SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVAFELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

ENGLISHFOR BRAZILIANS

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Caros Alunos,

O compromisso com a educação de todos que compõem a sociedade reflete a prática fiel e cotidiana do exercício da cidadania. Nós, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco, buscamos, em nosso dia-a-dia, através da implantação de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses compromissos com vistas a inserir o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua dignidade, promovendo ações que resultem na construção do homem pelo próprio homem. Respaldada nesses propósitos e fundamentos, a Universidade de Pernambuco, através do Instituto de Apoio à Universidade de Pernambuco – IAUPE, persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos, especificamente nas áreas de línguas estrangeiras e da informática, por estar ciente da relevância que essas assumem na contemporaneidade. Considerado atividade de extensão universitária, o Projeto Línguas e Informática – PROLINFO, em seu terceiro ano de existência, busca, através de seus objetivos e metas, perseverar nas vias da qualidade. A oferta de cursos nas áreas de Inglês, Espanhol e Informática comprova os princípios e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente comprometida com a excelência em todos os segmentos dos quais se julga partícipe. Boa Sorte! Prof. MS. Carlos Silva Coordenador-Geral PROLINFO

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SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS

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EDUPE 2012

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C O N T E N T S

Lesson 1: William Shakespeare ................................................................................................. 7 Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund .......................................................................................................... 8 Lesson 2: New York .......................................................................................................................... 13 Grammar: Passive voice .................................................................................................................... 14 Lesson 3: Scotland Yard ................................................................................................................. 18 Grammar: Present Perfect ................................................................................................................ 19 Numbers ............................................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 4: The Red Cross ................................................................................................................ 25 Grammar: Past Perfect ....................................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 5: The Moon Walk ............................................................................................................. 30 Grammar: Future Perfect .................................................................................................................. 31 Future Continuous ............................................................................................................ 31 Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................................................ 32 Lesson 6: The White House .......................................................................................................... 33 Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns ........................................................................................................ 34 Relative Pronouns .............................................................................................................. 35 Lesson 7: Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................. 37 Grammar: Reported Speech ............................................................................................................. 38 Lesson 8: Christmas ......................................................................................................................... 42 Grammar: Conditional Sentences .................................................................................................. 42

Exercise Reinforcement ................................................................................................................. 46 Lesson 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 47 Lesson 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 50 Lesson 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 53 Song: U2 – I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For ....................................................... 55 Lesson 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56 Lesson 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 58 Lesson 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 60

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Lesson 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 63 Lesson 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 66 Song: BEYONCE – If I Were A Boy ................................................................................................. 69

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Unit 1

William Shakespeare Listen and practice.

William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. He lived at a time when new lands were being discovered, new ideas were rising, and people were anxious to learn all that was to learn. There are four periods in his career which covered about twenty years - from 1591 to 1611. In the beginning he adapted a lot of stories for plays such as Romeo and Juliet. Neither the plot nor all of the characters were his own, but he put into them such ardor and beauty that they became known as his own. The plays of the second period consist largely of comedies and history. England was eager to see her glorious and eventful history on stage so Shakespeare wrote a series of plays. In the third period Shakespeare begins to question life and death and his plays became sadder and deeply philosophic. Hamlet belongs to this period. The last period combines wisdom and a more cheerful outlook on life.

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS

o Who was William Shakespeare? o What was happening in the world when he lived? o How many periods are there in his career? o Describe the characteristics of each period.

Discussion

o Why does the story of Romeo and Juliet interest people even nowadays?

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2 - GRAMMAR GERUND A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing.

THE GERUND IS… Example

1 used when it’s the subject of a sentence

Smoking costs a lot of money. Painting is a very good activity.

2 used after prepositions She is tired of working.

3 used after the verb go when it indicates common activities.

Let’s go shopping. Last week I went swimming.

4 used when you talk about someone doing something

They watched the students crossing the road.

3 – EXERCISES Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verbs. a) She is very fond of ______________________________________ (swim).

b) _____________________________________ (paint) is a terrific past time.

c) I’m tired of _______________________________________(use) my PDA.

d) He finally succeeds in ________________________________ (take) her out for dinner.

e) They are going _________________________________ (chat) later on.

f) _____________________________________ (walk) is pretty good for everyone.

g) Thank you for _______________________________ (love) me.

h) He saw me __________________________________ (call) you.

Make up mottos using the first rule of the gerund. Follow the example.

o Trying is something you should never stop doing.

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INFINITIVE Infinitive is the original form of the verb and can be used with or without to.

WITHOUT TO Example

1 After auxiliaries and modals I can swim. / She will cook. 2 After the verbs make and let Let me go.

3 After the conjunctions but and except I will do nothing but cry.

5 with an object to talk about a completed action

I heard him play the guitar

4 - EXERCISE Use the infinitive with or without to. a) Let’s ___________________________________(to dance), shall we?

b) It’s hard ___________________________________ (to live) without electronics.

c) I’ll do anything but _______________________________ (to lend) my iPhone.

d) She’s too shy ___________________________ (to sing) before such a large audience.

e) I can never remember how ________________________________ (to spell) her name.

f) I can’t __________________________________(to agree) to do that. It is not my function.

g) Patty made him ____________________________________ (to buy) a cheap laptop.

h) We didn’t know how ________________________________ (to use) a PDA.

i) You should do nothing except_____________________________(to study) for the test.

j) Pamela makes me________________________________ (to feel) comfortable.

WITH TO Example

1 After the verbs of saying and thinking agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, plan, promise

Bernardo agreed to go to the park with me.

2 After the words: too, enough, the first, the second, the next, the last, the only

She is the next to get her passport.

3 After adjectives This exercise is difficult to do. 4 We can use verb + question word +

infinitive with to with some verbs: ask, explain, learn, understand, decide, forget, know, remember

I don’t know what to do. We can’t decide what to eat.

5 After the verbs advise, tell, ask, remind, order and expect we use object + infinitive with to

My girlfriend advised me to buy new clothes

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5- Complete the information. Use the verbs below in the gerund.

impress - take (2) - add – have

Answer about the texts above.

o What couldn’t George live without? Why? o Does George only use his digital camera for taking photographs? o What can Ronda say about her cell phone? o What’s Liam’s favorite possession? Why? o What can Liam do with the software he uses?

Ask your partner:

o What’s your favorite possession? What do you use it for? o Could you live without it? Why (not)?

My name is George, and I’m a

photographer. My specialty is

____________ pictures for fashion

magazines. Not surprisingly, the

possession I couldn’t live without is my

brand new digital camera. Obviously, I

use it for ______________ photographs,

but it also has a video component.

Sometimes I use it to make short films –

just for fun.

Hi, my name is Ronda and I work for a

local radio station. I couldn’t live without

my new cell phone. The sound quality is

excellent, so I can use it to call the station

and report live on air. It’s also useful for

_______________conversations with my

boyfriend. And, since it’s an expensive

phone, it’s also good for ______________

people!

I’m Liam, and I’m a musician and a

songwriter. I guess my favorite possession

is my computer. Well, to be exact, it’s

Cakewalk - the software I use to write

music. It’s also great for ______________

instruments that I can’t play, like the

trumpet. I just play the trumpet part on my

keyboard. It makes life a lot easier!

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Complete the sentences. Use to or for and the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. a. She went on line ________________________________________ (improve) her Spanish.

b. This program is perfect _____________________________________ (protect) against viruses.

c. I don’t need a spell checker ______________________________ (correct) my spelling online!

d. This smart phone is good ____________________________ (check) e-mail when you travel.

e. They love using their cell ____________________________________ (talk) to their parents.

f. There’s some new software available ______________________________ (learn) languages.

Rewrite the conversations using gerunds. Student 1: What do you use your cell phone for?

Student 2: I use my cell to send text messages.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Student 1: How do you use your iPhone?

Student 2: I use my iPhone to listen to music.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Student 1: What do you need an electronic translator for?

Student 2: I need an electronic translator to look up words.

________________________________________________________________________________

Student 1: What technology do you use everyday?

Student 2: I use my smart phone to organize my schedule.

________________________________________________________________________________

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Match the information to make complete sentences. 1. I use my hands-free phone _______ a. to share them with friends and family

2. He uses an electronic dictionary ______ b. to avoid getting lost.

3. Our satellite radio is great _______ c. to watch movies and sports.

4. They bought a huge plasma TV _______ d. for listening to traffic reports.

5. I put pictures on a photo website _______ e. for checking his homework.

6. She uses a navigation system _______ f. to make calls when I’m driving.

Ask your partner the questions below.

o What do you use a PDA for? o How do you use your cell phone? o What do you use your computer for? o What technology do you use the most? o What’s the best digital camera nowadays?

6 - CONVERSATION

MATH CLASS

Listen and practice. Diana: I’m afraid of doing this math test.

Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking.

Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult.

Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy.

Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the

test, Bill?

Bill: Unfortunately, I haven’t studied.

