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Iniciação Científica I – F590

01/06/2009

Espectroscopia Atômica

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Luengo

([email protected]) Aluno: Danilo José de Lima, RA 032118 (djlima_fí[email protected])

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ÍNDICE

Introdução................................................................................................................... 3

Espectrômetro ótico .................................................................................................... 4

Calibração ................................................................................................................... 4

Experimental............................................................................................................... 6

Série de Balmer......................................................................................................... 7

Constante de Wien .................................................................................................. 11

Arco numa lâmpada ................................................................................................ 14

Conclusão .................................................................................................................. 18

Referências Bibliográficas ........................................................................................ 19

Apêndice A: Softwares.............................................................................................. 20

Apêndice B: Dados dos espectrômetros ................................................................... 21

Apêndice C: Criando Arco elétrico em casa ............................................................ 24

Apêndice D: Demais dados ....................................................................................... 26

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Introdução O uso de espectrômetro ótico eletrônico é atualmente comum para se retirar

informações a respeito do comportamento eletrônico dos átomos, porém compreender

corretamente os resultados obtidos, verificar conseqüências dos resultados além de

entender o funcionamento dos espectrômetros é uma tarefa que nem sempre os alunos

realizam. Como esse assunto é extremamente longo, foram feitas várias medidas e mais

sugestões que experimentos, incluindo sugestões de como aplicar este assunto no ensino

médio.

A primeira parte teria como objetivo familiarizar-se com o equipamento bem

como os conceitos básicos envolvidos, tais como entender o funcionamento do

espectrômetro ótico utilizado, obter alguns resultados já descritos na literatura tais como

a série de Balmer para o átomo de Hidrogênio, o valor da constante de Rydberg, estudar

o espectro de emissão de um corpo aquecido encontrando a constante de Wien entre

outras aplicações que possam surgir com o decorrer dos estudos. Além disso, dispõe-se

de um software para aquisição de dados dos espectrômetros capaz de realizar a

aquisição de dados dos espectrômetros também no tempo, desta forma pode-se estudar a

variação da intensidade das linhas com o tempo, o que pode ser usado para o estudo da

variação da temperatura de um corpo em função do tempo, entre outras possibilidades.

Uma outra característica que diferencia o equipamento a ser utilizado dos

espectrômetros óticos disponíveis nos laboratórios de ensino do IFGW é a resolução.

No laboratório de ensino de física moderna dispõe-se de um espectrômetro ótico com

2048 pixel de resolução na CCD que faz a captura do espectro de radiação visível, já

aqui iremos utilizar três espectrômetros, onde cada um varre uma região um pouco

maior do que um terço da região do visível, oferecendo ao todo uma resolução de quase

três vezes mais que no espectrômetro disponível no laboratório de ensino. Pesquisas

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financiadas pela FAPESP estão utilizando este equipamento bem como os softwares

aqui apresentados. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é, também, introduzir o

assunto ao estudante para que possa aplicar seus conhecimentos nas pesquisas a serem

realizadas.

A segunda parte do estudo, que está sugerida para a sequência desta disciplina,

em Iniciação Científica II, seria um estudo mais teórico, que poderia utilizar os dados

obtidos no trabalho anterior para estudar o espectro de vibração das moléculas. Não

entraremos em detalhe sobre este assunto aqui.

Espectrômetro ótico Três espectrômetros ópticos da Ocean Optics® de alta resolução modelo

HR2000+ cuja aquisição da intensidade da radiação eletromagnética é feita por uma

CCD. As características deles são idênticas, a menos da região de sensibilidade a

determinados comprimentos de onda. Dados específicos dos espectrômetros se

encontram no apêndice B.

Calibração Os equipamentos utilizados já estão calibrados, e para verificar isto foram feitos

alguns espectros e comparados com dados bibliográficos. O modelo de espectrômetro

utilizado permite que armazenemos os valores dos coeficientes da calibração, conforme

manual do equipamento4, no próprio equipamento. Para ilustrar isso, utilizamos um

espectrômetro do laboratório de física moderna, de outro modelo, no qual inserimos os

valores dos coeficientes obtidos no software da Ocean, utilizando o mesmo

procedimento que seria usado para calibrar os espectrômetros utilizados durante os

experimentos. Neste caso, como comentado na introdução, teríamos apenas um

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espectrômetro de resolução de 2048 pixels obtendo o espectro da figura 01 para uma

lâmpada de gás de Mercúrio e Argônio.

Figura 01 – Gráfico da contagem pelo canal do espectrômetro e valores esperados para os picos

Os valores esperados para cada um dos picos obtidos no experimento foram

obtidos também no site da Ocean4, que foi nossa principal referência. Com esses dados,

e seguindo o procedimento do manual, graficamos o valor esperado para determinado

pico vs a posição do pixel para o ponto e fizemos uma regressão para uma função

cúbica e obtivemos os coeficientes da equação. Estes são os coeficientes a serem

inseridos no software e, se fosse o caso, seriam os inseridos nos espectrômetros que

foram usados neste trabalho. O gráfico e os resultados da regressão encontram-se na

figura 02.

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Figura 02 – Resultado da calibração: coeficientes do polinômio da regressão

Experimental A montagem experimental é bem simples: posicionamos o espectrômetro diante

de nossa fonte e o software faz a aquisição. A figura 03 mostra um esboço desse

experimento: o espectrômetro possui em sua saída uma fibra óptica com uma pequena

abertura que é direcionada para nossa fonte. No caso, uma lâmpada de gás (esta

lâmpada é trocada conforme interesse podendo termos várias opções, dentre elas

lâmpadas de Hg-Ar, H2, entre outras) fica de frente à fibra óptica.

Também adquirimos espectros de uma lâmpada fluorescente e de um sistema

melhor explicado no apêndice C, no qual apresentamos uma montagem experimental

simples, que poder ser realizada em sala de aula. Neste caso, foi apresentado à uma

turma de Ensino de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) onde os alunos tiveram grande aceitação e

interesse por querer entender porque e o que estava acontecendo. Neste caso,

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procuramos determinar qual gás é utilizado em uma lâmpada incandescente comum.

Também utilizamos uma lâmpada incandescente como fonte de calor para verificarmos

determinarmos a constante de Wien.

Espectrômetro

Fig.: 03 – Esquema da montagem experimental: a) o espectrômetro à esquerda com a fibra ótica

apontada para a fonte à direita; e a lâmpada b) preenchida de H2 mostrando a região de estrangulamento.

A ponta de prova do Espectrômetro é apontada para essa região, onde concentra uma maior densidade de

corrente e o arco é mais intenso. A lâmpada não precisa ser aquecida para produzir o arco.

Série de Balmer

Na física clássica, um sistema mecânico pode possuir qualquer valor de energia,

podendo variá-la de quantidades infinitesimais, no entanto na física quântica isto não é

observado. Existem inúmeros indícios de que um sistema quântico possa adquirir

apenas quantidades definidas de energia, sendo um exemplo disso, seria um elétron

aprisionado em uma barreira de potencial. A quantização pode ser mais facilmente

entendida se compreendermos que no mundo quântico as partículas se comportam como

pacotes de onda e se pensarmos que um elétron aprisionado é uma onda estacionária

com nós nos contornos da caixa e que a frequência dessa onda determina a energia do

elétron, podemos entender que ele pode receber uma quantidade definida de energia

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exatamente suficiente para mudar de modo de vibração. Como vemos em ondas

estacionárias, que podem adquirir apenas determinadas freqüências de vibração, um

elétron aprisionado também pode adquirir determinadas freqüências, e se sua energia

estiver relacionada apenas com sua freqüência ( νhE = ), então ele pode receber apenas

certas quantidades de energia múltiplas inteiras de determinado valor.

