Research Project

DOUTORAL PROGRAMME IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 2012/2013

CLARA NATÉRCIA DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES

[THE DEVELOPMENT OF

SUSTAINABLE PROCESSES OF

INNOVATION IN SOCIAL ECONOMY] TUTOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR JOSÉ MONTEIRO BARATA

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ÍNDICE

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

1. Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Research Environment ................................................................................................................................. 4

3. Entry questions .......................................................................................................................................... 10

4. Theoretical foundations ............................................................................................................................. 10

5. Programme and Methodology ................................................................................................................... 11

6. Expected Impact ......................................................................................................................................... 14

7. References.................................................................................................................................................. 14

INTRODUCTION

Social economy sector wills to change the world towards a common good. In their mission, the

organizations in this sector implement strategies that will answer the needs of their target groups, who,

usually, are disadvantaged people. Sometimes these methods are settled practices in the sector, but other

times, new demands and challenges require changes in the paradigms. Typically, this sector conceives

and participates in projects of different kinds, as opportunities to access innovation sources: new

knowledge, technology and networks. All these projects express the desire to change towards

improvement and problem solving. In practice, organizations and social groups are requested to start up

ideas and plans that, once performed, bring solutions. When those solutions are transferred to the future,

to other organizations and get settled there is innovation and change. But often this doesn’t happen and

results rest by the end of the project. Furthermore, organisations might get prisoner in project cycles

work, as these are also the source of funding.

In this work we intend to explore the connection of such participation with innovative achievements of

the organization. It is proposed to describe if and how social economy is using their participation in

projects to become sustainable and to keep innovating. This description might allow the design of a model

to facilitate the social innovation system.

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To limit the research scope we will focus three types of projects: research, development and cooperation

(RDC), which are defined in accordance to the functioning of social economy:

Research includes the components of scientific research and experimental development, according to

systematic models and ethics. We stuck to the definition given by The Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD), where such processes are defined as the “creative work undertaken

on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture

and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications” (2002: 30). Typically, these

projects are mentioned as research and development (R&D).

Therefore, the development concept that we use to classify the second type of projects is a different one

from the one in R&D. In the context of our study, development projects are connected to “the process of

improving the quality of human lives around the world, including:

- raising people’s living levels - incomes and consumption levels of food, medical services,

education;

- the growth of people’s self-esteem through systems and institutions which promote human

dignity and respect;

- increasing people’s freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their choices, for example a

greater variety of consumer goods and services” (BBC’s Guide to Development Speak, 2002).

Finally, cooperation projects involve collaborative work between two or more organizations, which

assume the role of partners focused in a single purpose. Cooperation can happen in different dimensions,

such as:

- Geographical: between organizations representing different regions (districts, countries,

continents…), or,

- Economic market: between organizations that represent different sectors of economic activity

(cooperation between universities and industries, technology producers and health services …).

Cooperation intends to create opportunities to share knowledge, technology and resources. It is also the

support from a more developed country, region or organization to another peer less developed (Afonso

& Fernandes, 2005).

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None of the three concepts is limited to its definition, meaning that a project might fit under more than

one type and that strong relations between the three are noted. Therefore, we find combinations

between them that express interactional concepts, such as “cooperation for development”.

1. OBJECTIVES

The goal of this proposal is to define a model for the use of research, development and cooperation (RDC)

results for the development of sustainable processes of innovation in the social economy sector.

Achieving this goal is depending of accomplished specific aims, oriented to uprising levels of knowledge

and in deepness in the research process:

1. To acknowledge that social innovation is characterized by specific processes, systems, techniques,

technologies and strategies, that can be generated by participation in processes of research,

development and cooperation.

2. To verify the status of the Portuguese social economy sector in terms of their participation in RDC

projects and in terms of generation of social innovation.

3. To describe the way organizations are using RDC as a generator of social innovation, based on

collected data in case-studies.

4. To identify the factors allowing the transformation of RDC results into systemic changes by Social

economy institutions.

5. To define a model to transform RDC results into social innovation, designed for the Social

economy sector.

2. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

The present research project limits its scope to the phenomena happening in the sector of social

economy1, having its organisations as units of analysis. The targeted objects within this environment will

1 The term social economy describes a system built of organizations from the civil society, that offer association mechanisms for people to join towards: the response of the community (health, education, social care, culture, environmental issues,…); the participation in politics and to seek group values and interests. Other possible concepts to this definition in Europe and in Portugal

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be actions and initiatives that derived in measurable social innovation or that prove to have the potential

to do so.

