capitulo 3. cag. sistemas de potencias ii

8/11/2019 Capitulo 3. CAG. SISTEMAS DE POTENCIAS II

1/16

X@HQTJKHTF][FCH@[J KH HNHG[]EGEKFK

GFTE[XNJ 7

HN GJ@[]JN FX[JC[EGJ KH LH@H]FGE@

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge` ekh`teoegfkj gj` nfs selnfs GFL, hs u` sjotwfrh

e`stfnfkj h` tehcpj rhfn gj` u` Westhcf kh Tjth`gef, hn gufn teh`h gjcj jmihtevj pre`gepfn

fiustfr kh ojrcf futjctegf nf pjth`gef kh sfnekf kh nfs uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs prhvefch`th

shnhggej`fkfs, gj` nf oe`fnekfk kh cf`th`hr nf orhguh`gef prjlrfcfkf h` hn Westhcf j hn

e`thrgfcmej `htj prjlrfcfkj h`trh rhfs u jtrf vfrefmnh f khoeèr. F hsth jmihtevj sh nh

gj`jgh gjcj hn Gj`trjn kh Frhf y Orhguh`gef.

Hn GFL teh`h gjcj shlu`kj jmihtevj cjkeoegfr nf pjth`gef h`trhlfkf pjr nfs uèkfkhs

lh`hrfkjrfs h` su gj`trjn, pfrf sftesofghr gehrtjs grethrejs hgj`cegjs, pjr nj gufn khmh

jphrfr gjìu`tfch`th gj` u` prjlrfcf kh Khspfgaj Hgj`cegj.

Hn gj`trjn kh gfrlf y orhguh`gef hs u`f hxprhse` utenezfkf khskh njs gjceh`zjs khn frth kh

gj`trjn kh lh`hrfge`, pfrf ekh`teoegfr lh`regfch`th hn gj`trjn supnhch`tfrej sjmrh nfs

uèkfkhs kh lh`hrfge` h` ojrcf futjctegf, h` rhspuhstf f u` trce`j gj`jgekj gjcj hn

hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf ( HGF ). Hn HGF hs u`f gjcme`fge` kh nfs khsvefgej`hs kh

orhguh`gef, onuij kh e`thrgj`hxe`, pjth`gef lh`hrfkf j gufnquehrf jtrf vfrefmnh quh sh

khoe`f pfrf hn gj`trjn y gj`stetuyh u`f gf`tekfk kh pjth`gef fgtevf rhprhsh`tftevf khn hxghsj

j khoegeh`gef kh lh`hrfge` kh`trj kh u`f rhf kh gj`trjn. X` sesthcf e`thrgj`hgtfkj hst

kevekekj pjr nj lh`hrfn h` vfrefs rhfs kh gj`trjn (vhr oelurf @ 7.6 ), h`trh nfs gufnhs

hxesth` fguhrkjs kh e`thrgfcmej kh h`hrlf y h` guyfs orj`thrfs sh suphrvesf y gj`trjnf hn

e`thrgfcmej `htj gj` nfs rhfs vhge`fs. Tfrf hstj, gfkf rhf khmh kespj`hr kh chgfèscjs

quh nh phrcetf` fmsjrmhr sus prjpejs gfcmejs kh gfrlfs, f nf vhz quh sh cf`teh`h nforhguh`gef khn Westhcf h` su vfnjr prjlrfcfkj y sh afgh u`f kestremuge` hgj`cegf kh nf

lh`hrfge` tjtfn kh gfkf rhf h`trh sus keohrh`ths ouh`ths kh lh`hrfge`.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 6


