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TRANSCRIPT
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GENERA' BIOLO-fz'
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ASINCT
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MIMI C4F1011 SAMNA . ******** .
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Omura (*mangos ER 1113 DIMON:ALL SomaliThe Course GriUrti Biology
3Other Than General Biokty OO Wes.
Eimigmummuns rm Searles
Science Requirements for Graduation . . . . . *** 6OurTioula in Whioli General Bkikermu Ittvgirol . . . . . . 7
ENIOLLIIECNT AND CLASS SOS Di CatmtaAL BIOLOGY . 7
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8Pim& fn rauyiinsent hit Bitio*ad Sdasoss Since 19aa . 9Miss Sias in Gourd ,__---
9 149-5O** 1 1Larrite smaika, and 7:*aii ,.aims we . . .. . . 12
ImmtucnorriAL Thill LIM Mimosa OF SCHEDULING . . . . . . 13Lenisis 4 School Year arid Claes Period. 14Instructional lime Allotted 0 Gourd Biology . I . 14
Methods of Scheduling . . . . .. . ........... 16
Tli&COMMITMAXIDTO". N.41111MICA110X, AND EXPZIW1011121.01111.... e * 41; olt
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'* - ri L- :l'..::',,,,,, .̀1. 10;,111'' 4- e ..CPS4 .=tk:1?."1.4.X3.1 tt'itt.114 V t 4...pe ie--?1;t5r-f-x*,-44
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pedodically sipce '1890 Ir4 Ed ;illa-
offered i1 the secondruy schookand on these
an4
not been
the eoursog ors** foroff
tional need
information
were offered in
ofand specific informs-
on important
ut#e general biology
tavOit
in this`.. . .
r
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e . 11C.
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ION
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skald educators, snob =as teal6wit;- and members a =Haub= committees. amt
_ '" scix4 fauiliths and with furnishingessential
_ _who C= = planning
athi supplies fOr toe in the_ - - -
W m_
of Edr---znzifin
ewes who suiviMd the data on
is Vithmteommlatiwi
FelltrOG4
WAYNE
=
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45,
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4 "- to
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also.
to those the of
The Office is
econdary school principal? 0611
tem:hers and of the .1r17.
rep44based. and willing
this report ,not
e,
I 2
Assistant
ofsk it and School
SYrafis:
and &nice,
-
fi
ql
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4g paiii;111Ises Salmis of tin United Notes
THIS STUDi reports at the courses in 4Wogical science bobra inpublic hif# schools, enflames* in the maw in general biology, suunber
of kink= 4j gmepel Uology; argan1staioN4 the course, nature the id,-watery work, laborahxy and supplementary facilities, the oquipnau used
IrthiNg the "wag* S11,"Pdatilna fir air4.1" and UPPlieat andalf1 pobients rokipi to sioulabs. emend kology.' The
fin al. ore bawl on dam coheciadjor the school year 19490, from ash pubik high schools.
riwt
33
4 1
I. _ 4t
/maple ailed in this study wits a sir*** random sample of theL.publk mmedary cniEms of the try, ex( of wparately admin.-
=kr higu ware' aokkated apcording-
to ska),,
--.-
indhadit
. . .......Ajuniww, ..-_,-_,. _.______. N .._-.K 9 -----=M--13. 9 W---6 U1-9 M I " raki,. blot eon-
mental United btatii. t_ 4_1 -_A-1 851 whoa' revoada to the (memo'n-1
these sebeskilk, 73.3 erain d the sample, pnwided,
inkwutatiosi whkh was used pLANneit* repxt. Returns withusable aatt*ere retr4val frau 'elk** in eath Oi the 48 States and itemthe Diltilet'Cir Grsh-riPNA The mallest molts. d rettuns with usabkdata kola AV Stab, was I from Mime and I frau Neva.. Thelargest awabersi MMUS frail any Suds ins 54 each from New York
a 4- .11, t v.,.
1-.
1
( I.
. 4 .*.t, , .10,4
,
4 '
g Sr Ole eviirsopet do Ow ifiallikssrsd whip& asissagne *ma the Mow*r- ..
INIPhilieVit ti----9 Aalliiiiiiiira '1160illin led ANI Ntilikadliseelathes. bt Roam& is___. ,a , .
m . =_...' le40 = .- i"--:= :---11111A1111111K Fill: D. Custiso, Thimeliw a..., r-----b11.ALGIftlei.. t----._L- pork
_____ ___ --___---.--. w,, .
-771"--1--booklie*i It-z g===---- .
.., --uueopridtnoompastak0 ........."
Wu'4 lika-- ----=-=1 --I ,* tiiiiiii -iii 1 n_... A - Jilissolace*. 00 whoa sta w-rtAss
-, -ii :i '!.!ro .±.4 .-;.: At ... 4 17-7-4,-;: -.Pk'II-77,
Ar----`.. ...*- 4t1ii: el2,...14: _16 .t _ _ . * N.
0110A:..1
r_ ___------.
-./.-,1 i
At t j.F.tsi.%. ,Xltg 414 i;;Ftt-tifii .., .i.-.406,.._ .:04. . ,...-,#.- . , - ,.., "f .:, . a. r ,-, e. i
' V Alt. ....ari. - i... e ,r1..%. * ' r 1 , I' J-e --
da1- -4 . .s, 4
, 7,ci .1
I 'I v.
1/' '
4.
AMMUMINtffiMmummmhmnmnmammAwnmmommmommummmol
Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Some of the responses from the *Amok wakeni i used in this ev-4N-t. 12 schools reported that-, ta k--4 se '
0
offered in alternate CZMI big &I IRA AWL& .couise; 11 stimAt (Awed the course in rental
Mwaff
year,returned the qtmeimainaixe inecatphte4pamaikp about course;21 schools reported that general biotIgy was (Owed; and 21 schools
reported as closed orw,a, idated. schools, 20.6 percentof the
and the -.0
eio espcsid. The '61 :=AtixxA; tttLne public eenda .dook crt the UniteKi
a-
Statft,schi-y. that reported usabi- data constituted
the Nation's public high sciwAi.Table 1 shows the number of public high schools of different types in
the country, exclusive of the separately admhiktelittul junior highwith the number sof pupils enrolled in them, and the number of schoc4 ofdiffract types with their enrollments, which supplied the data used in
t..
a 7 permit of
01-
shows n7c._____......., ,____-_,- cit--_ __=
.----. . = mth_rw0'
La_ aUnited
rea rthe data were ==r = a a di-.
e _presented a -- = a_ a_EaEa_ §
I_ a
= high
2 snY= F1It
different
_04 -
rather than
thcwe
I--report the term etionall
with enrollments 01 fiewi. than sooto designate
0 a
A
of 563' I enrollments sainthr-ar
schools En the United rumba. Mamba,"deft, by type r#ANIMMOMPIra!
aaulpeaalakaaMIWNEWAIPW/WalallaNINIIMINI11=1111.11WIIMINNIOWNINSIaimoneaalaWMMAIMMOIMIDOINIamandallt
In the Mulled Stales
Type a school I Pupae welledim N. v 11 av 1 I allm._
Rettuithgr daiso
&thocks Pupa
tum Pnt I Number Paean* INumtwr Permit
a V
ilunkr-mnior undt-T14110(1-,---
PaNj 3 I 111 II II" a a. .1. av avol, ay..
TO et es it=
aa
ON4 vs
1i
4114,4111
Exanive eeparsteb' nwiicbd and MO sigireatwertIwn 101441 =awl. Aviv&1944-4-4-,
1.0-46 minim Survey dStates, p.
.4vt4-
THE TEAMING OF GENERAL BIOLOGY411
general biologyon the
*logy each lxitwith the
AotOnly 221
samplp, responded con-stituted 4.0 percent of
, a
schools,
this study.Table 2 the secondary
sizes bi the States and the number of sineswhich supplied information for thk study.
The sample was more closely to termsthe gimes of the schooLs than it was to the types of scivok. For dill
by the s they arein of . report, au the belie of of school
on the of school.Throughout the high school" is used to designate
schools pwils; "large higbschoor pupils
Asiole high States sodwheel
I.
Bowls
NNW Number
4Bogor 1.79.401
ti 1,114111 Its4610 X,ft IN all
taistsossis1144IN
/1/. 1lt 11"St I 1184
IN 116.0
4
I at adnithistend viso sato*WI&
_ - 2.ft-rub& high1; returning44 4. 44.
the UnitedA V
0
sample,
Wool
PublicA__ f,
# t Li
-A.
-#
-7, # 1Ai
glidiimmomar44
ry-= 4.-
..... 4411414 attat
v =valt.e.
Tigell 1010#
1
Number = A
1 psIy *-#.
t7* whim* sewok--- g
= __blob
States,.- -
tablele= W 2/0
6-,
11_:_r
year
waszE
tv-4-44IF
i-witage of large high acdok---- was umPrevious studies theizd
# _
A IA
=-1=
than= -A
t
-*4 -444-===-2;.-E Er-E_
A. N
g
_
_
_jI- _- W I
= .4 = 4NILO
whileZ----
than small highby
n
designed4.4
--1- .---4- ---..a--__-,.. --. ei--.:___-_.-;-_,-_,...2
I= i- -_-- E_I_ VL---
-..wth -.=-=
.==
f
a=
A- gV_
a ----a-4-
_-- -V V
A '
came Mein. hi the BIoI.I SAmiks#M
=
7 7*
7
ff A
_
.%_z---- .. .= , = 41,..._.- .,.,_
'...-.=-Z-A
-;--..- 4---- ..4.= =A ME= a -.--=-V4 --4----4 W. ----.7.. M44M-M.M...1
1-
_AAm 2 2
= -= =____= _ _-__=-__ _=_. __=
_to
GT mune* Mi
sample KSTM-
w
1-4 -L2-11
the
=4 the acknft.ri,lat"ti activities of
Th mos wbb the
_
-
ES! s7, ia
4
_ #
tNt'l : I- I
_ .
sch- %.1 pawn d the pima;
iI11 , dde pa* 141010 WAR atlfraltas "I". WithI iiiiheesit tido,was 1)9
,
1. I
I Tilt TEACHING OF GENERAL BIOIJOGY 3
schools in States, number theend mime qf school
Bin aik
who,*
In tbe States in the sample Returning data
6
Number Percent
7
1-09100-209100-489it10-9101? pupih1,(1)0-149g pupaLIN and
1142841291479
4
!Wm_ ungrackd angl lihrb schoob with bye:than 10 pupal Pub* j Biennial Slimy ltduestkm inthe United 19647* I, p.
A higlirAmok for two reasons. the Office ofEducation had shown in the small high schools the course in gewralbiology usually offered in afiernate years, the large highschools was offered each yeare The study to obtaininformation on the qualitae as well as du, of the
was the high Kthools of for the schoolthe course was more likely to be cifered in large
high schook information would be nwre readily availablechools, the Ftwortional reOreeentatim of these schoolsinmeased. In addition, a higher percentage the large high schools
small high in the sam* returned data.,
purpoai 'of this study was course ingieneral it was..441it hi a reixesentoive publiclocorktlarf schooli sclOol year 1949-50. Sinceinstruttioft in itiberai bitil4y is a iscigred tiart of tim othercourses hL Ws*, it was á some informatko on these
on spmificmar bilar4eri to *fterptet tO the qualitative aspects
die:toiket iieseral, biology; This information is incorporated inthe. Vibe iihitai ft ii most, directly raated.
C .1k .- a ':
4 't it
=
THE TEACHING a,z-A_..v
A
= L.. S. ===
A^ alternate= A. A 0- = = = I - -
aftut itnot
I=--
a
13
Tae8t1C4Inall#
I
r__er
_ _
A
schools aa-
*
the
a
a
year: and
offered*
a --=;====m
in the reportthe course
on the varus
according
of these schools()Alfred the
from = --
t7==.,-_-_-;;___-1-___.;--------3=*-_
supplyg.-
2I
_
was
-= E. -71*- a_
ftnn
I
year E -:-1
teul ofported
-===-A A
the
_ ._s.
iditrxmi
=,-OL
iJ
--
= were-I
- -
a=1 a_A=
separate course in twalthmrizime Ka .
The="1
N ff
Ezm,eff
Oi
high son du,
the whoa; a
courses in4 years
Alk
Verna
ig--- .---------- ----..-= i ff---% -.=, = --==__--------___- -=-1__-_=,-_--- --- = = - ,-- 4 # a '.. -..--7 i------=----- -=.-----_- - =------. '-.- g.N ..
*
ha born atble4
in
=
=
a*-
_
A- =
711-.
W.` _ -
===
and
2
the=
6. eowiw. m
_
a
ic schools it waswas
that althoughas a,
come_ -- 77.
4 OF GENERAL
which rftpcmded to the (reel:mike. A ttnal ci 729reported that was offered each 80 schools
1\venty -three of the schoas which the come did witcomplete information The
used in the which follow.
is on the uppliedtby 786 schools which:offered in general biology, whicb
usable data aspects of in
786 schools are distnluted to tileir types Idwisin tables 1 and 2, and they are desipated throughwt tbe report as
offered general biology."s
Courses Offered Other General Biology
The extent to which tbe high schools in the offeringcourses biok:gical sciences, in addition blology,
school is shown in40 different somas general biology was re
by 786 scho ols. offered eitherthe bioltny or tin phyilical am:Anion (ktpartment, w.aa
reponed most frequently. Of offering gtimn-al $73,or 47.4 percent, reported that sep4rate offered froma minimum 1 semester during the high scixsol to a maximumof every semester throughout these
muse in ativamed I4y offered tin ekventh or twelfthin 60 is a comparatively to
curriculum. It offered luxe firma* in large high Moab thanAccording to the comments of teachers writteu in
questionnaire, the comes in of ti4seto meet dm- needs of general *dace mils for a tominali mime pre-paring them for inme effecdve and famfty 42. Motxintelligent participatim in our &Yawn* sod4 &imam, doecourse- gives 9ecialized !rain** Oleos and the
A conr-vathis was Impartell mucb "ppm frogman*by dm, bigh schools than hy Lary Time ispip appamt
in reprd to the pat** yrillostw eiXtMt lailk.8.44144offered in the wer grades of the'high Wm% in
otheis it offered ninthlrade subjedt. kany teachertiiiii664comervation was mt aferea a-1 a
emplaashed in the "nerd bicfty course and in othz ca
,110
1111
1111
1111
#
SF
=
=
_--Aoes woe:
=
946
&L-
00dOdplmgriall it%=o-o
V VioKcaIone sawas far
__ __ 7 te
p =-..= ea
A
year1 I 1
t =
addition toit:1444o was four.
--,==.=-WA
only t-Wr
bogyaa-==M.tun
a
a i -..---.
.,_
-
t%ME
vL= e = ==
==- L
a_719 g.ga kit tha
Some of law newer cometsto the curriculum tiwt swc- wv 1 the 6-4
were
LtUVY!L!! Advanced bicLry !Kew9 9tion, _ _ = _
w=7a-=a==a=
_
15
E E E EI Ii papa.I
1 - 9 i I7;7--=-_. PINASer-=-----------7. a _-----i Dt--=----1-------, &- ===----Z
*,-- I .11 3
9Asti
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r-
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1:-2 V a-- = V Rao-v =
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a
oralIllialrhillg ipla1M I
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blellegra II V WO- a -4- ..- I
==4 01,1.411=11101# 119,49s=i# lp goeva#1.,... I#
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=7-a=_-= ---- =
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=_ _ a ..... .0.1# mews
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===
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botany
A Av4._
Lu= - of *wee, sudi
g _VerW
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--=
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01,-Vr-0, 4 Pti-i'lTotili4--!
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4.r 4 r 1`", Ar._- . . .
4I ;
r
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r----AE. t 4
;
= V_
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r 1( artik
tr
itet.t4'if
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years,
$
'teate
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`=4..AlA
=1
6.
--'TO LI: CI 01:4
= 1.&4_0.
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techniques,I a
Lr°'- =
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-it -7=TVit
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4111111
EA.-114,1.
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I-, '1
- fi. - 4,, 4. ..,-.0 -4, Iv ...,- - 1 _, t._, - w ., - 1
:
t,r,ip ff7.- 7 0---- .. 1.ftir -_
IfE
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f_erl ova Oa ealsta-=r0I '444 '."1". "
4114WP o ... OHS. .... IRA
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4l=1 I_ 1_I__
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41.
7=-
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4.
la 4,
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7
techniques,'
v
A
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1 ,11.71:
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---_-__,--__.--*----=-= Ifil.._,._
ma - T--;--g- -
14T4:=
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fret 4
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4 -
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for 1.v _L
a.
-jri--.. r
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=
t
THIC TUCKING OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 5
The extent of the ofcourse is shown in tatAe
The higtmst of inbiology reported by may the
vertebrateph =s repowted one large urban school.
of the public schools of the °country offerin h6ko1ical scieme during school year. This muse is general
(or small high schools thatcourse was not each year, it was offerelrin alternate
or it was phrt of a 3-year secplenee of biology,phrieg
which reported as10
first aid,and
Thble LaftwCosartas *amulet in t blelegy,whoa
, a(
sod ever
..........
2401011
t470211-
Tag
Anent
9 u
me us sac ts sae up Ns,. vi saea a 6 IN a. 71 I: 10 II 1 ' In 47.4-4$ . 87. I 147 al a tit u.1 to v.1
ts,4 it , se u. 6 in 17. 6 136 . 17. 311 O.& ill &A 7 Li 44 11.1 77 S. $$ 7.0 14 11.1, 11 Li N 4.7 00. t 7.4
11.11 10 7.4 $ Li 12 4.2 A OA401.1 12 4.7 I $.9 , 13 4.$ 110 4,41
$ 2.4 4. 4 Le I ' LI- 18 A 24 4.81 .5 4 _ 1.4 11 1L$ 1 14 L$ U 1.1
le Ls III &I 9 te 1 4 Ma a Ms
sea of whkh was awed th finver than 5are ander "Other" in table Sone as
III IN; suadpistils, laboratory aud
is trainingor for Oa trolosikma. ahl, Fatima'
mimes righies, mut problemsacitsoklariellk sat dm of general oduoation
a .
8 irL4i Lti kl11
ntla
intu
Irre
flur
NI !
DI
5
S.
Science
amount of CJrTfl1 offered in a &chamount of instruction which a graduate, 4.)1
'IMICC, Since in minty ehoo1 r= or all of tilt smiler
b.e index
N-e, or Is ry--quirriii
Data on the extent =
school
cmiienln.k 'CI.* LI 1 r-7
s
tuar vamc=lc-I:, -0 !Itch could be tLtI to 1--
which the rounerc-quirvrnertn n th
pre [
W1100
schools,education.that ommentf-
rat biology
ir numi-_-ker t
mg=
zeneral
ruhrmetito -KritiRiv the science
and the extent
- given below.
t
*-*a Lk% ff as = IkonIn
S
.-
5 schools,-equireft eu
q tz
-w-rre_nt, tr--tiurt.
