desertificaÇÃo - fundação joaquim nabuco · neison cabral ferreira freire admilson da penha...
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DESERTIFICAÇÃOANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO
Neison Cabral Ferreira FreireAdmilson da Penha Pachêco
DESERTIFICAÇÃOANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO
Recife2011
Editora
Universitária UFPE
TODOS OS DIREITOS RESERVADOS. Proibida a reprodução total ou parcial, por qualquer meio ou processo, especialmente
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a recuperação total ou parcial em qualquer sistema de processamento de dados e a inclusão de qualquer parte da obra em
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Conselho Editorial
Profa. Dra. Alexandrina Sobreira (Fundação Joaquim Nabuco)G#"2*6$H#*6$IJ.&*$K*4&(#$LM<35*9:"$N"*=<&)$O*?<."PG#"2*6$H#*6$Q(+&3*$I&3%$LR3&4(#%&5*5($M(5(#*1$5($S1*+"*%P
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Inclui referências e apêndice.UdWO$b\]D]eD\c[eDZ]fD[$$L?#"._6P
1. H(%(#A-.*9:"6$g6$h"3&'"#&8*9:"$*)?&(3'*16$c6$U)!*.'" ambienD'*1$ a$S4*1&*9:"6$Z6$H(+#*5*9:"$*)?&(3'*1$ a$K&3+i$ Lh(%"##(+&:"P6$ U6$Pacheco, Admilson da Penha. II. Titulo.
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_________________________________ Agradecimentos
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– na pessoa do Sr. Eleutério Fernandes, forneceu as imagens e os dados
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e Regina Lins.
_____________________________________________SUMÁRIO
I&%'*$5($S?#(4&*'<#*%$($d&+1*%$ ................................................................... 9
Capítulo 1 – INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................... 11
Capítulo 2 – A TRANSDISCIPLINARIDADE DA DESERTIFICAÇÃO ......... 17
g6[$a$R)*$."3.(&'<*9:"$(3=<*3'"$2(3k)(3"$*3'#i!&."$ ....................$$$$$$$[\
g6g$a$r%$&35&.*5"#(%$5"%$!#".(%%"%$5(%(#A-.*'i#&"%$ ........................... 23
Capítulo 3 – O SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO E OS SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO YBrYQsMUVS$Or$hrOUjrQShBOjr$ShWUBOjSI$ ............ 31
3.1 – O Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI) na detecção de áreas degradadas ................................................................................................. 31
c6[6[$a$G#&3.F!&"%$5"$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$ ............................. 31c6[6g$a$GHU$($Bo'#*9:"$5($U32"#)*9C(%$()$&)*+(3%$5($%*'@1&'($$$$$$$c\
3.1.3 – Detecção de áreas degradadas .........................................$$$$$$Zf
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Capítulo 4$a$S$HBYQSHStur$ShWUBOjSI$Bh$KUOYvT$RhS$7Udur$dUOvjUVS$ORhS$GBQdGBVjU7S$BdGBVjQrDjBhGrQSI$ ... 47
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Z6g$a$h*'(#&*&%$ ...........................................................................................$$$$$$Z]Z6g6[$a$H*5"%$ ...................................................................................$$$$$$$Z]
Z6g6g$a$B=<&!*)(3'"%$ .....................................................................$$$$$$efZ6g6c$a$G#"+#*)*%$V")!<'*.&"3*&%$ ..............................................$$$$$$ef
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Z6c6c$a$h*!(*)(3'"$j(),A."$ ......................................................$$$$$$\[
Z6Z$a$Q(%<1'*5"%$r?A5"%$ ..........................................................................$$$$$$\c
Capítulo 5 – CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES ................................... 77
e6[$a$B3(#+&*$($!"?#(8*T$*$5<*1&5*5($&3'#F3%(.*$5($K&3+i$a$<)*$5&%cussão ..........................................................................................................$$$$$$\\
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Referências ................................................................................................. 82
Apêndice a$h*!*$j(),A."$5*%$s#(*%$5($Q&%."$E$H(%(#A-.*9:"$3*$Região 5($K&3+i$ ................................................................... 93
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11
1. INTRODUÇÃO
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V<?*6$O*$".*%&:"/$*"$*3*1&%*#$*%$,#(*%$5($#&%."$E$5(%(#A-.*9:"/$."3%'*'"<D
se que “o processo de degradação do solo e redução de sua cobertura
4(+('*1$!#"4".*$!#(><F8"%$5($Rd}$Zg$?&1_C(%$!"#$*3"$()$'"5"$"$)<35"$($
*2('*$5&#('*)(3'($)*&%$5($gef$)&1_C(%$5($!(%%"*%z$LM"1_*$r3I&3(/$gffcP6
d()$ 5J4&5*$ (%'*%$ ."32(#`3.&*%$ &3'(#3*.&"3*&%$ #(!#(%(3'*)$ <)$
+#*35($(%2"#9"$!"1FA."$=<($!#(.&%*$(%'*#$*1&*5"$E$*9:"$(o(.<A4*$!*#*$(3D
frentar a magnitude do problema, exigindo seu profundo conhecimento
!*#*$(=<*.&"3*#$%"1<9C(%$4&,4(&%/$"35($*$V&`3.&*$($*$j(.3"1"+&*$.<)!#()$
!*!(1$!#&)"#5&*1/$*1@)$5*$(2(A4*$!*#A.&!*9:"$!"!<1*#$=<(/$*'#*4@%$5"%$
)(.*3&%)"%$ 5*$ %".&(5*5($ .&4&1$ "#+*3&8*5*/$ 5(4()$ 5(.&5&#$ *'@$ "35($ %($
!"5($*!#"4(&'*#$"%$#(.<#%"%$5"$)(&"$*)?&(3'($%()$.")!#")('(#$&##(4(#D
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n&%'"#&.*)(3'(/$*$#(+&:"$5"$%()&D,#&5"$?#*%&1(&#"$&3%(#&<D%($5(3'#"$
5($<)$)"5(1"$5($5(%(34"14&)(3'"$.<>*$?*%($(."3k)&.*$3:"$(%'*4*$*'#(D
1*5*$E%$."35&.&"3*3'(%$%".&*&%/$.<1'<#*&%$($*)?&(3'*&%$5*$#(+&:"6$S%$!"!<D
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)*3"$)<&'"$*?*&o"$5*$)@5&*$3*.&"3*16$r$5(%*-"$*'<*1$."3%&%'($()$!#"!"#$
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1*9C(%$=<($_*?&'*)$(%%*%$,#(*%$5"$%()&D,#&5"$5"$O"#5(%'(/$4&%*35"$(%'*D
?(1(.(#$<)$!"3'"$2".*1$5($5(%(34"14&)(3'"$#(+&"3*1$*<'"D%<%'(3',4(1$5($
2"#)*$)<1A5&%.&!1&3*#$($*$!*#A#$5*$.")!#((3%:"$5($=<($"$5&3*)&%)"$5*$
#(+&:"$4&#,$()$2<39:"$5"$3F4(1$5($."3_(.&)(3'"/$*1&*5"$E$!(%=<&%*$*!1&D
.*5*$($E%$&3"4*5"#*%$'@.3&.*%$5($!#"5<9:"$()$."3%"3~3.&*$.")$*%$4".*D
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($#(.&.1,4(1$5"%$1&)&'*5"%$#(.<#%"%$3*'<#*&%$5"$%()&D,#&5"$3"#5(%A3"$D$"$
y.*!&'*1$3*'<#*1z$D$($*$3(.(%%&5*5($<#+(3'($5($.#(%.&)(3'"$)*'(#&*1$5*%$
.")<3&5*5(%$%(#'*3(>*%$D$"$y.*!&'*1$."3%'#<F5"$!(1"$_")()z6
S$!(%=<&%*$!*#A<$5*$_&!i'(%($=<($=<*35"$"."##($<)$5('(#)&3*5"$
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#(%$ %i.&"D(."3k)&."%/$ *'#*4@%$5($ #(1*.&"3*)(3'"%$+("*)?&(3'*&%$ ($*3D
'#i!&."%$5&#('*)(3'($4&3.<1*5"%$*"$2(3k)(3"$"?%(#4*5"/$%(35"$!"%%F4(1$
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<)*$,#(*$+("+#,-.*$5(3")&3*5*$5($Q(+&:"$5($K&3+i/$<A1&8*35"D%($5*%$
tecnologias proporcionadas pelo Sensoriamento Remoto e Sistemas de
Y("&32"#)*9:"/$&5(3A-.*35"$*%$!"%%F4(&%$&3'(#*9C(%$(3'#($"%$)(&"%$0%&."$
($%i.&"D(."3k)&."$($(%!*.&*1&8*35"$*%$"."##`3.&*%$5(%'($2(3k)(3"$*)D
?&(3'*1$5($.*<%*%$*3'#i!&.*%6
r?>(A4"<D%(/$(3':"/$*4*1&*#$"$!"'(3.&*1$5(%'(%$&3%'#<)(3'*&%$'(.D
3"1i+&."%$ !*#*$ '*&%$ -3*1&5*5(%/$ *'#*4@%$ 5($ %@#&(%$ '()!"#*&%$ ($ )<1A(%D
pectrais de imagens de satélite combinadas com mapas digitais e dados
5(%.#&A4"%$ 5"%$ &35&.*5"#(%$ %i.&"D(."3k)&."%/$ "35(/$ 3"$ '#*3%."##(#$ 5*$
!(%=<&%*/$!#('(35(<D%($(%'*?(1(.(#$*%$ #(1*9C(%$5($ .*<%*$($(2(&'"$($5"D
.<)(3'*#$*$(4"1<9:"$5"$2(3k)(3"$3"$!(#F"5"$()$(%'<5"/$!*#*$(3':"$-D
3*1&8*#$.")$*1+<)*%$!#"!"%&9C(%$5($!#(4(39:"$($.")?*'($*"%$!#".(%%"%$
5($5(%(#A-.*9:"/$."3%.&(3'($5($=<($()$<)$%&%'()*$4&4"/$*$.")!#((3%:"$
5*%$!*#'(%$3:"$1(4*$3(.(%%*#&*)(3'($E$.")!#((3%:"$5"$'"5"/$!"&%$(%'($
3(.(%%&'*$5($<)*$."3'(o'<*1&8*9:"$'#*3%5&%.&!1&3*#$($&3'(+#*5*6
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S1@)$5&%%"/$ <)*$!#"!"%'*$)('"5"1i+&.*$ 2"&$ 2"#)<1*5*$ 3"$ %(3AD
5"$5($&3'(+#*#$5&4(#%*%$'(.3"1"+&*%$5($'#*'*)(3'"$5*$&32"#)*9:"$(%!*.&*1$
.")$"$"?>(A4"$5($."3'#&?<&#$!*#*$*$5('(.9:"$($"$.")?*'($E$5(%(#A-.*9:"$
3"$%()&D,#&5"$3"#5(%A3"$a$<)$'()*$*'<*1$($()$."3%'*3'($(4"1<9:"$3"$
meio acadêmico que desperta um profundo interesse não apenas para
*$*+(35*$+"4(#3*)(3'*1$?#*%&1(&#*/$.")"$'*)?@)$!*#*$'"5*%$*%$3*9C(%$
que lidam com o problema.
