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C\ Njmajtra gh ]amcnghgn Erhscbncrh gn Nmajaich NmabdcmhErhsbchGF
H maipnjsha maia cjstruinjta phrh hbamha gn Unsnrvh
Bndhb? nstuga gn mhsa ja iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch-IW
Phubh Enrjhsmajc Instrhjgh ni Gnsnjvabvcinjta Nmajicma, Nspha n Inca Hiecnjtn
(^jcmhip); Hgnihr UaincraPraf. Cjstctuta gn Nmajaich (^jcmhip)
Unsuia? H maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb ui inmhjcsia prnvcsta ni bnc
fngnrhb qun pnrictn h rndubhrczha hiecnjthb gn praprcnghgns rurhcs mai phsscva
gn rnsnrvh bndhb ihjtnjga h maenrturh vndnthb jhtcvh nxcdcgh jh rndca, n ha
insia tnipa pnrictcjga h hbamha gn hmarga mai a inrmhga. ^ih gn suhs
vhjthdnjs h rngua gas mustas gn hgnquha gnvcga rngua jas mustas gn
apartujcghgn phrh as pragutarns rurhcs. Nssn inmhjcsia hpnshr gn hprnsnjthr
drhjgn patnjmchb pauma utcbczhga n snus nfnctas sa hcjgh gnsmajlnmcgas. H
phrtcr gh ehsn tnrcmh gh nmajaich nmabdcmh nssn trhehbla fhz uih hjbcsn ga
inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb vcshjga hjhbcshr suh majtrceuca
phrh h inblarch gh gcstrceuca ousth, hbamha nfcmcnjtn n nsmhbh sustnjtvnb gh
rnsnrvh bndhb. Vcshjga majtrceucr phrh a gnehtn saern h hpbcmhecbcghgn ga
inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha fac nsmablcga a iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch, ja Nsthga
gn Ihta Drassa, phrh sciubhr mai ghgas rnhcs quhcs as nfnctas qun h maipnjsha
tnrch saern h rndubhrczha ghs praprcnghgns rurhcs. Htrhvs gn hjbcsns gn ]CD
farhi majthecbczhgas as htcvas n phsscvas hiecnjthcs gn mhgh praprcnghgn n hs
passcecbcghgns gn rndubhrczha. As rnsubthgas iastrhi qun nxcstn ui drhjgn
patnjmchb phrh h hpbcmha gh maipnjsha, prcjmcphbinjtn ni rnhs gn frajtncrh
hihzjcmh, maia a mhsa gn Ihrmnbjgch, ajgn nxcstn ui mnjrca gn cbndhbcghgn
hiecnjthb jhs praprcnghgns rurhcs mai phsscva gn rnsnrvh bndhb, ihs thiei
nxcstni hcjgh rnihjnsmnjtns fbarnsthcs hinhhgas qun pagni snrvcr gn rnh phrhmaipnjsha. Phrh qun a inmhjcsia tnjlh sumnssa jnmnssrch uih
scstnihtczha gh bndcsbha h rnspncta, n fujghinjthb uih htuha gas rdas
rnspajsvncs ghs trs nsfnrhs davnrjhinjthcs jh gcfusa ga inmhjcsia, hssci
maia a njvabvcinjta gn rdas gn mbhssn ga sntar rurhb n gn ardhjczhns ja-
davnrjhinjthcs jh iaecbczha gas pragutarns.
Phbhvrhs-mlhvn? maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb, rndubhrczha hiecnjthb,
nmajaich nmabdcmh,
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8. Cjtragua
H rnsnrvh bndhb fbarnsthb, mrchgh pnba Mgcda Fbarnsthb MF (Bnc Fngnrhb ja
7.448/6>), mai rngha nsthenbnmcgh pnbh Ingcgh Pravcsrch 5.866-64/5008,
uih iaghbcghgn gn nspha tnrrctarchbinjtn pratndcga, majstctugh pnbh rnh gn
vndntha jhturhb qun mhgh praprcntrca rurhb gnvn ihjtnr ni suh praprcnghgn, gn
hmarga mai h bamhbczha dnadrfcmh n a ecaih prngaicjhjtn gn suh rndca,
jnmnssrch ha usa sustnjtvnb gas rnmursas jhturhcs.
Hpnshr gn hprnsnjthr uih ciparthjtn fuja gn majsnrvha gh
ecagcvnrscghgn ni tnrrhs prcvhghs (Uhjcnrc, 5007), nssh bndcsbha ja Erhscb
iucta gnsrnspncthgh. Hbdujs nstugas (Abcvncrh n Ehml, 500=, Ehmlh, 500>)
iastrhi qun gnsgn h gmhgh gn 8340 ht as gchs htuhcs, injas gn 80% gascivncs rurhcs passuni rnsnrvhs bndhcs hvnrehghs, n njtrn as qun passuni, h
ihcarch nst hehcxa ga nxcdcga.
A ehcxa pnrmnjtuhb gn hvnreha ghs Unsnrvhs Bndhcs htrceuga h gcvnrsas
fhtarns? ha nbnvhga musta gn apartujcghgn phrh a praprcntrca rurhb ihjtnr mai
vndntha jhtcvh rnhs mai hbta patnjmchb gn pragutcvcghgn n rnjgh hdrmabh
(Ucdajhtta, 5006 hpug Enrjhrga, 5080), s majsthjtns iughjhs jhs nxcdjmchs gh
bndcsbha, gnfcjca ciprnmcsh gn hbdujs inmhjcsias n fhbth gn fcsmhbczha(]phravnk, 5088).