A
Zn
*=
Fri-vat of tfr twb--t-K
tbe-
wit cc-- r77: preparaue,
V (W-.6. -nik
Ptttmem flflaregtum some mence InUW11006
ffenp_-cumin t
_
r
perrent rptIric-
highJLI 5 A4 = 1=
t ers,
co
TaNe -_.
_
t
4,
= IEtit kit
--veta&' end number
ts_
A
Nobs soomnitc trztauw
0' 77 tr.. -1
-01
T
7 TEACHING
The
"te.
4= P .411-,?i" _ -
i
9rttOt of dike
-flu ha:rt
only V,
ogAir
which werea In.
$ graduationbiological
usedto i
Pen
1Crilf
11" CI I
Information on v--4---,- requiring in science t_s.,_
andtz_v [lie generalVA
simi-c the /11L:70 I, kw:. toy!. irtglep /- t Ve
d Lain ret inment i shown isef SA 72.7 offering
=pi-
,_.. 531=,;,9
.
rAr Ater- =
vitii or V6 different rise!,ti Wt-4$4t4,,f; iei taPas-
7
J.. school. ir Lf the MBet: ,
t.Wig CZ
kutii U .},vy_ts,r),!;_ a pupil[..aelice to ssa infv tf
Sitemiert
-Nam- ---
a.0 41. 4 gig la la laartorape
4_ ....- 1 ti
5.
a
t-_
Mt- ,,:+tt
t...af
Sale. aIta,Pet a at. 4.4
t
szostwobad to take zii et_
T
1tLjli 2;,-=-1164 'so!. :
ri wah,p._
scienceglikate
thEmze,Art---
-.04044 ,...
-- --winds curriculum:j
science,
Number Pwatz E _#axt Num,!, ---------.
a
e pija ,604.v.7.1.,, 7_
T.- t'.
t7-
,$"t '-
,
weir
.1t.
T 4,.
" 'a
VEr, 17
±2.
4_44-
5
41
..1
= .*
....4441.4411.."44-4.'
'4
, .-
0.011=MI
artA. .
4.4
6 OF BIMOGY
Requiroments In
aschool received in
offered isspecified
forfrom high the amount of
these
offering
Sciersce men ta for Gnsduation
which biologicalbe finclutlei in 4.
totalbiology,
and65.0 percent, the
ofwas a the science
thew schoolsby 2 or letas, of a
of arequirement
L--Seanesters In qfwequirbsg biological
.
almime repaired
ilohoois requiing mime
tory curriculumVocational 1 Ossoral ohm- ebitiogi"baNC:
. Number Permat Number Nous&
I $ 41 I.
t S Iii---1
,
ovlITta
-
n2111
$ I171
2ai$
a lMO4. t
31. 10. 3
a. Ia. II
44NS
12id1
rsI)
051. 1& 3
1&i& II
07300
t oUS
1la17
IL 1lit 710
3104
2. a1$
273aI13
It 4a. III II. I
..a
101 SW
.............
IS& 41 SU 1St I
.%
aellultark maim
.
THE TEAMING 01! GENERAL4
w ------
UI1;TIiau);;- iI1 iiie-"----rtent tO which ujc (1LuW In riiuui flW wa
t, to Thrt Ttfli TeJ flt3 m biological net i- Li UI fl ttW
section A__LiJ11 i ufl 4
t yt A- T I- = I -_ - -- -t= I--1 t L4 I(J il FT F i i4-I 4 L1I i J &**;Ty t £ =j
Icfr=a:n in th irbrr of ra! ?lorytL4L A1 'tr t'çr r' hs ijeTtL)fl1. an 1w rirraI ijn trriuLa is vrn n tirt_
t}f the :;1 k)I4
m uarr. 3. ;i5 &td th-t the cour w required allofPu pi1 or iii one or mace. Ot tiW (UrflcUL offered in 'J icbck The cours
-Wa - - -4__._ - - =(JHr-cru a u_.i elective : Jij _- -- j I-_I-Jo percent =- I_ -U- :- - _-_Lu I- 11 i:1W; (JUtlillig
LJcy The course a- rruircii in the cdkge prr pra tor- curn I : ni
in 4J- X1)flt of the thck 3&6 percent required it: in the VOCUofla1nirric1a and 3 J percent reviled i t in the j()fl flfjj Iflfl.
Thc C*TUib £ IeqULlTd much fl1-r 1riucn Uy b mall hiii: Bawdsthan large hii it t; banie tna :bc-ra hicr ri ii
t-Thr fact that large huh .thooi Iitnve a rair varetv of crrizj:
¶tlt hiiid It)
(__- (wJIjL In '- =' I U requirements.=-
t__ tI T General BiologyLI t LI t L L
Fhc information wbfrh i unmi&rizeti ñi this i,ction of the rexwt rr
10 the iI vhicb j -jnJgraJe1 general was offrrâ: r
pr1ing ti:e it=rdr oi pupil; nrt-frd in the course, nd tht ie of the
-.
-
biology,I ?iF S # senora L ..j.. & . .. PT =J
I--;
A Po-j
i4-:! - . , - * . a. .- -
F-wwY 4
V . *
,J
:-L Ii-
A
4
I
=------ .- . .'- ----
&thg,
-.g
1uIj
np71. 7 ' --,---- -Ft
A
Al
.
/;10±-17KitiF! regto,- I _7 of all
5._ offered
.a71:nrealtfa
and ris information
dft.
pk, high
a E
E
J Ti
&I'
,t
! tth
late9
I '211-42±1P-
1
a e- _ .-
.-
A
-twa
I ssii Gra. k:
1
iiii.
making =cm
the
tf
Nutwor-kew
,... sr-v. sip sp ski
!T . '
or OP. OP 40 .10.41 13
4 ';v
TJT2 Weft _
A a
Nwro-
41. 1 *I En eis as a1
rnaa_Iv 46 ;
r
BIOLOGY
satisfy
those requiring oolitive-preparatory,
general biologytim,
general
by **oohsin tbe
than do schook, and they arevotare
Chios
biology
is
et
110 IP-IP
SONS.
&boas bkiaty---0..all
In eurtiouls
Oolleso.PrePani-
toryVacs-*mg
not
Num.bur
11
Per-cent
Atiprkelles, soassadri. isthredel sr*1011611°--46---1
THE _TEAMING (Me''
these
malt and dap easeoffered m tu
A.--
sacral& No infonnatim was obtaing-*other courses in the biological sciences
Enrollment in General6 shows the nu,wergrades, the ,7t
biology was offered, andbiology.
pupils, .....t_._.
e too schools
-Biology,
schOolstat,5A-a
LlE-wt E E. E. E
Wale.' 0-pupils enrolled in grades
V_ ae*id sa...F
anYYear
5ff
- = .- g combinations=
nU, S.- -9
enrolled
*&
-
which weL
,-- sgeneral0 ft --..3 r- bienon-=
= V itm grades 0 s-7.i g W & n 7 a-:,-,.... ...--
ea-
-------, _.e..,,.=,.
P- -WS.-aWSA
V
puriu mingled
-a=
_eHowever,
---Er;veg
A=7-1,
aLan
approximately 99L
the- --,-.-,._-. .- -
kfr-X.--At a dvA= course m-g--.6 -4---t------ ----Lv---_--- _-.F.,,-,.---- ._r
-
biology, We'_-- j
aI Cf.
in
0 .=kV fi=.2a.
numbertb- course
LI=
,=A
v
schools offeringIv and (0
ra--;grade these sethrAR
If all the grade cftam-Iinationo are nidered in which the tenth grade waincluded as one of the grades in which general biolog--y as offered, then atotal of 695 schools, .4 percent of the Sammie offering , offered itto tenth-grade pupils.
Approximately 4 percent of the schools offered the course to ninthegredepupils only, and 77.8 percent of the pupils in the ninth grad* in timeschools were enrolled in the course. Fiftv-ne other schools offered thecourse in combinations of grades which included the ninth grade.
Table 6...-Grades in which general .ir,1_17:7eral-olied !.c-z these geodes, aria lumber ~toned N
AR
Oradea frk whichIs offend
01AllArA=41.1.*11
41. ..and 10
9; 10, and 11_
10 and 1.11 and 12
4.1 OSP
11 and
6 06
.....a_____,
ift.0 ----# kw) . 77. ag 3.1.67 . 2 !2:A. ete 11,2, M 1, N3 = i" 8N Ilt. HO 19. 416 I 76.0
I slw -81 It OM 44, 747 ' sa. 8&A -:44 21,476 A 6"*-
1701 U7I 1.84E3
4.1_
.1 WI!_.__,. ........ .....A-L.1111111L.- "a* 01-MP //1111411416.046NASsaasusarr
TN Int, 1 WIN t;T:1
t 1 IAl_ 7
1!%. 11. , I
101 -
41.
abiology dames in on ewe&
schools.
..Table of in
of pupil? theof ge4eral
In were 1,7499, and 12. terai of 95,069 oi
percent, were in' thb course biology., of the of grides in bloggy
offered, it was impossalle total dimple fromwere acinally enrolled during the
1949-50. of thegeneral the tenth grade percentof the ienmiled in the tenth hi were eironed bkthe
4 r f
was 4ered, lumber qfin biology
I)Bobools of-
. !!binthati(Mos
Pupils enrolled Pumas moiled fa--
IV:
N
laden* 144211"14.4111
Olinda
41130jika
fond
Iliologygragathass
I ....bar
Peroend
1172
tat ent, 1
99
io,i 12.
11 11 I_
U U
SS411
mr.47110440S
dirII. 7rtoKgi.!a.?1.0
tri:111/Itir,
$4701
tail"
us ,
40
.,
on
itI.ON
sk
k
AS
' ' IV.?.. ...............
-MOO *Ile #1111,,,WA
1;
, TS
GiNF:TLBIT. .- - . !
3 Fc!it, crre:I t ou to e1eventh.
Vfl of the trii; iii the eIevith in t
were enrolled -w w __ v
:aJe; vIeh iiiemed the eleventh in oil
The ue o totweIftIgrad. pupil. oni
7 percent of the tftIgrade pupil. in the scho
he course. T1e course was eiI in cmnhinitjong (
luded the twemli grie in 112 other
Many of the schools offered diti1the school ar 19495O (table 3); tI'e
ho cre enrolled in biological dd bI table 6, which is limited to the enrollment. hi the gen
J1
enrolled&
The p-i9liV I1PIWW LUUtt Dy urge jince oi uucawm on uie oitermg&JJ In hi:i1 suIeets give ki=iuion oii the enroll
anenrinents in ffi difTere
yeut Ji IIL1 ;utni This Iunu3h iji
tndfi Intlie aia in13ked. A uinarv o the inrma
:Io1DompiI in t
in t=Ie=1QgIca1 saei and in related courses 'ace IKWJ is gives in taMe 7.
Biology Iãst reported as a subject, separate and distinct fronwasbot&ny and zoology, in 19IC) In that year a total of LI percent of thi
pupils iD tile last 4 years 0* b school were reported to be takini
cottr i biology. If the enrollments in ioology anbotany are dE1
were enro&rJ: hee three cur=c hi t biological ences during tbi
ithool year Ii=SO, 1174 pupils were enrolled in the last 4 years s4
high booL A total 95,669, Or 2L7 percent, of these ruI wi:-:ID3lled in the irae iii grI kklogy or h equiva1t. infcmatioiin t number of pupils enrolled in the otI ure in biological adescewhith were offered In these schools during I3-SO wa uot obtained.
Elowever, the fact that 213 pert o the puifri! enrolled in the high
Mboo1. in the sample re óairelleiil j. genrJ bógy alone, and thuiiany 01 Ui schools repeated from to k-ur other eirses iiibkaI
____r_:=:;;- ;: =-=-=:-.-_-- --..-
ti_s. i 14. i iâ i .i g.ImaI f12 ==!== V
, .s747 l'r;:47{47.::11711tW 4i1V; . L. .
771r.V147,..,1174-`77.17.7.4.
_
TiikainWeirs4 .4.- a
Tem schools, pupilsonly, *and 98.5 grade schools
in tbe. comm. The in- combinations of221
was in 8 andwere ingrades in-
schools.
courses in biological science dur-ing total number of pupils
sciences high& than that shownbiology course.
Trends in Enrollment in Biological Sciences' Sinew 1900
registrataionsments in the various science subjects
information evidence as io thesubject-matter
the percentage of last 4 ions of high scbool enrolled
enrolled
to that for biology, then a total of 23.8 percent of the high-school pupils.bik
year.11 the 786 schOols in the sample used in this study, and covering the
of
eeeoliimmidanoirtirem;romme
:
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TsaiBRMAGY
mils completing the second IpiU of t-___77-E- year's ammo in general W-7.---%-e at-U0the awl of-ilm first tam. None tf tinge pupili, except times who V
the worse, would enroll in the muse during tin swami tam ol the year.h s= probabk that theDuwak who dropped out the °our' durimgthe first term, and those who dropped out of school became they had
re_ari7:1 uhootleaving age, would not be enrolled m the muse during thetw-e-,=--1 term of the year.
The nEt toss of ?,19 1- =7,3,= first
gowts approximately the piw,A
thefirst talne and percent Oi 441,70the W---1" reporting.
Tablet te , oft,ffNt - tor
aiecscIsouniby type school
e
-ff W- Va
_
seamed= V,
n 1 ft
W"V
eomt &rustiest, ar-a maw
Several national committees have recouummtkd that in viewname of the instruction width should 'ven in lame Awes, damsage skald I* limited tx x-_-1#Ihne"-bw-E77 and that mate moltreumimeeeme the register sind- pupils. Was-nation GO tin doss of the harm, the
pineal Mcgogy tech school tits *died y783 schools, 994 percent d the schools offering *bowthis iniiiiitk Le- gists bi
If the reemnamidation of these suktimull miétee at.d asvaIid then 462 'whoa, 61.6 pewees td those whithz,FLmeeting this retiounnendstion m all o hã dales inw tbetypied
4 \-
ter F 4 i..7.t7 ;,*;"74--0,;',1f
iltilalING el!
also of
between the and seeond terms rely.-2.5 percent enrolled in in the
0.54 pupil: enrolled11,-"and 12 in
ass first qf 19040,by t
Olssiglostion ol schools
plat Wm, 190-0 Assad 19040
Numbs) Numbers( AMR.titti I ha oft= allasubtbiology tbs mums Dor Notion
)Zobsser:li
Om Gown
Avers.,sureasscatper notion
1
SO sod war
aaa
Total.
7VP=1:assior sad Esslividsd.
Pagalsr... 411..11
Insist.
3, 1118 123ii, 951 US11, 96 $19
711,4117 , 3, 06
Km s. IN
17. 91 2, 1Uaz someI, 70
$0, MAI
ASV Wi21, 171 10 It a419W le 07 XL SAN91, 11,21
Clam
of thebe
a 26 pupilsbelditidly below 10Mane* and the typical ellasst! inin for 194940-was supplied by
A sommary oftabio b4'f:
-
respeaded, tie
IL
tin
t:a '.-P/ r
4 .J.!" , ;41; f, 941 1.6
..*. 1%, -_tiu.k1.. , * IC I '0
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1111
1111
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1111
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7
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6w,0,_F J a 44,5
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2
this
070
6
RV
- a aES. _RA
- -
_and Class Period
of
1tI
Er
re4-re-a
-.tatbiology classes
17.
S= -..,-= -,_ 5_, = ,--.-__ -,---_ _.=._
aa N a--- -- E ---.,....0-,,-- -. 'V... -F-.- ..'-`.-- ..
t=
tiue average Ril.average for schools
N-1-1preemit, p
.CI Luu
September
a
overg-7-6 Li e
was
inferredicii rw =-4=LI
7_6 76 g7 '1-f
-2 vw
_
The avtwage length of a clan periods for ail *diode reporting, was52.1 minutec The inazimum number of imn trwtional time-for a single class 'wild was 83 minutes rvca.tfti by a large high Bawdthe minimum was 38 milmtesthe small high schoolsThe average for schools mrdimart was 51.5 minutes; a total
6_16
small hi*
schools SE-T2 tw
a
utm
reixxii class only 4=-0 minutes m length.a
average 'length of clata2 per`
A a aa a-N6 -
Ail but 4 of the salads in the thatwas offered as a 2-sem.enc. course. Two of thaw schools offered the coursefor 18 weeks only, mid 2 otiws offered it for 20 weeks. However, thefact that most of the Aloots (life* a 2-semester course in general biologydoes wt insure that the pupil; taking the course receive equivalent in.structkm. This is reflected in the great range in the numb& of minutesof instructional time allotted to the amrse in schools of varkm sixes asshown in table 10.
This table shows that su4) a 2stehAter eeurft in 2 du4s in thesample provides fm Im than 7,000 E-Anil-tes of instruction Iwe yerwhereas the courie in 12 Kim* wovides for awed than 15.0(iiof instriwt61. The average for schothi (A all aims was9,638 minutes. the minimum tamnikm of minutes rerumted for the 2-seomester course was 4,000 the maximum was 17,100 .-.4wxted by a Urgehigh seluxd in an urban area.
0
NERNaMt.ff-ff
_ ,Vt
U. 4( 1.,- ;.;-If;:i-Ilf.'4.-. 4-1V-t-1---4,11.,--y-- . .,t.-- .fen1,-Nc -_. _ -7.:,.., ,.. ,.,,, .. .,. , ... , ., In .-p.,.. A ... . . SE, aI.(I-a ,.: P. 4.. tv. .' 4.-- ,- 1. -:. : Z-
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. ,. qa,t ,.. T
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-o L
-- Argue & ..-
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=-1
Year
IWO]
the
623
high school;
maximum
t . r
KAI
school114
year,st2r
32 ,was Ve4
ucc Ma.6-
I
by IC
I n',7111110 27
a.
schools
J .17 enrollment44=
g_t
a
reported
k_biology : - ,4
e
by --fr I -;-Err
a
schools.
of a..r1
over,_ ,..
,..
I the .
r
1" I
_AO=2al
--__,-r--
-
a_
r .
approximately,---
- .
`
. .1 .
