m icwa{avva tøknifm a Olfian l{`qoacwl |qa m hm{clnivwl cæm tmga va vmk{atm{ ä icbm{olàæm. tmiv anl é l {lxæm ga vaq wL fmcw{ikqiàæm gmF\F ao lkm{gl{ ga olcai{l i{{ara{acwa a. cl olim{il glv raxav. kao jqom{lglwaolv gm fmwigilcm. cæm wi{l vql {avtmcvlkiniglga ga w{lcvoiwi{ m blwm cmwifimvm vagiwm{iln# M qvm b{a|qacwa ga {afq{vm rivqln ao wmglv lv olwé{ilv gm t{m`{lol blrm{aqn`loacwm l t{im{i a tmga w{lcvbm{oì/nmv ao lcln`évifm tl{l t{mknaolv vmfiliv#

L nqwl gm hm{clnivom gara va{ cm vacwigm ga t{momra{ l iotl{filniglga a icbm{ol{ fmo ivacàæF\F w{lcvbm{ol l icbm{olàæm hm{clnïvwifl ao avtawìfqnm mkva{rlgm cmv t{m`{lolv `{lrlgmgilv <7. ;< a ;: ga vawaok{m a ; ga mqwqk{m# M rïcfqnm gl icbm{olàæm fmo lcøcfimv tqknifiwì{

wæm fmoqo cmF\F |qlcwm m {ivm l{{lcflgm gl tnlwail l flgl |qlg{m#

Wæm fmoqo |qlcwm ä tqknifiglga é l tl{wifitlàæm gl fanak{iglga cmF\F # Ragawav |qaac{i|qafao m t{m`{lol gavta{wlo m iolìcì{im gm tøknifm a lt{mziol m ïgmnm gm jmoao fmoqo#Cm hm{clnivom. anlv `lcjlo gioacvæm cmwifimvl. olv cm t{m`{lol. ic`{agiacwa avvacfiln tl{l lvìwi{l# \qlg{mv icwai{mv blxao qvm gl iolào oigiìwifl glv ta{vmclniglgav# Cm |qlg{mF\F

Wavwa. qol avtéfia ga fmotawiàæm ga icwani`ècfil acw{a lv fanak{iglgav t{momra m acw{awaci

gm tøknifm. wm{clcgm/lv fmoqo. fqhm {avqnwlgm tmviwirm avwì fmcgifimclgm lm lfa{wm ga glv oliv giba{acwav ì{alv. acw{a anlv jivwö{il a fmcjafioacwm à{liv#

L aztmviàæm ga Wlv a vql w{qta é l oavol glv fanak{iglgav# Olfian *<991) lbi{ol |qa m hm{clnivga wanarivæm. fmo m waotm. wm{cl/va ta{vmclniglga# Tm{wlcwm. l a|qita gmF\F é wæm fénak{a |qlcwmäv bi`q{lv oigiìwiflv |qa fm{{i|qai{loacwa tl{wifitlo gm t{m`{lol#

Avwl tav|qivl kqvfmq acwacga{ l lkm{glào hm{clnïvwifl a m jqom{ b{a|þacwa cmF\F #Fmot{aacga{ m |qa é oliv {afm{{acwa cm t{m`{lol bmi vaot{a m t{ioai{m mkhawirm gm avwqgm



Fltlx ga blxa{ gmv t{mknaolv fmwigilcmv k{lvinai{mv jqom{ fmo gmvav ga hm{clnivom é l {afavqfavvm gm t{m`{lol# Fmcwqgm. blxa{ hm{clnivom fmo gmvav ga jqom{ cæm tl{afa va{ t{amfqtlàæm t{icfitln gmF\F # Lvvio. m jqom{ fltlx ga t{momra{ m {ivm. l icwa`{làæm a l bavwlvmfiln cm K{lvin é oliv {afm{{acwa cmF\F # Oavom tm{|qa m t{m`{lol va lt{mraiwl ga cmwïfilv |qabm{lo gavwl|qa cl vaolcl aoivvm{lv ga wanarivæm#

A tm{ |qa m t{m`{lol blx jqom{ {afm{{acgm lm hm{clnivom tl{l blxè/nm= Ivvm tmga va{ qo |qlcwm ta{i`mvm a fmcw{lgiwö{im. ao qo tlïv mcga lv olxanlv vmfiliv fmcw{lvwlo fmo l f{ïvmfiln baiwl ao wm{cm gl agqflàæm a cl olcai{l éwifl a fmcvfiacwa ga va blxa{ hm{clnivombqcàæm. gacw{a rì{ilv. é w{lcvoiwi{ l icbm{olàæm ra{glgai{l vao icwa{ba{ècfilv |qa tmvvlo narqol mticiæm avwlkanafigl# L jitöva tmga va{. ga blwm. l f{agikiniglga |qa m hm{clnivom wao ta{l vmfiaglga#