H gcfnrnjh njtrn h bnc n a snu muiprcinjta tarjausn iatcva gn rnvnrsa
ghs jndamchns pabtcmhs, ni qun as hrduinjtas phrh injarns rnstrcns sa
vhbarczhgas, vcshjga h iughjhs ja Mgcda Fbarnsthb (Hbstaj, 5004). H javh
prapasth gn Mgcda Fbarnsthb qun nst ni trhictha ja ]njhga Fngnrhb
mrctcmhgh par iuctas mcnjtcsths n pnba Icjcstrca ga Inca Hiecnjtn o qun nbh cr
rnguzcr h aercdha gn rnsthurha fbarnsthb cbndhbinjtn gnsihthgh gnsgn 836>, nsndujga praonns, pagn mhushr h nxtcja gn ihcs gn mni icb nspmcns,
cjvhbcghjga quhbqunr maipraicssa mai majsnrvha gh ecagcvnrscghgn (Intzdnr
nt hb 5080).
Autra mhicjla phrh majmcbchr h bnc n snu muiprcinjta snrch cjvnstcr ni
hbtnrjhtcvhs o prnvcsths ni bnc phrh fhmcbcthr h hgnquha hiecnjthb ghs
praprcnghgns rurhcs, maia a inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb. H
maipnjsha pnrictn h rndubhrczha hiecnjthb gn praprcnghgns rurhcs mai
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phsscva gn rnsnrvh bndhb ihjtnjga h maenrturh vndnthb jhtcvh nxcdcgh jh rndca, n
ha insia tnipa pnrictcjga h hbamha gn hmarga mai a inrmhga.
^ih gn suhs vhjthdnjs h rngua gas mustas gn hgnquha gnvcga
rngua jas mustas gn apartujcghgn phrh as pragutarns rurhcs. Htrhvs ga
inmhjcsia, mhgh praprcntrca majtcjuh mai h aercdha gn ihjtnr uih rnh
ijcih gn fbarnsth, au snoh, h rnspajshecbcghgn majtcjuh gcstrceugh par tagas.
Nssh nsmhbh ijcih gnfcjcgh par ehsn ni mrctrcas nmabdcmas gn ihjutnja ga
nmasscstnih, n vhrch njtrn hs gcfnrnjtns rndcns n ecaihs. H gcfnrnjh qun ha
cjvs gh rnh gn rnsnrvh bndhb nsthr hbamhgh ni taghs hs praprcnghgns, nbn pnrictn
qun amarrh uih fbnxcecbczha gh hbamha gh rnsnrvh bndhb. Nssn inmhjcsia
hpnshr gn hprnsnjthr drhjgn patnjmchb pauma utcbczhga n snus nfnctas sa hcjghgnsmajlnmcgas.
Nssn trhehbla tni maia aeontcva rnsshbthr a patnjmchb ga inmhjcsia gn
maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb phrh h gcfusa gh hgnquha hiecnjthb ghs
praprcnghgns rurhcs n trhznr suesgcas tnrcmas n niprcmas phrh a gnehtn.
Jh prcincrh phrtn ga trhehbla phrtcias gh ehsn tnrcmh gh nmajaich
nmabdcmh phrh hjhbcshr a inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb mai a
aeontcva gn hjhbcshr suh majtrceuca phrh h inblarch gh gcstrceuca ousth,hbamha nfcmcnjtn n nsmhbh sustnjtvnb gh rnsnrvh bndhb.
Jh sndujgh phrtn, nsmablnias a iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch, ja Nsthga gn
Ihta Drassa, phrh nxhicjhr mai ghgas rnhcs quhcs as nfnctas qun h maipnjsha
tnrch saern h rndubhrczha ghs praprcnghgns rurhcs. Htrhvs gn hjbcsns gn ]CD
farhi majthecbczhgas as htcvas n phsscvas hiecnjthcs gn mhgh praprcnghgn n hs
passcecbcghgns gn rndubhrczha phrh sciubhr as passvncs rnsubthgas gh hpbcmha
gh maipnjsha njtrn hs praprcnghgns ga iujcmpca, vcshjga majtrceucr phrh agnehtn saern h hpbcmhecbcghgn n patnjmchbcghgn ga inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha.
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5. Maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb jh tcmh gh nmajaich
nmabdcmhPhrh h Nmajaich Nmabdcmh trs mrctrcas gnvni snr aengnmcgas ja qun gcz
rnspncta utcbczha gas enjs n snrvcas hiecnjthcs? h gntnricjha gn uih nsmhbhsustnjtvnb; h gnfcjca gn uih gcstrceuca ousth; n h hbamha nfcmcnjtn (Ghby &
Fhrbny (5007)8.
^ih ghs nstrhtdchs ihcs utcbczhghs phrh pabtcmhs pebcmhs hiecnjthcs
hssuicr maia ihjghtrch h majsnrvha gn nxnipbas vcvncs gn mhgh tcpa gn
lhectht jhturhb, htrhvs gh ihjutnja gn uih prapara fcxh gn mhgh nmasscstnih
(]aub n ]hjohyhj, 833 hpugKhnmlnbn, 5004).