2
14 Tag O GIINWILAKILOGY
which are provided for pupils taking the courses.this is true for the pupils enrolled in general
is shown section
qf.
weeks in the for all of36.3. 'pie was *42 by one largehigh school; high schools.In the small high a school year than
under500
schools, 79.2 pf pupils will at the end of theonly, be in apwoximately 80 percentof the -the_ course general inand continues intojune the year.
of
a small high In general,had shorter class periotk than the large high
under 500schools
was 53.2
Tim* Biology
general
15 lr:atructioiwl fame oliotted to gowns, w
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THE ITACIUNG OF swum.Table viIme qf
Iliatatto 01that pot year
-.4
!dodo with
pupas
tor
NO-
ant hit
pupae
Per-mit 'bog
rarteat
Loso71000-7,419
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ber brePar-
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IN
-=-----
Wirr
a.= -
16 THE TEAM:DMa
A
oor -46e4144 -g -4;IM=
Information cm the
-2 -2
struttici in geniraI umw:
scheduled
11114 tabl-P &Tows thatfar the
schools. ;Us method ,_-_.Ez 1
-..f--
ithoell6 Derma Lti_,_
amuse for 3 single;ff_ atld14-41w=. V mentcned
regard ----- = =
forevery
ire wayswrm.
devoted a
_week t
()T
a
W
different -.= = y 4
the A=
V_-_," v-4
commonscheduling
:TA.1
singlet.
X
so
4 1 * -4.
-V to
17-relyl-_ -'----- i-..,_=-- ..-_-.----------------------
second most
U*2; atui-At
a--
P- were____ h:
The effecth f Tj=t --T'--E--=Mtelka in era course is (*irks& dependentto a large ch! the size the dames and on the reimaratimg a.;-! the
rcitatioi
and
Um*MWT
and class dis*
years art' evotaricwe of the Abcomme teaching the mime.the number d teachers dgeneral biology, the timber ofpupilstaught by dune teachers, the pattiuwatkm of the teaches's, and the lumberofyears of experits;ce of these teatime's is given in th, section of the' iepcwt.Teacher. = ilik0"ey
704 -ye4s- whkii offermi.tin the first term i;;-.
12).
eVEV:=IMA.
A
Table 11.---Nunsber if chasm el general taught eachA teachers in tr first and seed terms
g54-
ofterm
S.
C C4
r_ taf.-400 Lmrr 1"A49494_ 44n
r4trznSaida= Percent
0 a ...........A 04. 111 dm. 0 ft.. .
415**444;&a.mummu#444.55opirlepe4=444404440*04.40-0411"P
sw
44. an,111114 et me
A _
=swiftwi...... 4,41. ever 41. 51
'4.1=141
pbe.5
\ 0009
GICNIRAL BIOLOGY
number oi class periods perand in which periods
throughout the week by sines I.table U.
course 5 perweek was by most method kw both small and large highthe course was reported by 646k821 the Scheduling theind 2 double periods per week waa tbe
method. by 72 schools, 9.2 percentsThere was no significant betwefe the smallochooli in ways in wig& thescheduled. In case where a double-period was thewas used laboratory work rather, than forcussiaa.
Teachers, .Toochhig Lead, Cortnicadon, Experience
on ofteachers S Infer-, madam on
qfin the-
bioloty, the total numbc;rbiology 1949-59 was 1,236; in the secondit wu 1,221 ( table
Jaw biology,
I-a. 7'
1
biology per dayloosad
Number etbathers
4=111.=1.441441141141111114=4644
_
tta,1046
Pweent alt
L
MX
t
"
1111
4111
11ill
iaid
iii.1
1111
111g
limill
TAIWIMIAMarcit or BIOLOGY
ttaal number of ,watkal certificatsm wag
,o,
earimwebetween time. .-snibers and the
tOe
P-
by t15In* the niihik. of the year awl ii -.,-- ___. ..",__ organised
i., ami different
teachers wave. .
-ao taicAl -=:=-,e eLpitiw* during La". iw,-Nma. 1
semester---1---------'1:77
-*IIWI:X.-:=::=-----Wilty
metltat M._
-.-
= the n-YEMnOtKal WU
crfor
iD-kah
admd year, so t tmdunsdame in the first term are nilt nvrily thP same teas-Axes who were
between
the billOgY
mated for the simmul tttin Ar f12 and tidAs 14 and 15 4 that mut of the principals, Imads of
thedepartments, who supplied *.w-s_ information, .=0:---_-_:----t4 on an-tifica.61 and experience a an , the -1L 4
=---=1 tethera
v
(xi their staffs even--- 7 -- --- ti f a K i * were not actually
year.claws during
teachers and number papasbiology, by aims school
enrolled
-
NBtjt
pupils enrollviteedNrsa==---_-)tw of
4
.**s'tr se
re, -Y -a
J 41,_
1_LO
,
-7
n 2I-=4 --_ riga.
. .
the-s.
Eif
Table
447
rt-
- -tax
I
tt.
4aI I
(table)1t4
VActj.1
.7 0 -,_-_,_-_--
17
s'
=Wintaa'
sr
:
RIE
teach*
_- Numbernumber
tMat0-4
ft
is*
a.',
Ma ni.dia
_ 1orst.4.1t.
41'
Lii TT.
- 744477177--7-
coursea the enrollments in*
fAX t
UZI
J1
=
44.- .ft -7.4
" 9-1_11.11 4-1%0
I 4 not_
'CaTE'
.
-,"*qer4 ac_
1070
if-
r2A
-I science
tw-a--
The
G. 7,
.----S.`
-MI I,
i
ielag P1-°11.1:
e
.-.-,-
I I.., 11.!As
T
,4:4-62We
I:
.
IL-
.1
6V0-=49.
zilor
.'F
'A
1d_
. ; .-440 4 .
X\ 14 *- f/t.=. .
- . s. ),'t g' t z'art. ...A _ . s-Sb". .0:4 ; , I-
. 4 ..4.;. .14 $4.. --t-..*
At"iIP Al :ra
0,
fr, ,+I 1. F' Air.
te* 4 e "- s
ve
t=,11,
METrii7-
'3
teacher
Wag
-
. ..;--, .,_2. . c ,' '14 --c- let t
GENERAL
The twine* whichCM reported was 1,245 14) ; the total
was rep:noted was 1,273 The apmentnumber 12
can accounted for that in schools
of the
the
thong%the 194950 school
I3.---Number cifg= qf inqf
Elise of schoolNumber of
Nilo*offeringbiology
N=voiinseam
ofpIII-
pet school
d
in
Al ins_140 4 III -If300-499500 end over
1142541392110
Averageof
Mae Perteacher
18. 74M. 43 ,
114. IS104. 73
Tsacis1ng Load qf Biology
The questionnaire used in this was cUsigned .to securetion on the offerings and in general and
courses taught by the biology teachers.sbquently, the data in table 12 s&ws only the number ofclasses of general biology day by theteaches; it &es not iswiude other classestaught by theft
data summarised in table 13 skow number ofin 'the bigagy ODUrse ratiden thewere the io iliatom of 194940.
taught by each kir *clodsof all ises will' the low bigh 39; kr largehigh 104.7. tioi tryvicel biology in a small high
Pm
FIjI
ilriv
iror
miu
mdh
oti
IItII
000
1r
hnni
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1M 1
1111
14
18i*kl
le---
of th TX1s offer onlyteacher's tim) ii likely to be &rota
te-a-,-_hr-r- in a largeof biology with littki ar no
1i,.1
the t %.--- _=____
comes.
1txm iii day ci
The I
touchers with a it *I kir minor in bioknocelto= =
w
maims' f
------(Wica tion
Informatu_Nn
with
wa-z,
=
_ek
n
e,
_=I-.A,.
= Fu__,"t."
certificationrg R_a
e___,....adhwers,E.--
paren
LT=
*ff We CM - =
F--
--e11E7 biologicalMINX-' Oe =Me UI
er-- course without a
time who were triimx1 in tim
5.1
E-K
perct= tFj 1.1WheV- hV
4 percent a minor in
the course withou- mart or =not%of the teachers m smau fuel at)41 were teach* without 1s.
I -
*--=
If
WetI I I I I a a re
prepare-
sic_z_e nisei* h ineKlequte as palra--'4-==== fix_
testhir-g th_Ft stswe, ap Imw been indicated in the iNevm-s-A- ofnational committees -on fl ear"iiss hir same tooth*,iopecomt, wereteadteff---, 59 &intuit* traiwd fiw um*irtgat tim high --sciwoi level. C-4 time teits 521 wwe temithighigh aciwo;=-2; only 1,-0 .w4 m the Oman schools.
only 730'WY (X1Wr"-
&LS the large
ti: i-41i-r-t7T-F-7;;'-:at
V
L
tsvPio
-4z V= -= _ ;- -,;.
-..; V.-
A_
Rs rasp-^ --__._ `
a
-".
. .r4. 44-
't."k
494.P1-z--lele4 blotto
.4 1`74-`rik -4 .
-
A
7
1-
-11 'A-7=1W
A = I em I I I 1.1
I pa,
;
,
-
rOT!.
140tablethe Biqa
1,: la,while 117,
Ator tr :11 in2f0-' r i 4/ ;Jel,-_, -7
ei.l.4,,s14-
I.
10.2
litAtt
=-=A
!II I I '
I' 17 '104
't I whom
11--4 rriTle4%4
46.. I- r biology
ta_I
i.1111
4?
I
_11
.9
schools
1
_
. .
:
teaching
II.s,
' I :!cr...i44..
FE-
THE rEACHING OF GairclIZAL .1110LOGY
whoa kw of *anyone comeeach year,
I f theto non-scienee
biology high school is likely to be a Naptinuo podia'to other mines.
I.
Table
Certification la biologicalmimeo
1a
With a msjorminor
without a major or motor.
lislisois with
Mowbur al Pa-tem& oat
usPvt.ant
jBioko Teachers
the of with a major, thosea minor, those to teach bicAogy
is in
reported, 89.8 a athe
a Of65.3 percent had a major
science.
large..teaching
in angle
severaldna
I
fr
A r;...4 - 4're.
a
elk op fliMIDIAL"BMOGy
=
3 Bsir =====
RIflC aixxxt.Of
inThlw of the 489
9
I-
V 2 W ===---=- =
v. awale_
a
= w
'GYM"
_=
=
edvaca_---
a_
ncthtaffh
X g
veare =7-7_ M.---7
had
Iftrieiici
=g-
e v it
2N) mu*I I
= =-= = =-7,7
_Lu yews, expeneme
tngisinfl_---=-Elantly in
V #=== = -=
a E E
b
0 tki Gmend Ilkfty Cour-f=a-
47-7-r. w2
LIAM4
2-=====ii
-= a =
=
a.
a
CMart MI OCKW= =X
C- U a-== = =
7=--Z0 0IN
_UiE
OrM
ga _-_ 0_2_2
n I a.V
V aE.
a_
-== 2 = = - ._-==== =
'4.
e
Bask OrAwsidastims
fftflUiUTfl
a.
ami iith
VL-Ta1fa UK, ===_1
P
-A 2
7- .=a-w --.
= g.
MIXareas,
----=_-- a
_ --
t a-
fl
WY
M
az-
w
_
F"
a_aaa=
vete that !wedreported by WV Wu:KAN
maw* 124 percent,
NAT:VT.7
EEL
BEBE
mwZ. --=En= Immo° stp u! pyramid= Gm:a tpplAt ivra!do-i 3o ilittallt UraNald allp IIMAI pus nompqa-a. P 11144Abt Paixow I! 3"121 cwri TILLw ,
2-2 NA4339NO .wfwat alp jo Surlfin 11 M) ALF10110Rd Nil JOB
5_ uputut alp twpan.mul acp Ic! 2q2nov lofirui impa itrlosollte sip jo yam aicinaz awn y Xlmqvcrud go u! v!i v! ammoIg
1-E
1-
40111
Isaand 911 Vogag u1 .'4110PRINIPie 'Mita 4,1,0 99L66S Lq Patiodal alertp PPll 41840481g Os F-401Pi waidPuPd uo
Pesti PRP e 4411.1104, /*woo() gorwooPiquesin auPoa *U.91 Gq1 nap, gullaxkl arcaPe Nis ut000daid
pmeopotuum! 101 pazfun. eta Li&tnq [mum. memo° yip Awn
upposrmstio vtati
-
Wm° Ammo pasom
at Jowl' loogas qq alrei alp 15) JoAvj ipuusapuodaiod ammarAa1 atp uptii dbaoms9a UI pvti Tama% acausp
acha num= stp £q peowengui vi luitpvel aotom jo Affenb alp ng
0
111=00 SAp3Off4
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1°°113. ON °Aral II!IRA `1P3°1136 ipi Jo Atm
9°1121"fro IY9 ampvin jo
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Fesclos Anil 1 tiPialicn "am 81i r)°41;* 111411 Him in 2ult1"4"a44 iNZ S I ww4 pPt 0911 "Nay"
10M1011 QUM
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*POWS HMUM jo alp1,1"}" ON Pun w! 4-1444t
pule wows ON akr an,* 6c sainpv-4 °imp Jo *amp sau alp zaj*T136.:1""t `law.4"41 S*6 lw-N-M Pm V
Araviaqxoackfir sp.alp .10 ci67-4Factro Jo Jo INTITIMI 049.19A11
-si awl tx! pospnutunv fvi uoTwituolu! tam itupago noorpo etpJo Lq papodai. 09-646I !pm Jratp uotultina4
aiPlun £20M P etwax3 faunaan61 410070111.11MENNO dO 010113VaL NBA
1
1
m
Er_- 4'rg-t-% a ,g-"-:._m Vikrirt OF----Z..a ,_4,-,m_i N C.7,..
oR*tge was based .on
aiology,ted for their im
while in 86
of bmic-trv-
sthoolsfrom those
w4
aIie1 tre_atin
z
10.9 rcr " it wasin aaitv iwing without
rep4_-;-rted
dft--m ve.A comparison of the data
tion of the oourir=4- with(topics\ uliich %ere emthe Ott - Is the course ingrated course, rather than as aareas of botany, zool
.m
,a_b
E
le
h
which were
lE
17-=-=-1 1-__ ""kri
_
S.
p.
andtopic*on
F-V fait
on a
aniza.c.ililern areas,majorityiTitUC shows ,==t in a of
r
uiJ ,
= and Olv&-
kWal course miu-uv
Table
Yews eipeow:tans Mobs,
16--V10-15
Under I year
. ..
...... a
tevtf
.1 a7 0
*ariaM".06-*
ICC MI_
afl
-w
141
-1-iaRbt as an:iveril#: e _rate
study, an
%boob with wi
tit= swagrratv:
1I,Nom-: Nam-i
N7---:
,
41 k_..,-' OilNV* t---teeth- owl t.-_-=-7--Na;
ws Ell i
Per-ramt
Tar-rant
rir oeneralfoil, well a
M.1 and ovet 1
Pupas Total
Num- QLiTTh-
b t =
(iitM-1
-=m- -.===.+.14M1
-
at-,a
-
. s-
1 &
10.& 7 i
11 0 I
114 tits Mi 14$ 1 WI 1 nt
'.-t7 0 IV .... ....I #
I& $ ls'l 12 n16. 8 I 14% 1418* 1 I 2/1 17 3iS- 5 al 9S 2 i LIN it A
Aarroblem
A 1 of 540 schools, 68.7
11
41. to the question, "List the irnrknhereclity, clisafficatiAm, etc., cm
Inand fttErnate the number
theA
_
areas WIIICEI 14VM
111063016 IMr Orti . them.A- -.-=
_
, =Es =.
7
lima, kiwis of aaizuaIi
itt/Mar
0Lta
a -...
a-fte ahg
1NO 1. 171 1St 8
responded
= - .
of dof=L11
=_- 2T 7
W
questionnaireeren5Z-V,SE &M
.±4 tM aEa;r±,
arwa of wlphaa rev&L, byof the rempa6les, each -name fra a fweNean area, ai
-
rn theMa-4
taxonomy wore lime of
th
the school,
A
-
-*
- "
. 4 r -t ' . ,
a
is
Se! -k.
--TlJu *SW4k.
-
t 11
I -11
7,1f.
Aar
IS4( 6
_ y0
"-47frin.- I, .
'9'
prumn b 16that 'yam i specific
4
biology was late-
Abiology ' I I ."
te I1.
s
;
of
1%=ekikke
laver
1
.. ... _
... _
.... VP VI a,
ir- It _ _ ..... .... _ _.... .. ....14, .....
TiV-A4 .:.
_1111111.-
t
'MU
L_
[1-' c
- ,
Et,-..
441.-
- tie (Jr.oust
& 3 11 81. 14 Zit.114 1141 a
8 q. 8
,_.____-
1 '
1U121
,
1. --. I
f.AF ^ ,
-
"
ME
7
.,...._,
.. sad.
i7 AL. ,41i 9
0 conservation,2
to_41 emphasis
I devoted A
'177i-ft
..t=:::3 0
_ C44=
- I4-444
=
_
A'
-'
i
1=72
1111/4
20
ihe of
BIOLOGY
oak,
3 organisedbasis
the generalthe
ingeneral
specialised
total followed a100 followed a 157
OWN&
teachers
of,
- of ks1-410 pupa
l'ts:knob-
,
6 6 . 7
...SD II
IIIa12
4. 416
1
T12SS
IIS
...
2. I45
11
1011
SIU17
1
a 1we
1
Emphasised
percentareal, such as
is placedcourse,
thistic4 by
For living War, of\the
different schools. the initial tabulaticanreported by
boob-ars
.
p
;II1II
porni
IIIdIb!
iv,.,...
p.
JI.
IIIIIIllIlI
U
!IunbIu
p !Zd
4Idmi
rretained
%.- '1pNb
.lJilmt ?$Ibd
llth
4,ipuwi,uIh
lII4I1Il44llIIIlIj
'qx:J IJI$
1111111
11II''I'''iiiiIiII
ri1d414 imI
.i4l4IIIII
4'I44444i.
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.
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l .11hO14!I.
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: b : 4 5 ' :
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I i 'Ii J'! J"il' IIp ia: iIIH IIIIIJ :; : 113I :, '! : L!!1
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f Høq I : .. q ii C, v 0r i 1
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c;it5mlk
g Ji4 u:id
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I
I
z4 . I 0 4 I 0, I I I 4 $ 4 I' ' . I I IS I S 0 $ ,4' d S I I I S S, I I P I SI 4 S S I S
4 ' S I 5 5 5 S. ' ' I S S I 00 4 I 0 0 I a 4 $ I
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1 Ti I Ij4
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dIII!Il(Iii a * S
: j1f$II S'iI
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Iw4ç ojuuIlIllilltt! I,l$ll
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II 15 3Ii. 1Itll llll! lllljl l
4iI I4III III1411 r4 i
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::;"l1'4''
IIi
lii 4I14I14
Iliiii 14,111 III .