L f{agikiniglga hm{clnïvwifl avwì ricfqnlgl ä tmvwq{l agiwm{iln |qa t{irinaìl vaot{a l icbm{olàra{glgai{l lotl{lgl tm{ bmcwav mbifiliv a |qa fja`l lm tøknifm vao ivacàæm mq icwa{ba{ècfil# OlvGatmiv ga qo lcm lvvivwicgm mF\F. ta{faki |qa l fl{`l ga jqom{ a mv abaiwmv rivqliv t{mgqxigmvgq{lcwa lv w{lcvoivvñav t{mrmflo iot{afivæm a avtawìfqnm icbm{olfimcln#CmF\F. anaoacwmv gm

m{clnivom fmcw{ikqao tl{l lw{li{ m tøknifm a fmcgqxi{ mv w{lklnjmv gl a|qita#

Vql azikiàæm. nm`m cm icïfim. bmi fmotl{lgm fmo m t{m`{lol jqom{ïvwifm.Tëcifm gl [aga WR . olvnm`m `lcjmq fmcfaiwqlàæm hm{clnïvwifl tm{ lt{avacwl{ lkm{glào cmwifimvl ao vaqv |qlg{mv.gavf{iwm ao hm{cliv a {arivwlv fmom t{m`{lol jqom{ïvwifm# A. ga blwm. é lvvio |qa mF\F valt{avacwl ä vmfiaglga. fmom qo jqom{ icwaniàcwa. olv ltmilgm cl f{agikiniglga gm hm{clnivom#

MF\F é ga blwm qo t{m`{lol jqom{ïvwifm. fmo qol kml gmva ga hm{clnivom# L fl{`l fmcvwlcwga tl{ögilv a lcagmwlv baiwlv gm fmwigilcm k{lvinai{m. m f{agacfil l ivvm# M t{m`{lol acfmcwbö{oqnl lt{mt{ilgl tl{l w{lwl{ ga lvvqcwmv gm gil/l/gil ga olcai{l i{{ara{acwa a icwaniàcwa#Mqvlgm. m t{m`{lol avwi`l ä {abnazæm vmfiln lk{icgm lv ba{iglv gl rigl tøknifl gm tlïv# Lm oavowaotm. mF\F . k{icfl fmo m fmwigilcm glcgm/nja fl{ìwa{ gira{vimcln t{mtm{fimclcgmacw{awacioacwm lm tøknifm# M t{m`{lol olcwéo rirm m jqom{ nlwacwa ao flgl qo gmv k{lvinai{Gavta{wl m nøgifm a m iolìcì{im fmo tl{wifitlàñav ga fanak{iglgav fltlxav ga w{lcvtm{ mv nioiwiotmvwmv tanl givwëcfil vmfiln a bïvifl# Qo



avtawìfqnm |qa é baiwm tl{l l bloïnil k{lvinai{l. qoF\F |qa {afm{{a lm hm{clnivom tl{l fmc|qivwl{f{agikiniglga a lqgiècfil. olv |qa wao m jqom{ fmom m t{icfitln fmcwaøgm#



[ABA[ÈCFILV

L[KAZ HØCIM[. Hmvé#Vjmp{clnivom8 l cmwïfil fmom avtawìfqnm# ;# Ag# Væm Tlqnm8 FlvlLol{anl. ;44;# KLEJWIC. Oiejlin# L Fqnwq{l Tmtqnl{ cl Iglga Oégil a cm [aclvfioacwm8 m

fmcwazwm ga B{lcàmiv [lkanliv8 Væm Tlqnm. Jqfiwaa. <999#

KL[KA[M. Ol{wïc Havøv# Gmv Oaimv Äv Oagilàñav8Fmoqcifl. fqnwql a jaàomcil#W{lgqàæm [mclng Tmniwm a Vé{ìm Lnfigav# ;# Ag# [im ga Hlcai{m8 QB[H. ;44<# KL[[MV. L

Havqv Vinrai{l Tlav ga5 NAJBANG. Caiga Ltl{afigl ga Vmqxl#Bqcgloacwmv ga oawmgmnmìl

fiacwïbifl8 qo `qil tl{l l icifilàæm fiacwïbifl# ;# Ag# Væm Tlqnm8 Ole{mc Kmmev gm K{lvin. ;444

KMBB. Namcl{gm#Éwifl a Om{ln8 l kqvfl gmv bqcgloacwmv# 6# Ag# Taw{ötmniv ‖ [im ga Hlcai{m#Rmxav. ;446#

KQFFI.Aq`ècim# K{lvin ao waotm ga WR # 6# Ag# Væm Tlqnm8 Kmiwaotm# <990# A[KMNLWM.