Diana: Sorry for you and me.

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Unit 2

New York Listen and practice.

In 1524 an Italian navigator, called Giovanni da Verrazzano, was the first European to arrive at the region that today is called New York. In fact, the first name of this city was given by another navigator that worked for the Dutch East Company. In 1666, during a war between the English and the Dutch, New Amsterdam was captured by the English and the king Charles II of England gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city and the province were renamed New York, in honor of the Duke. Today New York is one of the biggest cities in the world and receives millions of tourists each year. You would like to visit New York, wouldn’t you?

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS

o When was New York discovered? o What was the first name given to this city? o Would you like to visit New York? Why? o Even if you haven’t gone to New York yet, describe it.

Discussion: City x Country

o Did you grow up in the city or in the country? o What are some of the advantages of living in a city? o What are some of the disadvantages of living in a city? o What are some differences between living in the city and living in the country? o How can we make our cities safer places to live?

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2- GRAMMAR PASSIVE VOICE Compare active and passive: Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) → A letter is written by Jane (passive) Ex; Jane wrote a letter (active) → A letter was written by Jane (passive) Active Passive Present continuous Is writing Is being written Past continuous Was writing Was being written Going to Is going to write Is going to be written Future Will write Will be written Future continuous Will be writing Will be being written Simple present Writes Is written Simple past Wrote Was written Present perfect Has written Has been written Past perfect Had written Had been written Can Can write Can be written 3 - EXERCISE Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice. a) He writes many letters every day. Many letters _________________________________________ by him every day. b) The boys have finished the report. The report ____________________________________ by the boys. c) The dog ate the cake. The cake ________________________________________by the dog. d) She will read the message. The message __________________________________________by her.

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are formed from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the verb. Example:

o My wallet was stolen. If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by: Example:

o My brother was bitten by a dog last week.

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e) They had opened the box. The box ______________________________________________by them. f) We would invite her. She _________________________________________ by us. g) Bruno rescued three cats.

Three cats __________________________________________by him. 4 – EXERCISE Complete the conversation in the passive.

hit - see - broken – hurt - delay - close - find – steal Ann: Anything new in the paper? Tim: Well, not much. Let’s see… Uh, $10,000 ____________ _____________ in a bag on a city bus. Ann: $10,000? I should ride on buses more often! Tim: Yeah, and listen to this. Two large bears _______________ _______________ last night in someone’s yard. Ann: Huh. That’s scary. Tim: Oh, and a jewelry store _____________ _______________into, and some diamonds ____________ _______________Um, what else? The city airport _____________ ________________ yesterday because of strong winds. Ann: Really? Well, it was pretty windy. Tim: Yeah. All the flights ______________ _______________. Oh, and a bus _____________ ______________ by a falling tree. Fortunately, the passengers _____________ ______________. Ann: Is that all? Nothing exciting, I guess. 5 – EXERCISE

Change the sentences from the active to the passive. a) They publish The Times newspaper in London. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b) They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c) They are destroying the forests in Indonesia. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d) The shark ate the man. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e) They've treated him very well. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

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6-Rewrite the conversation using passive sentences. Then practice it with a partner. Student 1: What’s your favorite museum? Student 2: The Guggenheim. People visit it from all over.

______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: Can you tell me who designed it? Student 2: I think Frank Lloyd Wright designed it.

______________________________________________________________________________________ Student 1: What’s your favorite work of art? Student 2: It’s called the Poet. Pablo Picasso painted it.

_______________________________________________________________________________________ READING & DISCUSSION

o Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries. o Highlight the passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice. o Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular

celebration in your own culture.

Christmas around the world

Belgium St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad. When he visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children are left twigs in their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his friend Pere Fouettard give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children. A sweet bread called cougnou or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning.

Hungary Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by Santa Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they go to bed. In the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys. After this, the Christmas tree is seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and gifts from under the tree are shared.

Venezuela An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between December 16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A piece of string is tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the window. The next morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters!

Syria On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas story is read by a family member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit and hymns are sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner.

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7- CONVERSATION Listen and practice.

Robert: Would you know that New York was made by people from all over the world? Anna: Yes, I would, and it’s really interesting, isn’t it? Robert: Yes, it is. A book was written by a famous author telling about the beginning of this city. That’s because I know everything about New York’s history. Anna: And this author was born in New York, wasn’t he? Robert: Yes, he was born in New York. And he also tells us in his book the lives of the first navigators to arrive at New York harbor. Anna: Great! I think I’m going to read this book. 8 – PUZZLE

Across 2. The police were_________________________(give) the information. 3. Have you ever been __________________________(bite) by a dog? 5. The room will be ___________________________(clean) later. 6. Something must be _______________________(do) before it's too late. Down 1. The concert has been_______________________________(cancel). 3. This house was _____________________________(build) in 1985. 4. I remember being __________________________(take) to the zoo when I was a child.

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Unit 3

Scotland Yard Listen and practice.

The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens of Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near Whitehall and was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 Scotland Yard moved to a red brick building on the Thames. Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as the author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels in the reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have helped materially in the development of the cult of the modern detective story, which in Britain frequently has a Scotland Yard central character.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS

o What’s the origin of the name Scotland Yard? o Where was it first situated? o Where did it move to? o Why did it become famous? o Who was Sherlock Holmes?

Discussion: Books & Reading

o What is your favorite story? o Who is your favorite author? o Do you have any ideas for a story for you to write? o What are some of the books that were recommended to you? o Do you watch the movie that came from a book? o Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you?

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2- GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is used to describe Example

1 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.

I have lived in Recife since 1998 (= and I still do.)

2 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.

We have visited Miami several times.

3 An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just').

I have just finished my homework.

4 An action when the time is not important.

Daniel has read 'War and Peace'.

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: Daniel read 'War and Peace' last week. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for.

STRUCTURE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have gone to Paris. You have gone to Paris. He has gone to Paris. She has gone to Paris. It has gone to Paris. We have gone to Paris. You have gone to Paris. They have gone to Paris.

I haven’t gone to Paris. You haven’t gone to Paris. He hasn’t gone to Paris. She hasn’t gone to Paris. It hasn’t gone to Paris. We haven’t gone to Paris. You haven’t gone to Paris. They haven’t gone to Paris.

Have I gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris. Has he gone to Paris. Has she gone to Paris. Has it gone to Paris. Have we gone to Paris. Have you gone to Paris. Have they gone to Paris.

3-EXERCISE Complete the conversations with the present perfect. Then practice with a partner. Student 1: I _________________________ _____________________ (not do) anything fun lately. Student 2: Me neither. I ______________________ _____________________ (not have) any time.

HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

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Student 1: _________________________ you ever ______________________ (be) to Europe? Student 2: No, I __________________________ ___________________________ (be) there.

READING & DISCUSSION – What’s your dream? Read what people say their dreams are then discuss the questions below.

Discuss the questions below with a partner or in a group.

o What’s something you’ve always wanted to buy? o What’s a city that you’ve never been to but would like to visit? o What’s something you’ve always wanted to learn how to do? o What’s something else you’ve always wanted to do?

PRESENT PERFECT X PAST SIMPLE

4 - EXERCISE Complete the conversations with the present perfect or simple past. Then practice with a partner. Student 1: ____________________ your family __________________ (have) a vacation last year? Student 2: Yes, we ____________________. We _______________________ (go) to London in May.

PRESENT PERFECT We use this tense when time is not relevant. We do not mention it.

SIMPLE PAST We use this tense when time is mentioned. We want to focus on it.

“Actually, I’ve always wanted

to be an actor. I haven’t had

any formal training, but I’ve

been in a couple of college

plays. So my dream is to study

acting.” -Megg McDonald

Paris, France.

“Well, Tom and I have gone

sailing a few times with friends,

and we’ve had a lot of fun. So

our dream is to buy our own

sailboat. But we haven’t saved

enough money!”

-Chris and Tom Warren

Sydney, Australia.

“My parents have never

traveled outside of Brazil, so I

want to take them to Europe.

I’ve been there many times, so

I know the best places to go!”

-Daniel Oliver

Recife, Brazil

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Student 1: ____________________ you ever _______________________ (see) the Pyramids? Student 2: No, I _____________________. I ______________________ always ______________________ (want) to go to Egypt. 5 – EXERCISE Supply since or for:

a) We have lived there______________________________two years. b) The bell has rung___________________________half an hour. c) We haven’t spoken Spanish ____________________________.last Christmas. d) I haven’t eaten any meat _____________________________ I was a boy.

6- EXERCISE Supply yet or already:

a) I’ve______________________________done my exercises. b) Have you_______________________________invited her? c) Has she left_______________________________? d) We haven’t finished our homework___________________________ .

FOR AND SINCE WITH PRESENT PERFECT We often use for and since with the present perfect tense. We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

Examples:

o I have been here for 30 minutes.

o Greg hasn’t called me since May.

YET AND ALREADY WITH PRESENT PERFECT Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb. Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence.