Foi Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, um físico alemão, quem postulou que um

sistema físico em movimento harmônico simples, poderia apresentar apenas

determinados valores múltiplos de uma constante1, chamada constante de Planck:

…,3,2,1,0, == nnhE ν

Figura 04 – Energias possíveis para um sistema clássico e valores discretos de energia, segundo postulado de Planck

Na prática, só é possível verificar a quantização quando levamos em conta

interações a nível atômico, pois como o valor da constante de Planck é extremamente

pequeno ( sJxh .10311069626,6 34−= ) se compararmos com as energias que estamos

acostumados a encontrar. Por isso, para verificar a quantização de energia, usamos o

espectrômetro e uma lâmpada de Hidrogênio. O Hidrogênio é excitado e os seus

elétrons absorvem energia que, ao retornarem para seu estado fundamental, emite um

fóton de energia bem definida e, portanto, com freqüência também definida.

Para as regiões do Ultravioleta próximo e do visível, Johann Jakob Balmer, um

físico e matemático suíço, encontrou uma equação empírica que descreve o valor de λ

em função de um número inteiro n, com n>2 (n = 3, 4, 5, …). Utilizando a relação

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determinada por Balmer em 1985, obtemos o valor de λo, chamado de limite da série de

Balmer, quando n tende a infinito. A equação obtida por Balmer foi:

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2

−=

n

noλλ

Para obter o valor de λo utilizamos uma “lâmpada” que consiste de um bulbo

cilíndrico com uma região estrangula para concentrar o arco, representado também BA

figura 03, à direita. Em suas extremidades foi aplicada uma grande diferença de

potencial, da ordem de 10KV, capaz de excitar o elétron do átomo de Hidrogênio. O

espectro obtido está apresentado na (figura 05); a partir destes valores obtemos

λo = (365,1 ± 0,4) nm, cujo erro foi calculado com base no desvio padrão para os três

picos utilizados. O valor conhecido na época em que Balmer encontrou a relação da

série que levou seu nome era de 364,6nm1. Podemos obter, desse nosso resultado, o

valor da Constante de Rydberg reescrevendo a fórmula de Balmer:

Figura 05 – Valores discretos do espectro do Hidrogênio: Série de Balmer

10

−=

−==

2222

1

2

141

2

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nonRk H

λλ

Sendo 2

.4

o

oRH

λ

δλδ

−= o erro da constante de Rydber e δλo o erro de λo. Assim,

temos: RH = (1096 ± 1).104 m-1. O valor com maior precisão medido até hoje1 foi de

RH = (10967757,6 ± 1,2) m-1 .

De nossos resultados, poderíamos prever outras séries para o hidrogênio. Assim,

obtemos o espectro do hidrogênio com maior tempo de integração para vermos as linhas

de menor comprimento de onda e comparamos os valores calculados com os valores

obtidos nesta medida. Os resultados são exibidos na figura 06. É possível verificar que o

valor medido sempre está acima do valor calculado, o que pode evidenciar um erro

sistemático na medida, no entanto não descobrimos sua causa. Observa-se também que

o menor ponto não está muito bem definido em relação a sua máxima intensidade, mas

acrescentamos esse valor mesmo assim apenas com o objetivo de comparação.

Figura 06 – Comprimentos de onda para a série de Balmer para o Hidrogênio: comparação entre comprimentos de onda medidos versus calculados com base na equação obtida anteriormente.

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Constante de Wien

Para medir a constante de Wien, precisa-se de uma fonte de calor muito intensa

(temperaturas acima de 700K). Como não dispomos de um pirômetro, ou outro

equipamento que pudesse ser utilizado para medir a temperatura do filamento da

lâmpada nos limitou apenas a estimar o valor da temperatura do filamento de tungstênio

de uma lâmpada de 100 w de potência. Utilizando um valor da literatura1 para a

constante de Wien ( KmxconstT .10898,2 3max

−==λ ), podemos obter para a temperatura

do filamento com a lâmpada em sua potência máxima o valor de 5431±1K, o que está

de acordo com dados experimentais para, por exemplo, a temperatura do Sol (5700K), o

que era de se esperar pois, é a faixa de luz visível.

Figura 07 – Filamento incandescente de tungstênio. A coloração avermelhada se deve pelo fato de ter sido tirada uma fotografia da projeção do filamento da lâmpada sobre uma parede, usando uma lente

divergente. Uma fotografia direta sem uso de filtro poderia danificar a máquina fotográfica se tirada foto com a lâmpada em sua potência máxima.

Figura 08 – Filamento da lâmpada desligada. É possível notar que o filamento se curva devido efeito de dilatação térmica.

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Figura 09 – Montagem experimental para medir a temperatura da lâmpada. Acima a lâmpada incandescente e abaixo a saída da fibra ótica dos espectrômetros.

Uma possibilidade avaliada seria determinar a temperatura da lâmpada em

função do tempo e estimar a condutividade térmica do gás no interior da lâmpada, pois

o software utilizado possibilita aquisição no tempo. Isso, porém não foi possível, pois a

queda de temperatura é muito rápida e mesmo utilizando a máxima capacidade de

aquisição (um espectro a cada 1 ms) não foi possível determinar essa queda. A figura 10

apresenta o gráfico obtido para o espectro da lâmpada em função do tempo, sendo a

lâmpada desligada algumas vezes durante a aquisição e a figura 11 apresenta uma

quatro medidas do espectro da lâmpada e média para valor máximo, bem como o erro

da medida.

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Figura 10 – Espectro da lâmpada em função do tempo. A reta vertical representa a contagem, a horizontal de 0 a 180 é o tempo e a outra é o comprimento de onda em nm.

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Figura 11 – Contagem nos espectrômetros em função do comprimento de onda em nm.

Arco numa lâmpada

Apresentamos algumas outras aplicações para a espectroscopia. A figura 12

apresenta o espectro de emissão de uma lâmpada de vapor de água em comparação com

a lâmpada de gás de Hidrogênio: nota-se que são praticamente iguais, evidenciando que

é possível determinar quais os átomos que compõe uma amostra de substância

desconhecida. Para comparar os resultados, selecionamos um tempo de integração de tal

forma que os valores dos picos para a água e para o Hidrogênio estejam próximos.

A figura 13 apresenta o espectro de uma lâmpada fria (de mercúrio) comercial.

Podemos notar que existe uma linha de comprimento de onda igual ao do comprimento

de onda do mercúrio. O revestimento branco da lâmpada é um composto de fósforo que

absorve a luz ultravioleta emitida pelo Mercúrio e a emite na região do visível.

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Figura 12 – Comparação entre os espectros de emissão de uma lâmpada de água e de uma de Hidrogênio

Figura 13 – Espectro de emissão de uma lâmpada de Mercúrio comercial (“lâmpada fria”)

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Figura 14 – Espectro de emissão de uma lâmpada de CO2

Outra medida realizada, que apresenta mais detalhe no apêndice C, foi do arco

produzido no interior de uma lâmpada incandescente, do mesmo tipo que a usada no

experimento para a lei de Wien. A seguir, os espectros obtidos e o arco produzido. Na

realidade não foi encontrado um gás que se coincidisse os valores de picos com os

obtidos neste experimento, assim comparamos visualmente com a bibliografia9. Neste

caso, não há rigor científico, mas só ousamos fazer isso, pois sabíamos previamente que

o gás contido na lâmpada é argônio. De fato, deve ser um gás inerte, que não reaja com

o filamento.

a) b) Figura 15 – (a) Arco elétrico obtido na lâmpada e (b) dado bibliográfico9.

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Figura 16 – Espectro da lâmpada incandescente quando é gerado um arco no seu interior

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Conclusão Através de uma análise quantitativa, podemos verificar experimentalmente a

série de Balmer e o valor da constante de Rydberg, mostramos a utilidade de

espectrômetros óticos para determinar substâncias e uma forma possível de medirmos a

temperatura de materiais incandescente (que emitam radiação na frequência do visível).

Vimos que obter informações da matéria através do uso de técnicas de

espectroscopia é um método muito preciso e rápido. Dentre suas aplicações, podemos

citar a análise de materiais quando é preciso um resultado imediato, pois vimos que o

espectro de moléculas depende também dos átomos constituintes. Além disso, medimos

o espectro da água, do CO2, de uma lâmpada fria comercial e de uma lâmpada

incandescente.