A Mgcda Fbarnsthb erhscbncra ui nxnipba gn bndcsbha qun eusmh
hssndurhr uih prapara ijcih gn prnsnrvha gas nmasscstnihs erhscbncras.
Pari, h nxcdjmch gn qun mhgh praprcnghgn muiprh cjgcvcguhbinjtn suh
parmnjthdni gn rnsnrvh bndhb hpnjhs pnba maihjga n majtrabn hern nspha phrh
uih gcsmussa qun njvabvn autra pcbhr gh Nmajaich Nmabdcmh, qun h
gcstrceuca ousth gas ajus n eajus gh majsnrvha gas rnmursas jhturhcs n maia
nstns nsta gcstrceugas njtrn h papubha prnsnjtn n suhs dnrhns futurhs (Ghby
& Fhrbny (5007).
H cipasca gh rnspajshecbcghgn gn prnsnrvhr n hercr ia gn phrmnbh cduhb
ni mhgh praprcnghgn fnrn a prcjmpca gh gcstrceuca ousth, jh ingcgh ni qun hs
praprcnghgns hprnsnjthi majgcns fscmhs gcfnrnjmchghs phrh pragua hdrmabh,
cjmbucjga fnrtcbcghgn gn saba, rnbnva, majgcns mbcitcmhs n thihjla. L qun sn
majscgnrhr thiei hs majgcns samchcs gas pragutarns. Fhschenj, Uaincra &
Ihch (5080) iastrhi qun a Mgcda Fbarnsthb tnjth fhznr csta htrhvs, par
8As snducjtns trhehblas hjhbcshrhi a cjstruinjta rnsnrvh bndhb buz gh nmajaich nmabdcmh?
Khnmlnbn (5004) fnz h hjbcsn ja iecta ga ]cstnih gn Bcmnjmchinjta Hiecnjthb gn PraprcnghgnsUurhcs gn Ihta Drassa n Fhschenj, Uaincra & Ihch (5080) thiei fcznrhi h hjbcsn gchjtn gas
gnehtns mrchgas gurhjtn h gcsmussa gh prapasth gn java Mgcda Fbarnsthb.
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nxnipba, gn enjnfmcas majfnrcgas pnqunjh praprcnghgn, maia hvnreha
drhtucth n pnricssa gn pbhjtca gn rvarns nxtcmhs ni scstnihs cjtnrmhbhrns. Jnssn
snjtcga, maia hsscjhbhi Ghby & Fhrbny (5007), a aeontcva gn gcstrceuca ousth
gnvn bnvhr ni majth ui mnrta jvnb gn gnscduhbghgn gh pabtcmh pebcmh gnfcjcgh
samchbinjtn n cipasth ha inrmhga.
Ha gnsmrnvnr as prcjmpcas dnrhcs gn gnsnjla gn uih pabtcmh mai ehsn jh
nmajaich nmabdcmh, Ghby & Fhrbny (5007) rnsshbthi qun hs pabtcmhs gnvni fhznr
a ixcia passvnb phrh ihjtnr a majtrabn jnmnssrca ja jvnb ihmra mai a
ijcia shmrcfmca jh bcenrghgn n vhrchecbcghgn ja jvnb icmra. Cssa parqun as
inrmhgas sa tncs phrh dhrhjtcr h vhrchecbcghgn ja jvnb icmra, ihs ja
majsnduni praiavnr a majtrabn ja jvnb ihmra.Cjga ha njmajtra gnssh rnmainjgha, a inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn
Unsnrvh Bndhb njtrn praprcnghgns prnvcsta ni bnc ja Erhscb vcsh tarjhr passvnb a
muiprcinjta ghs inths gn farih ihcs fbnxvnb, mrchjga ui inrmhga. Jnssn mhsa,
uih praprcnghgn mai Unsnrvh Bndhb hehcxa ga nxcdcga, ni gfcmct, pagnrch
maipnjshr snu phsscva ni autrh praprcnghgn mai htcva, au snoh, rnh gn
vndntha jhturhb hmcih ga nxcdcga par bnc.
Gnssh farih, nssn inmhjcsia cjmarparh h majsnrvha gh ecagcvnrscghgnmaia uih inth gn vhbar cjtrjsnma, ja cjstruinjthb, rnspncthjga uih nsmhbh;
pari, nbn pnrictn suestctuca njtrn rnhs phrh htcjdcr nsshs inths n prav
cjmnjtcvas phrh h hgnquha (Mnrvcdjc, 833=; Phjhyatau, 8337).
]n l fbnxcecbcghgn ni htcjdcr hs inths gn majsnrvha, njta passvnb
praiavnr majsnrvha htrhvs gh hbamha ihcs nfcmcnjtn gn rnmursas ni rnhs
mai ehcxas mustas gn apartujcghgn mrchjga cjmnjtcva phrh as pragutarns rurhcs
hfnthgas. Hjgrhgn nt hb. (5006) hpajthi qun h hbamha ja nfcmcnjtn quhjga hgcstrceuca gn gcrnctas au gnvnrns pr-gntnricjh thiei h hbamha
marrnspajgnjtn, ja ghjga ihrdni gn bcenrghgn phrh as hdnjtns nmajicmas.