Examples:

o We’ve already had our lunch.

o Has the pack arrived yet? - No, it hasn’t arrived yet.

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NUMBERS Listen and repeat.

CARDINAL NUMBERS ORDINAL NUMBERS 1- One First 2- Two Second 3- Three Third 4- Four Fourth 5- Five Fifth 6- Six Sixth 7- Seven Seventh 8- Eight Eighth 9- Nine Ninth 10- Ten Tenth 11- Eleven Eleventh 12- Twelve Twelfth 13- Thirteen Thirteenth 20- Twenty Twentieth 30- Thirty Thirtieth 40- Forty Fortieth 50- Fifty Fiftieth 60- Sixty Sixtieth 70- Seventy Seventieth 80- Eighty Eightieth 90- Ninety Ninetieth 100- One hundred One hundredth 1,000- One thousand One thousandth 1,000,000- One million One millionth

Imagine a perfect holiday. Tell your partner at least five things that would make it perfect. Don’t forget to use the ordinal numbers.

o “First…

Separation between hundreds and tens Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary). 110 - one hundred and ten 1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty 2,001 - two thousand and one

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DATES

When writing dates and numbers, the British and American English differ. To write the date 7th of September 2007 a Brit would write dd/mm/yy (07/09/07) and an American would write mm/dd/yy (09/07/07). This often causes great confusion. It's better to write the date in full (7th September 2007 or September 7th 2007). It also looks nicer.

7- EXERCISE Write the dates below. a) 22/2 ____________________________________________________________ b) 3/12 ____________________________________________________________ c) 8/11 ____________________________________________________________ d) 23/7 ____________________________________________________________ e) 19/1 ____________________________________________________________

Ask your partner the birthdays of 5 people he/she knows.

Hundreds Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'. 100 - a hundred / one hundred

'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number. 100 - a hundred / one hundred 2,100 - two thousand, one hundred

Thousands and Millions Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'. 1,000 - a thousand / one thousand 201,000 - two hundred and one thousand

Use commas as a separator. 57,458,302

THE ORDINAL NUMBER + OF + THE MONTH 15/1 = the 15th of January

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8- READING

TALKING ABOUT THE CLASS

Listen and practice.

Brandon: I didn’t like the class today. Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time. Brandon:: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects. Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadn’t discovered the micro-organisms. Brandon: I’m seeing that you’re very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving extra classes? Louise: Yes, I would. But first you’re going to promise me that you’re going to study hard. Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7.00pm in my house.

9. Interview your classmates. Take notes if they answer yes or no. Follow the example.

HAVE YOU EVER…

NAME ANSWER

Read a book in one day? Danielle Yes, she has.

Seen a celebrity?

Won an award?

Written a poem?

Stayed up all night? Climbed a mountain?

Taken dance lessons? Been abroad?

Studied German?

Found a lot of money? Had the flu?

Won a contest or competition? Lost something important?

Taken an exciting trip?

Fallen and hurt yourself?

Broken something valuable?

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Unit 4

The Red Cross Listen and practice.

The International Red Cross was founded by a Swiss, Henri Dunant, who invested all of his fortune in it. In his honor, the symbol adopted by the movement is a red cross on a white background – the reverse of the Swiss flag. He had two inspirations to found the Red Cross: the brilliant example of the English Nurse Florence Nightingale that helped the war-wounded, and his own experience in the battlefield. Dunant offered the war-wounded medical help and established an emergency hospital in the village of Castiglione. Nowadays the Red Cross operates in several countries and although they work independently, there is an international committee in Switzerland composed by 25 Swiss citizens which can act as a neutral intermediary between conflicting nations.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS:

o Why the name red cross? o Which inspirations did Henri Dunant have? o Tell us about the Red Cross nowadays.

Discussion: Health care

o How is the health care in your country? o Is the health care in your country getting better or worse? o Is health care in your country free for some people? o Do you ever think about health care for when you are old? o What is health care like for old and poor people in your country? o Is your country’s health care system in need of reform?

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2 - GRAMMAR THE PAST PERFECT

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that happened before the other one in the past.

She lost the key she had bought last year.

. EXERCISE Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense:

a) I dressed after I_________________________________________(wash).

b) They_______________________________(do) nothing before they met me.

c) We were sorry that we________________________________(hurt) him.

d) They ______________________________(clean) the room before I called them.

e) The boys______________________________(leave) before I arrived.

PAST SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT We use Past Simple if we give past events in the order in which they occurred. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.

HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

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Now complete with the simple past or the past perfect tense: a) She __________________________ (lose) the book he_______________________ (give) her. b) After they _______________________ (have) lunch, I ______________________(wash) the dishes. c) I_________________________(see) the film before you _______________________ (talk) about it. d) He _________________________ (tell) me that he ________________________ (fall) from the tree. e) I ________________________ (be) very tired because I_______________________(study) too much. 3- READING Complete the letters with the past perfect.

leave(2) – be (4) - spend

The trip to Brazil was fine except that our flight

arrived late. By the time we landed in Rio, our

connecting flight to São Paulo __________

__________. Luckily I have a friend who lives in

Rio, and we were able to stay there overnight. The

city is absolutely amazing! My travel companions

___________ ___________ there before, so they

knew what to expect, but I was just stunned by the

beauty of the place.

I’m in France. It’s been an exciting trip! We flew

into Paris about a week ago and stayed in a youth

hostel. After we ____________ ____________

two nights there, we decided to catch a TGV to the

south of France. Unfortunately we overslept, and

when we got to the station, the train __________

already ___________. But I’m kind of glad. Paris

is very cool!

I’m really enjoying studying Chinese in Beijing. I

still can’t believe I’m here! When our Chinese

teacher first recommended the exchange program, I

said “Yes” immediately. Until last week, I

___________ never ___________ to another

country and ____________ never even

___________ on an airplane. In fact, I

____________ only __________ away from home

two times. I’m going to have fun but I’m also

taking my studies seriously.

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4- READING

MY LAST DREAM

Listen and practice. Generally I don’t remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to the reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours. Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was eaten by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all my bones. All this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, and alligators. But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed smoothly: My God, I was saved!

Do you remember your last dream? Share part of the story with a classmate. (Use some sentences in the past perfect).

5- Match the information to make complete sentences. 1. After our plane had landed, _______ a. we learned they had lost our reservation. 2. We found out the train had left, ______ b. until I decided to study abroad. 3. When we got to the hotel, ______ c. before I had finished eating my meal. 4. I had never really traveled, ______ d. we waited an hour for our luggage. 5. The waiter took my plate, _______ e. I noticed I had left my pass at home. 6. As I stepped onto the bus, _______ f. ten minutes before we got to the station. 6- Complete the conversation with information about you. Student 1: Where did you go on your last vacation? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Was it your first time there? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before. Student 1: Where did you stay? Student 2: ____________________________________________________________________. Student 1: Had you stayed there before? Student 2: (Yes/No) _________________________________________________________ before.

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Complete the sentences…

o When I arrived at the movies… o By the time I woke up… o When I turned on my TV… o I had never travelled… o I didn’t get good grades because…

7-READING Read the first part of this short story.

Answer the questions according to the story above.

o Was Matt expecting a visitor? o Did he know the woman? o Did she know him?

In pairs or small groups discuss what happens next. Include the information below:

o They go somewhere to talk. o Toni explains why Matt didn’t know about her. o Matt finds out some strange family secrets.

In pairs or small groups make up the end of the story answering the questions:

o How long did Toni stay? o Did they arrange to meet again? o Did Matt ever visit her in Canada?

Matt had just finished watching the late news when there was a knock at the door. “That’s strange,” he said to himself. “Who can it be at this time of night?” He opened the door. A young girl was staring at him. “Matt Warren?” she asked. “Yes?” he said. “Great!” she said. “I’m Toni. Can I come in?” “Come in?” repeated Matt. “Who are you?” “I’m your cousin from Canada. I wrote you a letter. Didn’t you get it?” Matt hadn’t received any letter. Actually, he had never received a letter from Canada in his life. Before he said anything, she had walked past him into the apartment. “Just a second.” Matt said “What are you doing?”

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Unit 5

The Moon Walk Listen and practice.

After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969. While Michael Collins piloted the command module round the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed in a lunar module at a place called the Sea of Tranquility. Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when his left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. After nineteen minutes Aldrin joined Armstrong outside the module. Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost flat, with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty of its own. After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their journey back to Earth.

1 – ORAL QUESTIONS:

o When did the astronauts reach the Moon? o Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing? o What’s the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong? o What happened because of the gravity?

Discussion: Moon

o What images spring to mind when you hear the word ‘moon’?

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2 - GRAMMAR FUTURE PERFECT The future perfect expresses an action that will be concluded in the future, but before a point in the future. We also use this tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. The last use is to express certainty that an action was completed.

Before they come, we will have cleaned up the room. By the next year, I will have known Barbara for 30 years.