I4i 115*11
II'S
!d ii514'j' M .IIII
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'I
II
111
t S
-5 t .5
,
.
i-
--71444 OAr
'MACAW). )2,
13 170V1'1.-5L),
were Sicra ;t!! p(09':A.
_
' If
fteSd ce,
tiCntEMI ...rt-ra. wax, stage -1
a .
t,
14-14Pt-ft
141.J
Peale@
--
amount .f
- = keyVie
thrte.,i)q
.
Whelan Atb Td-
T .
i*. .........
Pfe-
2 I
..Ma. O.
1
4a
*wow.
N tun.
3'7. 1 M 617 1 1 t 6
grf 1 2 4
_
a l>a
a 7.8it,. study . ... 1 . 9 1 t.Cher. _ . ..... 4.- - - 1 . 9
-
4;e41g
Fol io v rt cat t . ! 7. 14 I & 1 6ammo( sway . . . '..:_ a i I. I z. . a .... 8
.:..... . ........
12 ST .
o . 3
15%te. tn. . 11 U4 la
WI*
. 2I
,
II 1 7. 4i
,4 .
2 . 7 .
04 -66
47 !
2 1 1 . &
? 4. 2s 4 1
sop oft.
yr......
17 .= -)res-4143aret -,co) ,wpw; Mere i biology txr,0* efelfp.ructirezei time tir-atctx,:a, to 4mitc. area
_
-0 - WNW.
-roarttng
problem areas and
Nsamba Percent
- _ __ la . -
=
.__- -=-- -....... . ..
i --..* .yr-.-- EaLW.....4- -.--;-----.k. e._- .. . --;:L.--/ dun___*--Tr
..._-----=. ' .--- --... poeZ,---- .,r_i: -_.: And ,_,_..- 4.....-.-- ...... .....
4
I 4. lo q . ID:
--1r-41br= 4-"--- dra--12.-
rIE 4.., '- -0, r-. itag:Wle'.----____.;_r_d- --';'_t-- ''Ligt,_4--.` ' `,-;--Lr . ----,.w- ----------.1.46 . *
I' 441..MAIIC-4,3-1h=4/7' 1. 131!,,_ _ A-
e 4.
MAE -:,,,FT. ---:- , , -------- 1 -----ii-r-7'......= .... imp, .1.
01 " - ._ _ er
- r..- , L ,-...w, ;LI: '-- .i 1 -MO0.0....0....
4 .417 :::_.---' . -----...,..,. ,--ze-- '-. 2.' -
. . 4 ,
_ .-- .
11. -
7-77111. ....
-rot.,
r
W.
. .;-,. - ...,, .. ....
'ilk" .1 ' e - A ,-ts,-...4 : ; .,,,,.. -.A..... ... -1
rf"%.'ic.N.:..0 - '-- ..--, -.. ;- .--1 . ' ''-' . I- ' ; 1 1 '!' . -_ m_ . 1----"---- - - ... ."...,....-___L:_,_. e
...a I
.
. .
z.L '
f@23
513474SIB
7573
1
Number of days of blame-timid time der QUA to area
mu('
a
axisrefuge min
2 de. 75 I 1
4 34_ le v 1 721 1 06 783 1 908 110
r-
. 7
. t
'MP r-- t," -.
1057080410
so4515$3
14
117
TRE OF GENERAL
the innrue-it. for of the
the problem areas reported
WA. et, ales qf
1-92 100-1211
., bee out
1
~Oa ssa 79 01 7 et 1a
. 10 6 11mune . . 1 16 tO. ..... _ . 1 6 4 1. 4
Specialist, trealment botany, reeekeigy sod pilmisiser I . . . .
basis tort . ..... 1
al Andy. . !
wane . ; 6b 1 1 .
Num- Poreher cent
Barad et 4104y Ilvtag
aa
Folk vring local mune a stAldy .
OtherIsur ........
-
,......i
bar cant
me ON96
3
, 12 1 32 1. 6
,
1
111..1st I
OIramma/M.,...1111111.
14111
Table areas in
brew amphambul
Sabools
time
a0
AI armsLinde el
ini=e6a6.
31111
ISO
OP
,a3144 ,
147
SKS
MInI-$A
reported I reported
a
24
10
AMMO,
lv
IIIIII
IIIIII
IIIIII
IIMIII
IIIifi
liMM
ulli
a .1
11
17r
r11,
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
1111
11'
"m
nrst
ui 1
111,
411
11
1171
!Mu
r?1r
iIl
llm
nq 1
111
rl
so
nanwDWRITt w__&T vsaaw-=
wn .ch
0 AVATAT. L-7 e
4
al
"1--ft
OF GENERAL BIOLOc Y
obvioiisi:,
we7.-12 6-=-"
-
AAA LLIeLE
tun'
6
4-=-E =6.=I 21
w. 4
-T-1Ausp- table
=
A- 0r-
this6
6-46,6
f6-E
0
ereName from tht "moltedNI
IV k_-. a-A.-e. a--
g --=
6 = =
go
dimmed_6 fl =
0
anby the
=---Ld --=--e=
sme.n 7 meutt-iz,raj f===. =d -=-== _ .
_
=
A, E = & =ff.' ff 6
&CAN A§ 0A we
=A t 7
_ =-6. g4 6
Km. cis' of Livingffi-ir each evarate ar
together and thewas
vs
kar each of the4,-:); emphasis which cvald not be
temAL
w-a reported un .de - -
1,118Celrtri-k_r-kWin
Acrospie
okwcal contributions,
Work In Goners!
4
es.A y
allot r a
To o
=4-
a movevaz=nt
laborator7acheduks, thatthe week, orlaboratory work
used laaa== gE
e
e w
A-_-
= I_ -,--
Oa
".-1,_ V * e
.-------e7 -- a -a e 1. a la =e,6-- .---,-.,...a..
V=E1 111
* E
V
aOVailabl-^a
s ofavatas gagi
a
b
ae O
whichthe nunbodsdevoted to
guy& in the6 6
=-=66_. 6 6 ff
A
7
=cJ
6. &I--6-4m
0111111hie
=== -4a -_.4 = -A === -` a y0.g
4
andg if=e* ee
Lii
Nature
= ffeA
-NI
6-
61
or 7ff..- -=. _._-_ - - -KAI -E-,-=- g.--= a vef
222 --:4-e----a-t_ce+a=--e-0_eS Al-AO2 L_o.OFKI
66-6
6 6.=-=--7
6=6-
6
w .
1
_
CA "41-ElL
a-t4 o=6 .6a...631186a. 64-
ga e 5
6 eUSW in teaching the 0011111e 111 refileTalwievm Much' the
the,,
-aTY4'
7*-- c=
6
Maier W E-A..6:M
a-O-g4 _ =
to* 4e m
7...46 6-6 66-7` _,ffi=-
6
6
,ratwy-recitation Wa"the solutim of proliana.
6 4 I-=-661 # A=6
= ff.
-.6N N =---o-N
percent" rewmirt -1-117=T_
A_6 6 w6 a- _11
work =- -._ _T 5- g-- 1 1 2 e --'---1 --ro' gVW'---. O. --=_-_-==_---
meatW=WE= _=6,-_-
often inikowed inthose offering pluralin the kistruetim
IabOratwy wmkthe wmak,
w---4-4 Ai %II
eff a rae z a-a gAA A A Off a a
6=t n-e, - 6= 66
1biIogy, and give informatke
in
-v-
alwater& 0-6e .e.-=
2 Itame 18. ct total
a
wcabk of smne kind
heduIed, promdum
N---ft 26 w 4tya & M
A6
permit of the'schools using 3TTtWV Work in thehad regular days on which this Aiethded
The romaLL-_: ___ _inpement. a VA
6,1 diEtdfleXlible
ki twy athiu1-2; . eA thethe mtegrated 7
iabwa Tee t ,mr.a
=/!
4
. _ 4.1.7 ,
a-
4' 04
r._.
I .4
a
22
Slut
ektzae.above -,Tere
, Y.( qr,14 113:c1-.1 -OD-f . .. . rrr.rtI41, it!.- . - .
. .
wem0.-
uni)_,Ar rt.
mane,EEL retiTsrtei Dpv_ sui
7.-54-14.100 I:
ganCitalde mins WeAllStirii ei p
pnAleat areas listedC.
ELS
Ally tamier
= 7 .
rla ."zau
i ation hasor
workschedi Ow'
not
I
-
ehsted
I 7 .4,40
an:LTICIMS39
1/1
i
firad 41.
readily am oztision towawa] kiollogy,
0- -mak
_7;47 far I&yrs
- Work
Ulee at a t
VIVA. _
fiej:fr.
twfai
of 70
an
-r = Ld
ct 54-011_; fi
It-
0ler=-45 0A
±- 1 =
r 14
r.;.
t_.=;
.74-1 that
e
z;p
1! ; 4A
VI__ _
2a3.
.
A:arasyr
I Is;--. tiv__C
tely 373
reffi
_
LLt 7.7
01rTr 7.1
tarry
=-_
jyijjjvj
F-7if =
large h
Frt-g A ---7rWATIFj_
a
a--.-a=11
Tv
a -=E= E-E_a dr.;
workbook L-41-fl
_a-
et
g g _agarEff.
p -=a-A aa
ancluAl ae
theirft
krmwul
a44--
g=
E
a-tf:17e schools,textbook Or -a Vf
g BIOLOGY
aK-
__ _
0 I ks AL-V.t.4 in
most oftenu
frequently Me
_._g
a aa_ o a L- =:7 e-grg
learning eximrie,pproachA
g g M
w=f;
V;141 biologya=E==E=g-aea_ L=_S'=
-
t_r-51-51
and --me
rg. (41theyexperiments, g 3
general WOE' f .4..., w
a a
g a a
-E- _. 7,....--..--.--- --rted thatI. C:F."2 --.---' _et- -----_ ..--_,_.-..-.-_-=. in
...-==.__A---7-;_z
_--S--wAkamted as a guide theRebook,
a a.as _= -
two of dime approaches, pupil-teacher planned experimentsLkai.
__. .... .,_ ___ , .._.-._ . . ...--
a _-7
v.'w a sa----auz
Table 18. Nature
a
approach, the pupils participate in seimung androbkms to be solved, in planning the procedutes and per-_
- andg_
Ltivsif
drawing -4near own clOn ..ons rrom tAnal0
of the laboratory work in general,===.r a*: ...4.TrILEZW- S.1150 -1.!--.ak
qLtuj ===,as.g. L-= 417_E-a-a-WE wait
&boobs ropmeng- laboratorywork used__ _ ... .
Method off nbodItoguhrly Mud meketis
Bingle mriodsDoubk trkxIs
d doubleb%pfflMskb-rocatatNn. porkxla____
labotakry wduWood moat etent
eznerhntuitLodi viaEiwTtory wcwk ......Puiik paix-M Lor err-L.:Mutants_Tz_=-Amtr denuri-alms oilyPupil olmz-vat.km In dam=ene demananak.s.,
rUM
_a___m-- 2_---- -7_------. a-
. _- ._,..._
_t_ a w .4:Atm* (man-ual ........._-_ _.
freset---,-_-----7=-4________, wmas. ___. ......_ 7. inm--_-= in a textlxyzik
exwaimnta_
_
-EAS = - ..... =
45
424954
56 4/ 3 106 37. 0
016 12. 6 r 967 5. 5 109 7. 1 122 1. 5
-.MICSAPSAANSSIS
35. 228. 2
39,7
T0,
aaaa
Z-Yrrri2-=' - - 7.31 -'7v-Kfrn' 7tV. . IT)",Tit
o,
small high 'n-10_1: 1 I kia
telV91402,hborgoiry
I 'Auk, neglectt.tific
VfilD (I_
a the260.
the
43ReitOr 1_7
23
"
crino4 raw
-71-
effor lAma
io rather encourage.34 percent,
couse; wisr toacherproii.-
approach
=,.rrZ -1-0. . _ ,
aiil
emake.
ttl
- -.sr- --
Schools 1th loco 415--
11MTNb In -0.:3. en andover
of
Total
Per- Num Per- Nicia-1 Num-per taint Itar god ber vent .ber
_..... ........
Do .z...
ii-,a %kJ/ 1 i 1
3_ .N. ... 0 0 30 0
Winnyoi ollit-_- 't --7----i-Ap f w.3
1311 M. gni
47 ti V/78
16 231
35 t2. 1 72at 8 77
ill 4 104
Mk 4
31..3
0101.110-300100
Per*natt
RN.
44 K.3118
49
I 8 12. 0 .S3.. - . .. I 1.1 0 51
.... i . . 20 18. 3 428. 5 X)
................. 1 . 9 X
_.......,-.......sw*..
MIT- , .LiatlF_!,_-: :
-.... ...-
,---,bista.:-----,_:,_, -Kt_ ...._
.1 .
It I3
L 2
......MMV=110M=.1r
7La0--
N 31 5 281eo 193
Alb N
ail %I 6 no27. 217
23& 6 11426. 8 79
48 37. 9 71
24 l& 9 . 5810. 7. 2 4710 7. 9 95 4. 0 9$ 2. 8
St 27231. 1 155 20.30. 8 146 '19.I& 5 119 l& 6
& A 45 && I 17 1 21.0 L
30. 20. 3336 19. 3
6 a) &2 38 & 0
4 1.4 13 1.7
_1.4111-
$
r .
;
,;,_-
1'
THE
In the sclools the laboratory procedure used waslaboratory while groups" and "pairs
the
In a
of for the problem-oolvinglight criticism,
ing thata
ibiout percent,guides, ain the laboratory work in
In at least
forminirthewhich
by
1
.
.....
_
1-99PuP011
100-290 ao&-ala
Mud-ber
Per-cent
Num-
29
2
27
55
6
1
le, O
*3
127
Per-
7 8
6
31
84
le&
6
366
885
I%
. 9 1
41. 3 90
38.5 833. 7& 24. 8&
42. 310. 620. 717. 18. 1
. 8
. 4
27 11.2 89
3
2& 22
9
8 0
40.
33. 8
14. 9
as
/4.
24
InstructionaOf the 786
portedr..,1and
THE TEACHING
M=1 me
GENERAL BIOLOGY
Devoted to Laboratory Workfiat
9eg a
--ei
7Pt- t 47= a =
=4- Lfi
_
L.V4
Gilestion,part of the thstruction.tory work did not report
.. ....... ....-___,..,...er-_.0- 0 -=----_= g -= r---- -..F VS, r..------g-"- ,.. -.:.---w 7 VV T..#.1. q_.=
--7
total 0.r.. et .. sof . .A
sponses from large high schools in
E
S
r
- Sas
laboratorya
w,,
e evet---__-E 0 a a
indicated 7tteachers teachinj tylotogy tiAof ,Ei:trent - 0.000A L
1
=s.
withW,=4
veralWaS dff
m.rm-wEz-
s...5impossible, give L--_---ercentaige which would be repmentative u--z, _____ thedifferent classes i* P'' schGvilf; For the small high schools the diffi,r1tyin reporting the .. . devoted to laboratory work arose from the faexperiments and demciwrations were used only when sufficient qUipflientwas available for use, and that the time &voted to laboratimv * -ca -I w-. v a riadw dconsiderably from unit to unit throughout the,course due to a shortage ofequipment.
For those sthools using laboratory work and repxto it the range was from a minimum 4:42 percent, reported,
enrollment of 916 pupils, .maximuman to a
large high schools. The averaffe percentage oiall sizes was approximately 26
There were no outstandingschools in regard to thethough theand with
percent.c
byaicIxx1witb
nue,
amount otwith r
.1:-'-=very er than 100 pupils-
------,
eeneraionly one- class in bio. lo,. _
devoted
--trtfxI&-
beF schools of
N
64'cm-
7
g
v-1, ta
oLe
OM laI ea sir
tory work than did the other small high
enrolled,
19.Percent of instructional Ets --71-oted to -Luny work, by.0
2,1
Includes 18 schools which rewied that 1sbortory exmArknms were not i2z--1 In toM COMO, Old 131schools which used lahcny work in the Ins-miket did not supply li-d----z--tkni WI the thne devotedto ft.
r ;,T irrs.
OF
ifflr-r generalresactap i-
4151:01 toig?39, 19 percent, failed report (tail. 19).
schools not
es affiterl of timethis
percent, re-
_a_l_At
it.
es
-41-
I
1J
1
75 percenthAli.; -"---L
between largetime ts I
MI schoolsvat
.
-7--)? la: t 'ilia.
,
terry
vhool
110
Vr+-
gID 4,4
it
1-4Sof time to Ow!. wv--.7. wtv± Mato Pupils----!
Per- Per-ka, kir cent
enrollmentAMY ...mom*
011,-,,..-..filairram
over
.G.
Total....'".."""=
---
lie or
2 is n ' no5 44 4, 13 1 10 7. 720 17. 5 41 I& 1 25 19.322 19. 69 27. 3 $6 M19 16. 7 19 . 6 14 I18 15.8 11.07 1 9 & N
ni
79$3
17.
't
ICA,0
or
to tousing
were using labora-
groupclasses
to a
; that-
the time devoted
of by 2
and small high
high
more time to labora-
aimcif
Percent
Schools with of--
Num-teat
100-X09
Num-
300-42, SOOMae sad r°4s1
Num-ber
Per- *um- Per- Nam-cent Der east bee
Per-cent
1-910-19
304010-49
over _ .......
23 2D.
6.116
25
266
23.3&
IN.
9
1015MI
f.0 U35
....1111111 PMEIMONIMUMIIIINEP
VS
1 1.43
134205
115
IS
VN
19.06. 5
X. 210.811. 89.7
1010I
IMIN
ININ
EM
ION
NE
MIN
EN
INIM
INV
INE
1111
1111
1111
1113
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111M
TIII
IIIIII
IIIIII
IIIIIt
tlitil
ltIld
omit
.
Them very
THE TEACHING OP
high whoa. she r___---tv-_,i,t-1mall ,._
__""A-Ea
for biological.., equi.:__,I en 4,
hofai WA_4.i I
and
-
=
ff.
Adequate, welleequipped facilities am-
instruction is to be carrkid
`-
25
averagesupplies than the
; -;411 an effectivuu_ %MC I) such
available for the general -biology classes in the schools used inOW-4 -w-4 X--A- Ala tables 20 through 24.
Rooms T, ur, -2
17==4 100 &Kt'= = vet 1ff
A r 7,26 A %a
-a ====.-.-._
program ofties were
V IS
2Mal) V data,--A%a
_ -ern gra 6- 0Fria MOMS in w1=-:= instrua cum°=-Mr=-1 ge
I *-=-_T-_Rw cAy was rrikd oaa (table 20). Four general types of Toms were0
Cmnimmu laboratorydassrocnnE; Iaboztciies whkh -re wparate fix= the classrooms and specially equipped for pro;viding the char;c.