r%$*%!(.'"%$."3.(&'<*&%$#(2(#(3'(%$E$5(%(#A-.*9:"$.")"$<)$2(3kD
)(3"$3&A5*)(3'($*3'#i!&."$2"#*)$'#*'*5"%$3"$Capítulo 2, passando pela
*3,1&%($5($%(<%$&35&.*5"#(%$5($%&'<*9:"$L%i.&"D(."3k)&."%$($.1&),A."%P$($
(%!(.&-.*)(3'($5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$L4(+('*9:"/$%"1"%$($#(.<#%"%$_F5#&."%P/$
*)?"%$."3%*+#*5"%$!(1*$1&'(#*'<#*$.&(3l-.*$*'<*16$V*#*.'(#F%A.*%$0%&.*%$
($%<%.(A?&1&5*5(%$5*$#(+&:"$%()&D,#&5*$2"#*)$5(%.#&'*%/$&5(3A-.*35"$"%$
3J.1("%$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$($(32".*35"$*$=<(%':"$5*%$%(.*%$.")"$<)$2*'"#$
&)!"#'*3'(/$()?"#*$3:"$5('(#)&3*3'(/$5"%$!#".(%%"%$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"/$
*1@)$5"%$ &)!*.'"%$ *)?&(3'*&%/$ %".&*&%$ ($ (."3k)&."%6$ G(1*$ &)!"#'~3.&*$
(%!(.'#"D'(o'<*1/$"%$(."%%&%'()*%$"35($!#(5")&3*)$*$."?(#'<#*$4(+('*1$
5($V**A3+*$2"#*)$5(%.#&'"%$5('*1_*5*)(3'($()$%(<%$5")F3&"%$3*'<#*&%$
.")$#(1*9:"$E%$5&2(#(39*%$-%&"3k)&.*%$L!"#'(/$5(3%&5*5(/$(%!@.&($($o(#"D
-1&%)"P6$S%%&)/$*$V**A3+*$2"&$5(-3&5*$.")"$<)*$)*'*$'#"!&.*1$%(.*/$=<($
*!#(%(3'*$.*#*.'(#F%A.*%$#(1*.&"3*5*%$E$5(-.&`3.&*$_F5#&.*/$.")$!1*3'*%$
_(#?,.(*%$*3<*&%/$ %<.<1`3.&*/$*.J1("%$($(%!&3_"%/$ %(35"$."3%A'<F5*$5($
4(+('*&%$1(3_"%"%$($.")$<)*$.")!"%&9:"$�"#F%A.*$3:"$<3&2"#)(/$#(%<1D
'*35"$3<)$*1'"$+#*<$5($?&"5&4(#%&5*5(6$M"&$'*)?@)$'#*'*5*$*$=<(%':"$5"$
5(%*-"$5"$5(%(34"14&)(3'"$%<%'(3',4(1$3"$%()&D,#&5"$3"#5(%A3"$?#*%&D
1(&#"/$"35($*$5&*1@A.*$5"%$1&)&'*5"%$#(.<#%"%$3*'<#*&%$($*$3(.(%%&5*5($5($
.#(%.&)(3'"$(."3k)&."$5*%$!"!<1*9C(%$4()$%($."34(#'(35"$3<)*$!#("D
.<!*9:"$!#&"#&',#&*$5($!#"+#*)*%$+"4(#3*)(3'*&%6
O Capítulo 3$(%'<5"<$"$!"'(3.&*1$5"$&3%'#<)(3'*1$+("'(.3"1i+&."$
5&%!"3F4(1$%"?$"$!"3'"$5($4&%'*$5"$)(&"$*)?&(3'(/$<%"$5"$%"1"$($*3,1&%(%$
(%!*.&*&%$?*%(*5*%$()$!#".(%%"%$(%!*9"D'()!"#*&%$($)"5(1"%$0%&."%$($
%i.&"D(."3k)&."%6$r$ d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$ .")$"$ G#".(%%*)(3'"$H&D
+&'*1$5($U)*+(3%/$%<*%$'@.3&.*%$($#(%<1'*5"%$"?A5"%$()$#(1(4*3'(%$'#*?*D
1_"%$.&(3l-."%$%"?#($"$'()*$2"#*)$*?"#5*5"%$5('*1_*5*)(3'(6
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$[e
G*#*$*$(o'#*9:"$5*%$&32"#)*9C(%$(%!*.&*&%$($5(4&5"$E$(o'(3%*$3*D
'<#(8*$+("+#,-.*$5*$#(+&:"/$'"#3"<D%($&)!#(%.&35F4(1$*$4&%:"$%&3iA.*$!#"D
!"#.&"3*5*$!(1*%$&)*+(3%$5($%*'@1&'(/$*1&*5*%$E%$!"%%&?&1&5*5(%$5($*3,1&D
ses temporais e espectrais dos sensores remotos. Foram coletados dados
*)?&(3'*&%$#(2(#(3'(%$*"%$F35&.(%$!1<4&")@'#&."%$5"$!(#F"5"$()$(%'<5"/$
4(#&-.*35"D%($=<*&%$ *%$)(1_"#(%$5*'*%$5($*=<&%&9:"$5*%$ .(3*%$"#?&'*&%/$
."3%&5(#*35"D%($!&."%$)(3%*&%$*.<)<1*5"%$5($)F3&)"$($5($),o&)"$()$
.&.1"%$ .1&),A."%6$r%$5*5"%/$)@'"5"%/$!*#~)('#"%/$!#"+#*)*%$.")!<'*D
.&"3*&%/$(=<&!*)(3'"%$(1('#k3&."%/$!#".(5&)(3'"%/$*3,1&%(%/$!(%=<&%*$5($
.*)!"$ ($ #(%<1'*5"%$ "?A5"%$ 3*$ (o!(#&)(3'*9:"$ 1*?"#*'"#&*1$ 2"#*)/$ (3D
tão, detalhados no Capítulo 46$H*'*%/$ &)*+(3%$5($ %*'@1&'(/$)*!*%/$ #"AD
3*%/$!#"+#*)*%$($#"A3*%$(%!(.F-."%/$5*5"%$!1<4&")@'#&."%/$.(3%&',#&"%$($
%i.&"D(."3k)&."%$2"#*)$<A1&8*5"%$5(3'#"$5($<)$)"5(1"$)('"5"1i+&."$($
."3.(&'<*1$4&%*35"$*$&)!1()(3'*9:"$5($<)$dUY$=<($!<5(%%($)"5(1*#$"$
)<35"$#(*1$5*$,#(*$5($(%'<5"$(/$*%%&)/$'"#3*#D%($.*!*8$5($#(%!"35(#$E%$
5()*35*%$"?>('"$5(%'*$!(%=<&%*6$S'#*4@%$5"$.#<8*)(3'"$5($5&4(#%"%$5*D
5"%$(%!*.&*&%$($5(%.#&A4"%$()$%@#&(%$'()!"#*&%$L[b]b$a$[bbe$a$gffcP/$2"&$
então estabelecida uma metodologia para abordar o problema acadêmico
%"?$<)$!"3'"$5($4&%'*$*1&.(#9*5"$()$<)$3"4"$!*#*5&+)*$'(.3"1i+&."T$*$
&3'(+#*9:"$5"$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$($5"%$d&%'()*%$5($Y("&32"#)*9:"/$
*!"&*35"D%($()$%<*%$'@.3&.*%$5($.1*%%&-.*9:"$%<!(#4&%&"3*5*$($5($*3,1&%($
(%!*.&*16$G*#*$4*1&5*#$"%$#(%<1'*5"%$"?A5"%$()$1*?"#*'i#&"/$<)$."3><3'"$
5($!"3'"%D"?>('"$+("##(2(#(3.&*5"%$2"&$&5(3A-.*5"$3"$.*)!"$($(3':"$5"D
.<)(3'*5"$!"#$2"'"+#*-*%$5&+&'*&%$5"$*)?&(3'($()$(%'<5"6
r?%(#4*35"D%($*$1&'(#*'<#*$%"?#($"$'()*$($5($!"%%($5"%$#(%<1'*5"%$
"#&+&3*5"%$3"$.*!F'<1"$*3'(#&"#/$"$Capítulo 5 conclui a pesquisa ao anaD
lisar, inicialmente, o paradoxo existente na região entre a modernidade
representada pela geração de energia elétrica que alimenta boa parte do
O"#5(%'($*$!*#A#$5*$ &3%'*1*9:"$5*$R%&3*$n&5#(1@'#&.*$5($K&3+i$()$[bb^$
(/$ !"#$ "<'#"$ 1*5"/$ "$ #(.#<5(%.&)(3'"$ 5"%$ &35&.*5"#(%$ %i.&"D*)?&(3'*&%$
3"%$)<3&.F!&"%$.&#.<34&8&3_"%$E$<%&3*6$r%$5*5"%$)"%'#*#*)/$(3-)/$=<(/$
()?"#*$<A1&8*35"$<)$!"5(#"%"$#(.<#%"$3*'<#*1/$*$+(#*9:"$5($(3(#+&*$3:"$
'#"<o($#&=<(8*$(."3k)&.*$E%$!"!<1*9C(%$5(%'*$!"#9:"$5"$%()&D,#&5"$3"#D
5(%A3"/$)*%$%&)$<)$*+#*4*)(3'"$5*$5(+#*5*9:"$*)?&(3'*1/$&3%(#&35"$*$
#(+&:"$3<)$."3'(o'"$.#(%.(3'($5($%<%.(A?&1&5*5($E$5(%(#A-.*9:"$($."3D
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%(={(3'($*<)(3'"$5"%$F35&.(%$5($!"?#(8*6$r$.*!F'<1"$-3*1&8*$*"$"?%(#4*#$
*1+<)*%$!#"!"%&9C(%$5($!"1FA.*%$!J?1&.*%$5($ ."34&4`3.&*$ .")$*$ %(.*$($
.")?*'($E$5(%(#A-.*9:"/$(4&'*35"/$*%%&)/$"$1<+*#$.")<)$5*$.*',%'#"2(/$
tão presente nesta área do conhecimento aplicado.
H(%%($)"5"/$*$(o!(#&)(3'*9:"$1*?"#*'"#&*1$4*1&5*5*$()$!(%=<&%*%$
5($ .*)!"$ (4&5(3.&"<$ "$ *+#*4*)(3'"$ 5"$ !#"?1()*$ 5*$ 5(+#*5*9:"$ *)D
?&(3'*1$3*$#(+&:"$5($K&3+i$3*$J1A)*$5@.*5*$5"$%@.<1"$!*%%*5"/$"35($%($
."3%'*'"</$!"#$(o()!1"/$"$*<)(3'"$5($.(#.*$5($b[|$5($%"1"$(o!"%'"$3"$
!(#F"5"$[b]b$a$gffc/$>,$#(!#(%(3'*35"$[6\[e/\[$�)�$5*$,#(*$'"'*1$5($(%D
'<5"$LZ6Zfe/gb$�)�P$(3'#($"%$%(&%$)<3&.F!&"%$.&#.<34&8&3_"%$E$R%&3*$n&5#(D
1@'#&.*$5($K&3+i$L()$S1*+"*%T$r1_"$Hqs+<*$5"$V*%*5"/$G&#*3_*%$($G:"D5(D
S9J.*#/$($()$d(#+&!(T$G"9"$Q(5"35"/$V*3&35@$5"$d:"$M#*3.&%."$($G"#'"$5*$
M"1_*P6$S%%&)/$"?%(#4"<D%(/$!"#$(o()!1"/$=<($*$.1*%%($V**A3+*$S#?<%A4*$
2"&$'"'*1)(3'($5(+#*5*5*$()$)*&%$5($^b|$D$F35&.($*)?&(3'*1$*1*#)*3'($
.")$+#*35(%$!#(><F8"%$E$?&"5&4(#%&5*5(/$E$2(#A1&5*5($5"$%"1"$($*"$*<)(3D
'"$5"$`o"5"$#<#*1/$5(3'#($"<'#*%$."3%(={`3.&*%$3(+*A4*%6$V"3%&5(#*35"D
%($*$2#*+&1&5*5($5"%$(."%%&%'()*%$5*$V**A3+*$($*$ 1(3'*$#(%'*<#*9:"$5"%$
recursos ambientais desta biota, o problema ganha uma dimensão ainda
maior.
V"3.1<&35"/$*$!(%=<&%*$*!#(%(3'*$"%$!#&3.&!*&%$#(%<1'*5"%$"?A5"%/$
2*8(35"$<)*$*?"#5*+()$-3*1$!*3"#~)&.*$%"?#($"$."3><3'"$#(2(#(3.&*5"/$
%<*$."3'#&?<&9:"$.&(3l-.*$($#(1(4~3.&*$!*#*$"$."3_(.&)(3'"$.&(3l-."$%"D
bre o tema da !"#"$%&'()*+/$(%!(.&*1)(3'($3*$Q(+&:"$5($K&3+i6
[\
2. A TRANSDISCIPLINARIDADE DA DESERTIFICAÇÃO1
2.1 Uma conceituação enquanto fenômeno antrópico
O termo !"#"$%&'()*+$'()$<)*$5(-3&9:"$"-.&*1$(%'*?(1(.&5*$!(1*$
ONU. Durante a CNUMAD, em 1992, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a AssemD
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setembro de 2003, constatou que “o processo de degradação do solo e
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cessamento Digital de Imagens em Sensoriamento Remoto esclarecem a
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presenta um marco referencial de consenso entre os pesquisadores da
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3*#$5($G#"!(3%:"$E$H(%(#A-.*9:"z/$."3%'#<&35"$<)*$)*'#&8$5($4*#&,4(&%$
3*'<#*&%/$*+#F."1*%/$(."3k)&.*%/$5()"+#,-.*%$($%".*&%/$5&#('*)(3'($#(1*D
g] Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
.&"3*5*%$.")$"$2(3k)(3"6$S!1&.*35"$<)$)"5(1"$(%'*l%A."$)<1A4*#&*D
5"/$"%$*<'"#(%$(1*?"#*#*)$<)$F35&.($!*#*$5('(.9:"$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$3"$
V(*#,/$?*%(*5"$3"%$&35&.*5"#(%$!#"!"%'"%$!(1*$V"34(39:"$%"?#($H(%(#D
A-.*9:"$5*$rOR6$RA1&8*#*)$<)*$2"#)<1*9:"$)*'(),A.*$2<35*)(3'*5*$
()$^e$4*#&,4(&%$=<($#(!#(%(3'*%%()$!#"!(3%:"$E$5(%(#A-.*9:"6$B3'#(D
'*3'"/$5(4&5"$E$(%.*1*$5"$!#"?1()*$3*$4*%'*$#(+&:"$()$(%'<5"/$"$)@'"D
5"$5(&o*$5($"?%(#4*#$*%$4*#&*9C(%$(%!*.&*&%$)(3.&"3*5*%$!"#$dShGSUr$
�$dShGSUr$LgffgP/$*"$."3%&5(#*#$*$<3&5*5($5($!(%=<&%*$!"#$)<3&.F!&"/$
excluindo, por exemplo, as possibilidades de dados espectrais e temporais
oriundos das imagens orbitais.
G(1*%$2*.&1&5*5(%$5($S3,1&%($B%!*.&*1$.")$5*5"%$*54&35"%$5($&)*D
+(3%$5($%*'@1&'(/$SVVUrI�$('$*11&$Lgff[P$*-#)*)$=<($y<)$5"%$&35&.*5"#(%$
5*$5(%(#A-.*9:"$@$*$#(5<9:"$5*$."?(#'<#*$5($!1*3'*%$!(#(3(%z/$*1&*5"$E$
5(+#*5*9:"$5"%$%"1"%$()$,#(*%$.")$)(3"#$."?(#'<#*$4(+('*16$d(+<35"$"%$
*<'"#(%/$(%'*%$5<*%$."35&9C(%$!#"4".*)$"$*<)(3'"$5"$*1?(5"$5*%$%<!(#D
0.&(%$%<>(&'*%$E$5(+#*5*9:"6
Portanto, no contexto desta pesquisa, referente aos indicadores de
5(%(#A-.*9:"/$"?%(#4"<D%($=<(T
*P$"$."3%(3%"$5*%$#(2(#`3.&*%$?&?1&"+#,-.*%$&35&.*$*%$#(*&%$!"%%&?&D
1&5*5(%$5($(o'#*9:"$5($&32"#)*9C(%$!(#A3(3'(%$E$5('(.9:"$5($
!#".(%%"%$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$*'#*4@%$5($&)*+(3%$5($%*'@1&'(m
?P$*$.")!1(o&5*5($5"%$&35&.*5"#(%$!#"!"%'"%$($*%$#(*&%$."35&9C(%$
5($*=<&%&9:"$5($5*5"%$3"$~)?&'"$5($<)*$!(%=<&%*$*.*5`)&.*$
3"$W#*%&1$3:"$!(#)&'()$<)*$*?#*3+`3.&*$<3&4(#%*1$5"%$&35&.*D
dores propostos;
.P$<)*$.")?&3*9:"$5($ &35&.*5"#(%$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$!"5($'#*8(#$
<)*$4*1&"%*$."3'#&?<&9:"$E$!(%=<&%*$.&(3l-.*$3*$#(+&:"$()$(%D
'<5"/$*$!*#A#$5*$)*3&!<1*9:"$($*3,1&%($5"%$5*5"%$5&%!"3F4(&%$($
%&+3&-.*A4"%$!*#*$*$(%.*1*$($,#(*$5($(%'<5"$!#"!"%'*m
5P$ *$ <#+`3.&*$ =<($ "$ !#"?1()*$ #(=<(#$ 2#(3'($ *"%$ 3"4"%$ 5(%*-"%$
para a sociedade brasileira, especialmente no campo do desenD
4"14&)(3'"$ %<%'(3',4(1/$ ><%A-.*)$ *$ *=<&%&9:"/$ )"5(1*+()$ ($
'#*'*)(3'"$5"%$5*5"%$5"$)*&"#$3J)(#"$!"%%F4(1$5"%$&35&.*5"D
res propostos pelos autores.
