ecology pra
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit IV: EcologyBCEE 2012Prepared by
Prashant Adsul, SKN SITS Lonavala
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What is an ecosystem?
Ecosystem is a system of livingthings that interact with each other
and with the physical world.
The collection of organisms in an
area along with the importantenvironmental factors
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Organization of Life
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
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Community
All the animals
and plants
living in anecosystem
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Population
A population is the
number of
organisms of thesame species living
in a habitat
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Habitat
The area where
animals and plants
live
Eg ocean habitat
Or.. More specificCoral habitat
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Main Ecosystems:
Natural- (e.g. lake, forest, grassland, etc.)
Man-made- (e.g. crop field, aquaria, etc.)
temporary- (e.g. rain-fed pond)
Permanent- (e.g. lake, forest, etc.)
Aquatic- (e.g. pond, ocean, etc.)
-Fresh water (e.g. ponds, lakes)-Salt water (e.g. marine, estuaries, etc)
Terrestrial (e.g. grassland, forest, etc.)
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An ecosystem can be as large as the
Sahara Desert, or as small as a puddle!!!
Ecosystems are more than just theorganisms they contain.
Geography, weather,climate and geologic
factors also influence the interactionswithin an ecosystem.
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Components of Ecosystem
Aboitic
Biotic
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Biotic Component
Living organisms in the ecosystem
variousspecies ofplants and animals including microbesare termed as biotic components.
They can be classified as producers (autotrophs)and consumers ( heterotrophs).
Autotrophs produce their own food from inorganic substances,
using light or chemical energy e.g plants
The heterotrophs do not have the ability to produce their own food.All these species are consumers. E.g. Bacteria
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Trophic Relationships
Autotrophs
1st level consumers (herbivores)
2nd
level consumers 3rd level consumers
4th level consumers (top predators)
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Balanced Ecosystem????
In the natural environment a balance or
equilibrium exists among various organisms
and abiotic components. This condition isknown as ecological balance, and the system is
called as BalancedEcosystem.
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Classification of Ecosystems / Ecology
Natural Ecosystem
Artificial Ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystems which encompass the activitiesthat take place on land,
Terrestrial ecosystem - Forest ecosystem,
Mountain ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
Grassland ecosystem
Urban ecosystem
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Classification of Ecosystems / Ecology
Aquatic ecosystems - the system that exists in waterbodies
Marine ecosystemFresh water ecosystem
Engineered ecosystem :An ecosystem which is fully
designed and controlled by man is called Engineeredecosystem. A paddy field or a fish pond can
be quoted as an example for this ecosystem
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Aquatic Ecosystem
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Food Chains
The producers, consumers, and
decomposers of each ecosystem make up
a food chain. There are many food chains in an
ecosystem.
Food chains show where energy istransferred and not who eats who.
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Food Chain
F d W b
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Food WebsAll the food chains in an area make up the food web of the area.
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RULE OF 10
Only 10% of energy is transferred from one
trophic level to the next.
Example:
It takes 100 kgs of plant materials (producers) to
support 10 kgs of herbivores
It takes 10 kgs of herbivores to support 1 kg of 1st
level predator
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Grassland Ecosystem
Climate is cool to cold in winter and hot in summers
Abiotic components- inorganic and organicsubstances present in soil and atmosphere
Biotic components-
Producer- herbaceous plant cover and variety ofgrasses such as Dicanthium, Imparata,Saccharum, etc.
Primary- Harbivores such as cows, buffalos, deer,
sheep, rabit, mouse etc. feeds on leaves ofGrasses
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Secondary- Carnivores such as Snakes, Birds,
lizards, fox, etc. feeds on harbivores
Tertiary- mainly HawksDecomposers- fungi, bacteria
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Desert Ecosystem
Characterised by very low rainfall ( less than 25 mm)
Abiotic components- poor nutrient cycle
Biotic components-
Producer-These includes shrubs, bushes, some
grasses and cactus
Consumers- insects, reptiles, birds, camel etc.Decomposers- Some fungi and bacteria with
actinomycetes
Dugn BeetleGerbill/ Greatindian bustard
Peregreen falcon
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Aquatic Ecosystem
Ranging from small puddles to large oceans.
Tertiaryconsumers
(Bird and prey)
Secondaryconsumer
Primary consumer (Trout)
Primary Producer (Micro organism)
Producers (plankton)
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Pond or Lake ecosystem
Abiotic components- inorganic and organicnutrients present in the water, such as C, H, O,N, P, S, Ca, apart from temp, light and water.
Biotic components-
Producers- plankton, macrophytes.
Consumers-
Primary consumers- zooplanktons
Secondary Consumers- insects and Fish
Tertiary Consumers- Large fish
Decomposers- Some fungi and bacteria withactinomycetes
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River or Stream Ecosystem
Sufficient oxygen must be present
Abiotic components- light and Fresh water.Biotic components-
Producers- Green algae, phytoplankton and
water grasses.
Consumers- water insects, snails, fishes and
crocodiles
Decomposers- Various microorganisms including
fungi and bacteria
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Ocean or Marine Ecosystem
Cover more than 2/3rd area of earth surface
These characterised by high concentration of salts andmineral ions.
Abiotic components- salinity, temp, light, dissolved
oxygen and other abiotic components.
Biotic components-
Producers- phytoplankton and large marine plants
Consumers-Primary consumers- Crustaceans, fish.
Secondary Consumers- Fish such as Herring, Mackerel.
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Tertiary Consumers- Large fish like cod, Shark etc
Decomposers- fungi and bacteria.