``teristk experiences of science subjects; rooms equipped and ivied for otheriwyri-scnce subjects, such as English and social studies; and regularclamr-caAns with no special provisicas, such as water, electricity, anal gag,fior carrying co laboratory experiments and demonstrations.
Approadmately 6 out of every 10 schools reported tEt a annbinedlaboratary-cksgrocun was used for the biologyarate from a classroom,schools in the samp
laboratory sepwas repfmted by approximately .1 out of every 4
in this stiKilya "L-7-
_vPik
0.._
pupils 4-L --&-t-_..--LI -0--:U
.,;.-.- 2.--- .,=.. = A ft-.-_-_==.were repffted more frequently ny,m
schools with.fawn- t)---.) to 4 -----"7.1
facilities eby schools of other ants.' tion Fivi iVit
Table 20 ...Types Qf rooms used for biaogy inatructlon y size cef school
1.; "
. ,. .
per
7
7 1 o gnaw ( 33).
considerably
_
ev.:17.7".", 4 4r-
IktI
v_
.14
OM° gna0
. 1t- al 4
iIIJ
asp`--1 bi7i I
on
reported:
Type MO
laboratoryRoom equipped ='-il[411 used brother1- ettb-
_
Wti enrollment
llgWslat
1I :
and
-
Per- Num- Per- Nt Percent cent
". 1 4 1' MOL provisions_ .:4111
* f1. .L I.- ., ;4.
f. I"-4'),%,14,.i. -4[
4.
,'tZ '461
I ."
:
81.41 1 ar moo i .017.5 Tt et8 ate 77 MG tte St.s,
-. 71 R a : 7.844- ..;.` 8,4
1ate I
!et
,
.
.1
7
4,
\71
I.
,.....
. .-4.1
. ..... ': ., , ,: ; -, , , ; . -,-; :A I'll
et
V .yi ''.' t'. . . .. ;[ I it, It. Al pA j.: . i '.' ' 'tj-i j ..' 1 4 ,V1,. . .4'. , '.-" '; . : .1%. *- .' 11"--: 11.:( ' Y;:' , r';' i .7,11. '- -'' -_ .2- 1.111,1thiii`::' _.:,- kl.;./Z-11.1-r-lttl_
, ...- , 1 t . , J..-.1.1 -am . , - i.4,J f__. - * , 1.......:,,r,,a_.... ,,,-, ,, ._
larprexpenditures pupil
Fat MN
to
ITypes General Biology
in
classes. A
used These
on and
of
Schools of1-6/1
PaPes
Per-cent
Warn-ber
...M....11111111111111.11.1111111111MIIMIIIIIIIIMANIMPF
Ossiblood kboratory-elemOom......Separate
Ree...
7
300-499MAW
.1 Num-bet
Per- Num-ant ber Gent bee ber
I7820
11
114
135
3210
U.42
12. 6 8 6. 212 13
ISO Ilk
Ige
2.
10
476
5035
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
IIII
IIII
IIII
IIII
II5o
ri O
m 'm
uur
if
I
ft' .
:
'-1
2=5 THE EAN OF GENERAL I::LoGY
: PW1F1 U: Ifll;tory classrooms and hi D:te IDOr*tOTie8 is6v;L -A
flOOi!S w&iI br gecrahtokLv cIae but equd for and used byother cIases- were rerteu by yry j cflcnThe other
or health. No information vas secured on the types ofervkegard lacilitleg WIJ1d1 were provieeii in tiies- roams !cr pse iii ttmg tueother" mibjects. However, from the r!=ature of the cnirse taught ndthe fact that many of the teachers in thee= schools "wrote in" criticisms ofthe teaching facilities, it can be inferred that these services and facilitieswere not the kinds whit, would contribute to the eflectIvenes2 I fiHlogical instruction .b
cII
umt L-=w1i;299 pupils reported the use of this t)e of room niure frequeiitly thanchooIs of other aizs-
Regular classrooms with no snedal provisions, such as water, gas,electricity, an demonstration tibh were used for biology e1ac hiaTMMoximatcIy 5 out everyu1:: Z5
:'the sanuIe IT
this type s rejerteu twice niry i-y cticns wiii irmi i to1JJIII8 eflrOIkI as 1w sei'oo1 of other ths.
Types OJ Services and Facilitfr AvailableA total of 439 geIoo1, 55.8 percent of those offi-rin general biology, gaveinformation
on the kfteis of services, such as running water, EiiIelectricity, and the types of &ails:, such as dixmstration tables,cases,flf7j Ch4t-Jw qyIjaJ were provided inthe rooni where bickr1 dasses were taught. Of these 49 schools, 216reported that : laboratory, separate frnm a classroom, was used and gaveinformation on the services anfi LZICi!itjes in these laboratories; 223 schoolsreported tI use of comiired Iaboratoryc1assroom and the services andfcIjeg
provided in fffifl. These tiata are summarized in table 21.are no BigflItWaflt differences nei echools of different sizes'
in regard to ;:he types of erviees and facilities -provided biology. flow.ever, when seiarate laboratories avd carecnpareu, the ae ir scrycg and facilitiesthan the se:p = ,.-,
The service which was rejwjrtd less fequertr tt the others is ?gasbu ifl8fly c4 the choo! without this ser4-tie reported thatoU1ei gas or aIcx-ro=! lamjs were use as sources of heat ior exjr1mc-nts.-
Le;s than 1if tf the rooms where biolc=gy was taugn were equippedwith a %Yfyjfl) and tools, and Ibere VLIS 110 siguifrant diflereme be
.
When tables 2tJ and 21 are compared, it is apparent that ii:fly more
S
. :
. ,- -.- -_;__;_,_ -_______J!_
....
table 21. . , .
_.,....,
a 3.
approximatelyin.aff r.ii tely 1 --:::!i-w-x---_--rz,ff
-.,75itscisi taughtt in , 1
:01 loge rooms ware usually English, e,
.
.1.
.
thewe rooms. from to
ofof mons et/
,..,,._,.
.'/'
gas,
storage IiI-!--q-_,---atory tables,
There.--r
.
.1..-1: : tiv-politaartoTiA:yates&106
. outlets,"
tween AI small _,,....212.1:1 list -4f1 11 77 jr1: 1 44 1 i -,:a*'''
---aLOb
6
.
.:t
_
as
.
in this respect.
1111
5110
1tIN
UN
NI6
0611
1
9
Table 21 *MN
THE TRACKING
A
with e-5..-gjin-
=
g9
t
27
M0.,
schools repormi on tne types of roomsvan." &manes HI thesed A
teachers the small high schoolsnot reported would indicate that the&s.services and facilities. nowev tuLt Iib
were 11~ wmPin
"ties were not reported byet-
sCh0018 as one .-lf the condition- w the effective-of the mums Henc;e7 it can be assumed that minimum services ana
-E
for
were not
mom
n
a)
r
V and
than on thee
facilities weredo not have...,
... . .E 2 0 e4- 0 6 for which fa tauties
the combined tow -'--a------- ---s-Ia °-. y %,.ni°,.- ,and 111 limy
faciiii_ea availablewere for L-5 5:214 effective, program.carrying
ugly SchootOwned Fadlitiesa "ft-
Information supplementaryg A -g g
camps, and gardens, which were owned by
all ouse,T _
Ea-445A, pork* in* the bidlogye classes is. given tar- 41-Lrarl.
takerePOrteU m inn are limited to those Immo warefacilifiei
actls OWned by the achoo.s. Man schools reported that the facilitiesspecified were av to, aria or their biology classes, but that
were used by
theywere-owned by private individuals or organizations._0 0
notThme faciames' are
S'4
-
- ,ethe whoa inmimesgg
mention. frequently byEwan-- andoeed court
,__.,..the",,z -5- e
1-5 =.,1
.4b
. "f=
1S.
=
4
*,../ -*4 7 -. c. "-
r facilitiesIhttfOri2,8097
TY'ff servicesfacilities
LI.-,1.-.4.-FA-AUmmeg.lf.
1
inr
NnartrinGp
\Schools wttk
14140 pupils picaps
tampMs Mast
Wove-tory-
tory shwa&vans
tory
4
Com-lined
labors-.1-
rooms
M toberAesreporting__ M
water_ 19lbstrta outlets_ 19
t 16O.-- 4411411,- - - 12
Dem 11111111treti011ble - ... . 19
Name irmt........_ 18lAborstary bles
,_ 41) . . . 18Work beach and
tools
types of servicesW for w
schools
reported used*I
time seriously Fin@
474=.0.4177
fI1f=---?i76
7559
7177
70
6246
&TKOrate
Iskora
Com-Wiled t ton-
rots.40 --11* tory-
-7=C7..
i---
L school..- -
500 and vat
Amordmealka111.".."...."0 .
claw toryroma rooms
424137
1
47 1848 37
36
211
MOM*
77
75
7267
7270
74
1,=
_
Total[..,.rate
labora-tory
1
0101111-
4010
4:111*&
_.-
kri
raX......
A.
191 116
100 212 211394 208 Z689 30084 1e9 162
21124 19791 Mt 192
196 165
=
etwolitImmts from
on greetiZs
kft
bw-4" L= 0me--g
wale- )=44---iim.-..: ,.f -
L l_-: 7 _t-Af01=' ,,, pi
0 - i
,..1` ,,== -i-- -1' II%
. t.;_ ---17 ti:i :i_
04.
forests,
': ;415, .7!
I
r . . '. 41.
SS
/'
S.
7f--
OF GENKRAL
and withor by
of
enrollment of1-99 pupils 300-499
rstelabora- labora-
Com-blued
labors- labors-torrclaw tory class-
Sepa-
tory-
Bunning
_
10
33313113
79
48
50
53
39
23
3
36
7
*2729 732621
26 9626
24 84
13 31 42 110
nil
192
96
I
used
in
the
as
The
thet4ble.
tipssifi4 under "Other" inthe schools are the following: A
campus with shrubbery, an plaits
tammas air OnMulfM. X
leaffirtald mum - Ads 4 L9 V :reffeg-ggsosiansfi =Ism same * Apirptvaz . emu ----- W X ------'--=-----. .- ,L- ..=,-.f - , a a
a. -. .- - E Vt. i PC Vligi 1 6041 I id OM In 8 8 -. - -
iq _.
- SEMI pas ligaini* pug mond 4=*gle adooetutqur Slumps& paitzwani 4euewa moat vxmps P uvetl" OL "IP I ilninflal 3=1" 1114tIA OPP GILL
,s .403 .b=r sanumi pownolootett sted,4,...," '7 ~DI 0 E. -11
elICIPTIMU! ell II! A1IP222 araAt piv ialulaiill4d#11. Paw" Imam' rg sirowe ? 'CM .91(F1 GIP ILI palm sppt imp JO 0.10111 JO MO peen 411K101 VONDIPS 691 jo rem y itz virt uoms 111
* Wsailarp pen . _ qappkt "pope alp uo wan.unikai
diCijffi-ORL- TIP" w A-
wimp jo iittpolpg -21-cpx-a-gu! uw JO 64(.4111;41 001 IVA Rapp( p1012uppwas liAosvidwelp GApu4sRurpe 10 :--41-utriuxrumo JO ainteaaq fl Nivut Laqi VW illiwitau mit snxiwif an, an 01 oprun auk" legt vq unAll JO LIMUI 610A244AOH maw" p uallearipa
u-4-1 pip ituutd m 90111110117 011M 10 ONVA 10 IRKMOUCV3 MEM Vizaqa Air frc Slairrep isom pautoppAinrumum
pus tootps
*
-A Pow *IFNI int
rre ea.
iwns-
a
aq a -
Asm -X V I .--
tpuiht woiri
rd GANT etp tICKtkI
non w _ _ E. I FIE igrutp az,_ EDLA pp! a
Cd_g 41 _4 0_
ws. rm- yaL ftL
Ana_
1* - -
-= a E.
AO-
THE TEAHPW
a.a
of
BIOLOGYGENERAL
the M tff = =
:meet of me E-Lma.
wt1=1---E----As that Emeff=1
w--e=====---= tam&0.4. the
Thus-
== 7.E Xik"
=.E= ==
used thAA regularly.A.4
if-LC.0:Maytwere owned by
=_ Villiplleav X OWE-7----z-d
EY
Em.
wT-11e
tiv sckize=
L
=7,a a- == =L-7
_= =r -W. 77. 7. .- 1.= = _= = = =
-r
a
highrecent
2 also reported=
a===.
= =a a a
a
8the bfriiction in tawri'lettage motion *tum at livin t__"actual experksima with living things"in tinge schools was wt obtained. However, it
If
4'14a a a
EK=Ree
HMCO
lackw .
za Wade
- a E
a
--Wra
== = a-mam ;:AL.a-mm..7
_ -701e411
facts above that in litany Of the smalltion hat
many methods,
program
avaiank for tvw
=44- E ra Ea a a a
is ,-, withpurN.,...,w..,_____. departmental2 ---__ funds. ..
a
schoolsmie
tor pupilsfrom
Where this f
which offered galore DSGEA-7---L.
V -&
are owned by the science
TWO ZL------Insirticti aids ac9-7_
4
Buillamatery akb
1
=
817-4-nit===ain with enraltA A-a=A
VFaZTel= n
1
Nuns- = = A
boy'.0.11111MENE=0111140141111=AmommplalE1=4Maainalalel==.=.1
:-1 -
1
mbmg
=E-a Es E. a an
11111111bilL II. a a- ---
_
" I Le
a 11 I= 1 I .1
Num- 4r7E:t-- A Per-
==- = A-=-=
a
ff.
f
jelea41.4. AM* 0,eir ea fa Ca am a a a
=
a a a ea OH. mai* =0, awaIlaft ea =
ni =
mmln.71 uo'= N
e
Eff I
ff'-fr
=---=-- A
0,
E. ea aals I. E S E I la
isboolsoot oft
Eff
"t"M-LA
g
g
----tagisaFaftadawalESEmaLawdEMEIIME.
&4 *-_,ft a a. ft
=
qCar
Is
but Only 37.8 percent schools, withhigh schools,
The mid high schools reported as as large highpicture
in they. the fact thatscience department in a directly the
aids are used claws.The small "the increased use of audio-visual
as a in biology more frequently thanthe large high ochools, andments and as a factor of
biology. informatioti on the extent to whichhas been substituted for
as a learning activitybe the
reported high thisoccurred.
Equipment Owned by Sdence
In particularly large high schools, equipment for use inthe bastructional rather'than fres the general school budget done the equiprentis ipore readily by the departments concerned.
AR of the scboak responded to thequestion "Which of the following department in
:
in biology, by. sip* tqf whool
of
PuPas
emit bor
and Total
Num-mut bor
Per-ber
Per-bw
3 a II 5 11 V I 10"'"'""'"""111""1"0""""" les'0"'r"
1111010411 IOW IOU IN IMO risOberis..
4.41444.4*. ..... &mop
aorwer46m4ws
opm
ftSalkadd+40.01wimp
.0441414.40.41144044.4010. soPtilionisiraids
1110.
00
$i 71 INA$4. 1 N. 2 N. I 1113 isas71ai HS SI ISO It Ns1t4 $1.9 30 KO 417 NS0 114. 4 NA N.11 10 1111 4 OT 10.
1111 s /43 M. 7 3113 571 71 151 47.5 zess N 717 Ill 74.0 iN IL 2711.1 214, KO U0 415.11 100 V. IS fff. 117.4 0.0 St efhl NA 00 nil37 37.11 NI 41.4 IN KO NI1114 111 10.4 N 91411444111=1.11=,
4
1
4
4 .41.0 17
,vSII!. S-I i
percent; -
. .,I
percent.
percent
rer
flu
itl
;ijuj
me8ns tL
w:tkmni
S
was
rnih
I
S
UsIL.
I * i jirj $
r uic
tllXipii
SOOr-%i
projectors
--w r -- ' offering cix-ai '-'°'iiicl microscopes available for ue in th ener;iwc thooI 541 gave information on the numbernumber of mieroprojeqiws and band 1s vihic.
Ii- incwniatci'
on microscopes is summ&ri
r th' table shows that the number of n=icrco=ebe&r a direct relationship IFU:Cttt1 81CII high schools with. fewer than 500 pupils enn1Iei
:i' average fm large high with 5&{) cr rncir
large high schools and by 73 small high schools; tJi6 reported by a large urban hiI school.)f microscopes available hi a 4iool is compared wit!18 of general biology red in dirt school and thi
er than LO® pupils enrolled all of the micrxpe!jJ DP used in each of the of general bioIog:
iiiee the. average number of section of bIogy; less, am:±1 the average number of periods p dayHowever, in I-z high schools with L0004,49'J
=*e iunb of t*s of biology was 8.9; in themore Mi' th average was J5d sections. Thi
less-Ion aurii eacii nrhi ti tt. nv
30 THE =ACHING OF GENERAL BIOLOGY
your school: silent film projector; sound film projector; slide projector;microscopes; hand lenses?"A summary of tiro information supplied in response tois as &flaws: Microscopes were owned by the science in 714percent of those offering biology; hand lenses in 613 schools,78 film projectors in 526 schools, 67 percent; slidein 58.2 percent; and silent film projectors in 232 schook,293In general the smaller high schools reported equipment owned by. thescience departments much less frequently than did Iarp high schools.The exceptions were: Sound film project*,*owned science depatt-ments in 68 percent 'of the high schools with fewer enrolled,and by only percent of the large high schools with pupilsenrolled; and microscopes owned by the science hi 82 .and 96a tixse respectively.
Microscopes, Microprojectors, and Hand Lena*.A total of 715 91 those
reported that werebiology classes. Of
ofmicroscopes, and theWere available for use.
tabk 24.Air examination
available in a school toThe average forwas 3.5 microscopes; schoolspupils enrolled
The smallest number of compound microscopes available in a schoolwas 1, by 7largest was
the number ofnumber of pupils eilrolled in the course, it is evklent that in most of thehigh schools withavailable in a school sectionstaught iiethatin these schools is oris between 5 and 6.pupils moiled' the
with 1,500 orin most of these large schools. there must be tw\o -or three jof biology in If individial
v
, e
THE TEACHING OF
=2'2.
'iiici =
st
a _# I
1E-F
ERAL B1
availabletwo of theft
that heveral of thelaboratory work aVE_T.
Ea=2=AL.
victims.
were
total _A
4 Ea_fram ;- a a ,_ -
I microscopes; (-=, of
In addition, 47 of tlics
a
reported that no mica -Iteaming LH
autaw. Thisas to other lat--.==_-yra Li tz-
#
E,--7 a E 7131110--t -
schools,
- = LJ& -=
Textbooks and-Simthmistdatry Reading
Althimigh it is game-mation for
actuale -= 7--=0 -a a ral-g:
M_E
place.