29
R)*$4(8$=<($"%$%"1"%$!#(5")&3*3'(%$3*$,#(*$5($(%'<5"$'`)$.*D
#*.'(#F%A.*%$%()(1_*3'(%$=<*3'"$E$2#*+&1&5*5($L(#"%:"P$($5(-.&`3.&*$()$
)*'@#&*$ "#+~3&.*$ LdRHBOB/$ [b\em$ BhWQSGS/$ [bbbP/$ ."3%&5(#"<D%($ !*#*$
*$5('(.9:"$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$3*$,#(*$5($(%'<5"$"%$%(+<&3'(%$&35&.*5"#(%/$
5*$.1*%%&-.*9:"$!#"!"%'*$!"#$hSjSIIr$L[bbbP$($=<($%:"$(%%(3.&*&%$E$.")D
!#((3%:"$5"$2(3k)(3"$3*$Q(+&:"$5($K&3+iT
*P$U35&.*5"#(%$5($d&'<*9:"T
�$G#(.&!&'*9:"$G1<4&")@'#&.*
?P$U35&.*5"#(%$5($H(%(#A-.*9:"T
�$V"?(#'<#*$7(+('*1
�$B%'#*A-.*9:"$5*$7(+('*9:"
�$R%"$5"$d"1"$S+#F."1*
�$H(3%&5*5($H()"+#,-.*
31
3. O SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO E OS SISTEMAS
HB$UOMrQhStur$YBrYQsMUVS$Or
hrOUjrQShBOjr$ShWUBOjSI
3.1 O Processamento Digital de Imagens (PDI) na detecção de áreas de-gradadas
c6[6[$G#&3.F!&"%$5"$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"
O Sensoriamento Remoto trata da aquisição de dados de um obD
>('"$"<$.(3*$!"#$<)$%(3%"#$=<($(%',$5&%'*3'($5"%$*14"%$LVrIpBII/$[b]cP6$
M"'"+#*-*%$*@#(*%/$&)*+(3%$5($%*'@1&'($($5($#*5*#$%:"$(o()!1"%$5($!#"5<D
'"%$+(#*5"%$*$!*#A#$5($5&%!"%&A4"%$#()"'*)(3'($%(3%"#&*5"%6
r%$ %(3%"#(%$ <A1&8*5"%$ ()$ d(3%"#&*)(3'"$ Q()"'"$ ?*%&.*)(3'($
#(+&%'#*)$*$#*5&*9:"$(1('#")*+3@A.*$a$<)*$(3(#+&*$'#*3%)&A5*$!(1"$(%D
!*9"$3*$2"#)*$5($"35*%$(1@'#&.*%$($)*+3@A.*%$LdjSQ$�$BdjBd/$[bbfP6$NBOD
dBO$L[bbbP$*-#)*$=<($"%$%(3%"#(%$#()"'"%$%:"$2(&'"%$!"#$5('(.'"#(%$=<($
#(+&%'#*)$.")!#&)(3'"%$5($"35*$(%!(.F-."%$3"$(%!(.'#"$(1('#")*+3@AD
."6$B%'($(%!(.'#"$*?#*3+($"$&3'(#4*1"$5($#*5&*9:"$(1('#")*+3@A.*$=<($4*&$
5(%5($*%$"35*%$.i%)&.*%/$*'@$*%$"35*%$5($#,5&"6
S$5&2(#(39*$3"$.")!#&)(3'"$5($"35*$5*$(3(#+&*$(1('#")*+3@A.*$
(%',$5&#('*)(3'($#(1*.&"3*5*$.")$*$=<*3A5*5($5($(3(#+&*$=<($*$"35*$
.*##(+*/$5&2(#(3.&*35"/$*%%&)/$*%$2"#)*%$5($#*5&*9:"$L#(�(A5*$($()&A5*$
a$"<$'(#)*1P/$!"5(35"D%($*-#)*#$=<($=<*3'"$)(3"#$"$.")!#&)(3'"$5($
"35*$5*$#*5&*9:"/$)*&"#$@$*$%<*$(3(#+&*$LOr7r/$[b]bP6
Segundo MOREIRA (2003), “para o sensoriamento remoto, a enerD
+&*$%"1*#$@$*$?*%($5($'"5"%$"%$!#&3.F!&"%$()$=<($%($2<35*)(3'*$(%%*$'(.D
3"1"+&*z/$!"&%$)(%)"$"%$%(3%"#(%$*A4"%/$.")"$"%$#*5*#(%/$3(.(%%&'*)$5*$
#*5&*9:"$%"1*#$!*#*$)*3'(#$%<*%$#(%(#4*%$5($(3(#+&*/$3(.(%%,#&*%$*"$2<3D
32 Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
.&"3*)(3'"$5"%$(=<&!*)(3'"%$($!(#)*3`3.&*$()$i#?&'*$5*$j(##*6$yx<*3D
5"$"$d"1$@$<A1&8*5"$.")"$2"3'($5($(3(#+&*/$()$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"/$
"$=<($%($)(5($@$*$(3(#+&*$#(�(A5*$!(1"%$5&4(#%"%$"?>('"%$5*$%<!(#0.&($
'(##(%'#(z$LUOGB/$gff[P6
r$!#".(%%"$5($2<%:"$3<.1(*#$=<($"."##($3*$8"3*$#*5&"*A4*$5"$d"1$
!#"5<8$4,#&*%$#*5&*9C(%$(1('#")*+3@A.*%/$.")$5&2(#(3'(%$.")!#&)(3'"%$
5($"35*$."3A5"%$3"$&3'(#4*1"$(3'#($f/c$*$Z/f$�)/$%(35"$!"#$(%'*$#*8:"$5(D
3")&3*5*%$5($"35*%$.<#'*%6$G"#$"<'#"$1*5"/$*%$y#*5&*9C(%$!#"5<8&5*%$!(1*$
emissão de energia da Terra são chamadas de ondas longas. Alem disso,
"$d"1$()&'($#*5&*9C(%$(1('#")*+3@A.*%$.")$5&2(#(3'(%$ &3'(3%&5*5(%$#*D
5&*3'(%/$($*%$5($)*&"#(%$&3'(3%&5*5(%$1".*1&8*)D%($3*$#(+&:"$5"$4&%F4(1$($
5"$&32#*4(#)(1_"$!#io&)"z$LhrQBUQS/$gffcP/$"35($*$)*&"#&*$5*%$*A4&5*D
5(%$()$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$@$5(%(34"14&5*6$r<'#*%$#(+&C(%/$"<$2*&o*%$
.")!C()$"$(%!(.'#"$(1('#")*+3@A."/$5($*."#5"$.")$%<*%$.*#*.'(#F%A.*%$
0%&.*%$5($5('(.9:"$5($(3(#+&*$LNBOdBO/$[bbbP6
r%$%(3%"#(%$%:"$(=<&!*)(3'"%$2"#)*5"%$!"#$%&%'()*%$2"'"+#,-."%$
"<$i!A."D(1('#k3&."%$<A1&8*5"%$!*#*$*$."1('*$5*$(3(#+&*$(1('#")*+3@A.*$
#(�(A5*$"<$()&A5*$!(1"%$*14"%$'(##(%'#(%/$."34(#'(35"D*$()$%&3*1$!*%D
%F4(1$ 5($ %(#$ #(+&%'#*5"$!*#*$ <)*$!"%'(#&"#$ (o'#*9:"$5($ &32"#)*9C(%$ 5"$
*)?&(3'($LOr7r/$[b]bP6$r$UOGB$Lgff[P$*-#)*$=<($"%$(1()(3'"%$?,%&."%$
5*$2*%($5($*=<&%&9:"$5($5*5"%$!(1"%$%(3%"#(%$%:"T$y(3(#+&*$#*5&*3'(/$2"3'($
5($#*5&*9:"/$"?>('"$L*14"P/$'#*>('i#&*$($%(3%"#$L%&%'()*$5($&)*+(*)(3'"$
i!A."$($5('(.'"#Pz6
r$.&.1"$'"'*1$5"$!#".(%%"$(34"14($%&)<1'*3(*)(3'($*$()&%%:"/$*?D
%"#9:"/$#(�(o:"$($'#*3%)&%%:"$5*$(3(#+&*$(1('#")*+3@A.*6$O(%'($!#".(%D
%"/$*$*')"%2(#*$&3'(#*+($.")$*$#*5&*9:"$%"1*#/$&3'(#2(#&35"$3*$(3(#+&*$-3*1$
registrada pelo sensor (FLORENZANO, 2002). De fato, segundo MOREIRA
(2003), para o Sensoriamento Remoto, “o estudo da atmosfera terrestre
.")"$<)$'"5"$@$2<35*)(3'*1/$!"#=<($."3%A'<&$<)$)(&"$3*'<#*1$=<($&3D
'(#2(#($'*3'"$3*$#*5&*9:"$&3.&5(3'($L&##*5&~3.&*P/$=<*3'"$3*$!*#'($5*$#*5&*D
9:"$=<($@$#(�(A5*$"<$()&A5*$L#*5&~3.&*P$!(1"%$*14"%$5*$%<!(#0.&($=<(/$
(4(3'<*1)(3'(/$%(#,$."1('*5*$!(1"%$%&%'()*%$%(3%"#(%z/$)*3&2(%'*35"D%($
3*$'#*>('i#&*$L2(3k)(3"%$5($#(2#*9:"$($5&2#*9:"P/$3*$4(1".&5*5($($*?%"#D
9:"$()$5('(#)&3*5*%$2*&o*%$5"$(%!(.'#"$(1('#")*+3@A."6$S"$*'#*4(%%*#$*$
*')"%2(#*$'(##(%'#($($._(+*#$E$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#(/$*$#*5&*9:"$%"1*#$@$2"#D
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$33
'()(3'($*'(3<*5*$!(1*$y#(�(o:"/$(%!*1_*)(3'"$($*?%"#9:"$!(1"%$."3%AD
'<&3'(%$*')"%2@#&."%/$!"#$!*#l.<1*%$5&%!(#%*%$($3<4(3%z6
H(4&5"$E%$5&2(#(3'(%$!#"!#&(5*5(%$?&"D0%&."D=<F)&.*%/$'"5"%$"%$*1D
4"%$5*$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#($L#"._*%/$."#!"%$5q,+<*/$4(+('*9:"/$('.6P$*?%"#D
4()$<)*$!"#9:"$(%!(.F-.*$5"$(%!(.'#"$(1('#")*+3@A."/$!(#)&A35"$<)*$
*%%&3*'<#*$&5(3A-.,4(1$5($#*5&*9:"$(1('#")*+3@A.*6$S%%&)/$."3_(.(35"$
=<*1$.")!#&)(3'"$5($"35*$@$*?%"#4&5"$!"#$<)$5('(#)&3*5"$*14"$($'*)D
?@)$=<*1$*$&3'(3%&5*5($5($%<*$#(�(.'~3.&*/$'"#3*D%($!"%%F4(1$*3*1&%*#$<)*$
&)*+()$5($d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$($"?'(#()D%($&3'(#!#('*9C(%$*.<#*5*%$
5($<)*$5('(#)&3*5*$.(3*$"#?&'*1$LdRUjd/$[b]cm$djSQ$�$BdjBd/$[bbfP6$B%%($
.")!"#'*)(3'"$(%!(.'#*1$5"%$*14"%$@$._*)*5"$5($y*%%&3*'<#*$(%!(.'#*1z/$
"<$ %(>*/$ <)$4*1"#$ (%!(.F-."$5($ #(�(.'~3.&*$ 5(3'#"$ 5"$ (%!(.'#"$ (1('#"D
)*+3@A."$LM&+<#*$gP/$!(#)&A35"$*"$d(3%"#&*)(3'"$Q()"'"$5&%A3+<&#$"%$
5&4(#%"%$)*'(#&*&%$"<$*14"%$(3'#($%&6
M&+<#*$g$a$V<#4*%$(%!(.'#*&%$5($5&2(#(3'(%$*14"%6
M"3'(T$MIrQBO�SOr$LgffgP6
d(+<35"$Or7r$ L[b]bP/$ "%$ %(3%"#(%$ !"5()$ %(#$ .1*%%&-.*5"%$ ()$
!*%%&4"%$"<$*A4"%6$r%$%(3%"#(%$!*%%&4"%$5('(.'*)$*$#*5&*9:"$%"1*#$#(�(D
A5*$"<$*$#*5&*9:"$()&A5*$!(1"%$"?>('"%$5*$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#(/$5(!(3D
dendo, portanto, “de uma fonte de radiação externa para que possam
cZ Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
"!(#*#z/$ .")"/$ !"#$ (o()!1"/$ "%$ %&%'()*%$ 2"'"+#,-."%6$ G"#$ "<'#"$ 1*5"/$
"%$%(3%"#(%$*A4"%$!#"5<8()$%<*$!#i!#&*$#*5&*9:"/$.")"$"%$#*5*#(%/$!"#$
exemplo.
r<'#*$ .1*%%&-.*9:"$5&8$ #(%!(&'"$*"$A!"$5($!#"5<'"$+(#*5"$!(1"%$
%(3%"#(%$"#?&'*&%/$5&4&5&35"D%($()T
*P$ O:"D&)*+(*5"#(%T$ 3:"$ 2"#3(.()$ <)*$ &)*+()$ 5*$ %<!(#0.&($
%(3%"#&*5*m$.")"$(o()!1"/$"%$#*5&k)('#"%$L.")$%*F5*$()$5F+&D
'"%$"<$+#,-."%P$($"%$(%!(.'#"D#*5&k)('#"%$L<A1&8*5"%$!*#*$*%%&D
3*'<#*$(%!(.'#*1$5"%$*14"%Pm
?P$U)*+(*5"#(%T$2"#3(.()$&32"#)*9C(%$%"?#($*$4*#&*9:"$(%!*.&*1$
5*$ #(%!"%'*$ (%!(.'#*1$ 5*$ %<!(#0.&($ "?%(#4*5*$ L.(3*P/$ %(35"$
!"%%F4(1$+(#*#$&)*+(3%$5(%'*$%<!(#0.&(6$d<?5&4&5()D%($()T
(1) sistema de quadros (;.$*&PT$ *5=<&#()$ *$ &)*+()$5*$ .(3*$
em sua totalidade num mesmo instante, como, por exemplo, as
&)*+(3%$QW7$LReturn Beam VidiconP/$."1('*5*%$E$?"#5"$5"%$%*D
'@1&'(%$I*35dSj$[/$g$($c/$>,$5(%*A4*5"%m
LgP$%&%'()*$5($4*##(5<#*T
�$)(.~3&.*T$<A1&8*$<)$%&%'()*$i!A."$+#*35(D*3+<1*#/$"35($
*$.(3*$@$.*!'*5*$*'#*4@%$5($<)$*##*3>"$1&3(*#$5($5('(.D
tores ou elemento de resolução (pixelP/$E$)(5&5*$=<($*$
!1*'*2"#)*$%($1".")"4($*"$1"3+"$5*$i#?&'*/$%(35"$()$%(D
+<&5*$."34(#A5"$!*#*$<)$%&3*1$5&+&'*1$!*%%F4(1$5($'#*3%D
missão; são exemplos os sensores MSS (LandSAT 1, 2 e 3)
($jh$LI*35dSj$Z/$e$($\P6
�$(1('#k3&.*T$'()$"$)(%)"$!#&3.F!&"$5($2<3.&"3*)(3'"$5"$
*3'(#&"#/$!"#@)$<A1&8*35"$<)$%&%'()*$(1('#"Di!A."D(1(D
'#k3&."/$"35($"%$5*5"%$%:"$"#&+&3*5"%$5&+&'*1)(3'(m$%:"$
(o()!1"%$"%$%(3%"#(%$nQ7$LdGrj$Z$($ePm
h<&'"%$%:"$"%$%&%'()*%$"#?&'*&%$()$*A4&5*5($*'<*1)(3'(6$O*%$*!1&D
.*9C(%$.&4&%/$5(%'*.*)D%($"%$%&%'()*%$5($"?%(#4*9:"$5*$j(##*/$.")$)<1AD
?*35*%$($)<1AD%(3%"#(%/$'*&%$.")"$"$I*35dSj$e$jh$($\$Bjh�/$"$dGrj$Z$($
e/$"$U�"3"%$g$/$"$x<&.�W/$"$S%'(#$($"$VWBQdDg6
De uma maneira em geral, esses sistemas apresentam as seguintes
!#()&%%*%T
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ce
�$v#?&'*T
�$V&#.<1*#/$!*#*$+*#*3A#$ &)*+(3%$5($5&2(#(3'(%$#(+&C(%$5*$j(##*$
com mesma escala e resolução;
�$ d"1D%F3.#"3*T$ %F3.#"3*$ .")$"$d"1$ L_(1&"%%F3.#"3"P/$ +*#*3A35"$
."35&9C(%$."3%'*3'(%$5($&1<)&3*9:"$5*$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#(m$L*1D
A'<5($5($gff$*$[6fff$�)Pm
�$G"1*#T$5&#(9:"$.&#.<1*#$3"#'($a$%<1$=<($!(#)&'($"?%(#4*#$'"5*$*$
%<!(#0.&($5*$j(##*m$&3.1&3*9:"$5($bf�m$*1A'<5($5($gff$*$[6fff$�)m
�$Y("(%'*.&"3,#&*T$&3.1&3*9:"$5($f�/$."3%A'<&35"D%($5($<)*$J3&D
.*$i#?&'*$*.&)*$5"$B=<*5"#/$)*3'(35"/$5(%%*$2"#)*/$*$)(%)*$
!"%&9:"$()$ #(1*9:"$*$<)$!"3'"$-o"$3*$ %<!(#0.&($($"?'(35"$
%()!#($&)*+(3%$5*$)(%)*$2*.($5*$j(##*m$*1A'<5($5($ce6fff$�)m
�$U)*+(*)(3'"$.F.1&."$5*$%<!(#0.&(/$+*#*3A35"$"?%(#4*9C(%$!(#&D
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diferentes áreas de aplicação.
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OF4(1 Correção
OF4(1$fQ Dados brutos com as bandas espectrais alinhadas espacialmente
OF4(1$[Y Imagem com correção radiometrica sem associação com sistema de projeção
OF4(1$[Y U)*+()$.")$."##(9C(%$#*5&")('#&.*$($+(")@'#&.*$*%%".&*5*$*$um sistema de projeção
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monitoramento ambiental para estes sensores.