Ja mhsa, h hbamha nfcmcnjtn hpajthrch quhb h inblar farih gn gcvcgcr hs
rnhs rurhcs njtrn rnhs gn pragua hdrapnmurch n rnhs phrh majsnrvha
hiecnjthb. Fhschenj, Uaincra & Ihch (5080) hpajthi qun h hbamha ihcs
nfcmcnjtn gh rnsnrvh bndhb snrch pnrictcr utcbczhr h tnrrh gn hmarga mai h suh inblar
hptcga. Hssci, h passcecbcghgn gn qun h Unsnrvh Bndhb fassn maipnjshgh ni
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bamhcs ajgn a musta gn apartujcghgn ga usa gh tnrrh fassn injar, fhrch mai qun
lauvnssn uih inblar nfcmcjmch hbamhtcvh.
A inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb hcjgh pauma ushga, n l
drhjgn gnsmajlnmcinjta ni rnbha h snus ciphmtas nmajicmas n prcjmcphbinjtn
hiecnjthcs. ^ih rnvcsa gn cjstruinjtas gn pabtcmh hiecnjthcs hpajtau qun
nxcstni paumhs nvcgjmchs niprcmhs n hjbcsns gn rnsubthgas gas ciphmtas gn
cjstruinjtas hbtnrjhtcvas phrh majsnrvha gh ecagcvnrscghgn (Iubbhj &
Kajtabnaj, 500 icblns gn lnmthrns gn
Unsnrvh Bndhb jnmnssrcas phrh muiprcr a Mgcda Fbarnsthb, majscgnrhjga hlcptnsn atcicsth gn tagas as fhznjgncras gnstcjhrni as rnihjnsmnjtns qun hcjgh
nxcstni ni suhs praprcnghgns phrh nsth fcjhbcghgn n utcbczhrni as inmhjcsias gn
maipnjsha bamhb phrh hrrnihthr a qun blns fhbth jhs prprchs tnrrhs, fhbthrchi 75
icblns gn lnmthrns gn vndntha jhturhb phrh htnjgnr hs nxcdjmchs ga Mgcda
Fbarnsthb. Au snoh, pagnrch sabumcajhr ihcs gn , mai rnsabua gn =0 intras, n
a hiecnjtn ]CD utcbczhga fac a N]UC HrmDC] 3.5.
=.8 Bndcsbha hpbcmvnb rndubhrczha hiecnjthb
Ja Erhscb n ni Ihta Drassa nxcstni inmhjcsias prnvcstas ni bnc phrh as
praprcntrcas qun ja passuni a ijcia gn rnh fbarnsthb nxcdcgh sn
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rndubhrczhrni, njtrn as quhcs nst h maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb. Pari, ni
phrtn gnvcga drhjgn quhjtcghgn gnssns cjstruinjtas bndhcs n gh fhbth gn
scstnihtczha n mbhrnzh phrh a pebcma njvabvcga, iuctas praprcntrcas
gnsmajlnmni hs apartujcghgns gn rndubhrczha au gnscstni gn sn rndubhrczhr
gnvcga iarascghgn gas pramnssas n pramngcinjtas jnmnssrcas phrh h
rndubhrczha.
Ni ui bnvhjthinjta gas cjstruinjtas bndhcs fngnrhcs n nsthguhcs qun
trhthi saern nssn hssujta phrh eusmhr hs apartujcghgns n apns nxcstnjtns phrh h
rndubhrczha laon, hjhbcshias as 87 ihcs ciparthjtns, snjga 6 ni iecta fngnrhb
n as gnihcs ni iecta nsthguhb.
Jvnb Fngnrhb?
836>Bnc 7.448 (Mgcda Fbarnsthb)
8388? Nsthenbnmn Unsnrvh Bndhb gn >0% phrh
bamhbcghgns ha jartn ga phrhbnba 8= ]ub n gn
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5007Parthrch 70 FNIH? Uatncra phrh pramngcinjta gn maipnjsha
500>Bnc maipbninjthr 5=5? Mrch Pr-rndubhrczha
5006Gnmrnta 4.=73? Undubhinjth Pr-rndubhrczha
500< Bnc
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lnmthrn gn phsscva ni suh praprcnghgn a praprcntrca prnmcsh hgqucrcr mcjma
lnmthrns gn fbarnsths ni autrh praprcnghgn (8?>).
O jh apa gn gnsajnrha par gaha gn rnh ni ^M, sndujga h bnc, a
praprcntrca ni gfcmct prnmcsh maiprhr n gahr ha rda hiecnjthb rnh ni ^M
pnjgnjtn gn rndubhrczha qun snoh nqucvhbnjtn suh rnh gn phsscva. Au snoh,
phrh mhgh lnmthrn gn phsscva a praprcntrca prnmcshr hgqucrcr n gahr ha rda
hiecnjthb hpnjhs ui lnmthrn gn rnh ni ^M (8?8). Cssa tarjh h apa gn
maipnjsha htrhvs gn gnsajnrha quhjtcthtcvhinjtn n thbvnz, nmajaicmhinjtn
ihcs vhjthoash par phrtn gas praprcntrcas mai phsscvas.