EJ-W,---a_trage=r-2.=
_ 27.-2_=- .,- a-
or impqz--a:
'rider such areuinsta
e
biology 2 =22L-_.gg
E
ty
r-
-A V_ --w_f--='
rLLL 1 )1 r!-.
ams._ many t
textbooks,are in' valuable aith
aids
Tables
a#
*iup.o IMLLttJ
s
.Ec_M
tort I a- -----,eerned
e Rs 2-- s a sr= s as a---='a a.4=,- a -.-m a
...--
school
scientificLue
ff aa= - anle8
0 2 rrn ro . a
E-egeneral ble1-0
use
&-W- I -1 gw
1.77
#4. 1 'of%, A:7
=
Aff-2 V-t 7 L
MtCi
._.
a
A_ , g,.04- _= 7
eg
I-f I t a e-1w*-. *
schools,t size of
4'
iz
31
.microscope V/ ig -1,-_, nisei _, ii_;1 -,. 460,0
Ila.141E-1- must e concentrated for use in one orThis , .
MOBEC4 1.10 : I :-1-=, borne..------::
i y tie ct. Art-7-e ockools:&a h . -_-- ''. '. &iiviiiss..1 required college-.
_ -
11"` .1 . .
izapreparatory 2/Y1V1-3 1'1% _I il Isi curriculumEii- general acat:A2given nera1iz der than
apply1-XSO.
4 t-
0
these
1: IMI
T
wouldas well
p
0 AM
are smallsmall
course.
with objectsktitolv4
10
4.
were large schools.schools and 7 the large bjb 'schools
or hind were available for use in
compoundtund
realooi_-_7,trte primary tfr-should irAsthen
Ile, i Jo tt,,t. of limitationsof time and the vicariousAriel calt pro-T'ided through reading reference 1,2
anz,..6-1-__Ir:,as -:ilucation in Primo&This section of vviaiii
biological reference 119 and 81.1pplementa.to thr-.-
Ji in 47
gcDki4
1""
t
I rILL 7
104WP Ver
ALL":7
...
Schoolswi whim
11426412f)
72
oi222119133so79
feCm=t-5.4--.041Kid
1latitStisPIO- 1
1 Total- m
oen 1 -maw. ,i
1,
Iattiei ofbiology
Pupils enrolledin mer31
A v
T-1-4
101 1. 84161 544 & 38 '
7. 4. 49& 42.
64 1, 066 19. 73ra4' 33. 49 2
12PA,25348096
_-1111-
;
L 021442. 784- 55
481 & 90I, 012 16. 10
4111111....
Tnschoolsre I
I.Mum
comes
12
A ver-ageFor
school
949459
6. 714, 88114,8S-k,
17. 25oo
ao.65139. 06
57It 95
is
for the
to work the
A
high highhigh
Matorkils
studying,and
secure,
be inand
biology.
`6-7ise of school-
100-.....
,000-1 -and
scoPes general
10.
O. I87. 092.
138 96. 795.
78 101 0
Me
56
436
Min
1113
MSL
Inschools
of nil-aro-
sooPell
A vas&210
of
38
270487
306000
32.
26&
4;44,1 Sal
glXin [Wilk
1
-
-_ - - -
a- -4;
irj s 4- =a.-- 4 _
- - a - a _ _
-741 w
g VW - # M =
panda itil 2UP11
711 $011 MA 1=1 1111q i WW4
g '4T a a
amp jo 6617 4(91 °eV") t'w-'1171L10 1IvulloJtI
6E-3
4
a
a inknia r sr 0 ill4
aa a _M -
_ - o -a= _ -
Vein00 OAP
.4a .WOOdliV4
m vx-ai praAor; Romps witim AIAt Mo ys.
"osinw atp UI Ipogiral ziwq peon notp jo mond e-- -
'PRA _ _ - = Afft
*aM
GT Tin! minion! um zloty% lnq mil PO 1p, .--- t--olv
. ' In "P ni __ ZK
-a a a-- 2 - --A _-47-2
=
T ivun #
q=4-
eq Prwl aa--1
PuP- 743 -o wfmn
w
=-4 -.= si-=_
.13
-- - peon
T F_
a X
TrWO
--a - - # a -3-- 4_
TYPrii r _ 4
uur a
- 4 - =4-4
peen 17, 0=-4
a
' -..--=
g
z- 3 a =
"*.7 F -4 LJLi a
- _ # -A 7,- -
g 1 n
- a - _ a a
w=- a_ -a- = _-- = w w ---
-
flat 47_X
4
2
.
_.; IAT,"" 41:77;76: ir 1.1 r. -.1 -
r.,..rrO.,. - a ' 4.
,, . I. ,
CS
.1
"W.
So
al) . v
_
a aka
- 1-Caligrffil
. - -47,S1 :
Palm,"
-00 ac.
Z-1-..r_Mi .
'-' - --'-..2
, _ rr_3__
f
_ - - - _
- _ _ _ _
Mama" '
*FRI EV
7.1
- efEl -
r-1 Iga-fa eZg 'MAIL!
, r-47.
*
I
I - -
e s.-
tatta
I
Cf. s !
-
V
Waft
r- CS'1170_, iaCy"-1
444
-
E.L
f
- 1'
A. . r t
IV*-11
. v / to! - LOY.
It
,,_ p- V'
. -
fo
1 -
11e p) CSTail
Romps
r -1,aa
r
-o=yirti_fi _
-I
4. . . . . , .
*--Q-11 _&4,1____.4.__ -"
"CS ',1 _:,,, , : -- '. 1_,I't
1, 1.- ' 1,./ -.4, , - k. ,... .
t`.410.
l ,
- ....- -- - 4 ....! ....--
N I 0111
t 1. 1
pd f I 1. 9 0 0 1 II 01 a r 111 TO El a
Lu LI LU s mg rig Pu mg U
.4011111.1.0
II 01
NralsFONMMINFq
$ um mg 'mg -mak
41111/
on ea ow va ---- :,-' o 100 o
------. o o Hea 4:: : .1, g "'"'""4"4" -"4"1" 0
16' I 11 1 -11,17:= o I vg 9 0 Auno0 ;...1.._ : 1.- 01 45 /
it LI JOILLIkitIS pus micron ............ pay . lit 01 tit tt II I it. Pos Peolulado I in gi I
.
1 I IP Olt I I 09
619dP91:11.?4 suopuoi us
/ It 01 011 Il 1 11 01 pus ludisupd =.410 =moo
WI "Pin 11 it se on Vie ti PdPUPd Pal =Won J0 10111
4,11119100 :Aw P9
INS 40 44
Ob. Moab
Web,* IP
0.10 NP 4. 4414 ....... ono oblis
------- --------- -Isosiassdne amps 0 lag pus Ammo
a ag
o
SW On ON WI M Iowa 9 01 Ii 01 1 I "WI olmq 1Pa sou *Pagel; IS 011 I 10 ns m HI 'In3 01ml 001aIl Palen stcatoll
Mg HOAK
twoa, 'am) pus ow
41114 RID mg Sum op
aspN akim sunN
41,
gilded sqpInd Ildnd 10 0011181 60-901 011-091 09-t
Wig 11100q011 4
fr gpmpaud ammo O 1141°931.1 °NU
eadiel put gsmitourta 4pauffaveux quit
jo Apofetu u!
tuP!"2.1° glAk ell&M°3 U! "11
Ott
9 E6 9£2.
-uoysipsub DMA
UtIPfas Jo no, Gaut pip
tq (top Jo eq Jo ono Imp
*ST tn AlotioN puma
09 II' PeAle"1 44423111°
ems JO si 641 roopm orrq alp oi tramodoog 00/331S
JO
&-=
-a=
the ici===,--H--1_-ar
_
GENERM, 11 MOGI'
_ackLit cmintar v acuv
1rçn antj A 141 11
=.*
--a I C.91 ui
at:
. 0-70- 0 _-
#
=
'heg triP
O.
which
of planned field 1
-4A7 classes in scbooschools, b117 t
I I
the
d evours
trim t_a:t
1--
eicuir==knui writ
1 were'. a
L u
rally 91 tiletrip',
.7,orte
_
el-
trip number oitaken.
the course of a year was..."_,.._ ....E
..._amber,
0-7
by a
urban b
z
_IT
g= Lit z-t re
ff-
-rAT-a0 A =
-g7
ext ea
tLFF&dui
=km annually UN the biology dame*avewr br the Km41i high wiacklis was 2;
:brn the average nunawr of trips ti=
a.=1"tho
schools of -draft.. ocuilnami IL41-r
rj0-7=0 0 0
wun
f-_ hi-
number of tri
§
JOTt WI:1M
rers,Aica
InIA 6- -* .4 ---*4.t_ny
A
h. g=
&-F
k yAmes.
totalrnM
of
°"- e'A77
4t-
The 0=
IC ...vela cre
(tableoi -t_po taken by each section is La t
the achool in which the section occurs.
W
r
*Enra- m *
4 g..6# A it
I670
tT
which Vk--4 et a
-747.-41
=a section biology0
=
4.1
with 1OGI299 pupils it wasanti
trim pm eitvtkin
trip t001119 935 trips
a
in winter.
299 schools,
almost tWjee 11.11
VTL
P-AIRE1 --7--age
that rU: field"Field unj
the Ia r g
-the 485 schc=Ve
Itie If-r nru cff,cr.,/6 SCi
-V
Eg
E-E
regaitiing
the
in autumn: and
al7
T.
.1-a /-4 6
QUID
taken 0 V1.--
V g- ;-*=-
by 'ws f---__
given *5, lame highbya_
the0-0 _
____---= -7V V=e
high
areas Vg- 7-=7 == =vTL4j =
takenw
,. ,
=.=e clam tune ,---.."1_E__Li _ a.__= ,.-._.. .LA pa - .-__La
was SQA
4)8 Ww.77--m_ "k
.7=
r
z
eVI w
;
eti-Attla
.
.zaa. Were
.14fr 'Wn ILO +AC
?
'3'4' OF
4-6.M .161-
mutual. 11)74%
t -?WI,kireWg
._
amulets Elta kw'encottra 3
LIJ
the report.
- =
07ir:st311.110_-
al to tand
T)I: Li_11-05-4
number takft
.*mime.r -
V9-1
oft
rs-m
,
.tiL I _( 1-1-_1211e1
a number
4'3,
41.7-14. ? f.T grae6 22. gra)..,
''f, =------
'V. ':.;
J.--' percent schoolstrips and-; art '&a Thu rI ime
the
thlt
tah reportedDas-
triO4was 5.2i tAta
for k 41 schools as 53.
k47
n
However,in
CV ue,1414---=-r---:-4-it 111A
proportional 41)_ the '
14.1 "4"--Int-6
- 1
moreinformation
-os.
L- IL
L-h Varito
annually
Use
Te-1_ each 112 -i 4k44
schoolswas 2.0;
elieja,
wç
%iota'
-t.:;9=--
dr r
64,,_ 38 1-
3. 749 derhi'''w schools
at
. eltrIa 'FA s
WAt I A'
5
41_
A
.
I _- sr- t_
4 °
E
I
1Q, readilyu-4 time
4
')
THE
part in awhich pupik have been to engage
extant to these otherused biology classes in the
aampk section of
Field
the generalin tabk A totai
field a regular of thecourse and gave
and the whenA total
the schools. The of trips takena small rural scbool, a
maximum id30 largeage of in schools of allsizes
- hi
by theclasses sizes is the averageof biology in schools of these
it isof
average per
schools with forSOO or pupils it
supplied by stilethese trips is as schools
a 1:223 in tripstaken taken 165
taiteri
of the schools awingtrips wire by the
classes"frequently schools as by small schools.
mason" schools for not taking, They were limited bin congested no
acodssible, ar daily scbedule of classesand usemi for trips.
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1131
13N
IIIIM
Iliiim
1111
1111
1111
11'
111
11II
III
II 1
111
1111
III
36 THE TEACHING OF GENERAL BIOLOGY
Table U.- Number 2 Laa F: --_ Hoj 1,,z-_4.&ff a ea , I ef 7 ---.'. r=, * El'- -a and* a .".=. a s
0 g w ar:4 1 =.'- e.d.--- h...------g Iia . , ,-,j .-.= 1...: g .--,----.....- .
Number of fieldtripe and excur-sions taken eachyear
41
0.1-66-1011-16_16-20Schools not report-
4141
Total --
y u y
Schools with enrollmenj of
1-V? pupils
Nuber
33522162
114
Per-cent
3
04& 6l& 4
F
I. 7
lee. 0
100-299 pupils
Num-ber
4
7711947
731
254
Per-cent
=AA.
30. 3
18. 59. 8I. 1
. 4
ieo.e
300-499 pupils 503 and over
Num-ber
Per-cent
7
s
a15. 6
. 8
11111.- ...
Several smallthey a
WATalw._ ad-Wko_ gpfl inVy %JP.. t, 5.7a_/%,a-
livingcommon tg-.-
thatLk:A
8
a %J. %.#field VI.= -V.=
Total
Per- Num-cent ber
9
52. 03L 512. 1
2. 41.
. 3
=st=ts=s-oa=4morto.
1N.e
Per--mut
1 e 11
298 38.0324 41. 2123 15. 629. 3. 510 1. 33 . 4
IN.
VL Lar---cA becauseano Luie children were acquamteu e-
T_ 1= A&L
I 6
Loch region B4) that there was qo need to use school-time for trips.
Pfspii Projects in Vera rfr2
Information On the exLeug,to supplement thof the schools which
.=F., LB g ar
the
originalwhichz
rienerai hit nilA
§7-,A only= d 7
pijT
projet, were 47,--
supplied Dywas,
information on this question. This informatkin istab!
tea to suprilysummarize in
A total of 531 schools,-68.3 percent of those rfivina information, r_A,-orte4:1that pupil projects were Used in the instructionthe projects were optio -4-
courge but were chosenthat projects were "required"course. Vtowever, man
Is
In 375 of these &pa-4that inhey were not requiied as a part of the
the, individual pupils; 156 schools reportedas a
the type and the scope oi
.A.rkvbrt
it of the work in the general biologyG
indicated thatClICKAS requiring nrolectsTWorgI were len up to the individual piing!A
barge high schools reported IC iLIFJ of pupil projectsquently than did small lugn sefloAals.
Information on LI
q*Vi 9 although
V
a the
questioPi!aie
the inriiscience ILUZS
theand
reP1 eet
1N-Ve0
.-en_7 1.)1
,science_ .,_..
INK_.,_...,URI
--*V
= g_=
v1
=-'=a-a
g g .a a P.
4 t= ga= AS.
a
responsesproets curled on
i.uch more
Dy iheCO t., -t r Lattnugg,
of the sethm;s_. twrig pum projectsin
_ puPil
a 1 e"*.*---L7 '"' Et o et ."-n 'were used---.7::::7-;= :17: '' a''...i.... _ ,
.=.._ -,___:
5- mmv i---b-m:mr:Ae, -"It742Mrs_______- _ ,_, _._, _
.,..,._ ..._-__
.
I_--;-- j
(pa& 11) AL- thnt
fir
cur
=1.......
taken each
0
3
Num-ber
46. 98i3
. 62208
1
4
& 2
VI 0
.111M11.1
15091
. !us
51
7
Ma
schoolsyal areasf
towork 4 777
offH.i 9 schools
2t
by
tt!f,
fre-.tnature pupils
w oTmila Ihe q thet i
en yr
exhibits ,is
Y
a
.47
'
1211 78.
a
its
.
manyin was
1111
11E
1111
1161
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
Table
BIOLOGY
&--f; %xi original pupil projects gdy4 general' biology, by StZe 7 I
.09199,
I
Pupil Koject4
Schools with enrollment of--
1-09 100-299pupils pupns
ru projects used In the Inr-teuten*
Num-ber
3--74
=.1==
Pro -1=-1-----2ts required .. ............... 27Proots op . 47
Pupil projects not used In the Untrue-tion_ 36
Schools not reporting ce projects 4 4
gag
Teta I 114
A total of 24,not aged
schools,
Per- Num=cent jlex
64. 9 132
rt-,3
41. 2
= -
Per-cent
It13.39. 0
47. 2. 8
300-499pupils
Nutn-tha
*
30. 245. 7
23. 3. 8
100.
Per-cent
217
57 19. 758. 8
60 20. 8
ItN .00. I
Total
Num-ber.16
UI
156375
2489
7N'
Per-
it
67. 6
19.847. 7
31. 81. 2
1N,
31. 3 vlerce-it, reEK)rted that pupil pro 8 werein the instruction
ClubsScience
et'
40#
Tine sue,--ess achieved by the science instruction inmay beda Ibsin LI V school, .aand mg nunimr or, =pupils enrolled in these clubs.
jucied measure, bvj
Ela E.4E = m-=.AA.
the presence or ansenc, of
vrer". Sr." Tle*
Many whichactivities are earned on by r in these clubssupplement L 'k4 V-*7*.
E rS-14. V
schools theinitormation n - fl6 `e 'had clubs 4 ZE1V LIAN-1 science In availablewhIph
irt Tpnif
6 zit
eV.1.1 1,4
usedJl LLU6to in he
"d the nUmber of pupils enrolled in these clubs is sfinimar.
studyDiOin#if
rea
general,. .
reported-, 63 schools, 33.5 Dement of_ thoseA
OIL C ring .-,oiocrmi._, .m ,...Only
_.Large reportedthat .w-_-# a, had one or more science clubs. high schts-AR -,
more frequently 'than did small high .6---13:1G-. eFor) _ _ 1._science clubs
liose pupils whO were erirolled in, very Email high schools (under 100enroilmient) opportunities to engage in* OS.
club activities were practicallynonexistent, since 108 of the 114 schools of this size reported that theyha&no clubs.
The majority of the schools with clubs had only one club which enrolledall of the pupils in the school' who had An interest in science. Twenty,nine different names were rep6rted for this type of general science club.From the ;was of these clubs and from the information supplied on the
of activities carried by the members, it can kve infernA thatwitn lying things and wi the outgo oars are characteri.tic
jvjti of moot of these clubs,The type of club which ranked second in frequency of mention was the
V
THE "TEAM] G OF GENERAL
r.
37
of
eg.ma
se, . 9 N IL 5
83 8999 1*0
.31. 6 - 120 30& 5 2 1 2 . 7
=
Per- Num-cent bet
I.
7
amomMaim
166, 0 Va lt10. 0 1M 9
414
hi some.
the of in
'classes,30.