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nais dedicados, onde as imagens brutas são processadas, analisadas e maD
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ra espectral.
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Banda Intervaloespectral
(µm)
<$/5'/=(/#-'($(':"$;#%'(#-"-(=./'()>"#-!(#-?(5!(#-@A-do satélite LANDSAT-5
1 Lf/Ze$D$f/egP Apresenta grande penetração em corpos de água, com (1(4*5*$'#*3%!*#`3.&*/$!(#)&A35"$(%'<5"%$?*A)@'#&."%6$d"2#($*?%"#9:"$!(1*$.1"#"-1*$($!&+)(3'"%$2"'"%%&3'@A."%$*<o&1&*#(%$L.*#"'(3i&5(%P6$S!#(%(3'*$%(3%&?&1&5*5($*$!1<D)*%$5($2<)*9*$"#&<35*%$5($=<(&)*5*%$"<$*A4&5*5($&3Ddustrial. Pode apresentar atenuação pela atmosfera.
2 Lf/eg$D$f/^fP S!#(%(3'*$+#*35($ %(3%&?&1&5*5($E$!#(%(39*$5($ %(5&)(3'"%$em suspensão, possibilitando sua análise em termos de =<*3A5*5($($=<*1&5*5(6$W"*$!(3('#*9:"$()$."#!"%$5($,+<*6
3 Lf/eg$D$f/^fP S$4(+('*9:"$4(#5(/$5(3%*$($<3&2"#)(/$*!#(%(3'*$+#*35($*?%"#9:"/$-.*35"$(%.<#*/$!(#)&A35"$?")$."3'#*%'($(3D'#($*%$,#(*%$".<!*5*%$.")$4(+('*9:"$L(o6T$%"1"$(o!"%'"/$estradas e áreas urbanas). Apresenta bom contraste enD'#($ 5&2(#(3'(%$ A!"%$ 5($ ."?(#'<#*$ 4(+('*1$ L(o6T$ .*)!"/$.(##*5"$($�"#(%'*P6$G(#)&'($*3,1&%($5*$4*3*9:"$1&'"1i+&.*$()$#(+&C(%$.")$!"<.*$."?(#'<#*$4(+('*16$G(#)&'($"$)*D!(*)(3'"$5*$5#(3*+()$*'#*4@%$5*$4&%<*1&8*9:"$5*$)*'*$+*1(#&*$ ($ (3'*1_($ 5"%$ .<#%"%$ 5"%$ #&"%$ ()$ #(+&C(%$ .")$!"<.*$."?(#'<#*$4(+('*16$�$*$?*35*$)*&%$<A1&8*5*$!*#*$5(D1&)&'*#$*$)*3._*$<#?*3*/$&3.1<&35"$&5(3A-.*9:"$5($3"4"%$1"'(*)(3'"%6$G(#)&'($*$&5(3A-.*9:"$5($,#(*%$*+#F."1*%6
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4 Lf/\^$D$f/bfP r%$."#!"%$5($,+<*$*?%"#4()$)<&'*$(3(#+&*$3(%'*$?*35*$($-.*)$(%.<#"%/$!(#)&A35"$"$)*!(*)(3'"$5*$#(5($5($5#(3*+()$($5(1&3(*)(3'"$5($."#!"%$5($,+<*6$S$4(+('*D9:"$4(#5(/$5(3%*$($<3&2"#)(/$#(�('($)<&'*$(3(#+&*$3(%'*$banda, aparecendo bem clara nas imagens. Apresenta %(3%&?&1&5*5($E$#<+"%&5*5($5*$."!*$5*%$�"#(%'*%$L5"%%(1$�"#(%'*1P6$ S!#(%(3'*$ %(3%&?&1&5*5($ E$)"#2"1"+&*$ 5"$ '(#D#(3"/$!(#)&A35"$*$"?'(39:"$5($&32"#)*9C(%$%"?#($Y("D)"#2"1"+&*/$ d"1"%$ ($Y("1"+&*6$ d(#4($!*#*$ *3,1&%($ ($)*D!(*)(3'"$5($2(&9C(%$+("1i+&.*%$($(%'#<'<#*&%6$d(#4($!*#*$separar e mapear áreas ocupadas com pinus e eucalipto. d(#4($!*#*$)*!(*#$,#(*%$".<!*5*%$.")$4(+('*9:"$=<($2"#*)$=<(&)*5*%6$G(#)&'($*$4&%<*1&8*9:"$5($,#(*%$".<D!*5*%$.")$)*.#i-'*%$*=<,A.*%$L(o6T$*+<*!@P6$G(#)&'($*$&5(3A-.*9:"$5($,#(*%$*+#F."1*%6
5 L[/ee$D$[/\eP Apresenta sensibilidade ao teor de umidade das plantas, %(#4&35"$!*#*$"?%(#4*#$(%'#(%%($3*$4(+('*9:"/$ .*<%*5"$!"#$5(%(=<&1F?#&"$_F5#&."6$B%'*$?*35*$%"2#($!(#'<#?*9C(%$()$.*%"$5($"."##(#$(o.(%%"$5($._<4*$*3'(%$5*$"?'(39:"$da cena pelo satélite.
6 L[f/Z$D$[g/eP S!#(%(3'*$ %(3%&?&1&5*5($ *"%$ 2(3k)(3"%$ #(1*A4"%$ *"%$."3'#*%'(%$'@#)&."%/$%(#4&35"$!*#*$5('(.'*#$!#"!#&(5*5(%$'(#)*&%$5($#"._*%/$%"1"%/$4(+('*9:"$($,+<*6
7 Lg/f]$D$g/ceP S!#(%(3'*$ %(3%&?&1&5*5($ E$ )"#2"1"+&*$ 5"$ '(##(3"/$ !(#D)&A35"$"?'(#$&32"#)*9C(%$%"?#($Y(")"#2"1"+&*/$d"1"%$($Y("1"+&*6$B%'*$?*35*$%(#4($!*#*$&5(3A-.*#$)&3(#*&%$.")$F"3%$_&5#"o&1*%6$G"'(3.&*1)(3'($2*4"#,4(1$E$5&%.#&)&3*9:"$de produtos de alteração hidrotermal.
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!#".(%%*)(3'"$%()$"$*<oF1&"$5*$'(.3"1"+&*$5&+&'*1/$=<($*1.*39"<$(3"#)($
(4"1<9:"$3*%$J1A)*%$5@.*5*%/$5&)&3<&35"$.<%'"%$*"$)(%)"$'()!"$()$
=<($ *<)(3'"<$ *$ .*!*.&5*5($ 5($ *#)*8(3*)(3'"$ ($ !#".(%%*)(3'"$ 5"%$
dados.
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As imagens orbitais são diferentes de outras imagens digitais em
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a forma de uma malha ou gridz/$"35($.*5*$.@1<1*/$._*)*5*$5( pixel (de
picture element/$()$&3+1`%P$'()$%<*$1".*1&8*9:"$5(-3&5*$!"#$<)$%&%'()*$
de coordenadas x, A (linha e coluna), representando sempre uma área com
*%$)(%)*%$5&)(3%C(%$3*$%<!(#0.&($ '(##(%'#(6$S%%".&*5"$*"$!&o(1$(o&%'($
um atributo z/$&35&.*35"$%(<$3F4(1$5($.&38*/$."3_(.&5"$!"#$HO$L5"$&3+1`%/$
digital numberP/$=<($4*#&*$5"$?#*3."$*"$!#('"6$S%%&)/$<)*$&)*+()$!"5($
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dade da imagem original, podendo ser manipulada por sistemas compuD
tacionais de processamento de imagem.
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maneira mais comum de ser determinada é pelo campo instanD
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rico baseado nas propriedades geométricas do sistema sensor;
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'#*&%$5($*."#5"$.")$%<*$1*#+<#*$5"$&3'(#4*1"$5($.")!#&)(3'"$5($
"35*$3"$BBhm$=<*3'"$)(3"#$*$1*#+<#*$5"$&3'(#4*1"/$)*&"#$%(#,$*$
resolução espectral do sensor;
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.P$Q(%"1<9:"$#*5&")@'#&.*T$5(-3&5*$!(1"$3J)(#"$5($3F4(&%$5&+&'*&%$
=<($#(!#(%(3'*)$"%$3F4(&%$5($.&38*$5($<)$pixel; “quanto maior
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1993).
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a mesma cena (medida em dias ou horas).
3.1.3 Detecção de áreas degradadas
S%$*A4&5*5(%$*3'#i!&.*%$3"$%()&D,#&5"$%($5(%(34"14()/$(%%(3.&*1D
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-.*9C(%$3"%$*14"%$3*'<#*&%$%"?#($*$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#(6$H&4(#%*%$!(%=<&%*%$
têm demonstrado o potencial do PDI na detecção de áreas degradas, a
!*#A#$5"$(%'<5"$5"$.")!"#'*)(3'"$(%!(.'#*1$5(%'(%$*14"%/$y5(1&)&'*35"$
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,#&5"/$*'#*4@%$5($'(o'<#*%/$)*A8(%$($#(1*9C(%$_"#&8"3'*&%$(3'#($"%$(1()(3D
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Uma técnica de interferometria que combina imagens de radar e
i!A.*%/$!"#$(o()!1"/$*<)(3'*$"$%&3(#+&%)"$5*$(o'#*9:"$5($&32"#)*9C(%6$
B)$(%'<5"%$+(")"#2"1i+&."%/$3"<'#"$(o()!1"/$*$*3,1&%($5*%$.<#4*%$5($3FD
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dencia as áreas de erosão ou de acumulação de material do solo. CARVAD
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5*%$."35&9C(%$?&"1i+&.*%/$0%&.*%$($=<F)&.*%$5*$,+<*/$*1@)$5($4*#&*9C(%$
nas paisagens naturais e radiação solar, dentre outros, são exemplos de
*!1&.*9C(%$()$GHU$4"1'*5*%$*"$(%'<5"$5($,#(*%$5(+#*5*5*%$()$(%'*5"$5($
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promissor para o sertanejo de hoje e o de amanhã.
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de recuperação dos dados espectrais quando em papel.
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correta das imagens de satélite a serem posteriormente solicitadas, pois
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DESERTIFICAÇÃO: ANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO 49
!"#$#%&%'()('*+,-+('(+(.+/,'01'/2'('34+"*'.#3'/2+(%+,(,+$+,(/+(,'3#5
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para ambos os sensores TM e ETM+.
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r$%&%'()*$"!(#*.&"3*1$<A1&8*5"$()$'"5*%$*%$2*%(%$5*$!(%=<&%*$2"&$
o ,@Lh7"'4i2(RSSS(/.4;&2274"$0, com @&.C7%&(/$%j(NMS, fabricado pela
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DESERTIFICAÇÃO: ANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO 51
de dados MS-Acess, Versão 2000, e a planilha eletrônica MS-Excel, ambos
os programas do mesmo fabricante.
!"#"$%$&#%'())"*(+,%$-")$.*"/(+)$-($)",01.,($2%.$341.5"-%$%$&#%-
grama computacional Spring (Sistema para Processamento de Informa-
ções Georeferenciadas), Versão 6.3. Desenvolvido pelo INPE (2003), o
Spring$60$3*$7"+'%$-($-"-%)$/(%/#89'%)$-($:";$/(#"<=%>?$'%*$-.),#.73.-
ção gratuita pela Internet. Ainda segundo o INPE (2003), suas principais
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E$ 6F&(#"$ '%*%$3*$7"+'%$ -($ -"-%)$ /(%/#89'%$ )(*$ 2#%+,(.#")$ ($
suporta grande volume de dados (sem limitações de escala, pro-
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cilmente programável pelo usuário (LEGAL - Linguagem Espaço-
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micro-computadores a estações de trabalho RISC de alto desem-
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os programas computacionais AutoCAD Map, Versão 2000i, e CAD Overlay,
Versão 2000i, ambos fabricados pela empresa norte-americana Autodesk,
Inc.
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de dados no formato ,@L5%&22, Versão 2000.
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conceitual no Spring/$(%'*?(1(.(35"D%(/$*5(=<*5*)(3'(/$<)$Banco, um
Projeto, as Categorias e os Planos de Informações adequadamente.
Um Banco no Spring$5(-3($<)$*)?&(3'($!*#*$*#)*8(3*#$5*5"%$
+("+#,-."%/$%()$(%'*#$4&3.<1*5"$*$<)*$,#(*$(%!(.F-.*$L%()(1_*3'($*$<)$
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ec
%&%'()*$ 5($ *#=<&4"%$ ."34(3.&"3*1$ a$ <)$5(!i%&'"$ 5($ 5*5"%P6$r$ <%<,#&"$
!"5($5(-3&#$4,#&"%$?*3."%/$)*%$%")(3'($<)$!"5($(%'*#$*A4"$()$<)*$
%(%%:"$5($'#*?*1_"6$r$?*3."$5($5*5"%$*#)*8(3*$'"5*%$*%$5(-3&9C(%$5($
.*'(+"#&*%$5($5*5"%/$=<($*#)*8(3*#:"$*"%$5&4(#%"%$A!"%$5($)*!*%/$($=<($
!"#$ %<*$ 4(8$ %:"$ ."3%A'<F5*%$ 5*%$ (3A5*5(%$?,%&.*%$ +("D"?>('"%^ e geoD
D.*)!"%\. Um banco pode conter um ou mais projetos, o que permite
"#+*3&8*#$"%$5*5"%$!"#$,#(*$+("+#,-.*6$ M&%&.*)(3'($(%'($?*3."$."##(%D
!"35($*$<)$5&#('i#&"$L!*%'*P$3"$%&%'()*$5($*#=<&4"%$5"$.")!<'*5"#6$G"#$
(o()!1"/$<)$?*3."$._*)*5"$yK&3+"z/$!"5(#&*$(%'*#$*#=<&4*5"$3<)$5&%."$
#F+&5"$5($<)$)&.#".")!<'*5"#$()T$DFl,&28.$'4lm7"64.
Um Projeto$5(3'#"$5($<)$?*3."$!(#)&'($(%!(.&-.*#$(o*'*)(3'($"$
(%!*9"$+("+#,-."$5*$,#(*$5($'#*?*1_"/$($@$"35($%(#:"$&3%(#&5"%$"%$5&4(#D
%"%$)*!*%$LG1*3"%$5($U32"#)*9C(%P$5(%'*$,#(*$L2&*&0#$"8&($(1*$(6$C&8$(
'&(2728&*$('&($.^17C42(%4"C&"%74"$0(n(%$'$(6$C&8$(%4"8a*('$'42('&(1*$(
'&8&.*7"$'$(o.&$P6$V*5*$G#">('"$!"%%<&$*&35*$!#"!#&(5*5(%$.*#'"+#,-.*%$
(-.4P&Z\4, datum/$('.P$!#@D5(-3&5*%$!(1"$<%<,#&"/$=<($%:"$_(#5*5*%$!(1*%$
&32"#)*9C(%$."3A5*%$3(%'($!#">('"6$d")(3'($<)$G#">('"$!"5($(%'*#$*A4"$
em uma sessão de trabalho. Fisicamente um projeto corresponde a um
%<?D5&#('i#&"$L!*%'*P$3"$%&%'()*$5($*#=<&4"%$5"$.")!<'*5"#/$5(?*&o"$5"$
5&#('i#&"$5($<)$?*3."6$G"#$(o()!1"/$<)$!#">('"$._*)*5"$yH(%(#A-.*D
.*"z/$5"$?*3."$yK&3+"z/$!"5(#&*$(%'*#$()$DFl,&28.$'4lm7"64lk&2&.+K%$-
cao.