Bearing this in mind, it gets relevant to describe political, historical and academic scenarios where the

research programme will be implemented, allowing the prediction of risks and the use of opportunities.

In the following we intend to describe briefly: the importance and structure of social economy, a

knowledge consideration about social innovation and the conditions verify the last.

The current conditions in the target “space” of this project can be described as appropriated for research

intervention, both in terms of policy making and sector evolution. One can recognise the interest

governments and policy makers have put in social innovation in the past years, which was followed by the

consolidation and growth of the social economy sector.

In 2009, the European Parliament demonstrated the importance of social economy (a) by stating that the

European social model is built upon a high level of “services, goods and jobs generated by the social

economy with the support of forecasting and innovation capacities developed by its promoters”

(European Parliament, 2009:2). By then, the social economy sector represented 10% of all European

enterprises and 6% of the total employment.

Recently, under the Innovation Union Europe 2020 flagship, social innovation was mentioned as an

important new field which should be nurtured. According to its commitment, the European Commission

has launched the Social Innovation Europe on 16 March 2011. Since then, a number of events and actions

are third sector (when in opposition to Public and Market sectors), economy for solidarity or non-profit sector. In spite of different terminology, it generally includes:

- Associations (including local development associations, culture and leisure associations, environmental protection …)

- Mutual associations.

- Cooperatives.

- Private institutions for social solidarity (from the Portuguese Instituições Privadas de Solidariedade Social – IPSS).

- Foundations.

(Campos, 2010; Franco, 2005; Namorado, 2009, Nicholls, 2010).

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took place to promote the growth of social entrepreneurship, networking and expertise, such as the Social

Innovation Competition (2012) and the Social Innovation Academy (2013)2.

Accompanying this interest, a number of civil organisations and academic centres worldwide turned their

attention to Social Innovation. Some that deserve to be referred here are the Social Innovation Exchange

(SIX) network3 , the Institute of Social Innovation (Ramon Llull University)4, the Center of Social Innovation

(Stanford University)5 and the Centre de Recherche sur les Innovations Sociales (Quebec University)6. The

Portuguese landscape of social innovation is growing with the push up by: new associations and non-profit

groups dedicated to social entrepreneurship (such as the Institute of Social Entrepreneurship); initiatives

of well-established organizations in different sectors (such as Social Innovation programme by the

Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation 7 , the Social Innovation actions by EDP Foundation 8 or the Social

Innovation Bank9, by Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa.

In fact, the words social change, social entrepreneurship and social innovation seem to be trendy in the

mission statement in several organizations and in the titles of the media. Often these are used

interchangeably, without clear bordering or limitation of definition. Taking what is happening in the social

networks as a mirror of the reality, we find 53 Facebook pages and 103 Facebook groups with “social

innovation” in its name10.

Otherwise, the academic papers and statistical reporting are offering contributions that reveal the facts

behind the trend.

In 2005, Franco (2005) has made a study on the situation of the sector of social economy in Portugal,

finding that it:

- generated 4,2% of the GDP;

- employed 4,2% of active population;

2 A full list of the activities held by the European bodies is available at

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/. 3 http://www.socialinnovationexchange.org/about. 4 http://www.esade.edu/research-webs/eng/socialinnovation. 5 http://csi.gsb.stanford.edu/. 6 http://www.crises.uqam.ca/. 7 http://www.ies.org.pt/. 8 http://www.fundacaoedp.pt/inovacao-social/. 9 http://bancodeinovacaosocial.pt/. 10 www.facebook.com. Data accessed on the 15th July 2013.

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- served social, culture, education and health aims (idem).

From then on, several factors contributed to give social economy a crucial role in the current social and

economic context. Those included:

- the failure of the financial market demanding an alternative economy (Azevedo, Franco and

Menezes, 2010; Namorado, 2009), and,

- the rising need of social cohesion, local development and cooperation (Campos, 2010; Room,

2005).