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Referências Bibliográficas 1. Eisberg R., Resnick R., Física Quântica – Átomos, Moléculas, Sólidos, Núcleos e

Partículas, Editora Campus, 25ª tiragem, Rio de Janeiro, 1991. (pg. 23 – Lei de

Wien e constante de Wien; pg. 41 – fig. Comparando a quantização de energia

quântica com a correspondente contínua clássica; pg. 137 – constante de Rydberg

para o átomo de Hidrogênio)

2. Newton, I., Newton (Óptica), Nova Cultural, São Paulo, 2005.

3. N. M., Nusseinzveig, Curso de Física Básica, Vol. 4, Ed. Edgard Blücher, 1ª Ed.,

São Paulo, 1998. (pg. 245 – A hipótese de Planck; pg. 260 – Espectros atômicos –

Constante de Rydberg)

4. http://www.oceanoptics.com/, acessado em 22/02/2009. (Manual do equipamento

incluso e traduzido no apêndice B; Espectro da lâmpada usada para calibração do

espectrômetro. No manual, veja capítulo 1 e apêndices A e B)

5. http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/staff/drjackm/chemistry/chemlink/analytic/analyt1.html,

acessado em 22/02/2009

6. Dalttrini, A. M., Estudo de arco a altas temperaturas por espectroscopia visível

e ultravioleta no vácuo, Tese de Doutorado, IFGW, Campinas, 2003.

7. http://www.fsc.ufsc.br/ccef/port/02-1/artpdf/a5.pdf, acessado 30/05/2009. Este

artigo mostra como pode ser montado um espectrômetro caseiro para usá-lo no

ensino médio.

8. A Invenção de Quantum de Energia segundo Planck,

http://www.sbfisica.org.br/rbef/pdf/v22_523.pdf, acessado em 30/05/2009.

9. Imagens dos espectros mais comuns http://www.schaffrath.net/Spectra/, Acessado

em 01/02/2009. Usado para comparação visual com o espectro da lâmpada

incandescente quando é gerado um arco no seu interior.

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Apêndice A: Softwares O algoritmo não poderá ser inserido, mas abaixo se encontra a aparência da

interface final. Ele foi construído na plataforma Labview.

Fig. A1: Aparência do programa de aquisição de dados.

Fig. A2: Os resultados são apresentados em três gráficos separadamente, depois exportados automaticamente como imagem.

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Apêndice B: Dados dos espectrômetros Na tabela a seguir, apresentamos a faixa de comprimento de onda em que cada

modelo trabalha. As demais características são iguais para todos eles.

Tabela 01: Range de comprimento de onda que cada modelo de espectrômetro é capaz de ler. Modelo do Espectrômetro Range de comprimento de onda (nm)

HR+C0163 188,1 - 412,7

HR+C0162 392,4 - 601,5

HR+C0244 587,5 - 783,3

As características que podem ser alteradas de acordo com a necessidade de uso

estão descritas com mais detalhe nos itens a seguir (tabelas de 02 à 04 e figura B1). Os

três espectrômetros foram ligados ao PC utilizando-se o software LabView®. Esta rotina

foi criada para fazer a aquisição de dados do espectrômetro ótico em um intervalo de

tempo.

Fig. B1: Componentes internos dos Espectrômetros óticos. Na tabela 02 encontram-se as características de cada item

http://www.oceanoptics.com

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Fig. B2 – Detalhe para os três espectrômetros utilizados

Tabela 02: Identificação dos itens da figura 01. Descrição e nome dos itens Item Nome Descrição

1 Conector SMAFixa a entrada da fibra ótica ao espectrômetro. A luz da entrada da

fibra entra no sistema ótico por este conector.

2 Fenda

Uma peça de material escuro contendo uma abertura retangular,

montado diretamente sobre o conector SMA. O tamanho da

abertura regula a intensidade luminosa que entra no sistema otico

e controla a resolução espectral.

3 Filtro

Restringe a radiação para uma região pré-determinada de

comprimentos de onda. A luz passa pelo filtro antes de entrar no

sistema ótico. Filtros passa banda e passa alta são utilizados para

restringir o a faixa de comprimento de onda à certa região.

4 Espelho colimador

A luz não colimada que entra no sistema otico é então colimada

pelo espelho até a Grade. A luz que entra no espectrômetro, passa

pelo conector SMA, pelo Slit , e pelo filtro e é refletida pelo espelho

até a Grade.

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Tabela 03: Especificações do CCD dos espectrômetros Especificações Valores

Detector Sony ILX-511 arranjo linear de CCD de silício

nº de elementos 2048 pixels

75 fotons por contagem a 400 nm

41 fotons por contagem a 600 nm

Tamanho do Pixel 14 mm x 200 mm

Intensidade por Pixel 62.500 eletrons

Razão de sinal : ruído 250:1 (em sinal máximo)

Resolução A/D 14 bit

Ruído Dark 12 RMS counts

Correção de linearidade >99,8%

Taxa máxima de pixel Taxa com cada pixel digitalizado: 1MHz

Sensibilidade

Tabela 04: Características dos espectrômetros. Especificações Valores

Dimensões 148,6 mm x 104,8 mm x 45,1 mm

Massa 570 g

Consumo de Energia 220 mA à 5VDC

Detector Arranjo de 2048 elementos de CCD linear de silício

Range do detector 200 - 1100 nm

Grade 14 grades disponíveisAbertura de Entrada 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 ou 200 mm

Filtros Filtros instalados: passa-alta e passa-banda

Distância focal f/4, 101 mm

Resolução optica

Depende da grade e do tamanho da abertura de

entrada

Dispersão luminosa <0,05% a 600 nm; <0,10% a 435 nm

Range dinâmico 2 x 108 (sistema); 1300:1 para uma aquisição simples

Conector da fibra optica SMA 905 para cabo simples de fibra optica (0,22 NA)

Tranferência de dados:

USB 2.0 Leitura completa para a memória a cada 1 ms

Porta Serial Leitura completa para a memória a cada 100 ms

Tempo de integração De 1 ms à 65 s

Canal analógico

Uma entrada analógica de 13 bit e uma saída

analógica de 9 bit

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Apêndice C: Criando Arco elétrico em casa Neste item, incluímos um experimento simples, focado à aplicação no ensino de

física: pode-se criar arco em sala de aula. Para isso, utilizamos um acendedor de fogão

automático, conhecido comercialmente como “usininha” e que pode ser encontrado em

qualquer loja que trabalhe com manutenção de fogão ou até mesmo em casas de

ferramentas em geral. Os demais itens são mais comuns: um receptáculo (ou bocal) para

lâmpada, uma lâmpada incandescente (quanto maior sua potência melhor, pois menor

deverá ser a pressão no seu interior além de ter o bulbo maior, possibilitando maiores

arcos – neste exemplo, foi usada uma de 200 w), fios, tomada macho, interruptor de

campainha e um suporte (por exemplo, madeira).

A seguir, na figura C1, o resultado do trabalho. Deve-se ligar um dos fios que sai

da “usininha” ao receptáculo e outro pode ser fixado com fita adesiva na superfície da

lâmpada. Outros experimentos podem ser criados, dentre eles fazer uma chave de fenda

de teste ascender na mão sem ser necessário tocar na lâmpada.

Figura C1 – Montagem experimental para produzir arco em casa.

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Figura C2 – Montagem experimental com saída do espectrômetro.

Figura C3 Arco formado no filamento da lâmpada.

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Apêndice D: Demais dados

Mercury emission lines are <600 nm. Argon emission lines are >600 nm, and are shown here on an exaggerated amplitude scale.

Strong Hg Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

User's Tip: There are more emission lines published here than printed on the label on the HG-1 housing. The label is intended as a quick, convenient reference and does not list every Ar or Hg emission line that exists.

253.652 404.656

296.728 407.783*

302.150 435.833

313.155 546.074**

334.148 576.960

365.015 579.066

* This spectral line will not be evident with spectrometers configured with 300- or 600-lines/mm gratings.

** With spectrometers that have 1200-, 1800-, 2400- or 3600-lines/mm gratings, spectral lines will be evident at 576.96 nm and 579.07 nm.