As Categorias$5($<)$W*3."$5($H*5"%$(%':"$5&%!"3F4(&%$!*#*$=<*1D
=<(#$G#">('"$5(3'#"$5(%'($?*3."6$R)$?*3."$!"5($."3'(#$4,#&*%$.*'(+"D
#&*%6$ B%'*%$ .*'(+"#&*%$ !(#)&'()$"#+*3&8*#$ "%$ 5*5"%$ ()$A!"%$ L)"5(1"%P$
5&2(#(3'(%/$%()(1_*3'($E%$-._*%$5($<)*$+*4('*$5($%&%'()*$5($*#=<&4"%$
."34(3.&"3*1/$"#+*3&8*5*%$!"#$1('#*%$a$.*5*$1('#*$#(!#(%(3'*$<)$A!"$5($
5*5"$5($<)*$5('(#)&3*5*$,#(*6$r%$A!"%$5($.*'(+"#&*%$5&%!"3F4(&%$%:"T$
j(),A."/$ U)*+()/$ O<)@#&."/$ V*5*%'#*1/$ Q(5(%$ ($ r?>('"%/$ !"5(35"D%($
^ pJ&-.&2&"8$*(&0&*&"842(X"7%42(^1&(-4221&*($8.7?1842('&2%.7+C42(&(&28\4($224%7$'42($(*X0+-0$2( 04%$07:$Z[&2( 6&46.oK%$2qO( -4.( &W&*-04O(*$-$2( %$'$28.$72( &( '&( .&'&2( GB=/!O(RSSHIM\ pJ&-.&2&"8$*($('728.7?17Z\4(&2-$%7$0('&(1*$(C$.7oC&0(^1&(-42217(C$04.&2(&*(84'42(42(-4"842(-&.8&"%&"8&2($(1*$(.&67\4(6&46.oK%$qO(-4.(&W&*-04O(7*$6&"2(&(*$-$2(8&*o+%42(GB=/!O(RSSHIM
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5(-3&#$<)*$"<$)*&%$5"$)(%)"$)"5(1"/$)*%$.")$3")(%$5&%A3'"%$!*#*$
diferenciar a aplicação. Por exemplo, uma categoria para Solos e outra
!*#*$7(+('*9:"/$%(35"$*)?*%$5"$)"5(1"$j(),A."6
S$.*'(+"#&*$5"$)"5(1"$j(),A."$!"5($%(#$(%!(.&*1&8*5*$()$V1*%%(%$
j(),A.*%/$!"#$(o()!1"/$*%$.1*%%(%$5($<)$)*!*$5($d"1"%/$%(35"$*%%".&*5"$
*$.*5*$.1*%%($<)$4&%<*1$+#,-."$5&2(#(3'(6$r%$5*5"%$5(%'($)"5(1"$!"5()$
%(#$#(!#(%(3'*5"%$3*$2"#)*$)*'#&.&*1$"<$4('"#&*16
S$ .*'(+"#&*$ U)*+()$ !(#)&'($ *#)*8(3*#$ =<*1=<(#$ &)*+()$ "?AD
da por sensores remotos (fotos aéreas ou orbitais) ou ainda imagens de
)"5(1"%$3<)@#&."%6$d")(3'($*$#(!#(%(3'*9:"$)*'#&.&*1$@$!"%%F4(1$3(%'($
modelo.
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ee
M&+<#*$c$a$M1<o"+#*)*$+(#*1$5*$)('"5"1"+&*$<A1&8*5*$3*$!(%=<&%*6
S$.*'(+"#&*$O<)@#&."$@$<A1&8*5*$!*#*$*#)*8(3*)(3'"$5($)"5(1"%$
3<)@#&."%$5($'(##(3"$L5*5"%$5($*1A)('#&*/$+("D0%&.*/$+("D=<F)&.*$('.6P/$
=<($!"5()$%(#$#(!#(%(3'*5"%$3*$2"#)*$)*'#&.&*1$"<$4('"#&*16
S%$.*'(+"#&*%$V*5*%'#*1$($Q(5(%$!(#)&'()$(%!(.&*1&8*#$"?>('"%6$r%$
"?>('"%$5($<)*$.*'(+"#&*$5"$A!"$r?>('"$%:"$J3&."%$($'`)$*'#&?<'"%$()$
'*?(1*%$(%!(.F-.*%/$!"5(35"$(%'*#$#(!#(%(3'*5"%$()$5&4(#%*%$(%.*1*%/$()$
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diferentes categorias cadastrais ou de redes. A forma de representação
5"%$"?>('"%$@$4('"#&*16$S$.*'(+"#&*$V*5*%'#*1$@$<A1&8*5*$!*#*$#(!#(%(3'*#$
objetos na forma de pontos, linhas ou polígonos, por exemplo, um mapa
cadastral de lotes urbanos. Já a categoria Redes trabalha somente com
objetos na forma de nós e linhas, por exemplo, um mapa de redes de
(1('#&-.*9:"6
Um Plano de Informação$ LGUP$5(4($!(#'(3.(#$*$<)*$J3&.*$V*'(D
+"#&*$5"$?*3."/$(3'#('*3'"$!"5()$(o&%A#$4,#&"%$G1*3"%$5($ U32"#)*9C(%$
5($<)*$)(%)*$V*'(+"#&*$()$<)$?*3."6$G"#$(o()!1"/$5"&%$GUq%$5($5*'*%$
5&2(#(3'(%$5($<%"$5*$j(##*/$!"#@)$5*$)(%)*$V*'(+"#&*$'(),A.*6
d")(3'($<)$GU$!"5($(%'*#$*A4"$!*#*$(o(.<'*#$=<*1=<(#$"!(#*9:"$
%"?#($"$)(%)"6$M&%&.*)(3'($<)$GU$."##(%!"35($*$<)$*#=<&4"$3"$%&%'()*$
5($*#=<&4"%$5"$.")!<'*5"#/$5(?*&o"$5"$%<?D5&#('i#&"$5"$!#">('"$($5&#('iD
#&"$5($<)$?*3."6$G"#$(o()!1"/$<)$GU$5($yI&)&'(%�h<3&.&!*&%z$L7ffff[\6
1&3$a$3")($5"$*#=<&4"$2"#3(.&5"$!(1"$%&%'()*P$5"$!#">('"$._*)*5"$yH(D
%(#A-.*.*"z/$5"$?*3."$yK&3+"z/$!"5(#&*$(%'*#$()$DFl,&28.$'4lm7"64lk&-
2&.+K%$%$4lrSSSSH`M07".
Desta maneira, foi estabelecido o seguinte modelo conceitual para
o SpringT
�$W*3."T$K&3+"
�$G#">('"T$H(%(#A-.*.*"]
!$G#">(9:"T$Rjh;dSHD^b
�$V*'(+"#&*%T
!$S3*1&%(%$L'(),A.*P
!$W*%(�h*'#&.&*1$L&)*+()P
!$W*%(�7('"#&*1$L.*5*%'#*1P
!$V1*%%&-.*."(%$L'(),A."P
�$G1*3"%$5($U32"#)*9:"$LGUq%PT
!$H(%(#A-.*.*"
!$L5&4(#%*%$&)*+(3%$5<#*3'($"$GHUP
! Limites_Municipais
!$V1*%%d<!�[b]b
] 9-841L2&(-&04( 84-s"7*4(2&*(%&'70#$(&($%&"84(-$.$(&C78$.( %4"t7842( ;181.42(&*(418.42(sistemas operacionais.
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$e\
!$V1*%%d<!�[bbe
! ClassSup_2003
Ao iniciar o processamento das imagens orbitais no programa
computacional Spring/$<A1&8*#*)D%($j#*3%2"#)*9C(%$G"1&3")&*&%$($2"&$#(*D
1&8*5"$"$#(+&%'#"$"<$+("##(2(#(3.&*)(3'"$5*%$&)*+(3%$"#&+&3*&%/$&%'"$@/$(%D
'*?(1(.(<D%($<)*$#(1*9:"$(3'#($.""#5(3*5*%$5*$&)*+()$($.""#5(3*5*%$
+("+#,-.*%/$.<>"%$!"3'"%$5($."3'#"1($2"#*)$"?A5"%$*$!*#A#$5($.""#5(3*D
5*%$#(A#*5*%$5*%$.*#'*%$*3*1i+&.*%$5"$h&3&%'@#&"$5"$Bo@#.&'"/$3*$(%.*1*$5($
[T[ff6fff/$"?%(#4*35"$!"3'"%$3"',4(&%$3*%$&)*+(3%$($!#".<#*35"$5(-3&#$
uma distribuição mais uniforme e concentrada na área de estudo.
O"$ '"'*1/$ 2"#*)$ &3%(#&5"%$ [\$ !"3'"%/$ %(35"$ ."3%&5(#*5"%$ "%$ [f$
)(1_"#(%$()$'(#)"%$5($(##"$%&%'(),A."6$O(%'($!#".(%%"/$"$%&%'()*$!(#D
)&'(/$%&)<1'*3(*)(3'($*"$#(+&%'#"/$<)*$V"##(9:"$Y(")@'#&.*$4&%*35"$*$
(1&)&3*9:"$5($(##"%$+(")@'#&."%$%&%'(),A."%$L#"'*9:"$5*$j(##*$a$y%�(�z/$
5&%'"#9C(%$!*3"#~)&.*%$a$.")!#(%%:"/$.<#4*'<#*$5*$j(##*$a$.")!#(%%:"/$
*##*%'*)(3'"$5*$&)*+()$5<#*3'($<)*$4*##(5<#*/$4*#&*9C(%$5($*1A'<5(/$
*A'<5($($4(1".&5*5($5"$%*'@1&'(P6$RA1&8"<D%($"$&3'(#!"1*5"#$7&8&3_"$�$G#iD
o&)"/$!"&%$(%'($!(#)&'($<)$!#".(%%*)(3'"$)*&%$#,!&5"$($3:"$.#&*$3"4"%$
4*1"#(%$5($OV$LVQvdjS/$[bbcP6
r$ QhdB$ 3"%$ GVq%/$ "?A5"%$ *$ !*#A#$ 5($ .*#'*%$ 5"$hdW/$ 3*$ (%.*1*$
[T[ff6fff/$2"&$5($[/g][!&o(1$=<(/$*"$)<1A!1&.,D1"$!(1*$#(%"1<9:"$(%!*.&*1$
5*$&)*+()$)<1AD(%!(.'#*1$I*35dSj$Bjh�$Lcf)P/$"?'(4(D%($<)$QhdB$5($
c]/Zc)6$B%'($(##"$@$*5)&%%F4(1$."3%&5(#*35"$"$GBV/$=<($*.(&'*$f/e))$5($
(##"$3*$(%.*1*$5($'#*?*1_"$L[T[ff6fffP6
S%%&)/$<)*$4(8$+("##(2(#(3.&*5*%$ '"5*%$*%$ .(3*%/$ %<*%$ #(%!(.AD
4*%$?*35*%$(%!(.'#*&%$2"#*)$&)!"#'*5*%$!*#*$"%$5(4&5"%$GUq%/$5(3'#"$5"$
Spring.
r$!*%%"$%(+<&3'($2"&$*$&)!"#'*9:"$4('"#&*1$5"$1&)&'($5*$,#(*$5($(%D
tudo. Antes, no 5184D5k(,$-/$2"&$#(*1&8*5*$<)*$1&)!(8*$5($5(%(3_"$L()$
&3+1`%/$y5#*�&3+$.1(*3D<!zP$3"%$*#=<&4"%$.(5&5"%$!(1"$UWYB;HUYBrDd*14*D
5"#/$"?>(A4*35"D%($*$(1&)&3*9:"$5($(##"%$5($5(%(3_"$($"$2(._*)(3'"$5($
!"1F+"3"%m$5(!"&%/$2"&$.#&*5*$<)*$'"!"1"+&*$5($!"1F+"3"%/$<A1&8*35"D%($"%$
!"1F+"3"%$5(-3&5"#(%$5"%$1&)&'(%$)<3&.&!*&%m$3*$%(={`3.&*/$<)*$"!(#*9:"$
5($5&%%"1<9:"$5($'"!"1"+&*$.#&"</$-3*1)(3'(/$<)$J3&."$!"1F+"3"$5(-3&5"#$
e] Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
5*$,#(*$5($(%'<5"/$><3'*35"$"%$%(&%$)<3&.F!&"%$()$(%'<5"/$#(."#'*35"$*%$
.(3*%$"#&+&3*&%6$S%%&)/$*"$5&%.#(A8*#$"%$5*5"%$5*$,#(*$5($(%'<5"/$"?'(4(D
%($<)*$5&)&3<&9:"$."3%&5(#,4(1$5"$(%!*9"$()$5&%."$".<!*5"$!(1"%$*#=<&D
4"%$5($&)*+(3%$(/$."3%(=<(3'()(3'(/$5"$'()!"$5($!#".(%%*)(3'"$!*#*$
todas as fases da pesquisa.
R)*$4(8$=<($*%$&)*+(3%$(%'*4*)$+("##(2(#(3.&*5*%$($#(."#'*5*%/$
&3&.&*#*)D%($*%$'@.3&.*%$5($GHU/$4&%*35"$*$)(1_"#&*$5*$=<*1&5*5($4&%<*1$5*%$
&)*+(3%$($*$(o'#*9:"$5($&32"#)*9C(%$(%!(.F-.*%$5($&3'(#(%%($5*$!(%=<&%*6$
M"#*)$'(%'*5*%$5&4(#%*%$'@.3&.*%$.")$"$&3'<&'"$5($*4*1&*#$*$*!1&.*?&1&5*5($
3*$ &5(3A-.*9:"$5*%$ ,#(*%$ 5(+#*5*5*%$ ($ !*%%F4(&%$ 5($ 5(%(#A-.*9:"6$S%$
técnicas que apresentaram melhores resultados foram selecionadas para
.")!"#$<)*$*3,1&%($(%!*.&*1$#(*1&8*5*$3<)*$1&3+<*+()$5($!#"+#*)*9:"$
de álgebra espacial que, junto com os dados censitários, pudesse caracteD
#&8*#$.&(3A-.*)(3'($($1".*1&8*#$(%!*.&*1)(3'($*$"."##`3.&*$5"%$!#".(%%"%$
5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$()$K&3+i6
H&4(#%*%$.")?&3*9C(%$5($?*35*%$(%!(.'#*&%$2"#*)$'(%'*5*%/$%(35"$
=<($*%$=<($*!#(%(3'*#*)$)(1_"#(%$ #(%<1'*5"%$ LVQvdjS/$[bbcm$ NBOdBO/$
[bbbm$�S�hUBQV�S�/$[bb^m$hSIHrOSHr/$gff[P$2"#*)T
�$QYW$cg[$a$V"#$O*'<#*1T$'#*8$&32"#)*9C(%$5*$2*&o*$5"$4&%F4(1/$&5(*1$
!*#*$*$&5(3A-.*9:"$5($,#(*%$<#?*3*%$($."3'#*%'($(3'#($A!"%$5($
4(+('*9:"m
�$QYW$eZc$a$M*1%*$V"#T$'#*8$&32"#)*9C(%$5"$&32#*D4(#)(1_"$!#io&)"$
L?*35*$eP/$&5(*1$!*#*$&5(3A-.*9:"$5($(%'#(%%($_F5#&."$5*$4(+('*D
ção, uso e cobertura do solo.
r$!#&)(&#"$."3><3'"$5($ '@.3&.*%$<A1&8*5"$#(2(#(D%($*"$Q(*1.($5($
V"3'#*%'(6$d(+<35"$VQvdjS$L[bbcP/$"$"?>(A4"$5(%'*%$'@.3&.*%$@$)(1_"#*#$
*$=<*1&5*5($4&%<*1$5*%$ &)*+(3%$!*#*$<)*$!"%'(#&"#$ &3'(#!#('*9:"$($(3D
2*A8*#$*1+<)*$.*#*.'(#F%A.*$5($&3'(#(%%($!*#*$<)*$*!1&.*9:"$(%!(.F-.*6$
O"$.*%"/$"%$*14"%$5($&3'(#(%%($%:"/$?*%&.*)(3'(/$4(+('*9:"$3*A4*/$!*%'";
.<1'<#*$*+#F."1*/$%"1"$(o!"%'"/$."#!"%$5q,+<*$($,#(*$<#?*3*6
S%$'@.3&.*%$5($#(*1.($'(%'*5*%$2"#*)T
�$h*3&!<1*9:"$5($n&%'"+#*)*
! Linear
!$B=<*1&8*9:"
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$eb
�$M&1'#*+()$I&3(*#
! Realce de Imagem TM
!$M&1'#"$5($G*%%*DS1'*
A manipulação Linear$5($_&%'"+#*)*$@$5(-3&5*$!"#$<)*$2<39:"$5($
'#*3%2(#`3.&*$1&3(*#/$"35($X$�$2LoP6$S%%&)/$=<*3'"$)*&"#$@$*$&3.1&3*9:"$5*$
#('*$3"$_&%'"+#*)*$5($2#(={`3.&*%/$)*&"#$%(#,$"$#(*1.($5*$&)*+()$LVQvdD
TA, 1993; MOREIRA, 2003). A forma do histograma da imagem realçada
@$*$)(%)*$5*$&)*+()$"#&+&3*1/$!"&%$.*5*$?*##*$5"$_&%'"+#*)*$."3A3<*$
tendo a mesma altura, porém em uma posição diferente.