In 2013, the results of the Social Economy Satellite Account (Conta Satélite da Economia Social), produced

through collaboration between the Institute of National Statistics and the Cooperative António Sérgio for

Social Economy, show an increasing relevance of this sector in the overall Portuguese economy, in the last

years. According to these results, in 2010, the sector:

- represented 6% of the GDP;

- represented 4.7% of total employment and 5.5% of paid employment;

- integrated 59 264 organisations;

- had a financing need of 570, 7 million of Euro (INE and CASES, 2013).

In the last years, the Portuguese social economy got strength from public policies, which culminated in

the publication of the Basis Law for Social Economy (Law nr 30/2013 of 8th May). This Law opened a new

path for social services in Portugal and defining the general basis of the legal framework for the sector as

well as incentives.

Finally, Portugal is the only country in the world carrying out a comprehensive map of its social innovation

and social entrepreneurship initiatives, in a project called MIES – Mapping Social Innovation and

Entrepreneurship11, involving observers in the whole territory.

But an evolution in the sector is happening, both in national and international context. As a major part of

the funding of social economy organisations (SEOs) has origin in public contribution, the reduction of

public budgets constraints their intervention. In addition, the tendency to minimize welfares states

requests more competences from the civil society. On the other side, we assist to the arrival of “new

11 http://www.mies.pt.

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avenues for citizen organizing (often based around the Internet and stimulated by other forms of

information technology)” (Edwards, 2013:6), derived from two developments: the “inability of

conventional, representative forms of democracy” and the “continued popularity of citizen protest and

other forms of direct organising and engagement” (idem).

Consequently, the events of social innovation spill over the formal sector of social economy, to apply to a

diversity of actions performed by the whole civil society, organised or not. This change is followed by a

movement towards the (re)conceptualization of social innovation, being defined as creation of new

solutions (services, goods, technology or methods) to address a social issue such as poverty, nutrition,

health, water and sanitation, economic empowerment, access to financial services, gender equity…

(Mulgan, 2007, 2010; Murray et al, 2010; Phills et al., 2008). These are human-centred solutions that have

conditions to become transferred and permanently installed (Mau, 2010). Social innovation involves

changes to concepts and mind-sets as well as to economic flows: systems only change when people think

and see in new ways. It involves changes to power and it happens transversally to the sector private,

public and non-profit (Donofrio, 2011).

In spite of being social, social innovation is primarily innovation. Keeping the focus of innovation is

important because it turns clear the way it supports the wealth, the growth and the sustainability of

economy.

Technology, knowledge and research driven processes are engines for growth, allowing enterprises,

universities and public administration to become innovative, and, as result, more competitive,

differentiated and attractive for investment (Nicholls, 2006; Hage and Meeus, 2006). Growth by

innovation is a normative thought in the market, which got spread into the state strategy and arrived to

the social economy.

Using the literature of technological and commercial innovation to analyse social innovation delivers the

following conclusion: both types of innovation correspond to the criteria of novelty and improvement,

this is, both produce something new that betters current conditions; nevertheless, there is are some

distinctive aspects of social innovation, being the most important, the aim of social change via non-profit

means (Phills et al., 2008; Fagerberg, 2004).

In seek for innovation, SEOs are participating in research, development and cooperation projects.

However, their participation is often more focused on performing and less focused on the further

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utilization of the acquired knowledge, technology or goods. There is a tension between the demands of

continuing operations and the ability to maintain innovation (Murray et al., 2010). Therefore possibilities

for sustainability based in innovation decrease. In counterweight, some SEOs are arriving to innovative

states, transforming the lives of their audiences and their internal methods.

Organizations need to learn how to transform resources into strategic tools for sustainability, if they want

to be independent and to form a self-regulated sector. They need to understand and practice the system

of social innovation (Murray, 2010), a system which uses the opportunities/problems of the context to

apply solutions, once validated can be scaled up. Here, a key element is to measure the potential of a

result to become a wheel of future change - its social value.

Social value refers to the non-financing impacts of programmes, organisations and interventions,

including the well-being of people and communities, the social capital and the environment (Wood e

Leighton, 2010: 20), typically described as intangible results, difficult to quantify. “As a concept it is similar

to ‘externalities’ in economics. In essence it is a collective term for acknowledging the value of social

outcomes in decision making”. (Cox et al., 2012:17).