'.
4
*.
-
500 and over
_
8 4 I 6 8
59
ONINI
upes onexenai
a
1111
M11
1111
1111
1111
111
IMIII
IIIM
IIIIII
IIM31
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
",
1111
mrl
Inn
1171
1111
1171
2111
1111
111
[in n
um: n
Irm
imir
arra
lmni
rr tm
rm
r In
rni
yr
Im r
ift-e
l tm
tti "
i rip
rt'II
' IIN
1111
1111
1111
111"
"" 1
1111
'7'1
1111
1 Ir
d111
1111
11R
1F"'"
eca
4,,M) THE TEACHING OF GENERAL BIOLOGY
photography or camera club, reported iry 108 of the 263 schwle sith
clubs. Only 27 schools, most of them large hie schools with several"biological"science cieths reported clubs which were exchisiverv a
"science"The nighest number raurps reFtortett
Information In the time when science dubs metv 74aTi-t7
VIel CICo47,7
schools. In 126 ot tripQ, cig.he,g4. the .A 4-7. 9 it eluis met dunafterin 114 the clubs met
had several clubs.scliCK) "In 10 wi eti n -aeh.,x)1Q
they met durmg and litter school hoursschool clubshigh the science met during the noon hour.
A total of 523 schools,had no science clubs.having clubs, in film
*-- '1,56= =LE e.
s7;__
V -
by 251nours
each of whichIn one large
eExt%1general I,' 1mrcent MOS ohenng iviology,
The major reasons given hv theE=,-- schools ;off. notJortur 01 their gauntfrec:-.= y og mention
time,follows:sizes, are as eachers lack Led .o
ofcent Cli. inose witnout clubs; tack menthes, reportedA
y schools of all
117 schools, 99,reent of those rerxoting; ane lack of pupil interest, re-tonect by 97
schools, 19 percent.Several of the larger high schools reported that until a few years ago
they had very active club programs, but that in the last few years teacher.load. in these schools nau nicrea6eet to such an extent that science dubs
d to be dropped.work atter
Other reasons Ewen by iarge high schwis were:school; too many conflicting activities already m the
program; and no Reriods available (taring the day for club work.The reasons reported by small high schools for not having clubs were:
Student body too Alan; a transportation prob ride buses; andlargely rural students. A few of the schools -which had no clubs in 1949-50indicated that an activity period" had bee added to the regular program, .
inactivities which we previously carried on clubsand that many ofare now carnet_ on (luring tms perioa. Others rew;rteo. Lnat Pupil pro-jects and activities incorporated into the regular work of the biologydames nad taken the place of clubs.
Table 30 ---,Schools with science number r pupils clubs,-r{-LeZ77-1A
,.81 0_ school
1
.1111.
0.1=1=nr=wm1 -CV pupils100-299 pupilsd-11-499 pupils500 and over
Total.M.11www
oy size of school
Numberof schorJi#,,offeringbiology
Schools with scienceclubs
Number Perm)
Numberof schoolsreporting
enroll-went in
clubs
a
A
647
5
11.1.-.S
Pupils enrolled
In schoolsreporting
In science clubs
Number Percent
7
O. I 5 321 tO18_ 5 42 8, 132 1 4223-:-.i. 0 44 17, 278 3, CR855. 7 135 210, 851 8, 018
ra E------3-177 12. M; 1
schoolw supplied
school
, -kcoll, 65 per-by
.
Pupils
the
4
clips
4
114254129289
44.
745
e4/
49161
SVO
18.
4444414.44444444.444womIlaw
U. I
.
IRE TEACHING
1--t 4 =-0et_i -
9
.*_92-A 999
Lie w a a-AA.
science.
a 5A-A-a biologyg.J.4
fair% Efts,
total -11.
thai8tfd m th
* E V-%
=.01.= 01,9-0 1-0 9-_a al 21 _awr-r-5
A. F a 9
0ff-r-*
0. .0= 04-4 6.9-0----4-e
extenttalks
__...nd ta e...__..
schools,7
-.J
67.2
which tflt
LI -a°1- ÷,7
riv
nrt
a= _Are gq 'Pm I-- . . a E E 0-ppv ,....
Li La
is .11.*.=t
il
of schools_A_ g- -
LAAAJ
Li IF a a1Lit.i -I-A a_
rted was .seemamethod of
in ow-ip
E4-7 AA A LP A i_ft 0-
A
70 g="g"
aa ff-Ja a aki-jg mi.a um Dff OA=
* _ 1AA__,
a-44,
ni7-W1 A ALA
more _
,V
biology,17 al
=Ira-ye
reported that .the pupils*= 5 5 r V clews rt v., science fairs; only t.--3
9
f the schools reported that the pupils vaaicipated in ñirs and ex-centa
1 Tne supplementary7
fied under "Other". =,
Junior
andand
L
1 3*-a_---a4-kr a X Tki 31
rG
9*4 1-9-99 -t- Ars reportedLa, v
are:
1 and 9n, e , /2:ant.,..... 7 a.a.,. a-, i-3 A
W
artimpation meetmgs of the matecademy of Science; participation m al-nservation and cancer
A= .*V - -
a
R.," 1 il V 6 at schoolg d
a _. 1i.- am. et. ff" ff..* elk 4...4 § parks.51j0"-'4.711 k
kff science journals; preparing and presenting filmsassemblies; and visits to Municipal museums, aquaria,
Appropriation and Expenditures
Lack of funds for the purchaseOtte"
of essentialmentioned by science teachers as
prevent- Eil-taffEEE=..A
zaS(90 T-2 -
LP 4.-a a a
one of 'a
%t 2 s=-
job ofCita (wing an effective teact.se I"Le auestions "Do you have
= -_-- r2
I *. A-A9 2
biological .. 0 I_e,_ pmentA 'e ---, A I =- 4-) -9 3 --_--.. _9 = 1 ..4 ..--- fta * ft 9E11220 M r - a- 4 a-
__Al 1.40E 1 '7-P:.-.7- g .= a
e-ft
majorsupplies 18
A I r
Ak4 - A a_ *.-at-'etg3-8 miter.
information ob-annual appropriation
supplies?" 4.,
TI1 III 1 TIT ILk7 avw Cr. F-7
felfo utt-.vpATI 9%.,-,__a1.4..x&F.E_A.,2..,t. 9 for shows
for th courhe. in biological Oralarvetgtthe
was thespent the steat
whichextent to4
L5 *y 0,9; a.
Fr 1 31.-Methods instructionman Le Lne generat btoLogyLti supplementing
Method of suppleineniation
1
Schwas supplementing work_
Loteientm fairsPanto patio"' in mimeo exhibitsTalks by seentists_
art-C:10nee talent searchrft-t 2I r 1
Part' mannr
In science fairsParticipation jt youth
...8-0-Milet WNW.
mmoduies
Schools with enrollment of-
true
1-99pupils
100-299
if pupils2(X) 499pupils
500and over Total
Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Nurn. Per- Num- Per-ber cent ber oent ber cent i__4*
ftcent ber mnt_
II I 4 6 6 1 8 10 11_.,..._ _.. _
El HI _ _ N _ _ _ , 1121 us------
39 73. 6 100 66. 7 72 75. 0 160 69. 9 371 70. 218 34. 0 58 38. 7 34 35. 4 112 48. 9 222 42_ 011 A.. 8 42 28. 0 30 31. 2 109 47. 6 192 3413
7 13. 2 39 26.0 Z=3 27. 1 106 46. 3 178 13. 7._ 8 15. 1 21 14. 0 24 25. 0 77 33. 6 130 24. 6
1 (1) 2 1. 3 4 4. 2 24 10. 6 31 5. 93 . 1 7 4. 7 6 6. 2 16 7. 0 32 8. 1
Lcs t-rion . =!---ermiti.
4)-Ut 21A 52----4
,
Other Methods tqf
the to schoolswith by scientists,
Ikt Ti a -f
A percentrepirt.4ii they the work or of
The most frequentlysciai fb About cif the **Is
in r-
hibits.Some schools
in
equipment tali
fromin Mi-4. to
andfat 5
this, is
in
Seeing
Participation in
1Y4
0 ).ger!! .,
t .4
..
I
.....................
.
.
..
.
,
41,
ry
IC
A
9. mn-
I
, 11,
1 II
II I
IIII
IIII
Inn
III
IIM
II I
,
or
40 THE TEACHING Or mou
Annual Appropriadonsfor- meta lies
infoLito 010n on theappropanaue
a Beitr-aA
.71 bioRod---*.____.Ths caw=r"prop& crij-
A total of ua,-c).-11.*
a
6ff Is - wi
V Iu.rt-sintl hD
39 rc4 ;Tit of the salmis offering biolojcy had. .such an apptivriation, and 476 scho---3
_,.-.4,reimt., had such appropn..m
a.1.-at4 6
- DMP
zb .Wilit-..a rep04 ----'1 no appropnas tion specffically1 1the
-E7 -= 7 ,i se*
for ,,......_-_.a 4-46 _4. -4,6:..4-'6 % 4 ff't .6...c.i.i / indiCated that funts were appropriated far ilia science dep4rt
, .
m
A
mation onannual
&
L biQlogical equipment and supplies were purchasedc' asImm armropna_ya.F f they whop% sup "ed in-ror%,
- 2 6
=-4
eft
__ALLoant-A spew unaer tins' ax_r_ aAgemen-t, The ,;-_verge6- 4W! Csr- a2ftE- ok -a
meg,=3,was ,
a-ff *4niintilinium
Ct e-schoolsfa_a a Vh,-tSliWA. Ivgaga
a. S.
".Moe average annual -ppw g-
IF 71E1nA
Aft
for all schools rewiring wascents per pupil &or the largeto a maximum offewer ..a_ ..
LAI 0.;li
Table
86.
,0 eerzA ;-7± I
ot, 9 9_ per pupil
upils enrolleu.
6 76
g -I IF
rrityre pupils
9
-pits to af--=
each pupil enrolled inrange firm a minimum
AA- A 4 -6jai
AS0
with w_PJ or more pupils enrolled,for the very sm
n _A 4 =0 for a 6 Va4.0.0.44-intuusg pprenirui, t (--V. fli!Oiikaiml
Annual apworria-tion in dollars
fhp S _erte_WDv otiose oit
Schools with enrollment of-
1-99. irpils
Num-ber
1
No apiropriation_ 831-942Z-49tk--7475-99 51M--124125-149150.-174. 617fr-199 1200 and over_ _ _ 8
4
3
,Totai,_ . A
Per-cent
72. 8
4. 4a 54. 42. 6
100--2139 pupils
Num-ber
Per-cent
4*,
103 72.01 . 43 1. 2
18 7.37 1 8
10 3. 98 1. 2
12 4. 7
17 6. 7
344 106.
300-409 pupils
Per-t
high aehools with
4,4
ment and supplies,
and over Total4/11.4.4.4116.4444.4111,..
Num- Per- Num-ber cent ber
Per-cent
63. 6 123 44. 3 476 M.5/3 2.3 2 .2 1. 5 3 1. 0 13 1. 66 4. 7 8 2. 8 aft 4. 6
1. 5 5 1. 7 19 2.410 7. 8 24 8. 3 47 6.02 . 8 6 9 1 10 1.3I & 4 2 5 8. 6 49.-} 1. 5 2 . r 5 .7
14 10. 9 88 29. 8 125 l& 9
12941101M4.-
IN. II IN IN. II 781 INO
Expenditures for ,,juipmerte ism! Supplies
total OI
.which were
suPp
427pent
rr-.1%.9 v# -v
3
811.ppi. infprination on
expenrs for biologicalture= for each
St
- -4-EgffSRE_m.er-7#fi amounts_
.m.-AgE--al for
cT* trOkr-99
4
0
v
,e
.1
asN'Atrat, p.
n of -I' Lint eisss annualfeatly for 1 supp and
amnomt te u is 8 titzttb,
1ft1_ ve
axml thfroiaL None
.
approprit' tion of Ia rang Ifti_ of fOtm: I I LIM 500 ctir
wisikk
with _11
hair
era% m of 20h
100
;-;
a _
41190 IND
_
500
Num-k=
05
t 4. 9.
7.0
7 8G.,.......11M.1101.1.1
82
2
.
13
8 7,
i
6 . 8
6. 2
r1.
4 k,A thekd 7A- the host 5 y
LI _o_ x7as
4/
4r,
7.7 1;7 :3747 ----777.7-77--:
A_.4arg
,o AwE Vffigaffia,a-a
---
TEAcHING OF
Qr,
for P.
than 100schoolsschools with = pupils%fa .t_txkot enrolled.A./
The average of the expenditures for equiment in all -.4111-C=----mountwas a manna 61 W oft SPZ:nte finaa-a ,..0
.for supplies was 39 percent. However., there was a mar_-_--(1-w
very small schools and, the biru hig.6-.AIVe
uJ esceipenditures. rb = =-Asmall a = ea A 4 _schools g 2 ea-ea a=.-- a a a
f-4 xrerf= Lye"
enrolled spegt u nznt of -total amount A
equipmentcent for aupt-41---as The largeand, 43 percent for sun-plies.
E
of
fa.....41.1 accounted
F
schools spent 'a Icr s
ierences el-in be TrAA in-sff A
P
small high schools reportedgeneraltion tra_a_a
tIi addition at new equipmeiitout of current expense budgets.that their laixiratorks, or =
that there ..v. "V
amount 01- me arm-tn ffa. ail. Aft.
theyI I-
Lagl yNA
a improvements
.0g LAIL- y
IL-L
percent
the factWei unprovmf-Fwork to the
et V%arlaC71-....a
--- a tux4 "Ai k_FILIs_..11
thatthe a =a=
E. B. o
litany
bywere twin cr Tinanced
==te harp high freSools reportedratre,g-*a. itt- -F
igf -0 0 I g:
=rit t.PLA
ConditIOns Affecting the Cops
a -a77.- t, aaa-e
V affrfficES
S-4
ineat-a-a visor
gene
04,=
E a a the course1- .a.*-mr g ff-a= aga gag.AA aAA _l
iicommunity
2-E111 a g- --a, a
fat aauaaA a A ;LA
at
I I 1-Vt-w
a a A gaa ti I n a=ft- et
e
limitedW Ft OV 4-.4 h or ,,,1=---ritraillteri
Ea_..
v
ra-m e-1gra.= aar-a,
equipment.a
_mai= -ty
innovationsthe
ayears a 2WaL-= E .4 r.&=vt_ff
I.
well equipped sochs .rt tLI
acl T
&R.
% 4 4 ,..E
agAjv---AA A.k-a-F A 7 .._...a.-a, ...= 5 A= 2=== E A, =. A-S k-r
a a a , a a6 E.o
W h 1 p ri h an , .:-. il ri.-...., ,..,___-_._., ....., = -...-- --A_ ...1.---._ .
C-4171 fi t - riwiz%..a_ A 6-6.-g._,g a a..
7
a -WV-4a a a aa
_
ga_ g g = 0 QVir
Appropriations 794-e---54 and expenditures 1944-50 fol.. biological-equipment and suPplies, by size
&gold school
In*
-
Totalpupils
enrolledLit
grAnck-rni
Aver-
A mount spent
-Az perjr-lqi1-1.
enrolled'n I rerka rte
Forequip-ment
Forqt
M-T'ea
Awe. masa a Ina A=
Total
10*-111-aanamaallia--a
r-d't ro:. 4-==- =
(6--a -TO) and over)
ToW=YAM
A ver-F-1_1_2:e
annualexvend-
iturefor eachschool
17-5.
ñtLG ato for
G [4]
.uer with pupilsLth
reportingde total
differencethe ----0,+:4KEs i regard
100 purisLir., 33 per-itty,41 for
e. 6
- part, bythe' 111[1
'rogy by stlio7thq program, or
Rimy of
tonew
a
Although` this Obtain ut thecourse biology as it was taught
r thed the preceding the school
to, of
f school
r.
NollniMoviiiiillt:IN ...!1P=0.E.5.
1
Appropriation for school year 1949-50
Mos-her of:1;t,13 amount
biology
Aver-age Per
4
4111D ..116
EU.
14 * fr-ipils . i 11 :
71. 47
. 161.
_
of. tboo
_ _ _1945-50
."!lology
11.r.
,U0 a OUL 19 2, 051 289, .1_ 18. 14 12, 702 . rt
10, 048 213 78 18,814, 47, 077 SW 40 ati, 918 . . 20
has moo,
It61.
121,
189
03, 78719,37513418
UAW
TRE 41
yearlarge .
,
highhigh
.
5
,
l min=I. mm ly
school
3
, _ SS1. U
7
a
213, 030 $20, 717 281. 2447, 732 67, 107 110. 92
66 21, 183 34, 104. 69146, 178 106; 326 252, 504 267. 2J
WM8 374. 877,
11
4
* * V
MO
MM
itim
mom
mom
1111
1111
1151
1111
1111
1111
MO
MM
IMM
Ilini
limm
umln
imum
mum
in11
1111
II11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111[
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11M
1111
'ill
ii,.,
'.
-""1
1'1"
,,,'',
,Im
ilirl
iliim
mill
ill II
I 111
1111
1m
4fiZ
Innovations = w -Va.=
yE g -- AGEAN____,-1 V.T OF
_
A
biology,LI7
of Lt3Vas
C5 A--4..agEff -
been madeCan-LiV to Luc
1 4 g-,--et .--*-1.7 _-. _-.--_ ,_u._-_,-,,,, 4.C-R-il y Wil EA. CALL
0,
bioloavcid were re
I w-aor- 4.-4=. L, 3_, VA
1.-t 1 .
rk.--
education
-
Teaching
BIOIA)GY
. .5. E rvereft ri 4-L VI title.... a .*
"Whatquestion1.1_ = (Ai
change!, or3 year', watch you feel noTae
youth m your g=1 41-=(:,11
innovations w-A. E wit I Ile
431WA, 61.4
2.oICharures in-Eton, cw.
canaffected /h-
ucir.E- I. 1 Un er 13
merl Cff-
imovationscontributed
_
L.F. &A_ (In,
in
A' S
al mnt'i
94, ,F-4LA,-
general=
n gs 1
I--VIMIal e a
et111-atus and tho -II ed byni-treeut ot the schools offering cf-neral"biologv.rcourse
schools.
vauaition of new units in health, con&----rva-
..
f= id trip,3. Addition' of Muppkmeutary pupil activitimpupil projects, w-teni,4 i'rik and eampinf,
by 76 schools.
such as t-P7fetene,-.. alhA__,
to the regular pri --tr-te4
4. Adoption of new textbooks and increased use ofitger.;_nces and maga-InesIn the .arv and in ihe dassroomre11,orte(l by 60 schools.