3 - EXERCISE Complete these sentences with the future perfect. a) The plane _____________________________________________(land) by 4 o’clock.

b) They _________________________________________(meet) her tomorrow at this time.

c) She_______________________________________(be) in this town for two years next June.

d) We ___________________________________________(learn) our lessons by tomorrow.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

We mainly use it to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future.

In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my TV.

4 - EXERCISE Complete these sentences with the future continuous. a)William ___________________________________________ (not/come) soon. He is at the school.

b) ________________________ you ______________________ (come) home before or after 10 p.m.?

c) We _________________________________________ (have) lunch this time tomorrow.

WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

WILL + BE + VERB+ING

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Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 4 things that you will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will be going to a conference tomorrow at 10 a.m."

1._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________________________________________ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use it to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation.

Before my parents come, we will have been cleaning the apartment for 5 hours.

5 - EXERCISE Change the verb into the future perfect continuous: a) By midnight, you ______________________________________________(dance) for 4 hours. b) By dinner, she ______________________________________(cook) the whole afternoon. c) He __________________________________________(work) there for 10 years by 2015. d) By next year, I ________________________________________(study) English for 7 years.

6 -READING WHEN I’LL GROW UP

Listen and practice. Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up? Joe: I will be an astronaut, and I’ll probably work at another planet. Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy? Joe: No, I’m not Cindy. I’ve read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will reach other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars. Cindy: That’s great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face. Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy! Cindy: Oh, Joe!

WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB+ING

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Unit 6

The White House Listen and practice.

Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer, who was the author of the plans for the city of Washington, D.C., knew this city would become the capital of an important country. So he designed the buildings in a Greek style giving an impression of greatness. During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812 the British burned the president’s house leaving only walls standing. The house was then painted white, giving the mansion its name. The White House has two floors. Most of the furniture on the first floor, which is used for receptions, is of French 18th century influence. The second floor is the president’s private residence. The room where Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Act – by which all slaves became free – is still as it used to be.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS:

o Who was Pierre L’Efant and what did he do? o What happened during the war between the United States and Great Britain? o Describe the White House.

Discussion: USA

o What are the good things and bad things about the USA? o What are the differences between the USA and your country? o Would you like to visit the USA, or live there?

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2- GRAMMAR REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

I saw myself in the mirror. We blame ourselves.

By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically, meaning ALONE/WITHOUT HELP o I live by myself. = I live alone.

The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis o She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject) o She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object)

3- EXERCISE Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. a) He ________________________________________ prefers to cook lunch. b) The boys cut __________________________________in the garden. c) I hurt __________________________________during the game. d) The old woman likes to live by _________________________________ e) Behave _______________________________children. f) She ________________________________ is responsible for the children. g) We saw the king _______________________________ in the park.

Let’s suppose you’re in a “monologue”. What would you say to yourself?

MYSELF

YOURSELF

HIMSELF

HERSELF

ITSELF

OURSELVES

YOURSELVES

THEMSELVES

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies.

The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

More Examples: The place where I live is far from here. A thief is a person who steals things. An airplane is a machine that flies. The car which hit me was yellow. The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend. The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.

4-Supply all possible relative pronouns. a) He was speaking about the books and the writes ______________________he likes. b) The man to ________________________you gave the money has died. c) The table on ________________________ you put your shoes cost 300 dollars. d) My mother knows everything ________________________is written in this book. e) All ______________________ glitter is not gold. f) There is the lady ________________________car has been stolen. g) Porto de Galinhas is the kind of beach _______________________ many tourists go to. h) I broke the vase in ________________________ you had put the flowers.

5-Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative pronoun.

He invented the telephone they were on the wall It cannot be explained they stole my car

a) The Police have caught the man ________________________________________________ b) Alexander Bell was the man ________________________________________________ c) A mystery is something ________________________________________________

d) What happened to the pictures ________________________________________________

WHO WHERE

WHOM WHOSE

WHICH THAT

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6-Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative pronoun is an object, it can be omitted.

a) That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

b) What's the name of the book? You want me to read it.

________________________________________________________________________________________

c) We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Ask your partner the questions below.

o Who’s your closest friend? How did you meet? o Do you have any friends that you met through other friends? o Do you keep in touch with any of the friends you grew up with? o Do you have any friends who have exciting lives? Explain why. o Do you have friends you chat with online? Where do they live? o Do you have any friends who are very different from you? How are they

different?

7- READING

WHAT A BEAUTIFUL DAY Listen and practice. When the sun rises in the mountains I open my window And let him come in I see the beauty of the flowers Like I have never seen I prepare myself some coffee The children wake up themselves Toast, milk and honey The family around the table It values more than money We go out through the gardens We can see the butterflies The heat warms our hearts And the peace passes by

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Unit 7

Pablo Picasso Listen and practice.

In 1906, Picasso had to paint a picture of a lady who visited the painter’s studio eighty or ninety times while he was painting her picture. While he painted, they talked about everything in the world that interested them. One day Picasso erased the painted head and said, “When I look at you I can’t see you anymore”. After some months he returned to the unfinished picture in the corner of the studio and completed the face from memory. When the people complained that the painting didn’t look like her, Picasso said,

“Too bad she’ll have to change to look like the picture”. Later the lady declared that Picasso’s painting was only a true picture of hers. Picasso said a camera can make a more exact picture than a painter. What great painters should do is give us a view of life through their eyes and every man’s view is different.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS:

o What Picasso had to do in 1906? o Did the woman like her picture? o What’s Picasso’s opinion about the art of painting?

Discussion: Art

o How great is your interest in art? o Do you like modern art? o Do you ever think a lot of art is not really art? o What kind of art do you like – paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc? o Do you think anyone can be an artist or do you need a special talent?

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2- GRAMMAR REPORTED SPEECH If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

Sue said: “I studied yesterday.” Sue said she had studied the day before.

STRUCTURE

Direct speech Reported speech

He said 'I live in Paris.’ He said he lived in Paris.

He said 'I am cooking dinner.' He said he was cooking dinner. He said 'I have visited London twice.' He said he had visited London twice. He said ‘I went to New York last week.' He said he had gone to New York the

week before He said 'I had already eaten.’ He said he had already eaten. He said 'I am going to find a new job.’ He said he was going to find a new job. He said 'I will give Jack a call'. He said he would give Jack a call. He said 'I have been working on that project for over two weeks.’

He said he had been working on that project for over two weeks.

He said 'I can come tonight.’ He said he could come that night.

He said 'I may buy a new car.' He said he might buy a new car. He said 'I might go to Denver.' He said he might go to Denver. He said 'I must give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. He said 'I have to give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. He said 'I should see a doctor.' He said he should see a doctor.

3 - EXERCISE

Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary. a) Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday." Peter told me that ______________________________________________________________________

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b) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday." Helen told me that ____________________________________________________________________ c) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." Patricia said that ______________________________________________________________________ d) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." Andrew remarked that _______________________________________________________________ 4 - READING & DISCUSSION Read the information and then discuss the questions below.

Report the following answers about the information above.

o What did the soccer player say about how much money he earns? o What did the rock star mention she would do from now on? o What did the reviewer find out about the famous Asian actor?

In pairs, discuss the questions below.

o What did the soccer player, rock star, and reviewer actually say? Do the people described remind you of any stars?

There’s an eye-opening article about how much

soccer players earn in this week’s issue of

Scoreboard. One player said that he made more

than $200,000 a week! When the reporter asked

him if he was worth that much money, he

replied, “Of course I am! Ronaldo earns twice as

much as I do, and I’m half as good as he is!”

I read an interesting interview with a Spanish

rock star in Spinning Rock magazine. She usually

records her songs in English, but she told the

interviewer that from now on she would only

sing in Spanish. When asked why she wanted to

do this, she explained that she was tired of

singing in English. “I’m going to change,” she

said, “even if it means that fewer people buy my

CDs.”

Did you see the review of the new Pirates of

the Caribbean movie in Five Star magazine?

Apparently there’s a really famous Asian

actor who turned down the lead role in the

original! The reviewer said that the actor

really regretted his decision because the film

was such a success. She also said that while

she had enjoyed the original, the

performances in the sequel were even better.

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Use the paragraph to write a conversation. Then practice it with a partner.

Reporter: What’s going on? Officer: There has been a robbery. Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Reporter: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Officer: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Reading and writing

Read this short extract about a funny incident in the park. Once you have finished, answer the reading comprehension questions and complete the reported speech activity. Continue to the next page for answers.

Guess Who I Bumped Into?

The reporter asked the officer what was going on. He said that there had been a robbery. She asked him if there were any suspects. He said that they had arrested someone. She asked him if he would give her the person’s name. He explained that he could not. She asked him when he would have more information. He said that he wasn’t sure. He told her he hoped to close the case soon.