=.5 Gnsmrca gh rnh gn nstuga
A iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch nst bamhbczhga jh rndca jartn ga Nsthga gn
Ihta Drassa, n passuc ui tnrrctrca gn 8,5 icblns gn lnmthrns. Nssn iujcmpca
fac fujghga ni 83
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Jnssn majtnxta, fujghinjthb qun a iujcmpca cjtnrvnjlh jh
rnardhjczha gn suhs htcvcghgns nmajicmhs. A prcjmcphb gnshfca majmcbchr a
mrnsmcinjta nmajicma mai h majsnrvha ghs fbarnsths rnihjnsmnjtns n ui gas
prcincras phssas phrh htcjdcr nssn aeontcva htrhvs gh hgnquha n rndubhrczha
hiecnjthb ghs praprcnghgns.
]ndujga h ]nmrnthrch gn Nsthga gn Inca Hiecnjtn gn Ihta Drassa -
]NIH, a jinra gn praprcnghgns ga iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch qun nsthvhi
bndhbczhghs n passuhi h BH^ (Bcmnjh Hiecnjthb jcmh) ht a gch 05 gn hercb gn
500< nrh hpnjhs gn == praprcnghgns, gn ui tathb gn hpraxcihghinjtn icb
praprcnghgns (]NIH, 500
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Ihrmnbjgch passuc =74 icb lnmthrns (=0% gh rnh) gnmrnthgas maia Wnrrh
Cjgdnjh ga \cjdu, nssh rnh, nxmnta quhjga injmcajhga a majtrrca, fac rntcrhgh
gn taghs hs hjbcsns hprnsnjthghs, o qun uih rnh pratndcgh sae ourcsgca
fngnrhb. H ihblh fujgcrch ga CJWNUIHW snrvcu maia ehsn phrh fariubhr a
ihpnhinjta fcjhb n h nbh fac hgcmcajhgh hs gnihcs, nxmbucjga as pabdajas qun sn
saernpujlhi has autras. H ihblh fujgcrch rnsubthjtn n h lcnrhrquch utcbczhgh
farhi hs snducjtns? CJWNUIHW (64< icb lnmthrns / 63%), CJMUH (88 icb
lnmthrns / 8%), ]CIBHI (807 icb lnmthrns / 3%) n UNF (4 icb lnmthrns / 8%)
(Whenbh 8).
Hs gnihcs rnhs qun ja nsthvhi ihpnhghs ni jnjluih ghs ehsns ushghs
saihi =74 icb lh (=0% ga iujcmpca) n farhi gnjaicjhghs gn rnhs ja-ihpnhghs. Nbhs farhi majscgnrhghs pabdajas phrh qun thiei fassni ushghs
jh hjbcsn, saihjga 8.8>0 lnmthrns, hpraxcihghinjtn, gcvcgcgas ni 353
CJMUH 88 icb 8 8
]CIBHI-]NIH 807 icb 63 3
UNF-]NIH 4 icb 7 8
rnh ja ihpnhgh =74 icb - =0
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Fcdurh 8Ihpnhinjta fujgcrca n fajtn ga ghga utcbczhgh jh hjbcsn
=.7 Mbhsscfcmha gh maenrturh n usa ga saba htuhb
H phrtcr ghs cihdnjs gn shtbctn dnrhias uih mbhsscfcmha ja-supnrvcscajhgh
phrh cgnjtcfcmhr h maenrturh fbarnsthb n a usa ga saba htuhb ga iujcmpca. Jnsshmbhsscfcmha fac passvnb cgnjtcfcmhr sntn tcpas gn mbhssns gn usa ga saba, qunfarhi quhjtcfcmhghs phrh a tathb ga iujcmpca n phrh mhgh praprcnghgn (FCD^UH 5).
Fcdurh 5 Gnthbln gn cihdni gn shtbctn ( gcrncth) n h mbhsscfcmha ga usa ga saba (
nsqunrgh)
Hs mbhssns farhi gnjaicjhghs gn fbarnsth, fbarnsth gndrhghgh, rnh gndrhghgh
mai rvarns, rnh gndrhghgh sni rvarns, hdrcmubturh/phsthdni n saba nxpasta, gn
hmarga mai suh nstruturh n gh cihdni gn shtbctn. A rnsubthga aetcga phrh a
iujcmpca iastrau qun nxcstni 703 icb lnmthrns gn fbarnsth (= icb lnmthrns gn rnh gndrhghgh mairvarns (4%), 67 icb lnmthrns gn rnh gndrhghgh sni rvarns (6%), =6 6
Hdrcmubturh/Phsthdni
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Fcdurh =Mbhsscfcmha gh maenrturh n usa ga saba ga iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch
Phrh vhbcghr h mbhsscfcmha ja-supnrvcscajhgh n vnrcfcmhr cjfarihns ihcs
gnthblhghs utcbczhias ui itaga gn mbhsscfcmha supnrvcscajhgh gn vnrghgn
tnrrnstrn (^F]I, 5007), qun majscstn ni ui bnvhjthinjta ni mhipa gn pajtas
utcbczhjga ui hphrnbla bamhbczhgar gn scstnih gn pascmcajhinjta dbaehb (DP]) n
suh mbhsscfcmha. Farhi pnrmarrcgas ==6 qucbintras gn nstrhghs ja iujcmpca n
rndcstrhgas 850 pajtas, gcstrceugas juih igch gn = ki gn gcstjmch njtrn ui n
autra, au majfarin a cjtnrnssn bnvhjthga pnbh majgca njmajtrhgh ja hiecnjtn.