5. fin,.).4tyement in the facilities by equippinge, existing rOMIS for tiff, of4audio-visual aids or by the addition of a greenhouse, a museuth:a projevtion rkx)mor a laboratory to the existing facilities repohed by 56 schools.
6. Addition of new courR- in health, conservation, or home and family living
7.t7)
i
to the curl%repartel
t4ALOI %eneousby 33
bybiology required course for --1
more attention to individual differeuces of pupgrouping. ot OupLIS
W11001-136
or by organizing
addition8. improvement the teaching by the
to the stag; and improved teaching conditions through
through the adoptionsmaller cla.s. Kt_----re rted
of Iwtter qualified teachersfor p...2&--
-reported by
provIsIon 01 froeteachers for setting up and taking care of equipment
9. Improvement m teachingratory work, the
method.% by the ,addition of more individual labo-technicalurination ot
Ilnit Ecsang p ograinrefrola bvey.-3anulary, or ny th aaoimon 01 a
10. Improvement in programs and ez:theAule0 either through the elimination of1 eaouDie labor La therX'13-.-- ca. throuub amiuton at9=Burry workrept:a-Led by 19 schools.
11: Increased appsoprialom for the Purchase
extra periwio'
.a
sab
and supplift
f_
7
r0.
-
_ -
the
I. %dre .,.-.
A
totalto haiein titst
of the
-r
1. use of-
by theSy
4.1
school
k
sd
and wakingb41
4
4Ib
in
theperiods33 schools.
I.
..,
2%
for
by 1.§.
/
4.gi
,
:foment
A
,. .`1.6-1--. ?
.t!!
=
.
f Biology
.83v
.1,
.
. 411,re
I
_
e
I
_,
I.
a pupilsschools.
-t
schpois.4_1,
t1
..I 1
.S
C
i
reported schools.
d
Ado.
a-7------4_ff-A,M,rin
Improved rdatiGrIfihibv P =---&-X)M,
here,here,I _Qr. a -l,-a.aa44.11- 7
111
4
'a a =7=W 2 (7:
A -4
uP tion
4
N
--ff 41.-Nffg gaa ff_a_44a -e
ETA
of mention
noto
Which
7
=a-a1. y
4---I
I a I-
aar a =-a ==r-= E -* = aa-sA aa . *am = ===
.7V _ff_.4 v*..,_ff _LT I
a a 4 -4 r = 4.4. a M
the
by & W----%-%La
L}* 4iVr 5 LEI-the = 4*
_
E.nek.
N - = - -4_ A*Exa_ff
reported2 4 2
- .4-* --- &
one
iiIL 1 % LFek V-=-7 -a .s_
and
rk 4-2-4V.
I
Weed '3nesa.of - a aa = =
aa-
conditions4.-T lunt ed the_ 2., I' I- 4 L: =
4W.A -
a
IN _ _
a..a
V a a VThese concutiona in the ord:r of 4 4. ... 1mm:tenLit;Li-'.4
1 Inn rre.'--:= 21a---
CCM
2. .g4LE CA EA ki 2j k*
facilities for science inst
Classes 'cm) Ia.
science.
Staff 44-,-.
5., 2n tee-iTt f
A
schools.
agrn suppliesreported
*-= -a ItiOla reported
88by
efr
withpupils in the ei inadequate bickground in0
_ trained
finances
2 facilities4460
conductschools.
=
v
for the
ortrips,
I Ir7 .-E__,- of time the andi &.-44._-- on part of -.,._..., ___t-UtiCE_Esel- to exffaraze,
and ,. _ . . -., E. Lk. _I n.. I r & =--- --- It .4_,E .2 -.. 7.
..* &actiiritiesrerw 6 '4 by,..,...t....1.-...t.,-t- - ..... w--__4 a,-- .a--.1 ',.,*?.. i ne w
2 a% 1 e 1 - - a* ---bV-a-a a ; -a2 ---- -s --.. - * .=4e-P(Eil Veto-P-e% -----2--2--.-`2. _ ==-...,- . ...- ---,. i.F2L Lttn.fm.
purl. aa of eoutprnent arui stes 4r-j y
7. f *-* 4 r- - -objectionsN./LA.1.44g 241.14 2- I 1.-a-;"g_;.=
gums ea-Aa 2., g-52
8. A daily'a Neja £E E
work,
Onlyan adverse* =1
&
1
ft* *a -4-
a conducting
0 a
,schools.
a
toana me use oi 2-7.hool
lasses for=AIM
ILEX
-- t-_-_ ,_ -F ,/ 1_, a_ff
E.
%FAA
=-1
a VS
4 Fa- e--=Le.tei
7'=.--aa4_4 2 .NaN
§ E-Ty
the 7 7.
r_ _
was
the
biology% teachersnor
timeE-74
-----1=10- gnu
which WELS
e-xcu_rs..
Kfr crowded orof equipment, preparing for intylrette-tr-
7
not 54available reported by
attitudes*-4
--a.
7 only 11 sdiocAewas no marked
4
..=.. - a 4_ a---_Ias.._
a -T...a 4rt
=fa_ with *hpg- Ia
:4 44 I, 4-_
between = = an7ty-= _ =
=F.ZawE aW = arr.
tIe conditions e
11m1tU12 the effectivenessV '0- 1.106, A_ =1' 2 m Lb,,a sections of -."--,-
It`
04-
9
a
"et
4tf
ONT:ro TEACHING.L1 - 141 OF.
use qv!
,$
1
b
lu.pufi''cant differences betwin knall largethe _types and .the
Conditions
total of coEs the ,school orthe of Le 'zitruc-
biology.
9,
bf 11)2 schools, 42 for-
equipment schools.
24. cke
by
te by 6841.
60
of' for,field
57
the of phases of biology, azwex education evolution, for
56
.
* 9
1.
'time taking careschools.
9.
sehools that ofeffect tile teaching,
"ors 'with vail was
.
'9fr
Then difference r
of the come which '2.
. u-._
1.2. luereed *logy 9
13.
regard
,'7
0r71111
IN
.
schookregard to
the.
InM
Pttl
ititm
oi tf
, mf t
ttt,
1111
1311
a.
8,6=
= = A= - -=-NZ= -a"- - a-a6.waA....A a
WhichA listing offi-a
4 A.
rm A la__. 4 I a, A
contributed to the effectiveness0 schools, would be
escribet. above. except-1 g Tr-fl e` r4 k---= a- a.
# tile 15r-anent
4.
2.
categories oi
E
3. VliVOzft
V
,
4_ ig#_.
11?
E 7-9
F.
K..*
5fiJI tii
mule &ma
- 6a -of AMr/elm
the=
E
2 a a -=
Course
CCLatZ.N 9 = 1E3
were reported=
9 E
A "
="'"
-A71
-_ err I E. 4
C.adJa_r_f_
1 g #= EZRA NE EE
= 4-Ag-=&_aa-a.
dames nn1 wefljp rniik us, o_c by-.fA .--s-' _--, 2 2-2----- -- _-- .-- ---*..) a_a_sal /1 . _, ,_,_-- i t"--=.7 § r--e--= a eTh a-E.
E =--37 3 E.-e -E.,eF
t ea
5. AdNuate eqmpment
6. Ade- ate and weii=
staff 7=-1o_ ritegl_- D wF
and aup,nl.
Well _urgi. 1.1:4
flexibleconduct
LMA of- F E 7 7 7
5
I; .a.77-."--" J10,
clubs nand
pectI -9 " 9-9F. y
1A__ -- -HIE t_i
- 3-a La a101 the ra t t-frcta-2 A ki
1,072 .a_.a I I
rl=EE
=-9 9 =9_,
g-g = t .* = ot
the
= E 9=-3 3 = -=AV.* a, V
schedule
rvv,-..a V
a_=-NmV
2 ALI=tit-E-a_zu_z, till
_a
=
(I
by
khe number
=-11-`
AF- c4-
schools.
A a. -2 7 # aa a- 2-, -,------a a- fa ---g' =6-A=---- Aaa_=-E &Las t_tete .
supplementary1310,ffwI
reading
aaTIE
m wereg
e.,
MELICIV are
SChoOls_ the COn linen Lit United21,300 waior, senior, reg
%A 9
on returns7. 9 1 -da
,-- schools_ 2
---- a 2 g-.
of _..._._._,.,..... ."._._._.__t--51- C---- E24_ A A-__ A_ = A.-ir A - .-_.-_,-. w=,.. = - =.. _-ta .-- t - ff - -f"- N -A,,, A 7--
A11. LAT Lt--7
2-27tiOnn5! I_ a 2 4= =-. =-2- 0 2.t.
each yearFortY
in
-a-g, g1
=-=2;1 out
biology were offdedAt least 2
n 272 schools. 7 M
S-1-a
y
States.3.7-e% .Ze CE
Wer- V--9
V T:* IN VL
!LintEff=A=
junior
byy A atoms
rti 1-4 g fa-_a a a2
as-
to
findnlitt
ak_A:T;11 LIJL3
sampleaa1 gt *Va -1s_2Ema__ A a ; taIg. I e
R_Pt 7 : A-7aA
ssLLg
=
2
a 7
.UP_=fEffiEiv =-=A."V Science
selected1w- =N I A = = - s Aa s AA %.7i_n
851 ,E-94._B_=g,1%.-A,frib
generalE -a I L. E --- E
*hook
hi s-% 111- V.V a F -=9
years zn
Aaa.-Ta A * I ..a...._ ...- .--4a' UL2.a a ta-7a a-.a A 3
course- wasA_
4
e
,Aaa a
=_A, `a--F-A
f gni
r _
cal science im addition to
fax molopeal science werejn reneral ar Pa a
m,g7T
mt .1% LE a_a Lr1d- A 4-a _= A
"==, =7.==
-- .eZ of . E Ie..a..;@ ff
a
1,0044 okt
fr . -.
Condition;MO
raecauetki to the -
,
.t.aue conditionsw We
of,th course, a-26 'y.eisentially
...g.
ttlat tile descriptions wo71d be stated_,-. itively,cy of mention kr t:ti would kiwaThe differ--these
gawk- reporting each Es foliate:Good school and community
, 1= ---' i ac4=,,
12$-31
,, .
of
56 Z40 schools.
--- Loy ...347'Teti 20 schools.
8. A ttafield md by 17
cike nd
'Apy 66
4
schools,
waRarirOnn-494.$
..'...;A\The sed 786 .pubril]."1_
schools, se:ii .1 x atey-k;ii.:.- schools, and '.----
. ,
consult ..1---,EL 73.3 percentof the in die of e publicofwas
A DI d. .
0
.
.
of 809 whichp ,
die course749 schools,
. -4 1 i
:
trifferept COI .-:_:-
general.
LE
, semesters
f
AtA
re course biology r. L purel.
0:1
4r.
7
L
46
schools.
schools.
a
Sa . .,adelquifie;* 3 1 1 a "lir
,
80
the
in 240 schools.
ar- E
a a-
a
OF
V- ..Lr
A V .L=
.t
=. -
ff 1 E Vs "E=
F
:7--
"I g - gaLiiN
-a
.oRse
arts.
-=-#-=
a
Fraroliments
and
class
Size
in --Cerw
ra-K-
A
.,=
I
ZA
4-5
reiwit
of the
rupils
enrolled
in thea
high
S
r7T
school,
I
=M
s a
1
.._,..- largest
"P=
*.
biology
the
reported
Z-7
,
___ = && -g- E ..-ai
. -n-rt
ot _A
---4
g., =
, tilta-a,
64 pup
.10
g ma a
-
theE I r Eff-t_
or E a. _
=
# C--
C-&
-a.-_=
'EM
Me
Methods
E
0.-9
r_
-9.
--a-a,
a
_3-,
n111,11
appmxiniii
0./
*
az a " swam
The
-
.6'wr"
_,--
- -
ofkfil
L- -3
"
. 9 -
nurtutia_
9
year
eathth
vas a=
`-
a_.# -
i.iCga
average
instructicn
4V a"-va
a a a-v"aI
the
schools
the course
was
Teaching
Load
&t-E
tion;
a
n 99.5
schools
1949-50sm
allest
to-.A
_
flflfljj
tell
V I-
of all5 single
xperi3nee
of rtE
ff
teachers
the
Atell,
Teig.t..1.__0,
0, tv
4,-44
sn,& LL
_
first
term
at
-2= 1 %Ia. -
biologv
teacher
_for
large
=
teachers
were
etA.-1--sin 3M
.
-
in mom
teal
science.
0,1
c-19
I *
! eb
E e=a g -EV
E
=-
schools
fli
all
schools,.
or a r
a
-74
the fttm-ta
L
g
786
aw
as
schools
tin
general
biolog,7
for
each
-!.-or
small
high
sthc-ols 9
AN
MoxhnateI'
9 =-3
biology
percent
oi Liu
tea
witheither
a major
or
a guegrit
r
without
mrm
nt
were
t- 'no
Lhta
course
a major.--A
exprience
a
thp A
teachers
were
tea
..1e
18#.=a,
=
= = = -
-ffva
. . U
_ _A-P7
--A41
worein teathuiffi
tne
course.
perience
r all
=
AA
(
N--
=
CP-
-ee.E'et
'=at
a=
U
.gt
teachers
was
in 76 perceni
of
-2.
-
n0-4
ff-attff-a"1-
the
*a-'s
s- L----P
.&=
--,-
on
-
IOaa--
y-a="_-
a=&
..-ff.-A
-j.
U--4,
= -_-a,__.
#_,-
"=.
-War-d-V
rsa _u a
g
selected
_a
comic
E
in ==
. E
=
L;#
Cology,
.=
WE
SW.
the course
uinIIcr
years
07-3w
-2Fat
ea
7
wale
r% f---E
Cs
n
-
it was
I:i
`E.
9
1v
it
4
s-7---i-
,-7,-
- .. , .v i :7----
--t-
--,...lat-.F., .
-7-.....%.:--;-,:-
_
4.)...;.:1:-10
:1-';'. I'. I '. 4 . 14 - ,1
" . . . .i . . r
TH
E
total
95,669
pu
las
471ff
school&
The Irea-R
was
_ArD
iet,
as
2 pupil&
Biology .
-r'-'
,!-,
' -
-o _L
;1ral
tio
:CC
A
C
,
the
was
offered
.ercest
of
4.
The rr,v-:i
the
time
J..
the
for
Balm
!
a of 4,000of for
sizes
a 82
pew,tai
of billeduled
for
periodsweek.
c.-}sers,
p. in
and
e:Average
daily
load
of
was
77.447.
the
with
113
71.
t
A'siroxim
ately
oprAn
t
for
time
in -1949-4-50;
than
years
of
he average
n of of exm
years.
of wros
. ,
whole
field
3n 4,
,
8., -- ,..,.._...
te.
botany,
goal
.. le ' . =,
14 '
,..
and
physiology;
.1bt
411
a
. -
a
to 11"
=
'
for
plortgoavi;
at'
.
-
.4, - . .
T 6. I
v
-$14
it*Jr
: , t "41 t. A
I.* r ls-ss
'I. A
a
,
4
_,7:4.,
=silo
4
qf
yeari
in
in
size
classei
for
29.3
class
p.
p.
ain
-
to course
4
10
the
first
20
10
41.
fr
and
in 11
daily
living.
re
frP17
E Laboratory=m
==--= -
ry worK was used
Regularly scheduled118---etz
bypercentvi--__-t, a .,==._=-4
#-EV
75
Facilities
the
E
we Er--
romp w,e-0
and EqImbineti
In - percent; mews
singleL
7;
nr
r
,1----w=T-v A -A
Sal-%
4.
g
4-4,1 -vo EA,
integrated
t_
labor tory.clagamemo.e
-
were
0mons 111 no -2 I provisions 4an
t _ wies re,man_
le
.0,-._= 0- -2. WO injecut;
The combined 1 1-ktratorv-ela&-snxwnis and separaic 1aboratori ,rwrt-ent of the schools were supplied with runninE wa er_t_upp-- with electric outlets;re = and 75Nmety.one ivreent of the f----chools
seopes for pupil iie. The
percent with gas nude= or more corn
average num wr of mi&iW 18.5.
who( 18 was .5; the average for lame high school-0
1, -=7- - -0E
Appropriations peelreported wreent If thefor seloola of ,11
E /-0-
for biokls.
03.inoiogvin general w cent&
The aver4e annual expendituresupplies for the period
=a_5A- .ge-L of wgz total am
0-, aT-Wa _
The a-I ri 'Va,. I
4.4
r
=
A (77--o
uati
iipment aur upplies weteaverage ann.ut approprk
the average fo pupil
cifich seBooi tor biological equipmentI A `-1I =-_.
_4_C_ It_r_F
41_me expenuicurer;pent;
A _LW mectg Coursethe1 ng
supplementaryr
and equipment uThe major factor
inTiequacy '_of thetivriments and de
aidsa
ff.7-:=
fa eVVFlue_
--ff.L 7 ,-:1yv t t7.7
used AL.& A
DLa
-0-AAA Ithewhich,
....--A..,..
tr=-.g
ca Ca 7ffVCI
reported zncs- - Q -a-gAKA67.7 &-A a_t
'ffp;t, A LII
M =
bor pupi a;
faCA tite
equipment wai_ 61
°plies Ce-kThi
#et 1 -,CcL Ca. AJECIE-1 E*k=_ , - g
a
facilitiesFIT et,- KA --=-Kg
*-
=re WAX t.
of theeneativerveza course wert:-a fie of equipment forstiOrt-tv.t2vralions; and the tack oA muds for the uurenamof equipment awl- sur_ine_,.
The maior factors which.F -rant. ted LeE the effectiveness of the courte
_e
were: good eommunityschoo1 relationehips; reasonable teacrer load; wellqualified teaching staff; and adequate, wellequipped facilities foron the instructional 'FoFani.
a
N
11.
4
-
(11Wit Coq
r-by q7
in the
4r-T-
alLagr
instruction in, 98 [1. tin t of
of schools;ryand
fV; Trctin c of
percent.
ry,
eredttlisxpercent.
=.
. A
Were".
to
ekzi
used for general b;am.. ;4_ ij rm.% of Fr -.«11*-4,16; Sit 0,:. r te laboratories andequipped and used for pemert%
percent.
34 %
'."-t_.=4
oneA F
gr.
A pro p -2 and Expenditureslx1
by 39was2'6
kyand )145 was
;
F
of forfor u 3.;
whIch werete the in theuppietztentlry and thecourse. .=,
thephysicist
ifs
:.., .
;
-
02 '
-
of'
46 0
the
double periods for work
schedulesIThe
-2 a of
8:
94 'II"'"'high
eacL*
4