Authors state difficulties in this measurement because some results are made up from cooperation,

“intangible knowledge flows, and skilled labour flows” (Gault, 2005:42) and because the processes,

metrics, models and “methods used in the commercial or technological fields are not always directly

transferable to the social economy” (Murray et al., 2010:6). However, the examples of measurement tools

for social innovation are emerging and multiplying: Return on Social Investment (SROI), Key Social and Co-

operative Performance Indicators (KSCPIs), Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), Social Accounting and Audit

(SAA), Impact Reporting and investment Standards (IRIS).

The work in this PhD proposal becomes relevant as it will deliver a contribution towards a framework,

which identifies the transference path from RDC to social innovation, as it happens in organizations, and

then, it will support the definition of a general model to facilitate the chain of sustainability in social

economy.

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3. ENTRY QUESTIONS

Towards the challenges and dilemmas put by the different interacting areas in the problem, it is intended

to find answers to the following questions:

- Are those organisations using the results from RDC to generate sustainability and innovation?

- In which ways is the participation in RDC projects an igniter of change towards Social Innovation

in the context of the Portuguese social economy? Which factors are involved in that?

- Can we design a model, based on those factors, that presents methods and practices for the social

economy sector to use their results into sustainable growing and development mechanisms of

social innovation?

These questions might lead to the definition of the main research question of the project (whereas not

yet definitely established):

- Which are the conditions that social economy organisations must implement to generate

innovation?

4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

“If someone thus wishes to explain social innovation, then (…) a theory of social innovation is not

necessary, but rather a social theory which does not assume that state of equilibrium as the norm is

needed as a starting point or even a goal” (Moldaschl, 2010:13). Although we might agree with this author

that there are no “innovation theories”, the processes which we intent to follow in the research can find

explanation under different theoretical perspectives:

1. Institutional theories and social construction – there is a link between the micro patterns of

individual interaction with the development of relatively stable macro-social patterns and

structures. The macro tendencies are created at a subjective, individual level, they achieve an

objective status and a certain degree of trans-generational stability (Nilsson, 2003);

2. Post-structuralism - by using the concepts of ‘culture’ and ‘networks’ specific to this approach, is

possible to explore the nature of social innovation. In one hand, existing discourses on social

innovation revolve around social change and diffusion of innovation. But neither of these two

processes is possible outside the concept of ‘culture’. The main characteristics that the concept

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takes on are those of permeability and metamorphoses. Thus, culture is about the multiplicity of

individual discourses, but at the same time, it is open to the outside world and in a continuous

process of knowledge exchange and transformation. On the other hand, change happens as a

result of human interaction and the dynamics created by the exchange of knowledge and ideas

and the creation of new networks. In this case, “networks” are the mechanisms that form the

base of systemic change, the relations established between individuals and/or existing structures.

They are flows of resources (material, capital, human, expertise, knowledge) and know-how that

metamorphose society continuously (Llie and During, 2011);

3. Complexity theory - organisations can be seen as complex adaptive systems, where dynamic

interactions happens and which are capable of self-organisation, adaptation and differentiate.

The system and the agents co-evolve; the system lightly constrains agent behaviour, but the

agents modify the system by their interaction with it (Nilsson, 2003). In this context, innovation

can be linked to “emergence”, a result from the interaction between elements, in their continuous

adaptation process (Kania and Kramer, 2013). Complexity approach and its derivation approach

“theory of change” have been used in the practice of organizational development within the non-

profit sector.

4. Innovation studies - yet, social innovation is, at first innovation and, therefore, innovation studies

shall be considered a landmark in the comprehension of the phenomena involved in this project,

not only because the all innovation has some kind of social impact but also because social

innovation dues its emergence and development, partly, to the technological progress. Innovation

studies have delivered some stable knowledge about key factors, contributing to the clarification

and delimitation of social innovation field: production process, diffusion paths, collaborative

conditions, association with economic development (Mulgan, 2007; Franz, et al., 2013).

5. PROGRAMME, METHODOLOGY AND MAIN RESULTS

The research project will overcome different stages of progress, as described below:

From month 1 to month 3, a clarification of the problem will be done: results of RDC (Research

Development and Cooperation) projects as generators of social innovation. This involves the redaction of

a clear, real and measurable entry question to the study and the identification of focus variables. The

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question will be directed towards the final goal of the project: to define a model for organizations of social

economy that allows them to become innovative and sustainable upon RDC projects.