Ni mhgh pajta farhi mablcghs cjfarihns mai a cjtucta gn mhrhmtnrczhr a usa ga
saba, cjmbucjga? maipasca n nstruturh, jvnb gn majsnrvha, hbtnrha n
gndrhgha ga hiecnjtn htrhvs gn fatas n hjbcsns gh maenrturh ga saba.
H gcstrceuca ghs gcfnrnjtns tcpabadchs gn maenrturh ga saba rnfbntn
prcjmcphbinjtn h praxcicghgn gh sngn ga iujcmpca n h praxcicghgn mai hs
nstrhghs. Xuhjta ihcs bajdn gn nstrhghs n gh sngn injar a gnsihthinjta gh
rndca, n thiei injar a musta gn apartujcghgn o qun quhbqunr tcpa gn
pragua qun snoh fncth gnpnjgn gn gnsbamhinjta gn cjsuias gn drhjgns
gcstjmchs n gnpacs nsmahinjta gh pragua phrh as mnjtras majsuicgarns
thiei ni drhjgns gcstjmchs. Par cssa, hs rnhs mai hdrapnmurch n saba nxpasta
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nsta ihcs majmnjtrhghs prxcihs sngn urehjh, jh rndca anstn ga iujcmpca.
Autra fhtar qun gnfcjn h maenrturh ga saba a tcpa gn usa, o qun drhjgn phrtn ghs
rnhs mai fbarnsth ga iujcmpca, bamhbczhghs jh rndca bnstn, prxcihs gcvcsh
mai h Wnrrh Cjgdnjh ga \cjdu, sa utcbczhghs phrh ihjnoa fbarnsthb, qun h
prcjmcphb htcvcghgn nmajicmh ga iujcmpca.
Nssh sctuha rntaih h gcsmussa saern a patnjmchb ga inmhjcsia gn rnsnrvh
bndhb, o qun hs rnhs ihcs prxcihs sngn iujcmcphb farhi ni suh ihcarch
gnsihthghs hmcih ga pnrictcga phrh a usa ni htcvcghgns hdrapnmurchs n laon
nsta mai phsscva gn rnsnrvh bndhb, n hs rnhs ihcs hfhsthghs qun nsta maenrths
par fbarnsths tni vamha n patnjmchb phrh h prtcmh gn ihjnoa fbarnsthb. Au snoh,
a praprcntrca rurhb mai uih rnh gnstcjhgh ha ihjnoa fbarnsthb pagnrch hercr ia
gn gnsihthr as 50% qun tni gcrncta, pagnrch majtcjuhr ushjga nssh rnh phrh a
ihjnoa fbarnsthb n hcjgh rnmnenr uih maipnjsha ga praprcntrca qun prhtcmh h
hdrapnmurch, qun gnsihtau hbi gas 50% pnrictcgas ni suh praprcnghgn, htrhvs
gh maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb. Gnssh farih, mhgh praprcntrca pagn famhr snu
cjvnstcinjta jh htcvcghgn nmajicmh gn suh nspnmchbcghgn, n gn hmarga mai h
hptcga gn suh praprcnghgn. Cssa ui nxnipba gn maia a inmhjcsia gn
maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb pagnrch aengnmnr nxcdjmch gn nsmhbh ijcih gn
vndntha jhtcvh gn icb lnmthrns, rnh eni ihcar qun tagh h rnh
gn mubtcva gn saoh ga iujcmpca gn Bumhs ga Uca Vnrgn (mnrmh gn 5>0 icblnmthrns), ui gas ihcarns pragutarns gn saoh gn Ihta Drassa. Au snoh, mhsa snoh
passvnb dhrhjtcr h majsabcgha n inblarch gh pragutcvcghgn jh rnh o
gnsihthgh, nbh pagn snr sufcmcnjtn phrh praparmcajhr uih eah pragua
hdrapnmurch phrh a iujcmpca, n tnr suh sctuha hiecnjthb bndhbczhgh htrhvs gh
maipnjsha gh rnsnrvh bndhb ni gfcmct ni autrhs praprcnghgns. Ha insia
tnipa, a iujcmpca majsnrvh mnrmh gn 40% gn suh rnh ni fbarnsth, ajgn a gnshfca
hpravncthr a patnjmchb n vamha nmajicmh phrh majsnrvhr n praiavnr a
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ihjnoa sustnjtvnb, qun thiei pagni snr hvnrehghs maia rnsnrvh bndhb phrh
maipnjshr hs praprcnghgns ni gfcmct qun gnsihthrhi hmcih ga pnrictcga.
=.> Htcvas n phsscvas gn Unsnrvh Bndhb par praprcnghgn
]n a iujcmpca gn Ihrmnbjgch fassn uih praprcnghgn rurhb s, suh
hgnquha ni rnbha rnsnrvh bndhb nsthrch prhtcmhinjtn rnsabvcgh. Cssa parqun a
iujcmpca passuc 40% gn rnh mai maenrturh fbarnsthb n ihcs mnrmh gn 4% gn rnhs
gndrhghghs mai rvarns, mai hbth mhphmcghgn gn rndnjnrha (ehsthi tnrni snus
fhtarns gn gndrhgha, maia a fada, majtrabhgas), a qun saihrch mnrmh gn 0%, utcbczhias
phrh h hjbcsn h rnsnrvh bndhb phgra ni vcdjmch, gn
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praprcnghgns ti njtrn 800 n icb lnmthrns gn phsscvas
(Fcdurh
FCD^UH 7).