Oì{im#Wéfciflv ga Fmgibiflàæm ao Hm{clnivom8 {aglàæm fltwlàæm a agiàæm cm hm{clnivom giì{im#

1# Ag# Væm Tlqnm8 Ìwifl. <99<#

JLNN. Vwql{w# L igacwiglga fqnwq{ln cl töv/omga{ciglga# 2# Ag# [im ga Hlcai{m8 GT0L. ;44<#

HAVTA[V. Halc/Hlf|qav# Hm{clnivom wanarivirm#W{lgqàæm ga [iwl Lol{ln# Fmiok{l8 Oica{rl.

<99:# OLFJLGM. L{nicgm# L Wanarivæm narlgl l vé{im# 7# Ag# Væm Tlqnm8 Vaclf# ;441# OLFIAN.

Tag{m# Hm{clnivom ga wanarivæm8cm{olv t{ìwiflv# Tm{wm Lna`{a8 Vl`{l8 GF

Nqxxlwwm. <991#

OM[IC. Ag`l{#Fqnwq{l ga Olvvlv cm Véfqnm ZZ # M Avtï{iwm gm Waotm/I Caq{mva# W{lgqàæm g

Olq{l [ikai{m Vl{gicjl# 9# Ag# [im ga Hlcai{m8 Bm{acva Qcira{viwì{il. <990#



[ABA[ÈCFILV ANAW[×CIFLV

jwwt8--ppp#klcg#fmo#k{-f|f-fmcfq{vm#lvt# Lfavvlgm ao 47/<</;449

jww8--ppp#wanaol il#pm{gt{avv#fmo-;449-40-;<-f|f/icvf{iàæm/tl{l/m/miwlrm/anaoacwm#

Lfavvlgm ao 47/<</;449# jwwt8--ppp#viwawh#hm{#k{-`nmvv#lvt=igtlnlr{l?<4# Lfavvlgm ao

47/<</;449# jwwt8--nqflhm{#rinlkmn#qmn#fmo#k{-avw{qwcmw#jwo# Lfavvlgm ao 47/<</;449#

jwwt8--tw#pieitagil#m{`-piei-\qmfiacwa]ga]icwani`!F6!LLcfil# Lfavvlgm ao ;2/<4/;449#

jwwt8--tm{wlnf|f#pm{gt{avv#fmo-;449-4:-41-6!F;!KL/t{aoim/wgk/f|f/a/m/flotalm/gl

flwa`m{il/jqom{-# Lfavvlgm ao ;2/<4/;449#

jwwt8--ppp#va`q{lcflaw{lklnjm#fmo#k{-gmpcnmlg- {ql/cifmnlq]kannm#tgb# Lfavvlgm ao ;0/

<</;449#



LCAZMV

LCAZM L ‖ [atm{wl`ao raifqnlgl cm hm{cln Jmha Ao Gil. cl vaàæm wr`acwa/Vmbì gm gil ;2/4:/;449. w{lwlcgm m t{m`{lol fmom jqom{ïvwifm cm wïwqnm. olv fmotl{lcgm/m fmo hm{clnivo



LCAZM K ‖ [atm{wl`ao raifqnlgl cm Hm{cln gm K{lvin gm gil <0/4:/;449 cl vaàæm Tmcwm Wazikicgm m t{m`{lol fmom jqom{ïvwifm a fmom ana lnflcàmq m va`qcgm nq`l{ gm ikmta gl [aKlcgai{lcwav ga Wanarivæm ao ltaclv ficfm oavav#



LCAZM F /[atm{wl`ao raifqnlgl cm Hm{cln Vqta{ Cmwïfilv. cl vaàæm rl{iaglgav gm gil <1/46/;449. azikicgm qol olwé{il fmo [lbicjl Klvwmv blnlcgm vmk{a l qciæm gm hm{clnivom ajqom{ cmF\F a vaq avtawìfqnm „vwlcg qt fmoagy‟ cl fltiwln oicai{l#



LCAZM G ‖ Gmiv l{wi`mv fmo fmnqcivwl Ol{im Ol{|qav raifqnlgm cm Hm{cln gm K{lvin# M t{gm gil 41/4:/;44: fmo m wïwqnm„Lklizm m F\F‟. blxil gq{lv f{ïwiflv lm jqom{ gm t{m`{lol# Mva`qcgm gm gil 4:/4:/;44: fmo wïwqnm„Lfiol m F\F‟ . m fmnqcivwl taga gavfqntlv tanm |qa givvagatmiv ga {afaka{ f{ïwiflv ga rì{ilv fmoqciglgav gm t{m`{lol a ga icwa{clqwlv l{`qoacwlcgm |qam t{m`{lol é icwmfìran#

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