At this moment, the networking process will continue to establish a secure research arena, where

different types of organizations are in compliance with the project (associations, cooperatives, civic

groups, social entrepreneurs…). This work includes the evaluation of expectations towards the project

and finding ways to turn the study valuable for them.

From month 4 to month 8, the exploratory stage of the project will be performed under three main

activities:

- Literature review, including the selection of theoretical references; reading and resuming

information on the Portuguese status of the third sector, towards the identification of research

directions;

- Exploratory survey, based on an online questionnaire, targeting an international sample of SEOs.

Exploration will focus, in particular, the economic situation of the Portuguese third sector

institutions and their motivations to participate in RDC projects, in connection to their relations

with the financial supporters. The aim is to answer if those organizations are able to be self-

sufficient in their activity (in spite of their non-profit nature) or if they are dependent on grants.

Answering this question is crucial for the project, because if the second premise is correct, the

third sector could be considered more a public instrument and less an autonomous response for

the common good, where social innovation and development would rise.

Furthermore, the survey aims to address the following issues: how important is innovation for a

SEO?; what are internal organizational strategies to promote innovation?; how much innovative

products/services are present?; how many people are dedicated to produce and disseminate

innovation?. The results of this survey shall allow the representation of the innovative profile of

the sample and deliver relevant information for the conception of a qualitative research plan, in

the following stages of research.

- Validation of information resorting to exploratory interviews with consultants, granters, project

practitioners and stakeholders in Portugal. These shall be face-to-face meetings with 5 to 7

representatives of the target groups who will be asked to add qualitative information to the

results of the survey.

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Between months 9 and 13, the fundaments of the problem and ground theories will be described and

analysed towards the entry question. During this period, conceptualization will support the organization

of thoughts in a significant foundation for the study. The result of this stage will be an analysis framework

with operational concepts and observable indicators as guide for the later data collection. This framework

will consider the intention to implement a qualitative, observation-based data collection. By this time, the

progress of the study shall allow outlining answers to the question: “does the participation in RDC projects

have some impact on social innovation?”.

From month 14 to month 18, the observation will take place, meaning that the hypotheses will be tested

towards the information collected within those organizations. In that order, a sampling process will select

“best cases” (picked up from the network of enrolled institutions in the exploratory phase). For each case,

a qualitative plan based on direct observation and compilation of documents will be established upon

common criteria. The data will allow the constitution of a portfolio of evidences per institution. Each

portfolio will be confronted to a testing instrument (such as a check-list or scale) based on the indicators

described in framework of analysis.

Due to the aims in study, the “case-study” methodology will be adequate to observe the factors between

RDC and sustainable social innovation. The methodology resorting to evidence portfolios will be

complemented with personal inquiries (interviews). A qualitative approach during observation might

support the evaluation of contextual variables and working environments, as support for the results to be

obtained. For those concrete instruments will be resorted.

Once all the procedures reveal validity, information will be inserted in a database. From month 19 to

month 21, data will be described, interpreted and compared. This process will allow the finding of possible

answers to the entry question and to test the hypothesis. The aim is to identify processes, systems,

techniques and technologies and other strategies that derived from results of RDS and caused a systemic

change on the way organizations worked after, and how it had effects in their sucess12. Alongside, some

factors related with the participation in RDC and the ways of innovation drawn up by the organizations

are expected to be found. Those relations may permit the design of methods and proposals of practice

towards a method to transform RDC results into social innovation.

12 Success is a general term to describe a variability of positive effects such as: recognition in the sector, financial growth, satisfaction of target groups, rise of volunteers,…

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During the months 22th, 23th and 24th, time is dedicated to take conclusions from the results, define

dissemination actions and discover new paths of research. This will be also the time for self-reflection and

evaluation.

6. EXPECTED IMPACT

As an academic production, the results of this research will expand the specialized literature on social

innovation, reinforcing the capacity of the social sector to argue on policy decisions and budget allocation.

This empowerment is necessary, in spite of the actual visibility of social economy issues, because known

practices are vulnerable of discredit when these are not validated under theoretical foundations.

The publication and the dissemination of the results will support the organizations in social economy,

social enterprises and their professionals to prepare and introduce new procedures and frameworks on

their strategic plans, making them objectively directed to innovation.

Overall, the long-term impact is the increase of the value of social solutions and the reinforcement of SEOs

to satisfy the people’s needs.

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