Tim wandered along the path thinking aloud, "If I continue this diet I should lose twenty pounds by the end of..." when BOOM! and bumped into another city dweller out for a day's walk in the park. "I'm terribly sorry", he apologized. "I was so caught up in my thoughts I didn't see you!" he managed to stammer. Smiling, Sheila responded, "It's OK. Nothing's broken... No really, I wasn't watching my step either." Suddenly they both stopped making excuses and stared at each other. "Don't I know you from somewhere?" inquired Tim while Sheila exclaimed, "You're Tim, Jack's brother, aren't you?!" They both began to laugh as they had met each other the week before at a party that Jack had given. Still laughing, Tim suggested, "Why don't we have a cup a coffee and donut?" to which Sheila replied, "I thought you wanted to continue your diet!" They both were still laughing by the time they reached the Swimming Donut cafe.

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Comprehension Questions a) Why did Tim bump into Sheila? ( ) He was on a diet. ( ) He wasn't paying attention. ( ) He was writing his thoughts down. b) Whose fault was the incident? ( ) Tim's ( ) Sheila's ( ) It's not clear. c) Where did they first meet? ( ) In the park ( ) At the Swimming Donut ( ) At Tim's Brother's house d) Why was Tim's suggestion funny? ( ) He was supposedly on a diet. ( ) The name of the cafe was strange. ( ) They were on a walk and there were no donuts in the park. Later that day Sheila reported the story to her friend Mike. Fill in the blanks with reported (indirect) speech using the text above.

5 - READING Listen and practice.

Clark: I may go to the beach this weekend. Jill: Oh really, can I go with you? Clark: If it’s not raining, you can come with me. It must be great to play soccer in the beach. Jill: Well, I don’t know how to play soccer. I prefer volleyball. I think you should learn to play volleyball. Clark: My mom used to take me to the volleyball classes when I was a boy. But when I grew up I realized that I love soccer. Jill: That’s nice. So I hope you’ll be a professional soccer player.

As he was walking down the path Tim said if he _________ _________ diet he __________ lose twenty pounds. We bumped into each other. He apologized saying he __________ terribly sorry. I told him it _________ OK, that nothing ____ broken. Tim said he __________ so caught up in __________ thoughts that he _________ _________. He seemed embarrassed, so I added that I __________ my step either. At that moment we recognized each other! He asked me if he __________ ___________ from somewhere. I then remembered that he was Jack's brother. We both had a good laugh and then he invited me to have a cup of coffee and a donut. We had a great time together.

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Unit 8

Christmas Listen and practice.

When I was a child, my dad used to tell me stories about the Christmas. And every December, when there was much snow on the streets and the cold was too intense, I used to open my window hoping that Santa Claus would come and left a Christmas gift for me. But the thing I liked most in my childhood at Christmas time was the peace and happiness that any child can feel at this time of the year. Once, my mom told me that we were going to spend the Christmas at my grandmother’s house and I was too happy, because I knew the family would be together and certainly, we would have a special dinner: turkey, wine for adults, and some delicious desserts. Besides, my grandma always placed a very Beautiful Christmas tree in the middle of the living room. Oh, how I miss the Christmas in my childhood!

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS:

o What’s the best Christmas you’ve ever had? o Have your feelings towards Christmas changed since you were a child? o What do you usually do on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day? o Is Christmas too commercial nowadays?

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2- GRAMMAR CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

First Conditional: Real Possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen.

If I see Tony I will invite him. What will you do if it rains tomorrow?

Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Dream

We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen.

If I married Kelly I would be happy. Would you be happy if I came to see you?

Third Condition: No Possibility We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

If I had called her she would have known it all. He would have been sad if he hadn’t passed his exam.

IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE FUTURE

SIMPLE FUTURE, IF + SIMPLE PRESENT

IF + SIMPLE PAST, WOULD

WOULD, IF + SIMPLE PAST

IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE, IF + PAST PERFECT

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3 – ORAL EXERCISE

According to the first conditional, answer in pairs.

What will you do if…

o You have time this weekend? o It doesn’t rain? o You get a visa? o You get a bad grade? o You see your best friend tonight?

According to the second conditional, answer in pairs.

What would you do if…

o You were the leader of your country? o Someone offered you your dream job? o You could live anywhere in the world? o You didn’t have to be in class right now? o You were a millionaire?

Complete the statements with information about you according to the third conditional.

o If I had studied harder… o If I had read more books… o If my parents had let me… o If I hadn’t studied English…

o I would’ve talked to him if… o My mom wouldn’t have let me go if… o You would’ve come late if… o I wouldn’t have traveled if…

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4 - READING & DISCUSSION

What would you have done in each situation?

Choose one of the situations. Ask your classmate what he/she would have done. Take notes.

Situation:

Me Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

5 - READING Listen and practice.

1.While Carl was waiting for Andrew, he picked up a handmade mug. It slipped out of his hands, fell on the floor, and broke. He picked up the pieces and tried to put them back together. When Andrew’s father came in, he didn’t notice that it was missing. Carl went home and tried to glue the pieces, but it looked terrible.

2.Andy came out of a busy subway station and saw a wallet on the ground. He picked it up and opened it. Inside he found a card with the owner’s name and address. He knew the place because it was near where he lived. He decided to take it directly there. He passed a police station on the way, but decided not to go inside.

3.Beth was at the supermarket. As she was standing in the fruit section, she saw an old man picking up an apple and taking a bite. The man looked at Beth, and put it into his pocket. Beth went and told the store manager that there was someone stealing fruit, but she left the store without describing the man.

When Jesus was born, the world was happy because the king of the kings came to the world to save every soul from the darkness. Jesus didn’t come to the rich, but to the poor people. Indeed he was born in an old horn in a little town called Nazareth. His parents used a donkey, and not a horse, to take him to Egypt, where He would be kept away from the bad king Herodes. Three foreign kings from the orient came to visit him and gave him gifts to welcome the king of the kings. In fact, we don’t know if Jesus was born in December, but just about all the Christians have chosen this time of the year to mark Jesus’ birth.

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ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS 4

Exercises Reinforcement

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UNIT 1 1) Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses. a) She is good at __________________(dance) .

b) He is crazy about ___________________(sing) .

c) I don't like ___________________(play) cards.

d) They are afraid of ____________________(swim) in the sea.

e) You should give up ___________________(smoke) .

f) Sam dreams of ____________________(be) a pop star.

g) He is interested in ____________________(make) friends.

h) My uncle is afraid of __________________(go) by plane.

i) We insist on ____________________(cook) the dinner ourselves.

j) Thank you so much for ____________________ (be) by my side.

2) Complete with gerund or infinitive. Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid ______________(work) whenever he could. In the middle of the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended _____________(do) the assignment, but he postponed _____________(write) it for a week. The following week, he forgot ______________(do) it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried _________________(read) as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided __________________(cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was alarmed _________________(see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied _______________(copy) the paper. "If you expect me _______________(believe) that, you must be very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget ______________(write) it?"

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3) A gerund or an infinitive? Change the verb in brackets into the correct form (note that in some cases both forms can be correct). a) My reasons for _______________ (accept) the position are well known.

b) My parents don't allow my sister ________________ (eat) much candy.

c) The frozen lake is likely _______________ (melt) soon.

d) We enjoy ______________(watch) movies.

e) The opportunity ________________(see) Rome excited her.

f) We hope _________________(be) ready soon.

g) This teacher doesn't permit students ________________(speak) in class.

h) The doctor advised ______________(rest) a couple of days.

i) We don't permit ___________________(park) outside.

4) Use the words below to complete the sentences by making suggestions with Let’s: Have a rest – go for a drink – go and see it – go inside – do another exercise – ask someone for help

a) I’m thirsty. Let’s___________________________________________________

b) It’s very hot.______________________________________________________

c) There’s a good film on at the cinema.___________________________________

d) I need more practice.________________________________________________

e) I’m tired._________________________________________________________

f) We’re lost.________________________________________________________

5) Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs in brackets with or without to:

a) Please, let me _________________here. (study)

b) I cannot _______________ to do that. (agree)

c) We could do nothing but __________quiet. (be)

d) They told me _______________down. (sit)

e) I made him _____________ the letter. (answer)

f) He didn’t know how ______________ in front of her. (behave)

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Mark Twain

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author, essayist, lecturer and humorist who wrote a series of famous books including Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mark's first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was first published in the New York Saturday Press and became a bestseller within a short span of time. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri in the United States and died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910 in Redding in Connecticut and now rests at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where his wife and other children were buried. Mark Twain Timeline: 1835- Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on 30 November 1835. 1847- Mark’s father John Clemens died of pneumonia in 1847. 1851- Mark took a job of typesetter in 1851. 1857- He traveled to New Orleans and became an apprentice cub river pilot. 1858- He earned his license as a pilot. 1863- Mark wrote the first humorous account of his travel. 1867- He traveled to Europe and the Middle East. 1869- He wrote first travels letters, known as the Innocent Abroad. 1868- Mark Twain first met Olivia Livy Langdon in 1868. 1870- Mark married Olivia in 1870. 1871- They moved to Hartford. 1888- Mark Twain was awarded the Master of Art degree from Yale University. 1895- He set off on a world tour to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand. 1896- His daughter Susy died of meningitis in 1896. 1901- Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree. 1904- His wife Olivia died. 1907- He received the same award from Oxford University in 1907. 1908- Mark moved to his home in Redding, Connecticut in 1908. 1909- His daughter Jean died in 1909. 1910- Mark twain died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910.