Strong Ar Emission Lines by Wavelength (nm)

696.543 800.616*

706.722 811.531

710.748 826.452

727.294 842.465

738.398 852.144

750.387 866.794

763.511 912.297

27

772.376 922.450

794.818

* This spectral line will be evident only with spectrometers configured with 1800-, 2400-, or 3600-lines/mm gratings.

Parecer Parece me que o aluno tem se esforçado bastante e conseguido demonstrações notáveis. Professor C.A.Luengo

1.

HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic Spectrometer

Installation and Operation Manual Document Number 294-00000-000-02-0208

Offices: Ocean Optics, Inc. World Headquarters

830 Douglas Ave., Dunedin, FL, USA 34698

Phone 727.733.2447

Fax 727.733.3962

8 a.m.– 8 p.m. (Mon-Thu), 8 a.m.– 6 p.m. (Fri) EST

E-mail: [email protected] (General sales inquiries)

[email protected] (Questions about orders)

[email protected] (Technical support)

Additional

Offices:

Ocean Optics Asia

666 Gubei Road, Kirin Tower, Suite 601B, Changning District, Shanghai,

PRC. 200336

Phone 86.21.5206.8686

Fax 86.21.5206.8686

E-Mail [email protected]

Ocean Optics B.V. (Europe)

Geograaf 24, 6921 EW DUIVEN, The Netherlands

Phone 31-(0)26-3190500

Fax 31-(0)26-3190505

E -Mail [email protected]

Copyright © 2001-2008 Ocean Optics, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from Ocean Optics, Inc.

This manual is sold as part of an order and subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or

otherwise circulated without the prior consent of Ocean Optics, Inc. in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published.

Trademarks

All products and services herein are the trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks or registered service marks of their respective owners.

Limit of Liability

Every effort has been made to make this manual as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information

provided is on an “as is” basis. Ocean Optics, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or

damages arising from the information contained in this manual.

Table of Contents

About This Manual .......................................................................................................... iii

Document Purpose and Intended Audience.............................................................................. iii What’s New in this Document ................................................................................................... iii Document Summary.................................................................................................................. iii

Product-Related Documentation ..................................................................................... iii

Upgrades......................................................................................................................... iv

Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................1

Product Overview ............................................................................................................ 1

System Requirements ..................................................................................................... 2 EEPROM Utilization .................................................................................................................. 2 About SpectraSuite.................................................................................................................... 2 Sampling System Overview....................................................................................................... 2

How Sampling Works............................................................................................................ 2 Modular Sampling Accessories............................................................................................. 3

Interface Options ............................................................................................................. 3 Breakout Box ............................................................................................................................. 3

Shipment Components.................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+.....................................................5

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 5

HR2000+ Installation ....................................................................................................... 5

Configuring the HR2000+ with OOIBase32 .............................................................................. 6 Operator and Serial Number Dialog Box .............................................................................. 6 Default Spectrometer Configuration File............................................................................... 6 Configure Hardware Screen ................................................................................................. 6 Spectrometer Configuration Screen...................................................................................... 7

Connect Spectroscopic Accessories ............................................................................... 8

External Triggering Options............................................................................................. 8

294-00000-000-02-0208 i

Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Troubleshooting ...............................................................9

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 9

HR2000+ Connected to PC Prior to Software Installation............................................... 9 Windows Operating Systems .................................................................................................... 9

Remove the Unknown Device from Windows Device Manager ........................................... 10 Remove Improperly Installed Files........................................................................................ 10

Mac Operating Systems ............................................................................................................ 11 Linux Operating Systems .......................................................................................................... 11

Older Version of OOIBase32 Installed ............................................................................ 11

Appendix A: Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+...............13

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 13

About Wavelength Calibration......................................................................................... 13

Calibrating the Spectrometer........................................................................................... 14 Preparing for Calibration............................................................................................................ 14 Calibrating the Wavelength of the Spectrometer ...................................................................... 14

Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: USB Mode ...................................................... 16

Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: Serial Mode .................................................... 17

Appendix B: Specifications................................................................19

Overview ......................................................................................................................... 19

How the HR2000+ Works................................................................................................ 19 HR2000+ Components Table.................................................................................................... 20

HR2000+ Specifications .................................................................................................. 21 CCD Detector Specifications..................................................................................................... 21 HR2000+ Spectrometer............................................................................................................. 21

System Compatibility ....................................................................................................... 22

Compatibility for Desktop or Notebook PCs.............................................................................. 22

30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout................................................................................ 23 30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram........................................................................... 23 30-Pin Accessory Connector – Pin Definitions and Descriptions.............................................. 23 30-Pin J2 Accessory Connector - Part Numbers ...................................................................... 25

HR2000+ 15-Pin Accessory Cable Pinout....................................................................... 26

Index.....................................................................................................27

ii 294-00000-000-02-0208

About This Manual

Document Purpose and Intended Audience

This document provides the user of HR2000+ Spectrometer with instructions for setting up, calibrating

and performing experiments with their spectrometer.

What’s New in this Document

This version of the HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic Spectrometer, Installation and Operation Manual

updates the power consumption specification.

Document Summary

Chapter Description

Chapter 1: Introduction Contains descriptive information about the HR2000+ Spectrometer and how sampling works. It also provides a list of system requirements, interface options, and shipment components.

Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+ Provides installation and configuration instructions.

Chapter 3: Troubleshooting Contains recommended steps to isolate and correct common problems.

Appendix A: Calibrating the

Wavelength of the HR2000+

Provides instructions for calibrating the HR2000+ Spectrometers.

Appendix B: Specifications Contains technical specifications and connector pinouts for the HR2000+ Spectrometers.

Product-Related Documentation You can access documentation for Ocean Optics products by visiting our website at

http://www.oceanoptics.com. Select Technical ! Operating Instructions, then choose the appropriate

document from the available drop-down lists. Or, use the Search by Model Number field at the bottom

of the web page.

! Detailed instructions for SpectraSuite Spectrometer Operating Software are located at:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/SpectraSuite.pdf.

! Detailed instructions for the OOIBase32 Spectrometer Operating Software are located at:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/ooibase32.pdf

294-00000-000-02-0208 iii

About This Manual

! Detailed instructions for the Breakout Box are located at:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/HR4_breakout.pdf.

! Detailed instructions for External Triggering are located at:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/external-triggering.pdf.

Engineering-level documentation is located on our website at Technical ! Engineering Docs.

You can also access operating instructions for Ocean Optics products from the Software and Technical

Resources CD that ships with the product.

Upgrades Occasionally, you may find that you need Ocean Optics to make a change or an upgrade to your system.

To facilitate these changes, you must first contact Customer Support and obtain a Return Merchandise

Authorization (RMA) number. Please contact Ocean Optics for specific instructions when returning a

product.

iv 294-00000-000-02-0208

Chapter 1

Introduction

Product Overview The HR2000+ High-Speed Miniature Fiber Optic Spectrometer provides optical resolution as good as

0.035 nm (FWHM). The HR2000+ is responsive from 200-1100 nm, but the specific range and resolution

depends on your grating and entrance slit selections. With its capability of transferring 1ms spectra

continuously, the HR2000+ is the fastest spectrometer available from Ocean Optics.

The HR2000+ is perfect for applications where fast reactions need to be monitored and high resolution is

necessary, such as chemistry and biochemistry applications.

Data programmed into a memory chip on each HR2000+ includes wavelength calibration coefficients,

linearity coefficients, and the serial number unique to each spectrometer. Our spectrometer operating

software simply reads these values from the spectrometer — a feature that enables hot swapping of

spectrometers among PCs.

The HR2000+ Spectrometer connects to a notebook or desktop PC via USB port or serial port. When

connected to the USB port of a PC, the HR2000+ draws power from the host PC, eliminating the need for

an external power supply.

Ocean Optics HR2000+ High-speed Fiber Optic Spectrometer

294-00000-000-02-0208 1

1: Introduction

System Requirements You can use the HR2000+’s USB connectivity with any PC that meets the following requirements:

! Windows 98/Me/2000/XP operating system (or Windows CE 2.11 or later for handheld PCs)

! Ocean Optics SpectraSuite or OOIBase32 software application installed and configured for use

with the HR2000+. See Chapter 2: Installing the HR2000+ for specific configuration

instructions.