Whenbh = Htcvas n phsscvas fbarnsthcs gn rnsnrvh bndhb par praprcnghgn, ni lnmthrns
rnh gn phsscvafbarnsthb parpraprcnghgn
Jinra gnpabdajas
rnh tathb gnhtcva
rnh tathbgn phsscva
rnh gn phsscvamaipnjsvnb
rnh gnphsscva jamaipnjsvnb
: 0 (mai htcva) =80 60.0=3 - - -0 h 800 =>8 - 8=.0.>30 4.734
800 h 8 icb 574 -
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Fcdurh 7 -Htcvas n phsscvas fbarnsthcs gn rnsnrvh bndhb par praprcnghgn gn Ihrmnbjgch
Mhsa fassn hpbcmhga a inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb njtrn
taghs hs praprcnghgns gn Ihrmnbjgch snrch passvnb hpravncthr taga a htcva
fbarnsthb praparmcajhga pnbhs praprcnghgns qun tni maia htcvcghgn h nxpbarhaihgncrncrh n passuni maenrturh fbarnsthb gn ihcs gn
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iujcmpca h mrcha gn uih ujcghgn gn majsnrvha nsthguhb jh gcvcsh ga
iujcmpca mai h Wnrrh Cjgdnjh ga \cjdu, qun uih rnh gn gcfmcb hmnssa, iucta
hbhdhgch gnvcga ha rndcin lgrcma ga rca \cjdu a qun cipasscecbcth gn snrvcr phrh
hdrcmubturh au pnmurch n o utcbczhgh pnbas jgcas n majstnsthgh pnbh F^JHC.
Nssh rnh pagnrch snrvcr maia rnh phrh gnsajnrha ga phsscva rnsthjtn ga
iujcmpca, qun pravhvnbinjtn tnrch ui musta gn apartujcghgn injar ga qun sn as
praprcntrcas rurhcs farni fhznr h rnmupnrha jhs rnhs o gnsihthghs.
7 Majscgnrhns Fcjhcs
As rnsubthgas niprcmas hjhbcshgas sae h vcsa tnrcmh gh nmajaich
nmabdcmh pugnrhi hbmhjhr as aeontcvas prapastas jh ingcgh ni qun rnsshbthi h
patnjmchbcghgn ga inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb ni praparmcajhr
uih hbamha ihcs nfcmcnjtn gn rnsnrvh bndhb, ihjtnjga h gcstrceuca ousth n
nsmhbh sustnjtvnb.
Pari, phrh uih hjbcsn ihcs gnthblhgh ga patnjmchb gnssn inmhjcsia
jnmnssrch h rnhbczha gn nstugas qun majthecbczni hs gcfnrnjhs ni rnbha has
mustas gn apartujcghgn ghs gcfnrnjtns apns phrh rndubhrczha, n thiei a
phpnb qun hs cjstctucns gnsnipnjlhi jnssn inmhjcsia, qun pagn tnr nbnvhgas
mustas gn trhjsha.
Frnjtn s gcfcmubghgns samchcs qun a iujcmpca vni njfrnjthjga,
prcjmcphbinjtn ni rnbha fhbth gn rndubhrczha hiecnjthb gn suhs
praprcnghgns, n gh majsnqnjtn gcfcmubghgn gn mainrmchbczha gn suh pragua, a
inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha gn rnsnrvh bndhb sn iastrh maia ui inmhjcsia gn
drhjgn patnjmchb phrh sabumcajhr drhjgn phrtn gas praebnihs gn cbndhbcghgn qun a
iujcmpca vni njfrnjthjga, mai ui musta injar gn hgnquha.Nssn quhgra hprnsnjthga par Ihrmnbjgch uih sctuha tpcmh gn iuctas
autras iujcmpcas gn frajtncrh gh rndca Hihzjcmh, qun njmajtrhi gcfcmubghgns
phrh ui inblar gnsnjvabvcinjta n inblarch gh quhbcghgn gn vcgh pnbh cbndhbcghgn
gn suhs htcvcghgns, ihs ha insia tnipa hprnsnjthi rnhs gn fbarnsth
rnihjnsmnjtns hinhhghs pnba gnsihthinjta.
Majscgnrhjga hs mhrhmtnrstcmhs ga inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha, nsshs
rndcns gn frajtncrh snrchi as inblarns bamhcs phrh qun fassni mrchgas pradrhihs
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gn cjmnjtcva n gn nsmbhrnmcinjta saern hs vhjthdnjs ga inmhjcsia gn
maipnjsha.
Hpnshr gn nxcstcrni cjstruinjtas bndhcs saern a tnih hcjgh nxcstni iucths
gvcghs insia njtrn as tmjcmas gn rdas bcmnjmchgarns saern a inmhjcsia gn
maipnjsha. Phrh qun a inmhjcsia rnhbinjtn fujmcajn n muiprh snu aeontcva
jnmnssrca uih scstnihtczha gh bndcsbha saern a tnih n inblar gnfcjca gn
mrctrcas n gn maia a inrmhga snrch rndubhinjthga. Maia h maipnjsha
prnvcsth ni bnc fngnrhb, insia hbdujs Nsthgas tnjga h maipntjmch majmarrnjtn
gn bndcsbhr saern a tnih, jnmnssrca qun lhoh uih ihcar hrtcmubha ga davnrja
fngnrhb saern hs rndrhs n mrctrcas mrchgas pnbas Nsthgas.