Adapted from: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mark-twain-64.php

1. Have you heard of Mark Twain? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What were his remarkable books? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. When and where was Twain born? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who was he married to? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What did he die of? _______________________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 2

1) Rewrite the sentences using passive voice. a) Julia rescued three cats. ______________________________________________________________________ b) They play handball. ______________________________________________________________________ c) The girls had lost the match. ______________________________________________________________________ d) Steven has forgotten the book. ______________________________________________________________________

2) Rewrite the given sentences in passive voice. a) She bought four apples. ______________________________________________________________________ b) We won the match. ______________________________________________________________________ c) The man stole the blue car. ______________________________________________________________________ d) The police arrested the thieves. ______________________________________________________________________ e) Jack swam the 200 meters. ______________________________________________________________________ f) The dog bit the old lady. ______________________________________________________________________ g) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers. ______________________________________________________________________ h) Oliver taught the children. ______________________________________________________________________ i) Victoria rode the brown horse. ______________________________________________________________________ j) Grandmother told good stories. ______________________________________________________________________ 3) Put in the correct form of the verb in Passive into the gaps. Use the verb and the tense given in brackets. a) The words by the teacher today. (to explain - Simple Present)

____________________________________________________

b) We a letter the day before yesterday. (to send - Simple Past)

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____________________________________________________ c) This car . It's too old. (not/to steal - will-future)

____________________________________________________ d) This street because of snow. (already/to close - Present Perfect)

____________________________________________________ e) A new restaurant next week. (to open - will-future)

___________________________________________________ 4) Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

a) I can answer the question. ___________________________________________________

b) She would carry the box. ___________________________________________________

c) You should open the window. ___________________________________________________

d) We might play cards. ___________________________________________________

e) You ought to wash the car. ___________________________________________________

f) He must fill in the form. ___________________________________________________

g) They need not buy bread. ___________________________________________________

h) He could not read the sentence.___________________________________________________

i) Will the teacher test our English?_________________________________________________

j) Could Jenny lock the door? ___________________________________________________

5) Please put the correct passive form into the box. a) Many people begin new projects in January. New projects _____________ by many people in January. b) They called the customers yesterday afternoon. The customers ______________ yesterday afternoon. c) We will give you a discount if you buy 100. A discount _____________ if you buy 100. d) I have improved the presentation. The presentation _________________ . e) The president of the company is listening to his proposal. His proposal _________________ to by the president of the company.

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The World’s Most Visited City

Paris is the capital city of France. It is situated on the River Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Ile-de-France region. Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is “The City of Lights”. It represents world’s number one tourist destination. More than half of all Paris’ visitors, 55% come from foreign countries such as: United Kingdom, The United States, Germany, Italy and Japan. The places considered to be the most popular in Paris are the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre. In addition the capital of France is extremely popular for housing international conferences as well as various trade shows. A number of convention centers can be found in the city. One of the most popular convention centers is

entitled the Palais des Congrès at Porte Maillot, located northwest of the Arc de Triomphe. Paris is also famous for its restaurants that specialize in dishes from all regions of France. Finally, no visit to Paris is complete without a visit to the famous stores that specializes in clothes, fashion, and beauty.

Visit the city and live the experience for yourself.

Adapted from: http://www.bizaims.com/content/paris-worlds-most-visited-city-leisure-and-statistics

1. Check True or False: a) Paris is the biggest city in France. _______ b) You can ride a horse in Centre Pompidou. _______ c) The River Seine goes through Paris. _______ d) Paris restaurants specialize in international food. _______ e) Paris is famous for its clothes stores. _______ 2. Have you ever gone to Paris? If so, how is it there? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Would you like to visit Paris? Why (not)? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why do you think Paris is the world’s most visited city? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 3

1) Complete the sentences with the verbs in The Present Perfect tense.

a) She ____________(buy) a new dress.

b) He _______________ (drink) a glass of milk.

c) They _______________(cook) dinner.

d) William and Sue _________________(play) chess with me.

e) Mrs Dean __________________(clean) the house.

f) My parents _________________ (visit) my grandparents.

g) We _________________(wash) our hair.

h) Sue ________________(study) a lot for the test.

i) Emily _________________(swim) in the sea.

j) Vera _________________ (live) in Paris for a long time.

2) Simple Past or Present Perfect? Choose the best option and write it down. a) I _____________________________________ this letter to Mary yesterday. (write)

b) Gery _____________________________her sister’s car for 10 years. (drive)

c) We ____________________________this TV set since 1945, and it still works! (own)

d) Junko _________________________to Sweden 5 years ago. (travel)

e) I _________________ him last night. (see)

f) They __________________to England in 1984.(go)

g) I can't find my keys. I _______________ them.(lose)

h) Annette _______________ many books and is writing another one now. (write)

i) We don't know where he ________________. No-one can find him. (go)

j) They __________________ their friends in New Zealand two years ago. (visit)

k) I ____________________ him in hospital three times this month. (visit)

l) We _______________________ bad weather last week. (have)

m) We ______________________ great weather this week. (have)

n) I ________________ to Spain yet. (not/be)

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3) Fill in the gaps with since or for.

a) I haven't been to Erika's house ____________May.

b) Lucas has worked in the bank _____________five years.

c) 3)I have known him __________I was six.

d) It has rained ___________more than three days.

e) They have been married _____________1999.

4) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: a) I don't know where Amy is. _______________(you see) her?

b) When I ____________(get) home last night I ____________(be) very tired.

c) Your car looks very clean. _________________(you wash) it?

d) John _________________(not be) very well last week.

e) Mr Clark_______________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.

f) Molly lives in Dublin. She _________________(live) there all her life.

g) _________________(you go) to the cinema last night?

h) 8, My grandfather ______________(die) 30 years ago.

i) I don't know Carol's husband . I _____________(never meet) him.

j) Where do you live? In Boston. How long _________________(you live) there? 5 years.

Where _______________(you live) before? Chicago. And how long ________________(you

live) there? 2 years.

5) Match the columns.

a) 14th b) 55th c) 100th d) 80th e) 1000th f) 43rd g) 20th h) 22nd i) 12th j) 31st

( ) hundredth ( ) twentieth ( ) fifty-fifth ( ) thirty-first ( ) Fourteenth ( ) twenty-second ( ) forty-third ( ) eightieth ( ) thousandth ( ) twelfth

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MUSIC

Listen to the music and fill in the blanks. I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For (U2) I ________________highest mountains I _________________through the fields Only to be with you Only to be with you I have run I ________________ I ________________these city walls These city walls Only to be with you But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for I ______________honey lips Felt the healing in her fingertips It burned like a fire This burning desire I ______________with the tongue of angels I _________________the hand of a devil It was warm in the night I was cold as a stone

But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for I believe in the Kingdom Come Then all the colors will bleed into one Bleed into one But yes I'm still running You broke the bonds And you loosed the chains Carried the cross Of my shame Oh my shame You know I believe it But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for

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UNIT 4

1) Complete with the simple past or the past perfect.

a) Mary ________________ (go) into the room, ______________(sit) down and _____________ (discovered ) that someone ________________(smoke) some cigarrettes because the ashtray (be) full .

b) The match already ________________(finish) when we ________________(arrive), so we ________________(can) find a nice place to park our car. Our friend Thomas _________already ___________ (tell) us that it _________________(be) very difficult to find a place on match days.

c) Those Congolese children ____________ never ______________ (see) the sea, so they ____________(find) it very impressive.

d) Someone ____________________(pick up) all the oranges, because the trees _________________ (be) empty.

e) Nobody _____________________ (tell) us the temperatures were going to be so low, so we ___________________________(not bring) warm clothes .

2) Choose the best option. a) When I got to Mary's, George had gone. ( ) George left after I arrived. ( ) George left before I arrived.

b) The children had got up when their father arrived. ( ) The children were already up before the father arrived. ( ) The children got up after the father arrived.

c) The children got up when their father arrived. ( ) The children were up before their father arrived. ( ) The children got up after their father arrived.

d) When they heard the news, Rob and Chris left.

( ) Rob and Chris left before they heard the news. ( ) Rob and Chris left after they heard the news.

e) When they heard the news, Rob and Chris had left. ( ) Rob and Chris heard the news and then left. ( ) The news came after Rob and Chris left.