Alternately, the HR2000+ has serial port adaptability for connecting to PCs, PLCs, and other devices that

support the RS-232 communication protocol. However, this connection method requires an external

power supply to power the HR2000+, the Breakout Box (HR4-BREAKOUT), and a serial cable.

EEPROM Utilization

An EEPROM memory chip in each HR2000+ contains wavelength calibration coefficients, linearity

coefficients, and a serial number unique to each individual spectrometer. The software application reads

these values directly from the spectrometer, enabling the ability to “hot-swap” spectrometers between PCs

without entering the spectrometer coefficients manually on each PC.

About SpectraSuite

SpectraSuite is the latest generation of operating software for all Ocean Optics spectrometers. It is a

completely modular, Java-based spectroscopy software platform that operates on Windows, Macintosh

and Linux operating systems. The software can control any Ocean Optics USB spectrometer and device,

as well as any other manufacturer’s USB instrumentation using the appropriate drivers.

SpectraSuite is a user-customizable, advanced acquisition and display program that provides a real-time

interface to a variety of signal-processing functions. With SpectraSuite, you have the ability to perform

spectroscopic measurements (such as absorbance, reflectance, and emission), control all system

parameters, collect and display data in real time, and perform reference monitoring and time acquisition

experiments. Consult the SpectraSuite manual for hardware requirements when using SpectraSuite (see

Product-Related Documentation).

Sampling System Overview

How Sampling Works

Ocean Optics components function in a sampling system as follows:

1. The user stores reference and dark measurements to correct for instrument response variables.

2. The light transmits through an optical fiber to the sample.

3. The light interacts with the sample.

4. Another optical fiber collects and transmits the result of the interaction to the spectrometer.

5. The spectrometer measures the amount of light and transforms the data collected by the

spectrometer into digital information.

2 294-00000-000-02-0208

1: Introduction

6. The spectrometer passes the sample information to SpectraSuite.

7. SpectraSuite compares the sample to the reference measurement and displays processed spectral

information.

Modular Sampling Accessories

Ocean Optics offers a complete line of spectroscopic accessories for use with the HR2000+. Most of our

spectroscopic accessories have SMA connectors for application flexibility. Accordingly, changing the

sampling system components is as easy as unscrewing a connector and replacing an accessory.

Interface Options The HR2000+ has both USB and serial port connectors (with the use of an adapter), enabling you to

connect the spectrometer to a desktop or notebook PC via a USB port.

Computer Interface

Operating System Requirements

Part Needed Description of Part

Desktop or Notebook PC via USB Port

Windows 98/Me/ 2000/XP

USB-CBL-1 (included)

Cable that connects from USB port on HR2000+ to USB port on desktop or notebook PC

Desktop or Notebook PC via Serial Port

Any 32-bit Windows operating system

HR4-BREAKOUT (not included)

Adapter block that enables connection from serial port on HR2000+ to serial port on desktop or notebook PC; comes with 5 VDC power supply (required when connecting to serial port). User must supply own software.

Breakout Box

Ocean Optics also offers the Breakout Box (HR4-BREAKOUT), a passive module that separates the

signals from their 30-pin port to an array of standard connectors and headers, enabling easy access to a

variety of features found in Ocean Optics’ HR2000+ Spectrometer. In addition to the accessory

connector, the breakout box features a circuit board based on a neutral breadboard pattern that allows

custom circuitry to be prototyped on the board itself.

294-00000-000-02-0208 3

1: Introduction

Shipment Components The following information and documentation ships with the HR2000+ Spectrometer:

! Packing List

The packing list is inside a plastic bag attached to the outside of the shipment box (the invoice

arrives separately). It lists all items in the order, including customized components in the

spectrometer (such as the grating, detector collection lens, and slit). The packing list also includes

the shipping and billing addresses, as well as any items on back order.

! Spectrometer Installation Instructions

A sheet of paper that contains the information that you need to get your spectrometer system up

and running. Further information can be found on the Ocean Optics Software and Resources

Library CD (see below).

! Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet

Each spectrometer is shipped with a Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet that contains information

unique to your spectrometer. SpectraSuite reads this calibration data from your spectrometer

when it interfaces to a PC via the USB port. Any other interface requires that you manually enter

the calibration data in OOIBase32 (select Spectrometer | Configure | Wavelength Calibration

tab). See the OOIBase32 documentation for more information (refer to Product-Related

Documentation for instructions on accessing OOIBase32 documentation).

Note

Please save the Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet for future reference.

! Software and Technical Resources CD

Each order ships with the Ocean Optics Software and Technical Resources CD. This disc

contains software, operating instructions, and product information for all Ocean Optics software,

spectrometers, and spectroscopic accessories. You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader version 6.0

or higher to view these files. Ocean Optics includes the Adobe Acrobat Reader on the Software

and Technical Resources CD.

Ocean Optics software requires a password during the installation process. You can locate

passwords for the other software applications on the back of the Software and Resources Library

CD package.

4 294-00000-000-02-0208

Chapter 2

Installing the HR2000+

Overview You must install the software application prior to connecting the HR2000+ Spectrometer to the PC. The

software installation installs the drivers required for HR2000+ installation. If you do not install the

software first, the system will not properly recognize the HR2000+.

If you have already connected the HR2000+ to the PC prior to installing the software, consult Chapter 3:

Troubleshooting for information on correcting a corrupt HR2000+ installation.

HR2000+ Installation To connect the HR2000+ to a PC via the USB port, the PC must be running the Windows

98/ME/2000/XP operating system.

Note

The USB port on a PC can power up to five HR2000+ spectrometer channels. Systems

with more than five channels require a powered USB hub.

! Procedure

Follow the steps below to connect the HR2000+ to a PC via the USB port:

1. Install SpectraSuite on the destination computer.

2. Locate the USB cable (USB-CBL-1) provided with the HR2000+.

3. Insert the square end of the cable into the side of the HR2000+.

4. Insert the rectangular end of the cable into the USB port of the PC.

If you installed SpectraSuite prior to connecting the HR2000+, SpectraSuite installs the HR2000+ drivers.

If the drivers do not successfully install (or if you connected the HR2000+ to the PC before installing

SpectraSuite), consult Chapter 3: Troubleshooting.

If you have followed the previous steps and started SpectraSuite, the spectrometer is already acquiring

data. Even with no light in the spectrometer, there should be a dynamic trace displayed in the bottom of

the graph. If you allow light into the spectrometer, the graph trace should rise with increasing light

intensity. This means the software and hardware are correctly installed.

Note the spectrometer(s) that you have installed are listed in the Data Sources pane.

294-00000-000-02-0208 5

2: Installing the HR2000+

Once you install the SpectraSuite software and the hardware, and establish your sampling system, you are

ready to take measurements.

Configuring the HR2000+ with OOIBase32

Once you install the HR2000+ with OOIBase32 software, you must configure OOIBase32’s Configure

Spectrometer options so that OOIBase32 recognizes the HR2000+ Spectrometer. Consult the

OOIBase32 Spectrometer Operating Software Operating Instructions for detailed instructions on

configuring the spectrometer in OOIBase32 (see Product-Related Documentation).

The following sections contain instructions on initially configuring the HR2000+ the first time you start

OOIBase32. Additional features are available for this spectrometer. See the OOIBase32 Spectrometer

Operating Software Operating Instructions for detailed information on these HR2000+ features.

Operator and Serial Number Dialog Box

The Operator and Serial Number screen prompts you to enter a user name and software serial number

into OOIBase32. Some data files created by OOIBase32 during sampling procedures use this information

in the file headers.

Default Spectrometer Configuration File

The Default Spectrometer Configuration File screen prompts you to select a spectrometer configuration

(.SPEC) file for use with the HR2000+. The unique serial number of the HR2000+ precedes the file

extension (for example, HR2A0162.SPEC).

Navigate to the OOIBase32 installation directory and select the spectrometer configuration file.