Phrh nsshs htcvcghgns, as rdas nsthguhcs gn inca hiecnjtn n prnfncturhstni phpnb fujghinjthb, hssci maia ardhjczhns ja davnrjhinjthcs n
scjgcmhtas rurhcs, thjta jh iaecbczha maia jh gcfusa gn cjfarihns phrh as
pragutarns. Phrh as Nsthgas ajgn ja lauvn gnsmnjtrhbczha gh dnsta fbarnsthb,
uih phrtcmcpha ga Icjcstrca ga Inca Hiecnjtn n ga CEHIH thiei snrch
fujghinjthb phrh qun snoh fncth h gcfusa ghs cjfarihns.
Nssns phssas sa fujghinjthcs phrh qun snoh passvnb h hgnquha n
rndubhrczha hiecnjthb ghs praprcnghgns htrhvs gas cjstruinjtas prnvcstas jhbndcsbha fngnrhb n nsthguhb. Gn jhgh hgchjth nxcstcr as inblarns cjstruinjtas
bndhcs quhjga ja fujmcajhi jh prtcmh.
> Hdrhgnmcinjtas Maicssa Nurapch pnba fcjhjmchinjta ga praonta Davnrjhjh Fbarnsthb jhehmch ga \cjdu-IW qun gnu arcdni nssh pnsqucsh n MHPN] (Maargnjha gnHpnrfncahinjta gn Pnssahb gn Jvnb ]upnrcar) pnbh majmnssa gn eabsh gninstrhga. Hdrhgnmnias h mabhearha gn Bhurnjt Icmab n gn Ucmhrga Hehg, gaCjstctuta Mnjtra gn Vcgh CMV, jh majmnpa ghs hjbcsns niprcmhs n ja
pramnsshinjta gas ghgas, n nqucpn gh Prnfncturh gn Ihrmnbjgch n has tmjcmasgh ]NIH/IW pnbh mnssa gas ghgas.
6 Unfnrjmchs Ecebcadrfcmhs
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Hbstaj, B. O. & Iunbbnr, B. Bndhb Unsnrvn Unqucrninjts cj Erhzcbchj Farnsts? Phtlgnpnjgnjt nvabutcaj af tln fhmta bndcsbhtcaj. NmajaicH, ]nbnmth, Erhsbch (GF),v.->=. 5004.
Hjgrhgn, O. P. nt hb. Undcin cjtnrjhmcajhb gn njfrnjthinjta ghs iughjhsmbcitcmhs? h vcsa gh nmajaich nmabdcmh. Cj? Hssamcha Jhmcajhb gn PsDrhguha n Pnsqucsh ni Hiecnjtn n ]amcnghgn, 5006, Erhsbch, GF.
Ehmlh, M. O. M. Nfcmmch gh Pabtcmh gn Unsnrvh Bndhb ja Erhscb. Wnarch nNvcgjmch Nmajicmh. Phssa Fujga. V.8=, j.5>, p.3-54, 500>.
Enrjhrga, K. W. Hjbcsn ga xcta gas scstnihs nsthguhcs gn dnsta gn rnsnrvhsbndhcs mai fama ja inmhjcsia gn maipnjsha. Gcssnrtha (Instrhga) - Nsmabhgn Njdnjlhrch gn ]a Mhrbas, ^jcvnrscghgn gn ]a Phuba, ]a Mhrbas, 5080.
Mnrvcdjc, U. Ecagcvnrscty, cjmnjtcvns ta gnfarnst hjg trhgnhebn gnvnbapinjt rcdlts.Mnjtrn far ]amchb hjg Nmajaicm Unsnhrml aj tln Dbaehb Njvcrajinjt (M]NUDN).
833=. Tarkcjd Phpnr DNM 3=-04, ^jcvnrscty af Nhst Hjdbch, Jarwcml, Jarfabk,^K. lttp?//www.unh.hm.uk/njv/msnrdn/ puebcmhtcajs/wp/
Ghby, L. N. & Fhrbny, O. Nmabadcmhb nmajaicms ? prcjmcpbns hjg hppbcmhtcajs. 833
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Uhjcnrc, V.N.B. Unsnrvhs Bndhcs? mrctrcas phrh bamhbczha n hspnmtas gn dnsta.873f. Wnsn (Gautarhga) Nsmabh gn Njdnjlhrch gn ]a Mhrbas, ^jcvnrscghgn gn]a Phuba, ]a Mhrbas, 5007.
Uagrcduns, H. ]. B.; Nwnrs, U. I.; Phrry, B.; ]auzh OU; M. ].; Vnrcsscia, H.;Ehbifarg, H. 5003QEaai-hjg-eurst gnvnbapinjt phttnrjs hmrass tln hihzajgnfarnsthtcaj frajtcnr. ]mcnjmn. V =57 (>3==). GAC? 80.8856/smcnjmn.
]NIH. Ehsn gn ghgas ga ]cstnih gn Bcmnjmchinjta gn Praprcnghgns Uurhcs gnIhta Drassa mngcgh ha Cjstctuta Mnjtra gn Vcgh htrhvs gn hmarga gn maapnrhatmjcmh. Ghgas rnfnrnjtns ha hja gn 500