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3) Past simple or past perfect?

a) He ______________(work) in a supermarket before he ______________(work) as a postman.

b) She _______________ (feed) the dog as soon as she ______________(do) her homework. c) 3. My sister _______________ (live) in England before she ____________(move) to

Belgium. d) 4. After he _____________(eat) all the sandwiches he ______________(drink) some

orange juice. e) 5. We ______________(be) tired because we ______________ (work) all day. f) 6. As I ______________(miss) the bus I _____________(walk) home again. g) 7. After they ________________(install) the file they _______________(can) go on working. h) 8. He __________________(just start) to watch TV when the telephone_______________

(ring). i) 9. Before she __________________ (go) to bed she _______________(listen) to her favourite

CD. j) 10. After he _______________(lose) all his money he ________________ (be) poor as a

church mouse. 4) Write the verbs in Past Perfect Simple. Use the negative form. a) In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I ___________________(see / not) for ages.

b) The thief could walk right into the house because you _______________(lock / not) the

door.

c) We lost the match because we ________________(practise / not) the days before.

d) At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he ______________(do / not) .

e) We ate at a restaurant last night because I _____________(buy / not) anything for

dinner.

5) Make the past perfect simple - 'wh' or 'yes/no' questions a) _________________(you/go) there before we went together?

b) _________________(she/see) the film already?

c) Why ________________ (he/forget) about the meeting?

d) _________________(it/be) cold all week?

e) _________________(I/read) the book before the class?

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UNIT 5 1) Change the verb into the correct form (future perfect): a) By this time tomorrow, I ______________________(finish) the project.

b) By 8 o'clock, the kids _____________________ (fall) asleep.

c) By tomorrow morning, he _______________________ (sleep) wonderfully.

d) By next year, she _____________________(receive) her promotion.

e) Robin _______________________(sell) his car by next Sunday.

2) Create sentences using the future perfect, future continuous and future perfect continuous. Use the expressions below. Future perfect:

a) Next week:______________________________________________ b) By 8 o’clock:____________________________________________

Future continuous:

c) By tomorrow:____________________________________________ d) Tonight:__________________________________________________

Future perfect continuous:

e) For 2 hours:__________________________________________ f) For five years:________________________________________

3) Put the verbs into the correct form (future continuous).

a) At midnight we ______________________(sleep) .

b) This time next week we ____________________(sit) at the beach.

c) At nine I _____________________(watch) the news.

d) Tonight we ___________________(cram up) for our English test.

e) They ________________(dance) all night.

f) He _____________________(not / play) all afternoon.

g) I_______________________(not / work) all day.

h) _______________________(eat / you) at six?

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i) ________________________(drive / she) to London?

j) ________________________(fight / they) again?

4) Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect continuous): a) By the end of this month we ___________________(live) together for six years.

b) By the end of the term she ________________________(study) for nine years.

c) By midnight we ______________________(play) this computer game for 48 hours.

d) She ________________________(talk) on the phone for the last couple of hours.

e) They ______________________(look for) me all night long.

f) He ______________________(play) soccer all day long.

5) Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses: Future continuous or future perfect continuous. Simona: Margaret is really going to speak Spanish well when she gets back from that

language school in Mexico.

Isabelle: Hopefully! She ___________________(take) classes for more than six months.

Simona: She is going to be able to speak Spanish with some of our Latin American

clients.

Isabelle: Good. Two clients from Peru ____________________(visit) us next month when

Margaret returns. We need someone to entertain them while they are here.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jason: I am leaving!

Nurse: If you would please wait, the doctor will be with you in ten minutes. The doctor

is having some problems with a patient.

Jason: The doctor was having problems with that patient an hour ago. If I wait another

ten minutes, I am sure he _________________________(have, still) problems with her. By the

time he's finally ready to see me, I __________________________(wait) for more than two

hours.

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UNIT 6

1) Fill in each gap with the correct reflexive pronoun. a) My sister doesn't like _______________very much.

b) John spends hours looking at _______________in the mirror.

c) Mary is a person with lots of problems. Sometimes she even hurts__________ .

d) I like Peter, but I wish he didn't spend so much time talking about____________ .

e) Did you do this all by______________ ?

f) We enjoyed _______________ very much at the party.

g) I don't like them at all. They want everything for _________________ .

h) Why are you standing? Find some chairs for _________________ and sit down.

i) Last week he cut ______________with a knife.

j) I answer all my letters ______________.

2) Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

a) This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday.

b) A boy ____________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.

c) The man ____________ robbed the bank had two pistols.

d) He wore a mask _______________ made him look like Mickey Mouse.

e) He came with a friend ______________ waited outside in the car.

f) The woman _____________ gave him the money was young.

g) This is the car __________ owner is a doctor.

h) Lucas is a boy ________ takes good pictures.

i) The skate__________ I found is black.

3) Who or which? a) Did you take the chair __________was in the room?

b) Give me the book ________ is on the table.

c) The girl __________ is standing there is Fatou.

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d) That's the dog __________ barks all the time.

e) A baker is a person ____________makes bread.

f) This is the pen ___________I bought last week.

g) Frank is the man __________ I met yesterday.

4) Who or whose? a) _____________book is it ?

b) _____________is this boy ?

c) _____________car is that ?

d) _____________address is this ?

e) _____________'s your teacher ?

f) _____________’s that girl?

g) _____________ notebook is this?

h) _____________’s your friend?

i) _____________ skate is that?

5) Complete each relative clause with who or that. If both who or that can be used, write who or that: a) That's the man ________________ stole my purse!

b) That's the jacket _______________I want to buy.

c) That's the girl ______________won the race.

d) The students _____________do well on the exam will be allowed to leave early.

e) We saw the cat ______________ lives in the house next door.

f) The airport _____________is being built will be the largest in the country.

g) The woman ________________sang that song is very beautiful.

h) People ______________use this site will learn English very quickly.

i) The computer _______________ I want to buy costs $1,000.

j) The dinner _______________your mother prepared was delicious.

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Christ the Redeemer, Brazil

The statue of Christ the Redeemer is located at the top of Corcovado Mountain. The entire monument of statue of Christ the Redeemer is 38m high with the statue accounting for 30m and overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the tallest statues in the world; the span from finger tip to fingertip is 28m and there is a small chapel housed in the base. The reason why it was built was to show that Christ loves all. In Portuguese, this iconic monument is known as Cristo Redentor. Christ the Redeemer was designed by a French sculptor by the name of Paul Landowski and a local engineer named Heitor da Silva Costa was chosen to supervise the entire construction. The statue was built not out of steel but from reinforced concrete as that was considered a more suitable material for the cross shaped statue. The external caps of the idol were constructed in soapstone due to the resistance of this material to the extreme time and also due to its malleability. The statue of Christ the Redeemer can be accessed by the 2.4 meter Corcovado Railway that has the capacity to hold 360 passengers every hour. The trip by rail is approximately 20 minutes and leaves the base each half hour. From the road or the train terminal Christ the Redeemer statue is reached by 222 steps. For those not wishing to make the arduous trek up the mountain, reaching the statue is possible by escalators and elevators. Christ the Redeemer is one of the tourist attractions that every year attracts to more and more visitors. The best time to visit the Christ the Redeemer statue is late afternoon or evening when you can enjoy the splendour of the setting sun while taking in one of the most important landmarks in the world.

Adapted from: http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/america/brazil/rio-janeiro/christ-redeemer.aspx

1. Where is the Statue located? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How high is it? __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. When is the best time to visit Statue? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think Christ the Redeemer should really be considered one of the 7

World Wonders? Why? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 7

1) Change the sentences into reported speech: a) Mary said: "I like ice cream." Mary said (that) __________________________________________________________________. b) The Browns said: "We are on time." The Browns said (that) __________________________________________________________. c) Sue said: "He is sitting on the table." Sue said (that) ____________________________________________________________________. d) Mother said: "Bill always goes to bed early." Mother said (that)________________________________________________________________. e) Mrs Smith said: "I often drive to London." Mrs Smith said (that) ____________________________________________________________. 2) Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary.

a)) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?" Yesterday Mandy asked me .

_______________________________________________________________________________________________ b) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"

Yesterday Jason wanted to know . _______________________________________________________________________________________________ c) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"

Yesterday Robert asked me . _______________________________________________________________________________________________ d) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?"

Yesterday Daniel asked me . _______________________________________________________________________________________________ e) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?" Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Change the sentences into reported speech: a) They said: "It will be hot tomorrow." They said (that) _________________________________________________.

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b) Mother said: "I am busy." Mother said (that) __________________________________________________. c) She told the police: "I have heard strange noises during the night." She told the police (that) __________________________________________ . d) Peter said: "I go to school by train." Peter said (that) ____________________________________________________. e) Sandy said: "My father likes sweets." Sandy said (that) ___________________________________________________. 4) A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation. Report the questions: a) 'How much are you planning to spend on advertising?'