Configure Hardware Screen

The Configure Hardware screen prompts you to enter spectrometer-specific information into

OOIBase32 the first time you run the program. Typically, you need only enter this information the first

time you run OOIBase32. However, you can alter the hardware configuration at any time using the

Spectrometer Configuration screen. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the OOIBase32 menu bar

to access the Spectrometer Configuration screen.

6 294-00000-000-02-0208


! Procedure

To configure hardware in USB Mode:

1. Specify S2000 in the Spectrometer Type drop-down menu.

2. Specify HR2000+ in the A/D Converter Type drop-down menu.

3. Specify the serial number of the HR2000+ under the USB Serial Number drop-down menu.

Note

The system pre-fills this drop-down menu with the serial numbers of all discovered

HR2000+ Spectrometers.

4. Click the OK button to accept the selected options.

5. The spectrometer should now be able to acquire data and respond to light. Exit and restart

OOIBase32 to save configuration data to disk.

Spectrometer Configuration Screen

The Spectrometer Configuration screen prompts you to configure specific channel-level spectrometer

information, if necessary.

! Procedure

1. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the menu and set system parameters.

2. Select the Wavelength Calibration tab. OOIBase32 pre-fills the coefficients for the HR2000+

from information on a memory chip in the spectrometer.

294-00000-000-02-0208 7


3. Verify that the calibration coefficients match the coefficients from the Wavelength Calibration

Data Sheet that accompanied the spectrometer. If necessary, modify these values using the USB

Programmer utility.

4. Additionally, ensure that you select both the Master and Channel Enabled boxes.

5. In the A/D Interface tab, enter the same values as in the Configure Hardware screen.

OOIBase32 stores this information for future use once you close the program.

Connect Spectroscopic Accessories To find operating instructions for HR2000+-compatible products (such as light sources, sampling

chambers, and probes), consult the Software and Technical Resources CD or the Ocean Optics website at

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/operatinginstructions.asp.

External Triggering Options You can trigger the HR2000+ using a variety of External Triggering options through the 30-pin

Accessory Connector on the spectrometer. See the External Triggering Options document located at

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/external-triggering.pdf. This document contains instructions

for configuring External Triggering options for the HR2000+.

8 294-00000-000-02-0208

Chapter 3

Troubleshooting

Overview The following sections contain information on troubleshooting issues you may encounter when using the

HR2000+ Spectrometer.

HR2000+ Connected to PC Prior to Software Installation

Windows Operating Systems

If you connected your Ocean Optics USB device to the computer prior to installing your Ocean Optics

software application, you may encounter installation issues that you must correct before your Ocean

Optics device will operate properly.

Follow the applicable steps below to remove the incorrectly installed device, device driver, and

installation files.

Note

If these procedures do not correct your device driver problem, you must obtain the

Correcting Device Driver Issues document from the Ocean Optics website:

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/engineering/correctingdevicedriverissues.pdf.

294-00000-000-02-0208 9

3: Troubleshooting

Remove the Unknown Device from Windows Device Manager

! Procedure

1. Open Windows Device Manager. Consult the Windows operating instructions for your computer

for directions, if needed.

2. Locate the Other Devices option and expand the Other Devices selection by clicking on the "+"

sign to the immediate left.

Note

Improperly installed USB devices can also appear under the Universal Serial Bus

Controller option. Be sure to check this location if you cannot locate the unknown device.

3. Locate the unknown device (marked with a large question mark). Right-click on the Unknown

Device listing and select the Uninstall or Remove option.

4. Click the OK button to continue. A warning box appears confirming the removal of the Unknown

Device. Click the OK button to confirm the device removal.

5. Disconnect the HR2000+ from your computer.

6. Locate the section in this chapter that is appropriate to your operating system and perform the

steps in the following Remove Improperly Installed Files section.

Remove Improperly Installed Files

! Procedure

1. Open Windows Explorer.

2. Navigate to the Windows | INF directory.

Note

If the INF directory is not visible, you must disable the Hide System Files and Folders

and Hide File Extensions for Known File Types options in Windows Folder Options.

Access Windows Folder Options from Windows Explorer, under the Tools | Folder

Options menu selection.

3. Delete the OOI_USB.INF in the INF directory. If your computer is running either the Windows

2000 or XP operating system, you must also delete the OOI_USB.PNF file in the INF directory.

4. Navigate to the Windows | System32 | Drivers directory.

5. Delete the EZUSB.SYS file.

6. Reinstall your Ocean Optics application and reboot the system when prompted.

10 294-00000-000-02-0208

3: Troubleshooting

7. Plug in the USB device.

The system is now able to locate and install the correct drivers for the USB device.

Mac Operating Systems

Since there are no device files for the USB2000-FLG Spectrometer in a Mac operating system, you

should not encounter any problems if you installed the spectrometer before the SpectraSuite software.

Linux Operating Systems

For Linux operating systems, all you need to do is install the SpectraSuite software, then unplug and

replug in the spectrometer. Technically, the driver files for Linux simply give nonprivileged users

permission to use newly connected hardware. There isn’t any long-term harm to plugging in the device

before installing the software.

Older Version of OOIBase32 Installed If the PC to be used to interface to your HR2000+ already has an older version of OOIBase32 software

installed, you must install the latest version of OOIBase32. You can download the latest version of

OOIBase32 from the Ocean Optics website at

http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/softwaredownloads.asp.

You do not need to uninstall previous versions of OOIBase32 when upgrading to the latest version.

294-00000-000-02-0208 11

3: Troubleshooting

12 294-00000-000-02-0208

Appendix A

Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+

Overview This appendix describes how to calibrate the wavelength of your spectrometer. Though each spectrometer

is calibrated before it leaves Ocean Optics, the wavelength for all spectrometers will drift slightly as a

function of time and environmental conditions. Ocean Optics recommends periodically recalibrating the

HR2000+.

About Wavelength Calibration You are going to be solving the following equation, which shows that the relationship between pixel

number and wavelength is a third-order polynomial:

"p = I + C1 p + C2 p2 + C3 p

3

Where:

" = the wavelength of pixel p

I = the wavelength of pixel 0#

C1 = the first coefficient (nm/pixel)

C2 = the second coefficient (nm/pixel2)

C3 = the third coefficient (nm/pixel3)

R" = the reference intensity at wavelength "

You will be calculating the value for I and the three Cs.

294-00000-000-02-0208 13

A: Calibrating the Wavelength of the HR2000+

Calibrating the Spectrometer

Preparing for Calibration

To recalibrate the wavelength of your spectrometer, you need the following components:

! A light source capable of producing spectral lines

Note

Ocean Optics’ HG-1 Mercury-Argon lamp is ideal for recalibration. If you do not have an

HG-1, you need a light source that produces several (at least 4-6) spectral lines in the

wavelength region of your spectrometer.

! An HR2000+ spectrometer

! An optical fiber (for spectrometers without a built-in slit, a 50-$m fiber works best)

! A spreadsheet program (Excel or Quattro Pro, for example) or a calculator that performs third-

order linear regressions

Note

If you are using Microsoft Excel, choose Tools | Add-Ins and check AnalysisToolPak

and AnalysisTookPak-VBA.

Calibrating the Wavelength of the Spectrometer

! Procedure

Perform the steps below to calibrate the wavelength of the spectrometer:

1. Place the software into Scope mode and take a spectrum of your light source. Adjust the

integration time (or the A/D conversion frequency) until there are several peaks on the screen that

are not off-scale.

2. Move the cursor to one of the peaks and position the cursor so that it is at the point of maximum

intensity.

3. Record the pixel number that is displayed in the status bar or legend (located beneath the graph).

Repeat this step for all of the peaks in your spectrum.

4. Use the spreadsheet program or calculator to create a table like the one shown in the following

figure. In the first column, place the exact or true wavelength of the spectral lines that you used.

In the second column of this worksheet, place the observed pixel number. In the third column,

calculate the pixel number squared, and in the fourth column, calculate the pixel number cubed.