A Equalização$5($_&%'"+#*)*%$'()$!"#$"?>(A4"$)"5&-.*#$"$_&%'"D
grama da imagem original de tal forma que a imagem transformada teD
3_*$<)$_&%'"+#*)*$<3&2"#)(6$S%%&)/$'"5"%$"%$3F4(&%$5($.&38*$LOVP$5(4()$
*!*#(.(#$.")$*$)(%)*$2#(={`3.&*6$r$!#"?1()*$3(%'*$ '@.3&.*$@$=<($"%$
OVq%$%:"$*1'(#*5"%/$!"5(35"$%<#+&#$2*1%"%$."3'"#3"%$5(4&5"$E$#(5<9:"$5*$
4*#&~3.&*$(%!(.'#*16
S$ -1'#*+()$ 1&3(*#$ .")$I"(.'"- !"- J0(D"0- @A$ '()$ !"#$ "?>(A4"$
.")!(3%*#$ 5&%'"#9C(%$ #*5&")@'#&.*%$ !#i!#&*%$ 5"$ %(3%"#$ jh$ LWSOrO$�$
WSQQBUQS/$[bbZP6$R)*$)*'#&8$5($#(*1.($1&3(*#$@$*!1&.*5*$3*$&)*+()$"#&+&D
3*1/$#(%<1'*35"$3<)*$)(1_"#&*$4&%<*1$5"%$*14"%$5($&3'(#(%%(6
H($<)*$)*3(&#*$()$+(#*1/$"%$-1'#"%$'`)$!"#$"?>(A4"$'"#3*#$)*&%$
3FA5*$*$'#*3%&9:"$(3'#($#(+&C(%$5&2(#(3'(%$L?"#5*%P$3*$ &)*+()$LWSOrO$
�$ WSQQBUQS/$ [bbZP6$ S%%&)/$ '(%'*35"$ (%'*$ '@.3&.*/$ <A1&8"<D%($ <)$ Filtro
de Passa-Alta$ .")$<)*$)*'#&8$ 3:"D5&#(.&"3*1$ 5($?"#5*6$ B3'#('*3'"/$ "%$
#(%<1'*5"%$ "?A5"%$ 3:"$ '#"<o(#*)$ +#*35($ ."3'#&?<&9:"$ 3*$ &5(3A-.*9:"$
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,+<*$a$%"1"P/$!"&%$3(%'*$#(+&:"$"$#&"$(%',$&3%(#&5"$3<)$.~3&"3$+("1i+&."6
H*%$'@.3&.*%$5($#(*1.($5($&)*+()$'(%'*5*%/$."3.1<&D%($=<(/$!*#*$(%'*$
pesquisa, o realce linear de histograma apresentou os melhores resultados
3*$)(1_"#&*$5*$=<*1&5*5($4&%<*1$5*%$&)*+(3%$($3*$5&%A39:"$(3'#($"%$*14"%$
3*'<#*&%$($*3'#i!&."%/$*1@)$5($3:"$)"5&-.*#$"%$4*1"#(%$(%!(.'#*&%$"#&+&3*&%6
S$%(+<&#$2"#*)$'(%'*5*%$($*4*1&*5*%$*%$'@.3&.*%$5($GHU$#(2(#(3'(%$E%$
j#*3%2"#)*9C(%$h<1A(%!(.'#*&%/$"?>(A4*35"D%($<)*$*4*1&*9:"$(%!(.'#"D
D'()!"#*1$5($&)*+(3%$."D#(+&%'#*5*%9.
9 k&(1*$(*&2*$(04%$07:$Z\4(6&46.oK%$O(-4.a*('&(a-4%$2('72+"8$2M
^f Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
S%$'@.3&.*%$*4*1&*5*%$2"#*)T
�$Q*8:"$(3'#($?*35*%
�$V")!"3(3'(%$G#&3.&!*&%
�$j#*3%2"#)*9:"$QYW$�$Und
Foram testadas três técnicas de razão entre bandasT$*$!#&)(&#*$"?D
>(A4"<$*$5('(.9:"$5($."#!"%$5q,+<*/$*$%(+<35*/$*$!#(%(39*$5($4(+('*9:"/$
($ *$ '(#.(&#*/$ *$)<5*39*$5($ ."?(#'<#*$ 4(+('*1$ (3'#($"%$ *3"%$5($[b]b$($
2003. Como a água limpa e profunda tem grande absorção nas bandas TM
g$($jh$e/$*$#*8:"$*#&')@A.*$(3'#($(%'*%$?*35*%$5&)&3<&$"%$OVq%$5(%'($*14"/$
(4&5(3.&*35"$%<*$!#(%(39*$3*$&)*+()$#(%<1'*3'($LM&+<#*$ZP6
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$^[
M&+<#*$Z$a$Q*8:"$(3'#($*%$?*35*%$jh$g$($jh$e$!*#*$5('(.9:"$5($."#!"%$5q,+<*T$(o.(1(3'(%$#(%<1'*5"%$.")$*$!(#2(&'*$&5(3A-.*9:"$5"$1(&'"$5"$#&"$d:"$M#*3.&%."$($"<'#"%$!(=<(3"%$."#!"%$5q,+<*$L()$?#*3."Pm$*"$*1'"$E$(%=<(#5*/$*$?*35*$jh$g$"#&+&3*1m$*"$*1'"$E$5&#(&'*/$*$?*35*$jh$e$"#&+&3*1m$3*$-+<#*$)*&"#/$*$&)*+()$#(%<1D
'*3'($LH*'*T$[[;fc;]bP6
R)*$ 5*%$)*&%$ &)!"#'*3'(%$ '@.3&.*%$ 5($ '#*3%2"#)*9C(%$)<1A(%D
!(.'#*&%$!*#*$5('(.9:"$5($)<5*39*$5($4(+('*9:"$@$"$OH7U6$j#*'*D%($5($
<)*$#*8:"$(3'#($?*35*%$(%!(.'#*&%$5($*1'*$."##(1*9:"$(3'#($%&/$<)*$"!(#*D
9:"$*#&')@A.*$=<($#(*19*$"%$*14"%$5($&3'(#(%%(/$3"$.*%"/$*$4(+('*9:"$L�SdD
hUBQV�S�/$[bb^m$rIU7BUQS$et alli, 2003). Com a aplicação desta técnica,
'()D%($<)$*<)(3'"$5($."3'#*%'($(3'#($%"1"$($4(+('*9:"/$*1@)$5"%$(2(&'"%$
5($&1<)&3*9:"/$5(.1&4&5*5($5*$%<!(#0.&($($+(")('#&*$5($4&%*5*$5"$%(3%"#$
serem parcialmente compensados.
$
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d(+<35"$�SdhUBQV�S�$L[bb^P$($VrdjS$et alli (2001), a equação
5"$OH7U$@T
=krB(u(G),v(n(),cI(Q(G),v(b(),cI,
Na equação acima, TM representa uma determinada banda especD
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'*9:"$4(#5(/$5(3%*$($<3&2"#)($-.*$(%.<#*6$G"#$"<'#"$1*5"/$!*#*$*$?*35*$
jh$Z/$"%$."#!"%$5q,+<*$-.*)$(%.<#"%$($*$4(+('*9:"$4(#5(/$5(3%*$($<3&D
2"#)($-.*$.1*#*6$H&%'"$#(%<1'*$<)*$3"4*$?*35*$(%!(.'#*1/$#(!#(%(3'*35"$
*$#*8:"$(3'#($*%$?*35*%$"#&+&3*&%/$"35($*%$,#(*%$.1*#*%$&35&.*)$*$!#(%(39*$
5($4(+('*9:"$($*%$,#(*%$(%.<#*%/$%<*$*<%`3.&*$3<)*$)(%)*$5*'*6
S%$?*35*%$OH7U$5($[b]b$($gffc$2"#*)/$(3':"/$<A1&8*5*%$.")$"$"?D
>(A4"$5($5('(.'*#$)<5*39*%$5($!*5#:"$5*$."?(#'<#*$5"$%"1"$3"$!(#F"5"6$
S$'@.3&.*$'()$*%$%(+<&3'(%$('*!*%$LVQvdjS/$[bbcm$hrQBUQS/$gffcPT
�$ r?'(39:"$ 5*%$ (%'*l%A.*%$ 5*$ &)*+()/$ '")*35"D%($ *$ ?*35*$ OH7U$
[b]b$.")"$#(2(#`3.&*/$!*#*$)"5&-.*#$*$?*35*$OH7U$gffc;
�$V,1.<1"$5($+*3_"$($"�%('$!*#*$&+<*1*#$)@5&*$5"%$OVq%$($4*#&~3.&*$
5*%$#(%!(.A4*%$?*35*%T
!$OH7U$[b]b$a$h@5&*$�$[Z[/[ce]!$OH7U$gffc$a$h@5&*T$*3'(%$�$[b[/\]Z]m$5(!"&%$�$[Z[/Zc[e (½)
�$Y*3_"$�$L7[b]b;7gffcP
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[b]b�"�%('
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S"$#(*1&8*#$*$ #*8:"$(3'#($*%$?*35*%$OH7U$5($[b]b$($gffc/$*3'(%$
&+<*1*35"$*$)@5&*$($*$4*#&~3.&*/$#(%<1'*$3<)*$3"4*$?*35*$(%!(.'#*1$=<($
&5(3A-.*$*%$,#(*%$"35($_"<4($!(#5*$5($4(+('*9:"$3"$!(#F"5"$"?%(#4*5"6$
Para melhorar a qualidade da imagem resultante, foi feita uma composiD
9:"$()$!%(<5"D."1"#$.")$2*A*)(3'"$()$*#."DF#&%6
S$%(+<35*$'@.3&.*$5($j#*3%2"#)*9C(%$h<1A(%!(.'#*&%$()$GHU$*4*D
liada foi a de CP. Segundo FONSECA (2000), esta técnica está baseada
DESERTIFICAÇÃO: ANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO 63
!"#$%&'%&()*"*)#$)#+",#-."#$*"$(/"0)/1$"'$.'!+&2&('$*"#$"!+)&('&)#$34)$
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*'$4#42&(';$<$34)#+5'$=$34)$"#$>"!*"#$)#%).+&"(#$*)$4/"$(/"0)/$#5'1$
0)&"?/)!+)1$"?+"/)!+)$.'&&)?".('!"*"#;$@#+'$#)$*)A)1$%&(!.(%"?/)!+)1$"'$
#'/>&)"/)!+'$&)#4?+"!+)$*"$+'%'0&"B"$*'$+)&&)!'1$#'>&)%'#(C5'$)#%).-
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'4$*'$%&F%&('$.'/%'&+"/)!+'$)#%).+&"?$*'$"?A';
<##(/1$'$%&'>?)/"$34)$#)$.'?'."$=$34)$>"!*"#$)#%).+&"(#$"?+"/)!-
+)$.'&&)?".('!"*"#$&)*4G)/$"$."%".(*"*)$*)$)9+&"C5'$*)$(!6'&/"CH)#$#'-
>&)$"$.)!"$'&>(+"?;$I'&+"!+'1$'$'>J)-A'$*)#+"$+=.!(."$=$0)&"&1$"$%"&-&$*"#$
>"!*"#$'&(0(!"(#$*)$4/"$(/"0)/$/4?-)#%).+&"?1$!'A"#$>"!*"#$*)#.'&&)-
?".('!"*"#1$(#+'$=1$#)/$&)*4!*E!.("#$)!+&)$#(;$K&"+"L#)1$%'&+"!+'1$*)$4/"$
+=.!(."$*)$&)"?.)$34)$&)*4G$'4$&)/'A)$)#+"$&)*4!*E!.("$)#%).+&"?;$
M$!N/)&'$*)$.'/%'!)!+)#$%&(!.(%"(#$=$(04"?$"'$!N/)&'$*)$>"!-
*"#$)#%).+&"(#$4-?(G"*"#$)$#5'$'&*)!"*"#$*)$".'&*'$.'/$'$*).&=#.(/'$*"$
A"&(E!.("$*)$!7A)?$*)$.(!G";$O<$%&(/)(&"$PI$+)/$"$/"('&$A"&(E!.("$Q/"('&$
.'!+&"#+)R$)$"$N?-/"1$"$/)!'&$A"&(E!.(";$<$#)04!*"$)$"#$#4>#)3S)!+)#$PI1$
"%&)#)!+"/$0&"*"-A"/)!+)$/)!'#$.'!+&"#+)$)!+&)$'#$"?A'#$)$#5'$*)#%&'-
A(*"#$*)$(!6'&/"C5'$+'%'0&2B."1$*)A(*'$T$"4#:!.("$*)$#'/>&)"/)!+';$<$
+)&.)(&"$)$34"&+"$.'/%'!)!+)#$%&(!.(%"(#$.'!+:/$-%(."/)!+)$/)!'#$)#-
+&4+4&"$*"$(/"0)/$)$/"(#$&47*'$34)$"#$*4"#$%&(/)(&"#1$(!*(."!*'$"$.'/-
%&)##5'$*'#$*"*'#$!'#$%&(/)(&'#$."!"(#;$<$N?-/"$.'/%'!)!+)$&)%&)#)!+"$
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'%)&"CH)#$/"+)/2-."#$?(!)"&)#`
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*'$'#$"4+'A"?'&)#1$(#+'$=1$'$.'/%&(/)!+'$*'#$)(9'#$*"#$.'/%'-
!)!+)#$%&(!.(%"(#$*)$4/"$(/"0)/$34)$#5'$/)*(*'#$)/$4!(*"*)$
*)$ A"&(E!.("1$ *)B!(!*'$ "$ .'!+&(>4(C5'$ *)$ ."*"$ >"!*"$ '&(0(!"?$
%"&"$4/"$*)+)&/(!"*"$PI1$!4/"$.'/>(!"C5'$"*(-A"$)$?(!)"&`
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]$b)"?.)$%'&$c).'&&)?"C5'\$A(#"$'$&)"?.)$*"$*(#+&(>4(C5'$*"#$.'&)#1$
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^Z Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
aplicado sobre um triplete de bandas, ao contrário da CP “tradiD
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S$'(#.(&#*$($J1A)*$'@.3&.*$5($j#*3%2"#)*9C(%$h<1A(%!(.'#*&%$*4*D
liada foi a Transformação RGB$�$IHS6$r$"?>(A4"$5(%'*$'@.3&.*$@$)*!(*#$"$
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H($2*'"/$%(+<35"$VQvdjS$L[bbcP/$=<*35"$5(%.#(4($*%$!#"!#&(5*D
des de cor de um objeto em uma imagem, normalmente o olho humano
3:"$5&%A3+<($*$!#"!"#9:"$5($*8<1/$4(#5($($4(#)(1_"$!#(%(3'(%/$.")"$3"$
%&%'()*$.")!<'*.&"3*1$*%%".&*5"$*"$)"3&'"#$5($4F5("/$($%&)/$*4*1&*$*$&3D
'(3%&5*5($LUP/$*$."#$"<$)*A8$LnP$($*$%*'<#*9:"$LdP/$"35(T
�$S$ intensidade$"<$?#&1_"$%&+3&-.*$*$)(5&5*$5($(3(#+&*$'"'*1$(3D
4"14&5*$()$'"5"%$"%$.")!#&)(3'"%$5($"35*/$%(35"/$*%%&)/$#(%D
!"3%,4(1$!(1*$%(3%*9:"$5($?#&1_"$5(%%*$(3(#+&*$&3.&5(3'($%"?#($
o olho;
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"35*$)@5&"$5*$1<8$=<($%($#(�('($"<$%($()&'(/$5(-3&35"/$!"#'*3D
to, a cor do objeto;
�$S$saturação$"<$!<#(8*$(o!#(%%*$"$&3'(#4*1"$5($.")!#&)(3'"$5($
onda ao redor do comprimento de onda médio, no qual a enerD
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tons pastéis (apagados).