They asked me____________________________________________________________________. b) 'Where do you intend to advertise?' _____________________________________________________________________________________. c) 'What discount will you give to your distributors?' _____________________________________________________________________________________. d) 'Why has it taken so long to develop?' _____________________________________________________________________________________. 5) Put in reported speech using the verbs given: a) 'I think it is Mary who must pay for the expenses' Antonio said to George. Antonio suggested__________________pay for the expenses. b) 'I'll bring the sandwiches for the party" said Helen Helen offered___________________the sandwiches for the party. c) 'Let's all go to Lisbon and rent a flat there!', they said They suggested__________________to Lisbon. d) 'OK, I think I'll wait for another three months.' said Maggie finally Maggie finally agreed___________________ for another three months.

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Romero Britto Born in Recife, Brazil in 1963, Romero Britto grew up in a modest family, surrounded by 8 siblings. In his early years, he discovers his natural gift to color his life. Using all kinds of support, from old newspapers to cardboard, he creates a new form of expression reflecting his optimism and his vision of the world's beauty. His

audacious character leads him to ignore the traditional system that surrounds him. In 1983, he leaves for Europe to gain better knowledge of "Masters' Art". Loaded with confidence and determination, Britto chooses Miami, where Pop Art is rapidly expanding, as his next destination. During the following years, Romero Britto will take part in several exhibitions, attracting not only young crowds but also long-time art lovers eager to discover his unique, modern skills. Britto's art is as diverse as his personal experiences and covers a wide variety of themes. It combines Pop Art with compositions inspired from cubism. In 1989, he is selected by Absolut Vodka to design their new bottle, succeeding some of the most notorious artists such as Andy Warhol. Appointed arts' ambassador at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Britto is also a humanitarian activist. He claims that "art should reflect the celebration of simple and good things in life". His modern influences, flashy colors and fun work led him to become one of the most recognized artists of his generation. His dreams are still filled with endless inspiration. Pepsi, Apple, Movado repeatedly called for his genius when they needed to reinvent their brands. Many heads of states, political and show-business personalities celebrate his skills across the world. Romero Britto permanently redefines art and its role in our lives.

Adapted from: http://www.art-zurich.com/files/2011/aussteller/files/Colorfield-Gallery_Britto(Biography).pdf

1. Has Romero Britto always been a rich person? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of art inspires him? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Are you into painting? Who is your favorite painter? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What calls your attention about Romero Britto’s painting? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 8

1) Complete the conditional sentences. a) If Mr Brown ____________(sell) his car last year, he would have got more money for it.

b) If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she _____________(pass) her driving test.

c) If Mr Jones ______________(watch) the news every evening he would know more

about politics.

d) If Charlie ________________ (not stop) eating these green apples he’ll soon feel sick.

e) If you had told me the truth I ____________ (help) you.

2) Complete using conditional sentences: a) If I were you, _______________________________________________________

b) She would have had time _______________________________________________________

c) I will phone him _______________________________________________________

d) If you came for dinner, _______________________________________________________

e) She would have missed the train_____________________________________________________

f) What would you do _______________________________________________________

g) If you stopped drinking, _______________________________________________________

h) If I had been offered the job, _______________________________________________________

i) If you meet my boss, _______________________________________________________

j) If you won the prize, _______________________________________________________

3) Choose the correct alternative: a) If I ________ you, I would apologize to her right away. (to be) ( ) was ( ) were ( ) have been b) If I run into her, I ________ her that you're looking for her. (to tell) ( ) would tell ( ) tell ( ) will tell

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c) If you ________ that again, I will call the police. (to do) ( ) to do ( ) do ( ) will do d) He would never have asked her out on a date if she ________ him first. (to kiss) ( ) hadn't kissed ( ) didn't kiss ( ) will not kiss e) If you were her, what ________? (to do) ( ) would you do ( ) did you do ( ) do you do 4) Put the verbs into the correct form: a) If the company offered me the job, I think I ___________(take) it.

b) I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she

_________(refuse).

c) Many people would be out of work if that factory _________ (close) down.

d) If she sold her car, she _____________ (not / get) much money for it.

e) They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ___________ (not / come).

5) Choose the correct alternative. a) If you'd arrived on time, none of this would have happened ( ) This sentence is about something that happened in the past ( ) This sentence is about something that is very unlikely to happen b) If I were you, I'd get in touch with a solicitor ( ) This is about something that is likely to happen in the near future ( ) This is about something now c) If I won the lottery, I'd go on a cruise ( ) This is about the present ( ) This is about the future d) If you should see him, tell him I've got the video he was looking for ( ) This is less likely to happen than if the speaker had said 'If you see him...' ( ) This is as likely to happen as if the speaker had said 'If you see him...'

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Easter in the United States The Easter Sunday date varies because it is determined using a calculated lunar calendar. It is the first Sunday approximately after the first full moon on or after the March equinox. What do people do? Many churches hold special services on Easter Sunday, which celebrate the Jesus Christ's resurrection after his crucifixion. Many people also decorate eggs. These can be hard boiled eggs that can be eaten later, but may also be model eggs made of plastic, chocolate, candy or other materials. It is also common to organize Easter egg hunts. Eggs of some form are hidden, supposedly by a rabbit or hare. People, especially children, then search for them. In some areas, Easter egg hunts are a popular way for local businesses to promote themselves or may even be organized by churches. Symbols For people with strong Christian beliefs, the cross that Jesus was crucified on and his resurrection are important symbols of the period around Easter. Other symbols of Easter include real eggs or eggs manufactured from a range of materials, nests, lambs and rabbits or hares. Sometimes these symbols are combined, for example, in candy models of rabbits with nests full of eggs. Eggs, rabbits, hares and young animals are thought to represent the re-birth and return to fertility of nature in the spring.

Adapted from: http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/easter-sunday

1. What do kids do on Easter? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of symbols the Christian have to celebrate the Easter? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is there any difference between Easter in the USA and in Brazil? What is it? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you usually do on Easter? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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MUSIC

Listen to the music and underline the conditional sentences. If I Were A Boy (Beyonce) If I were a boy Even just for a day I'd roll out of bed in the morning And throw on what I wanted and go Drink beer with the guys And chase after girls I'd kick with who I wanted And I'd never get confronted for it Cause they'd stick up for me. If I were a boy I think I could understand How it feels to love a girl I swear I'd be a better man. I'd listen to her Cause I know how it hurts When you lose the one you wanted Cause he's taken you for granted And everything you had got destroyed If I were a boy I would just turn off my phone Tell everyone it's broken

So they think that I was sleeping alone I'd put myself first And make the rules as I go Cause I know that she'd be faithful Waiting for me to come home It's a little too late for you to come back Say it's just a mistake Think I'd forgive you like that If you thought I would wait for you You thought wrong But you're just a boy You don’t understand (Yeah you don’t understand) How it feels to love a girl Someday you wish you were a better man You don't listen to her You don't care how it hurts Until you lose the one you wanted Cause you've taken her for granted And everything you had got destroyed But you're just a boy

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Universidade de Pernambuco – UPE – 2012

Copyright Severino Carlos da Silva Este livro não pode ser reproduzido por qualquer meio sem

autorização do autor

ISBN 978-85-7856-103-1

Impresso no Brasil – Tiragem 1.500 exemplares

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Av. Agamenon Magalhães s/n – Santo Amaro Recife/PE – CEP: 50.100-010 – Fone: (81) 3183-3724

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SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA

Mestre em Letras pela UFPB (Linguagem e Ensino de Língua Estrangeira). Professor Assistente da Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE desde 1986. Atua principalmente nos seguintes temas: seleção, educação, formação de professores, reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica do professor de língua estrangeira e processo ensino-aprendizagem de língua estrangeira. Atua também na área de Sociolínguística (Variações Linguísticas e Sociointeracionismo). Pesquisa desde 2002 sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem de vocabulário de língua inglesa, considerando a Lexical Approach (Michael Lewis), Linguística de Corpus (Michael McCarthy), bem como Reflexão sobre a Prática Pedagógica (Dewey, Shön, Paulo Freire, Perrenoud, Alarcão etc). Pesquisa também sobre a Abordagem Colaborativa. Vem pesquisando sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem de língua estrangeira na modalidade a distância desde 2009. É coordenador do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Língua e Literaturas de Língua Inglesa da UPE e do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Língua Inglesa do Centro de Ensino Superior do Vale do São Francisco – CESVASF. Coordena o Programa de Línguas e Informática da UPE – PROLINFO e o Curso de Graduação em Formação Pedagógica no Ensino de Língua Inglesa na Modalidade a Distância da UPE. É Diretor didático-Pedagógico do Special English Course, em Recife-PE. É doutorando em Linguística Aplicada pela UFPB.

FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

Professor do Departamento de Letras da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP). Possui mestrado em Linguística (UFPE), Especialização em Linguística (FAFIRE), Graduação em Jornalismo (UNICAP) e em Letras Português/Inglês (UNICAP). Foi professor de inglês no PROLINFO de 2007 a 2011 e Coordenador de Apoio à área de Língua Inglesa.