14 294-00000-000-02-0208


True Wavelength (nm) Pixel # Pixel # 2 Pixel # 3 Predicted

Wavelength Difference

Dependent

Variables

Independent

Variable

Values Computed

from the Regression

Output

253.65

296.73

302.15

313.16

334.15

365.02

404.66

407.78

435.84

546.07

576.96

579.07

696.54

706.72

727.29

738.40

751.47

175

296

312

342

402

490

604

613

694

1022

1116

1122

1491

1523

1590

1627

1669

30625

87616

97344

116964

161604

240100

364816

375769

481636

1044484

1245456

1258884

2223081

2319529

2528100

2647129

2785561

5359375

25934336

30371328

40001688

64964808

117649000

220348864

230346397

334255384

1067462648

1389928896

1412467848

3314613771

3532642667

4019679000

4306878883

4649101309

253.56

296.72

302.40

313.02

334.19

365.05

404.67

407.78

435.65

546.13

577.05

579.01

696.70

706.62

727.24

738.53

751.27

0.09

0.01

-0.25

0.13

-0.05

-0.04

-0.01

0.00

0.19

-0.06

-0.09

0.06

-0.15

0.10

0.06

-0.13

0.19

5. Use the spreadsheet or calculator to calculate the wavelength calibration coefficients. In the

spreadsheet program, find the functions to perform linear regressions.

! If using Quattro Pro, look under Tools | Advanced Math

! If using Excel, look under Analysis ToolPak

6. Select the true wavelength as the dependent variable (Y). Select the pixel number, pixel number

squared, and the pixel number cubed as the independent variables (X). After executing the

regression, you will obtain an output similar to the one shown below. Numbers of importance are

noted.

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.999999831

R Square 0.999999663 R Squared

Adjusted R Square 0.999999607

Standard Error 0.125540214

Observations 22

Intercept

Coefficients Standard Error

Intercept 190.473993 0.369047536 First coefficient

X Variable 1 0.36263983 0.001684745

X Variable 2-1.174416E-05 8.35279E-07

X Variable 3-2.523787E-09 2.656608E-10 Second coefficient

Third coefficient

294-00000-000-02-0208 15


7. Record the Intercept, as well as the First, Second, and Third Coefficients. Additionally, look at

the value for R squared. It should be very close to 1. If not, you have most likely assigned one of

your wavelengths incorrectly.

Keep these values at hand.

Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: USB Mode Ocean Optics programs wavelength calibration coefficients unique to each HR2000+ onto an EEPROM

memory chip in the HR2000+.

You can overwrite old calibration coefficients on the EEPROM if you are using the HR2000+ via the

USB port. If you are using the HR2000+ via the serial port, consult the Saving the New Calibration

Coefficients: Serial Mode section later in this appendix.

! Procedure

To save wavelength calibration coefficients using the USB mode, perform the following steps:

1. Ensure that the HR2000+ is connected to the PC and that you have closed all other applications.

2. Point your browser to http://www.oceanoptics.com/technical/softwaredownloads.asp and

scroll down to Microcode. Select USB EEPROM Programmer.

3. Save the setup file to your computer.

4. Run the Setup.exe file to install the software. The Welcome screen appears.

5. Click the Next button. The Destination Location screen appears.

6. Accept the default installation location, or click the Browse button to specify a directory. Then,

click the Next button. The Program Manager Group screen appears.

7. Click the Next button. The Start Installation screen appears.

8. Click the Next button to begin the installation. Once the installation finishes, the Installation

Complete screen appears.

9. Click the Finish button and reboot the computer when prompted.

10. Navigate to the USB EEPROM Programmer from the Start menu and run the software.

11. Click on the desired HR2000+ device displayed in the left pane of the USB Programmer screen.

12. Double-click on each of the calibration coefficients displayed in the right pane of the USB

Programmer screen and enter the new values acquired in Steps 5 and 6 of the Calibrating the

Wavelength of the Spectrometer section in this appendix.

13. Repeat Step 12 for all of the new values.

14. Click on the Save All Values button to save the information, and then Exit the USB Programmer

software.

The new wavelength calibration coefficients are now loaded onto the EEPROM memory chip on the

HR2000+.

16 294-00000-000-02-0208


Saving the New Calibration Coefficients: Serial Mode If you are connecting the HR2000+ Spectrometer to the serial port of the PC, you need to save the new

wavelength calibration coefficients to the .SPEC file that OOIBase32 accesses when opened.

Note

You cannot save the calibration coefficients to the EEPROM memory chip on the

HR2000+ when using the serial mode.

! Procedure

To save Wavelength Calibration Coefficients using the Serial mode, perform the following steps:

1. Open the OOIBase32 application.

2. Select Spectrometer | Configure from the OOIBase32 menu bar. The Configure Spectrometer

screen appears.

3. Select the Wavelength Calibration tab to update the wavelength coefficients within OOIBase32.

4. Enter in the new values acquired from Steps 5 and 6 of the Calibrating the Wavelength of the

Spectrometer section in this appendix.

5. Click the OK button to save the information in OOIBase32.

294-00000-000-02-0208 17


18 294-00000-000-02-0208

Appendix B

Specifications

Overview This appendix contains information on spectrometer operation, specifications, and system compatibility.

It also includes accessory connector pinout diagrams and pin-specific information.

How the HR2000+ Works Below is a diagram of how light moves through the optical bench of an HR2000+ Spectrometer. The

optical bench has no moving parts that can wear or break; all the components are fixed in place at the time

of manufacture. Items with an asterisk (*) are user-specified.

HR2000+ Spectrometer with Components

See HR2000+ Components Table on the following page for an explanation of the function of each

numbered component in the HR2000+ Spectrometer in this diagram.

294-00000-000-02-0208 19

B: HR2000+ Specifications

HR2000+ Components Table

Ocean Optics permanently secures all components in the HR2000+ at the time of manufacture. Only

Ocean Optics technicians can replace interchangeable components, where noted.

Item Name Description

1 SMA Connector

Secures the input fiber to the spectrometer. Light from the input fiber enters the optical bench through this connector.

2 Slit

A dark piece of material containing a rectangular aperture, which is mounted directly behind the SMA Connector. The size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that enters the optical bench and controls spectral resolution.

You can also use the HR2000+ without a Slit. In this configuration, the diameter of the fiber connected to the HR2000+ determines the size of the entrance aperture.

Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Slit.

3 Filter

Restricts optical radiation to pre-determined wavelength regions. Light passes through the Filter before entering the optical bench. Both bandpass and longpass filters are available to restrict radiation to certain wavelength regions.

Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Filter.

4 Collimating Mirror

Focuses light entering the optical bench towards the Grating of the spectrometer.

Light enters the spectrometer, passes through the SMA Connector, Slit, and Filter, and then reflects off the Collimating Mirror onto the Grating.

5 Grating

Diffracts light from the Collimating Mirror and directs the diffracted light onto the Focusing Mirror. Gratings are available in different groove densities, allowing you to specify wavelength coverage and resolution in the spectrometer.

Only Ocean Optics technicians can change the Grating.

6 Focusing Mirror

Receives light reflected from the Grating and focuses the light onto the CCD Detector or L2 Detector Collection Lens (depending on the spectrometer configuration).

7 L2 Detector Collection Lens

An optional component that attaches to the CCD Detector. It focuses light from a tall slit onto the shorter CCD Detector elements.

The L2 Detector Collection Lens should be used with large diameter slits or in applications with low light levels. It also improves efficiency by reducing the effects of stray light.

Only Ocean Optics technicians can add or remove the L2 Detection Collection Lens.

8 CCD Detector (UV or VIS)

Collects the light received from the Focusing Mirror or L2 Detector Collection Lens and converts the optical signal to a digital signal.

Each pixel on the CCD Detector responds to the wavelength of light that strikes it, creating a digital response. The spectrometer then transmits the digital signal to the OOIBase32 application.

20 294-00000-000-02-0208


HR2000+ Specifications The following sections provide specification information for the CCD detector in the HR2000+, as well

as the HR2000+ Spectrometer itself. HR2000+CG-UV-NIR specifications are listed in Appendix C:

Error! Reference source not found..