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de três bandas espectrais, depois processar a componente I, aplicando
<)$#(*1.($5($."3'#*%'($(/$-3*1)(3'(/$2*8(#$*$#(4(#%:"$!*#*$"$%&%'()*$QYW$
!*#*$=<($!"%%*/$(3':"/$%(#$4&%<*1&8*5"$!"#$<)$)"3&'"#$5($4F5("$5($)&.#"D
computador.
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!"#*&%$2"&$*$5($OH7U/$!#&3.&!*1)(3'($=<*35"$*!1&.*5*$*$'@.3&.*$5($#*8:"$
(3'#($?*35*%$!*#*$5('(.9:"$5($)<5*39*$3"$!*5#:"$($."?(#'<#*$4(+('*1$
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$^e
3"$!(#F"5"$"?%(#4*5"6$S%%&)/$!(1*$ &)!"#'~3.&*$5(%'*$ &32"#)*9:"$.")"$
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gff[m$SQS�Nr$et alli/$gffgm$dShGSUr$�$dShGSUr/$gffgP/$"!'"<D%($!"#$
."3%&5(#*#/$(2(A4*)(3'(/$"%$#(%<1'*5"%$5(%'*$'@.3&.*$5($GHU$.")"$<)$5"%$
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5"%$*5&*3'(/$!"5(#,$4*1&5*#$()$+*?&3('($"$."3><3'"$5($5*5"%$=<(/$3<)*$
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.(%%"%$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"$&3%'*1*5"%$()$K&3+i6
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ca de 9.(##/&'()*+-L4="$2/#/+5(!($=<(/$%(+<35"$VQvdjS$L[bbcP/$'#*'*D%($
5"$!#".(%%"$5($(o'#*9:"$5($&32"#)*9C(%$()$&)*+(3%$!*#*$#(."3_(.(#$!*D
5#C(%$($"?>('"%$_")"+`3("%6$S%%&)/$"%$)@'"5"%$5($.1*%%&-.*9:"$%:"$<%*D
5"%$!*#*$)*!(*#$,#(*%$5*$%<!(#0.&($'(##(%'#($=<($*!#(%(3'*)$<)$)(%)"$
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V")"$>,$*?"#5*5"$3"$V*!F'<1"$c/$.*5*$&)*+()$@$2"#)*5*$!"#$<)$
conjunto de pixel/$ .")$%<*%$ .""#5(3*5*%$ o/X$($<)$*'#&?<'"$(%!(.'#*1$ I$
y=<($#(!#(%(3'*$*$#*5&~3.&*$5($<)$*14"$3"$&3'(#4*1"$5($.")!#&)(3'"$5($
"35*$5($<)*$?*35*$(%!(.'#*1z6$G"#'*3'"/$!"5(D%($*-#)*#$=<($.*5*$pixel
de uma banda possui uma correspondência espacial com um outro pixel,
()$'"5*%$*%$"<'#*%$?*35*%/$"<$%(>*/$!*#*$<)*$&)*+()$5($�$?*35*%/$(o&%D
'()$�$3F4(&%$5($.&38*$*%%".&*5"%$E$.*5*$pixel, sendo um para cada banda
(%!(.'#*1$ LUOGB/$ gff[P6$S$(%'($ ."3><3'"$5($ .*#*.'(#F%A.*%$(%!(.'#*&%$5($
um pixel$5(3")&3*D%($5($y*'#&?<'"%$(%!(.'#*&%z6
O(%'*$ !(%=<&%*/$ <A1&8"<D%($ "$ )@'"5"$ 5($ .1*%%&-.*9:"$ ypixel-a-
pixelz$=<($&5(3A-.*$#(+&C(%$_")"+`3(*%$*$!*#A#$5*$&32"#)*9:"$(%!(.'#*1$
isolada de cada pixel/$ 2*8(35"/$ *&35*/$ <%"$ 5*$ '("#&*$ 5($ !#"?*?&1&5*5($
!"#$)@'"5"%$ (%'*l%A."%6$ S%%&)/$ "$ #(%<1'*5"$ 5*$ $ .1*%%&-.*9:"$ 5&+&'*1$ @$
*!#(%(3'*5"$ !"#$ .1*%%(%$ (%!(.'#*&%$ L,#(*%$ =<($ !"%%<()$ .*#*.'(#F%A.*%$
(%!(.'#*&%$ %()(1_*3'(%P/$ ."3%&5(#*35"D%($ *$ #(1*9:"$ (3'#($ *$ #(%!"%'*$
(%!(.'#*1$ 5"%$ *14"%$ 5($ &3'(#(%%($ 3*$ !(%=<&%*$ ($ *%$ .1*%%(%$ *$ %(#()$
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(%'<5"$*"$&5(3A-.*#$1$"(#-!"-$/#'+-M-!"#"$%&'()*+$LS!`35&.(P/$<)$3"4"$
*1+"#&')"$ ()$ IBYSI$ 2"&$ 5(%(34"14&5"$ !*#*$ (%'($ .#<8*)(3'"$ 5($ 5*5"%/$
."3%&5(#*35"D%($=<(T
�$s#(*%$"35($3*$&)*+()D%F3'(%($5*%$.1*%%&-.*9C(%$(%':"$&5(3A-.*D
5*%$.")"$yB)$!#".(%%"$5($5(%(#A-.*9:"z$L"<$yH(%(#A-.*5*%zP$
($ 3"$ )*!*$ '(),A."$ 5($ G"!<1*9:"$ &35&.*$ yS1'"$ V#(%.&)(3'"z$
5()"+#,-."$3"$!(#F"5"/$"<$,#(*%$"35($3*$&)*+()D%F3'(%($5*%$
.1*%%&-.*9C(%$(%':"$&5(3A-.*5*%$.")"$yB)$!#".(%%"$5($5(%(#D
A-.*9:"z$($3"$)*!*$'(),A."$5($G"!<1*9:"$&35&.*$yh@5&"$V#(%D
.&)(3'"z$5()"+#,-."$3"$!(#F"5"/$"<$(#*)$,#(*%$yH(+#*5*5*%z$
e com densidade populacional média, foram consideradas áreas
de risco “A4/:+-N$(2"z$ 5"$!"3'"$5($ 4&%'*$ 5*$ 5(%(#A-.*9:"/$ ($
foram assinaladas na cor mais escura;
�$s#(*%$"35($3*$&)*+()D%F3'(%($5*%$.1*%%&-.*9C(%$(%':"$&5(3A-.*D
5*%$.")"$yH(+#*5*5*%z$($3"$)*!*$'(),A."$5($G"!<1*9:"$&35&.*$
)@5&"$.#(%.&)(3'"$5()"+#,-."$3"$!(#F"5"/$2"#*)$."3%&5(#*5*%$
áreas de risco “Gravez$5"$!"3'"$5($4&%'*$5*$5(%(#A-.*9:"/$($2"D
#*)$*%%&3*1*5*%$3*$."#$.&38*$(%.<#"m
�$s#(*%$"35($3*$&)*+()D%F3'(%($5*%$.1*%%&-.*9C(%$(%':"$&5(3A-.*D
5*%$.")"$yH(+#*5*5*%z$($3"$)*!*$'(),A."$5($G"!<1*9:"$&35&.*$
?*&o"$.#(%.&)(3'"$5()"+#,-."$3"$!(#F"5"/$2"#*)$."3%&5(#*5*%$
áreas “Especiaisz/$%<>(&'*%$E$*'(39:"$($2"#*)$*%%&3*1*5*%$3*$."#$
.&38*$.1*#"m
�$r<'#*%$,#(*%$.")$%&'<*9:"$(%',4(1$"<$()$#(.<!(#*9:"/$2"#*)$*%D
sinaladas na cor branca.
H7H-I"#4.:(!+#-8?%!+#
Muitos foram os resultados ao longo da experimentação laboratoD
#&*1$5(%'*$!(%=<&%*6$S$=<*3A5*5($5($&32"#)*9C(%$!#".(%%*5*%$*A3+&#*)$
<)$(%!*9"$()$5&%."$ #F+&5"$5($b/c$Y?$($(%':"$*+"#*$5&%!"3F4(&%$!*#*$ *$
!(%=<&%*$.&(3l-.*$%"?#($"$'()*6
\Z Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
B3-)/$*!i%$"$!#".(%%*)(3'"$5"%$5*5"%/$."3%'*'"<D%(/$3"$!(#F"5"$
[b]b$D$gffcT
�$S<)(3'"$5($b[/c|$5($%"1"$(o!"%'"m
�$H&)&3<&9:"$5($,#(*%$*+#"!*%'"#&%$5($g[/g|m
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�$S<)(3'"$5($,#(*%$<#?*3*%$"<$*3'#"!&8*5*%$5($\f|6
r?%(#4*D%($<)*$2"#'($."##(1*9:"$(3'#($"%$5*5"%$5($%"1"$(o!"%'"$
($,#(*%$*+#"!*%'"#&%$3"$!(#F"5"$(%'<5*5"6$S"$*<)(3'"$5($%"1"$(o!"%'"/$
."##(%!"35($<)*$5&)&3<&9:"$5*%$,#(*%$*+#F."1*%$"<$5($!*%'*+()6$G"#$"<D
'#"$1*5"/$E$5&)&3<&9:"$5*$."?(#'<#*$4(+('*1$3*'<#*1$5*$.**A3+*/$"?%(#4*D
D%(/$'*)?@)/$"$*<)(3'"$5*%$,#(*%$5($%"1"$(o!"%'"$3*$Q(+&:"$5($K&3+i6$H($
fato, não há uma correlação entre o desmatamento e aumento das áreas
agropastoris.
H*%$ .1*%%(%$ 3*'<#*&%/$ *$ .**A3+*$ *#?<%A4*$ 2"&$ *$ =<($ #(+#(5&<$ ()$
termos de área. Isso se explica, principalmente, pelo seu porte lenhoso e
."3%(={(3'($5&%!"3&?&1&5*5($(3(#+@A.*$!*#*$*%$!"!<1*9C(%$#<#*&%/$*1@)$
5*$3(.(%%&5*5($5($3"4*%$,#(*%$*+#F."1*%$()$%<?%A'<&9:"$E=<(1*%$>,$(o*<D
#&5*%$!"#$'@.3&.*%$5($.<1A4"$&3*5(=<*5*%$*"$%()&D,#&5"$"<$)(%)"$!(1*$
(o!*3%:"$5*%$2#"3'(&#*%$5($!*%'*+(3%$(o'(3%&4*%6
B3'#('*3'"/$"%$#(%<1'*5"%$"?A5"%$3*$.1*%%($5($.**A3+*$*#?<%A4*$
&35&.*)$<)*$!"%%F4(1$%"?#(!"%&9:"$.")$*$.1*%%($5($!*%'"D.<1A4"/$5(4&5"$
E%$ %()(1_*3'(%$ #(%!"%'*%$(%!(.'#*&%$5"%$*14"%$"?%(#4*5"%/$"<$ %(>*/$()$
*)?*%$ *%$ .1*%%(%$ '`)D%($ <)*$ 4(+('*9:"$ .*#*.'(#&8*5*$ !"#$ *#?<%'"%$ ($
(%'#*'"$_(#?,.("/$.")$!"#'($)@5&"$5($g$)$($5&~)('#"$*$*1'<#*$5"$!(&'"$
3:"$<1'#*!*%%*35"$*$ [f$ .)6$S1+<)*%$ ,#4"#(%$ >"4(3%$ *1.*39*)$*'@$c$)$
de altura como D"7'42%1012(^1&.%7;40712(/4#0. e 52-7'42-&.*$(-A.7;4071*
associadas aos cactos /70424%&.&12(641"&00&7$ Lp(?(#P$WX1(%$�$Q"�1(X/$/M(
-7$1#A&"272$LY{#�(P$WX1(%$�$Q"�1(X6$r%$*#?<%'"%$!#(5")&3*3'(%$5*$,#(*$
%:"T$D$&2$0-7"7$(-A.$*7'$072, ]$8.4-#$(*4007227*$$ LG"_1P$W*&116/$,&04%#7$(
tomentosa, Sida galheirensis e D.484"( .#$*"7;40712, entremeados com
cactos das espécies 9-1"+$(-$0*$'4.$$�6$d._<)6$($O. inamoema$W#&�"3$
�$Q"%(6$G"#$"<'#"$1*5"/$3*%$,#(*%$5($!*%'*+(3%/$"?%(#4*D%($<)*$4(+('*9:"$
_(#?,.(*$($*1+<3%$*#?<%'"%$&3'(#.*1*5"%$=<($�"#(%.()$3"$!(#F"5"$._<4"%"6$
HBdBQjUMUVSturT$SOsIUdB$B$hSGBShBOjr$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$\e
S%$ (#4*%$ !#(5")&3*3'(%$ 3"%$)(%(%$ ._<4"%"%$ L5($)*&"$ *$ *+"%'";gffgP$
foram Centratherum punctatum, Heliotropium angiospermum$ h<##*X/$
Chamaecrista repens$ L7"+(1P$ U#�&3$ �$ W*#3(?X/$ !C40C1012( 2-M, Crolataria
holosericea$ O((%$�$h*#'6/$ Sida ciliaris L., J7%#$.'7$( 6.$"'7t4.$ (Cham.
�$d._1'516P$($w4&.#$C7$(%4%%7"&$$h&116$S1+<3%$*#?<%'"%$=<($�"#&#*)$3(%'($
!(#F"5"$ 2"#*)$ B"'764;&.$( 21x.1+%42$, @8A042$"8#&2( C72%42$, ,&04%#7$(
tomentosa e Sida galheirensis6$ S%$ (%!@.&(%$ *#?i#(*%$ (3."3'#*5*%$ 3"$
1".*1$2"#*)$&35&4F5<"%$5($Tabebuia aurea, *Spondias tuberosa, /.424-72(
P107t4.$ (SW.) DC. e yzA:7-#12(P4$:&7.4 (FREIRE et alli, 2003).