CCD Detector Specifications

Specification Value

Detector Sony ILX-511 linear silicon CCD array

No. of elements 2048 pixels

Sensitivity 75 photons per count at 400 nm 41 photons per count at 600 nm

Pixel size 14 µm x 200 µm

Pixel well depth 62,500 electrons

Signal-to-noise ratio 250:1 (at full signal)

A/D resolution 14 bit

Dark noise 12 RMS counts

Corrected linearity >99.8%

Maximum pixel rate Rate at which pixels are digitized is 1 MHz

HR2000+ Spectrometer

Specification Value

Dimensions 148.6 mm x 104.8 mm x 45.1 mm

Weight 570 g

Power consumption 220 mA @ 5 VDC

Detector 2048-element linear silicon CCD array

Detector range 200-1100 nm

Gratings 14 gratings available

294-00000-000-02-0208 21


294-00000-000-02-0208

Specification Value

Entrance aperture 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 µm wide slits

Order-sorting filters Installed longpass and bandpass filters

Focal length f/4, 101 mm

Optical resolution Depends on grating and size of entrance aperture

Stray light <0.05% at 600 nm; <0.10% at 435 nm

Dynamic range 2 x 108 (system); 1300:1 for a single acquisition

Fiber optic connector SMA 905 to single-strand optical fiber (0.22 NA)

Data transfer rate:

USB 2.0 Port

Serial Port

Full scans into memory every 1 millisecond

Full scans into memory every 600 milliseconds

Integration time 1 millisecond to 65 seconds

Interfaces USB 2.0, 480 Mbps (USB 1.1 compatible); RS-232 (2-wire); SPI (3-wire); I

2C

Inter-Integrated Circuit 2-wire serial bus

Operating systems:

USB Port

Serial Port

Windows 98/Me/2000/XP, Mac OS X, and Linux

Any 32-bit Windows operating system

Onboard GPIO 10 user-programmable digital I/Os

Analog channels One 13-bit analog input and one 9-bit analog output

System Compatibility The following sections provide information on hardware and software requirements for the HR2000+.

Compatibility for Desktop or Notebook PCs To use the HR2000+, you must have a PC that meets the following minimum requirements:

! Operating systems: Windows 98/Me/2000/XP, Mac OS X, or Linux with USB port; any 32-bit

Windows OS with serial port

! Computer interfaces: USB 2.0 @ 480 Mbps; RS-232 (2-wire) @ 115.2 K baud

! Peripheral interfaces: SPI (3-wire), I2C inter-integrated circuit

22


30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout The HR2000+ features a 30-pin Accessory Connector, located on the side of the unit as shown:

30-Pin Connector

Location of HR2000+ 30-Pin Accessory Connector

30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram

When facing the 30-pin Accessory Connector on the front of the vertical wall of the HR2000+, pin

numbering is as follows:

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 USB

Port 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

30-Pin Accessory Connector Pinout Diagram

30-Pin Accessory Connector – Pin Definitions and Descriptions

The following table contains information regarding the function of each pin in the HR2000+’s 30-Pin

Accessory Connector:

Pin #

Function Input/Output Description

1 RS232 Rx Input RS232 receive signal – Communicates with a PC over DB9 Pin 3

2 RS232 Tx Output RS232 transmit signal – Communicates with a PC over DB9 Pin 2

3 GPIO (2) Input/Output General purpose software-programmable, digital input/output (channel number)

4 V5_SW Output Regulated 5 Volt power pin – Supplies 50 mA (maximum)

5 Ground Input/Output Ground

294-00000-000-02-0208 23


294-00000-000-02-0208

Pin #


6 I2C SCL Input/Output I

2C clock signal for communication to other I

2C peripherals


8 I2C SDA Input/Output I

2C data signal for communication to other I

2C peripherals


10 Ext. Trigger In

Input TTL input trigger signal – See External Triggering Options document for information.


12 VCC, VUSB, or 5VIN

Input or Output Input power pin for HR2000+ – When operating via USB, this pin can power other peripherals – Ensure that peripherals comply with USB specifications

13 SPI Data Out

Output SPI Master Out Slave In (MOSI) signal for communication to other SPI peripherals

14 VCC, VUSB, or 5VIN

Input or Output Input power pin for HR2000+ – When operating via USB, this pin can power other peripherals – Ensure that peripherals comply with USB specifications

15 SPI Data In Input SPI Master In Slave Out (MISO) signal for communication to other SPI peripherals

16 GPIO (4) Input /Output General purpose software-programmable, digital input/output (channel number)

17 Single Strobe

Output TTL output pulse used as a strobe signal – Has a programmable delay relative to the beginning of the spectrometer integration period


19 SPI Clock Output SPI clock signal for communication to other SPI peripherals

20 Continuous Strobe

Output TTL output signal used to pulse a strobe – Divided down from the master clock signal

21 SPI Chip Select

Output SPI Chip/Device Select signal for communication to other SPI peripherals

24


Pin #



23 Analog In (0-5V)

Input 13-bit analog-to-digital input with a 0-5V range

24 Analog Out (0-5V)

Output 9-bit programmable output voltage with a 0-5V range

25 Lamp Enable

Output TTL signal driven Active HIGH when the Lamp Enable command is sent to the spectrometer






30-Pin J2 Accessory Connector - Part Numbers

The part numbers for the 30-pin accessory connector on the HR2000+ Spectrometer are as follows:

! The connector is Pak50™ model from 3M Corp. Headed Connector – Part Number

P50–030P1–RR1–TG.

! The mating connector is Part Number P50–030S–TGF.

! Mating the two components requires two 1.27 mm (50 mil) flat ribbon cables (3M 3365 Series is

recommended).

If you are customizing your HR2000+ Spectrometer system or configuring External Triggering, you may

need these part numbers to complete your setup.

294-00000-000-02-0208 25


HR2000+ 15-Pin Accessory Cable Pinout

Pin # Description Pin # Description

1 Single_strobe 9 GPIO-9

2 ContStrobe 10 GND_SIGNAL

3 V5_SW 11 SDA

4 ExtTrigIn 12 SCL

5 ExtTrigIn 13 LampEnable

6 GPIO-8 14 A_IN

7 A_OUT 15 GPIO-7

8 ExtTrigIn

26 294-00000-000-02-0208

Index

Numbers

15-pin accessory cable

pinouts, 26

30-pin accessory connector

diagram, 23

part numbers, 25

pin definitions, 23

A

accessories, 8

Accessories, 3

accessory connector

pinout, 23

Adobe Acrobat Reader, 4

B

breakout box, 3

C

Calibrating, iii, 13

calibration, 13

preparing for, 14

procedure, 14

calibration coefficients

saving in Serial mode, 17

saving in USB mode, 16

CCD, 21

CCD Detector, 20

collimating mirror, 20

compatibility, 22

Desktop or Notebook PCs, 22

Components Table, 20

Configure Hardware, 6

configuring, 6

D

Default Spectrometer Configuration File, 6

detector, 21

Detector Collection Lens, 20

document

audience, iii

purpose, iii

summary, iii

E

EEPROM, 2

External Triggering, 8

F

filter, 20

focusing mirror, 20

G

grating, 20

I

Installation, 5

USB mode, 5

installed filter, 20

Interface, 3

L

L2 Detector Collection Lens, 20

Lens, 20

294-00000-000-02-0208 27

Index

M

memory chip, 2

mirror, 20

O

OOIBase32

configuring, 6

Options

Interface, 3

P

packing list, 4

passwords, 4

power supply (external), 2

product-related documentation, iii

S

Sampling

Accessories, 3

System, 2

serial number, 6

setup, 5

shipment components, 4

slit, 20

SMA Connector, 20

Software and Resources Library CD, 4

specifications, 19, 21

detector, 21

spectrometer, 21

SpectraSuite, 2

Spectrometer Configuration Screen, 7

spectrometer operation, 19

spectroscopic accessories, 8

System Requirements, 2

T

Triggering, 8

troubleshooting

Linux systems, 11

Mac systems, 11

OOIBase32, 11

Windows systems, 9

Troubleshooting, 9

U

upgrades, iv

USB mode, 5

USB-ADP-PC, 3

USB-CBL-1, 3

W

Wavelength Calibration

about, 13

Wavelength Calibration Data File, 4

Wavelength Calibration Data Sheet, 4

what's new, iii

28 294-00000-000-02-0208

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