O*$,#(*/$!#*A.*D%($*$!(.<,#&*$(o'(3%&4*$5($+*5"$?"4&3"/$.*!#&3"$($
"4&3"6$j*)?@)$%($!"5($."3%'*'*#$"$."#'($."3l3<"$($*$=<(&)*$5*%$1(&#*%$
L+*1_"$($2"1_*%$5*$4(+('*9:"$#<5(#*1P/$!*#*$"$!#(!*#"$5"$%"1"$($!1*3A"$5($
2(&>:"$($)&1_"/$3"$!(#F"5"$._<4"%"6$B3':"/$."3.1<&D%($=<($!*#*$<)$)(D
1_"#$5&%.(#3&)(3'"$(3'#($(%'*%$.1*%%(%$<)$3"4"$%(3%"#$.")$)*&"#$#(%"D
1<9:"$(%!(.'#*1$!#(.&%*#&*$%(#$*4*1&*5"/$%&'<*9:"$(%'*$3:"$2"&$."3%&5(#*5*$
3"$~)?&'"$5(%'($(%'<5"6$S$4(#5*5($'(##(%'#($2"&$*4*1&*5*$*$!*#A#$5($%(&%$
(o!(5&9C(%$*"$.*)!"/$"35($eg$!"3'"%$!#@D5('(#)&3*5"%$()$+*?&3('($2"D
#*)$*A3+&5"%$.")$"$<%"$5($#(.(!'"#$YGd/$3"$!#".(%%"$5($4*1&5*9:"$5*$
pesquisa.
S%$,#(*%$<#?*3*%$A4(#*)$<)*$(o!#(%%:"$'(##&'"#&*1$()$[b]b/$5(D
4&5"$!#&3.&!*1)(3'($E%$"?#*%$5($."3%'#<9:"$5*$RnB$K&3+i6$S$5&)&3<&9:"$
4(#&-.*5*$()$[bbe$5(4(D%($E$."3.1<%:"$5(%'*%$"?#*%$($5(!#(%%:"$(."3kD
)&.*$5&#('*)(3'($#(1*.&"3*5*6$S$#(.<!(#*9:"$5*%$,#(*%$<#?*3*%$'"#3*D%($
(4&5(3'($3*$.1*%%&-.*9:"$5($gffc/$.")$<)$*<)(3'"$(o.(!.&"3*1$5($ge]|$
()$ #(1*9:"$*"$*3"$5($[bbe6$B3'#('*3'"/$ ."34@)$"?%(#4*#$=<($*$ .1*%%($
.")"$<)$ '"5"$ 3:"$ #(!#(%(3'*$)*&%$ =<($ [[|$5*$ ,#(*$ '"'*1$ 5($ (%'<5"/$
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'"5"$"$()?*%*)(3'"$'(i#&."$%"?#($"%$'()*%$5($H(%(#A-.*9:"/$d(3%"#&*D
)(3'"$Q()"'"$($dUY$*!1&.*5"%$*"$h"3&'"#*)(3'"$S)?&(3'*1$<A1&8*5"%$
3(%'*$!(%=<&%*/$*1@)$5*$(o!(#&)(3'*9:"$1*?"#*'"#&*16$B%'($)*!*$%&3'(A8*$
e registra as 1$"(#-!"-$/#'+-M-!"#"$%&'()*+ na área de estudo.
\\
e6$VrOVIRd�Bd$B$QBVrhBOHSt�Bd
5.1 Energia e pobreza: a dualidade intrínseca de Xingó – uma discussão
S$RnB$K&3+i$+(#*$.(#.*$5($�$5*$(3(#+&*$(1@'#&.*$."3%<)&5*$3*$Q(D
+&:"$O"#5(%'($5"$W#*%&16$B3'#('*3'"/$*"$+(#*#$(3(#+&*$*$!*#A#$5(%'($3"',4(1$
#(.<#%"$3*'<#*1$=<($@$"$#&"$d:"$M#*3.&%."/$*1&)(3'*35"$"$5(%(34"14&)(3D
'"$5"%$1"3+F3=<"%$.(3'#"%$<#?*3"%$5*%$.*!&'*&%/$5($2*'"/$3*5*/$"<$=<*%($
3*5*/$2"&$*.#(%.(3'*5"$()$'(#)"%$5($)(1_"#&*$3*%$."35&9C(%$5($4&5*$!*#*$
*%$!"!<1*9C(%$=<($_*?&'*)$*$#(+&:"/$"<$)(%)"$!*#*$"$)(&"$*)?&(3'(6$
S"$."3'#,#&"/$-.*$(4&5(3'(/$3(%'($(%'<5"/$<)$+#*4($=<*5#"$5($5(+#*5*9:"$
*)?&(3'*1$3*$#(+&:"/$)"A4*5"$!(1*%$)*&%$5&4(#%*%$.*<%*%/$ &3A)*)(3'($
relacionadas.
S1+"$(%',$(##*5"$3(%'($)"5(1"6$O:"$2*8$%(3A5"$=<($*$(o!1"#*9:"$
5(%'($!"5(#"%"$.*!&'*1$3*'<#*1$3:"$'(3_*$#(4(#A5"$()$3(3_<)$?(3(0.&"$
#(*1)(3'($%&+3&-.*A4"$!*#*$(%'*%$!"!<1*9C(%/$*$3:"$%(#$<)$.#(%.(3'($($
*4*%%*1*5"#$=<*5#"$5($5(+#*5*9:"$*)?&(3'*1$ (/$"$=<($@$!&"#/$ (%!(.&*1D
)(3'($3*%$.&#.<34&8&3_*39*%$5*$#(!#(%*6
j("#&.*)(3'(/$*$!*#A#$5*$."3%'#<9:"$($2<3.&"3*)(3'"$5*$RnB$K&3D
+i$()$[bb^/$(%'(%$)<3&.F!&"%$5(4(#&*)$%(#$"%$)*&"#(%$?(3(-.&,#&"%$5(%'*$
)(+*$."3%'#<9:"$a$"#+<1_"$5*$(3+(3_*#&*$3*.&"3*1$*"$*!#"4(&'*#$"$.~3&"3$
3*'<#*1$5"$Q&"$d:"$M#*3.&%."$a$(/$.")$%<*%$!#i!#&*%$#"._*%/$#(!#(%*#$*%$
>,$(%.*%%*%$,+<*%$5"$d:"$M#*3.&%."$*$<)$.<%'"$-3*3.(&#"$#(1*A4*)(3'($
?*&o"$!*#*$(%'($A!"$5($()!#((35&)(3'"6$O(%'($*%!(.'"/$.*?($3"'*#$=<($
*$!#i!#&*$.#&*9:"$5"$ 1*+"$ >,$ #(!#(%(3'"<$<)$+#*35($ &)!*.'"$*)?&(3'*1$
5(4&5"$*%$,#(*%$5($4(+('*9:"$($2*<3*$&3<35*5*%6$h*%$2"#*)$*%$*9C(%$*3D
'#i!&.*%/$*"$1"3+"$5"%$J1A)"%$[c$*3"%/$=<($'#"<o(#*)$!*#*$*$#(+&:"$(%'($
quadro desolador aqui apresentado.
G"#'*3'"/$ "$ =<($ %($ =<(%A"3*$ @T$ =<*&%$ %:"$ *%$ 4*3'*+(3%$ %&+3&-D
.*A4*%$5*$+(#*9:"$5($(3(#+&*$(1@'#&.*$!*#*$*$#(+&:"�$r%$ &35&.*5"#(%$5($
\] Neison Cabral Ferreira Freire e Admilson da Penha Pachêco
5(%(34"14&)(3'"$_<)*3"$."3A3<*)$"%$)*&%$?*&o"%$5"$!*F%/$"%$3J.1("%$
urbanos não registram um crescimento ordenado, mas sim a instalação
5($?"1%C(%$5($!"?#(8*$($5($(o.1<%:"$%".&*1$*1&)(3'*5"%$!(1*$_&%'i#&.*$(%D
'#<'<#*$ 1*A2<35&,#&*$!#i!#&*$5*$ #(+&:"/$ .")?&3*5"$ .")$"$=<*5#"$+(3(D
#*1&8*5"$5($5(+#*5*9:"$*)?&(3'*1$($"$."3%(={(3'($5(.1F3&"$5*$*A4&5*5($
(."3k)&.*6$r%$#(!*%%(%$5($.4A$0+&2$5*$VnBdM$#(%'#&3+()D%($*$G&#*3_*%;
SI$.")$gf|$($V*3&35@$5"$d:"$M#*3.&%.";dB$.")$]f|/$%"?$4*1"#(%$1(+*&%$
)<&'"$*?*&o"$5*%$#(*&%$3(.(%%&5*5(%$5(%'(%$)<3&.F!&"%6$h(%)"$*%$*9C(%$
1".*1&8*5*%$($4(#A.*&%$5"$U3%A'<'"$K&3+i$3:"$'#"<o(#*)$3(3_<)$*4*39"$
%&+3&-.*A4"$!*#*$(%'*%$!"!<1*9C(%/$()?"#*$.*&?*$#(+&%'#*#$"$(%!F#&'"$5($
1<'*/$*$%(#&(5*5($.")$"$'#*'"$%".&*1$ ><3'"$E%$.")<3&5*5(%$.*#(3'(%$($"$
(%2"#9"$."1(A4"$5($'"5"%$"%$=<($2*8()$"$UK6
B%'($(%'<5"$5".<)(3'"<$($.")!#"4"<$.&(3A-.*)(3'($=<($"$=<*D
5#"$@$*54(#%"$%"?$"%$)*&%$5&4(#%"%$*%!(.'"%T$*)?&(3'*1/$%".&*1$($(."3kD
)&."6$H($2*'"/$"%$)<3&.F!&"%$()$(%'<5"$!#(.&%*)$.*5*$4(8$)*&%$5($#(!*%D
%(%$-3*3.(&#"%$5"%$B%'*5"%$($5*$R3&:"$!*#*$%<!#&#$%<*%$5()*35*%$%".&*&%$
()(#+(3.&*&%/$ 3<)$ .&.1"$ 4&.&"%"$ 5($ 5(!(35`3.&*$ (."3k)&.*$ ($ !"1FA.*/$
"35($*%$%(.*%$*+#*4*)$*$%&'<*9:"/$)*%$3:"$#(!#(%(3'*)/$!"#$%&$%i/$*$.*<%*$
(1"={(3'($5"$+#*4($=<*5#"$*)?&(3'*1$*=<&$#(+&%'#*5"6
H($ 2*'"/$ '#&%'()(3'($ %($ ."3.1<&<$=<($*$(3(#+&*$=<($+(#*$ #&=<(8*$
!*#*$"$O"#5(%'($3:"$'#*8$5(%(34"14&)(3'"$%<%'(3',4(1$!*#*$*%$.")<3&D
5*5(%$.*#(3'(%$)*&%$!#io&)*%$E$RnB$K&3+i/$)*%$%&)$<)$=<*5#"$+(#*1$5($
."3%<)"$5(4*%'*5"#$5"%$1&)&'*5"%$#(.<#%"%$3*'<#*&%$5*$.**A3+*/$()$#&'D
mo de destruição perigosamente exponencial. Certamente um limite de
.*#+*$3"$(."%%&%'()*$5*$#(+&:"$(%',$)<&'"$!#io&)"$5($"."##(#6
5.2 1989 – 2003: o recrudescimento dos indicadores ambientais nas 1$"(#-!"#"$%&'(!(#
O<)*$4&%:"$+(#*1/$"$(%'<5"$."3.1<&<$=<($3"$!(#F"5"$"?%(#4*5"/$
[b]b$*$gffc/$*$Q(+&:"$5($K&3+i$%"2#(<$<)*$."3l3<*/$%&%'(),A.*$($5(4*%D
tadora degradação ambiental. De fato, sob todos os aspectos, o ecossisD
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po de lenta recuperação, propiciou o surgimento de extensas áreas deD
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SVVUrI�/$ I6m$ GSVn�Vr/$S6m$ VrdjS/$ j6m$ IrGBd/$r6m$rIU7BUQS/$h6$ Q(1*9C(%$()!F#&.*%$(3'#($*$(%'#<'<#*$5*$4(+('*9:"$($5*5"%$5"$%(3%"#$jh;LANDSAT. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. V*)!&3*$Y#*35(/$GW/$4"16$^/$36$c/$!6$ZbgDZb]/$gffg6
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ShrQUh/$S6m$WQSOHur/$Q6m$hSjjrd/$ Nm$MQBUQB/$O6$Projeto Geoturismo Xingó6$V*3&35@$5($d:"$M#*3.&%."/$dBT$U3%A'<'"$K&3+i/$gff[6$[b^$!6
ShrQUh/$S6m$YShS/$n6m$hSjjrd/$N6m$MQBUQB/$O6$Atlas Xingó. Canindé de d:"$M#*3.&%."/$dBT$U3%A'<'"$K&3+i/$gffg6$^Z$!6
ANDRADE, M.C. A <$+?."01%'(-!(-L"'(6$Q(.&2(/$GBT$IF?(#$Y#,-.*$($B5&D'"#*/$[bbb6$bZ!6
SOHQSHBDIUhS/$H6$Um pouco de ecologia para o Nordeste6$Q(.&2(/$GBT$RMGB/$[b\g6
___________. !"#$%&&'()&*$+,-.(./-6$U3T$Q(4&%'*$W#*%&1(&#*$5($W"'~3&.*/$36$Z/$!6$[ZbD[ec/$[b][6
SQS�Nr/$S6m$dSOjrd/$h6m$hBROUBQ/$U6m$QrHSI/$h6$Q"#"$%&'()*+-"-L"'(. Q(.&2(T$Y#,-.*$($B5&'"#*$5"$O"#5(%'($I'5*6/$gffg6$^c$!6
ARONOF, S. 0#,)1&2".%$ .(3,1-&',($ *4*5#-6$ &$7&(&)#-#(5$ 8#1*2#%-
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ASSIS, J. S. Y/+D"+D$(&(-"-9+5#"$2()*+-!(-Y/+!/2"$#/!(!"6$h*.(&i/$SIT$V*'*4(3'"/$gfff6$[bb$!6
____________. Q"#"$%&'()*+-"0-,.(D+(#$LS3,1&%($MF%&."DS)?&(3'*1$G#(D1&)&3*#P6$h*.(&i/$SIT$RMSI/$gffg6$S!"%A1*6
DESERTIFICAÇÃO: ANÁLISE E MAPEAMENTO 83
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BAUTISTA, H. P. 4#352-$#%6)78)$"#%&"%9""1:,";%#<"%-/3().=:2-"%$2(:>/--
ca!"#$%"&'()*+',"+,-./"0"1002$30"/"+40"56)7,.089,":0;',$07!"</'.0"
de Santana, BA: 1988. 215 p.
BONHAM-CARTER, G.F. <#%'4,/"10)1$*%4=,-%$)2(23#=)*%4)'#%01#$-232>)
modelling with GIS!"=>0?0%"@/.30(,$!"ABC")!"D1,()4E/."F/EG-ods in the Geosciences, 13).
BRASIL, GOVERNO DO. ?$#$)1@2"AB(% C% DDD% 9(:*$)E:2-"% &"#% F").$#% &"%9(:G$:AB(% &"#%H"AI$#%J:-&"#. Brasília, DF: Ministério do Meio H(-'/$E/I"@.J2;0"K.JL;0"/"5M'E,.0N"OBBB!"PA")!
___________. ?-)$.)-K$#%3")"%"%F(+L12"%H"2-(:"+%&$%9(:.)(+$%&"%?$#$)1-
@2"AB(%C%3)(M$.(%!N6%OPQRPS. Brasília, DF: Ministério do Meio Am-biente, 1998.
___________. ?$#$)1@2"AB(T%!)"#L+-"U%?V;%'-:-#.5)-(%&(%'$-(%6/7-$:.$U%
WRRP!"Q'+),$RS/7"/("TG>)%UU???!((0!3,S!-.U),.EU./M/+/.EUM/-+/.E-.!GE(7V!"H;/++,"/("OBUWBUWA!
___________. '"3"%&$% X<#2$317-+-&"&$% Y%?$#$)1@2"AB(. Brasília, DF: 1998b. 95 p.
X:#Y=N"5!"D1,,.M/$089,"K/.07Z!"'"3$"/$:.(%9<+.<)"+%&(#%'<:-2L3-(#%&(%
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