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Oelurf @ 7.6

F]HF KH GJ@[]JN 6 F]HF KH GJ@[]JN =

F]HF KH GJ@[]JN 7

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge` hs u`f gjcme`fge` kh njs jmihtevjs gj`trjn kh gfrlf-

orhguh`gef y khspfgaj hgj`cegj. Nf ojrcf kh gjcme`fr kegajs jmihtevjs khph`kh khn

keshj h ecpnhch`tfge` kh gfkf GFL h` pfrtegunfr. H` fnlu`js gfsjs, hn hrrjr kh gj`trjn

kh rhf hs gjcpfrfkj gj` nf lh`hrfge` tjtfn khn rhf y nf gf`tekfk rhsuntf`th hs nf

lh`hrfge` rhquhrekf tjtfn, nf gufn hs kestremuekf pjr nf ou`ge` khspfgaj hgj`cegj h`trh

nfs uèkfkhs h` gj`trjn, kh fguhrkj f njs grethrejs hgj`cegjs hstfmnhgekjs h` hstf ou`ge`.

H` jtrjs keshjs sh utenezf nf ou`ge` khspfgaj hgj`cegj pfrf suceèstrfr njs pu`tjs

mfshs y njs ofgtjrhs kh pfrtegepfge` kh nfs uèkfkhs, gf`tekfkhs hstfs quh e`thrveh`h`

gjìu`tfch`th gj` njs gjcpj`h`ths kh rhlunfge` h` hn gngunj kh nf pjth`gef rhquhrekf khHn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE =


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gfkf uèkfk. Nf utenezfge` kh u`j u jtrj keshj khph`kh kh nf gj`vhèh`gef kh gfkf

Westhcf.

7.6 KHOE@EGE@ KHN H]]J] KH GJ@[]JN KH ]HF

Kh fguhrkj f nj khoeèkj f`threjrch`th, hn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf hs u` vfnjr kh pjth`gef

fgtevf quh phrceth guf`teoegfr nf lh`hrfge` `hghsfref pfrf gjrrhler nfs khsvefgej`hs kh

orhguh`gef, e`thrgfcmej prjlrfcfkj, pjth`gef lh`hrfkf prjlrfcfkf, htg, puhkh gfngunfrsh

kh guftrj ojrcfs keohrh`ths fth`keh`kj fn cjkj kh jphrfge` khn GFL. Hstjs cjkjs sj`9

Orhguh`gef gj`stf`th.

E`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th.

Tjth`gef lh`hrfkf gj`stf`th.

Orhguh`gef h e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th.

H` hn cjkj kh orhguh`gef gj`stf`th hn HGF veh`h kfkj pjr9

HGF3 ( OF - OT ) kj`kh9

9 ofgtjr kh pjnfrezfge` h` C\/4.6Az.

OF9 orhguh`gef fgtufn.OT9 orhguh`gef prjlrfcfkf.

Nf keohrh`gef h`trh nf orhguh`gef fgtufn gj` rhsphgtj f u` vfnjr prjlrfcfkj, cuntepnegfkj

pjr u` ofgtjr quh phrceth gj`vhrter hstf keohrh`gef h` Ahrtz h` u` vfnjr h` vftejs,

gj`stetuyh hn HGF. Hn ofgtjr kh pjnfrezfge` khmh khthrce`frsh gj` cugaj guekfkj y

gj`stetuyh u`j kh njs hnhch`tjs f se`tjèzfr guf`kj hn GFL hs puhstj h` shrvegej.

H` hn cjkj kh e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th hn HGF veh`h kfkj pjr9

HGF3 EF - ET kj`kh9

EF9 e`thrgfcmej `htj h` njs pu`tjs kh e`thrgfcmej.

ET9 e`thrgfcmej prjlrfcfkj h` njs pu`tjs kh e`thrgfcmej.Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 7


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H` hn cjkj pjth`gef lh`hrfkf gj`stf`th hn HGF veh`h kfkj pjr9

HGF3 TlF- TlT kj`kh9

TlF9 pjth`gef lh`hrfkf fgtufn.

TlT9 pjth`gef lh`hrfkf prjlrfcfkf.

Hsth cjkj tpegfch`th sh utenezf gjcj u`f ou`ge` hsgnfvf kh u`f ou`ge` cfhstrf umegfkf

h` u` Khspfgaj Gh`trfn, kj`kh sh guh`tf gj` u` GFL jphrf`kj h` orhguh`gef y/j

e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th, y h` nf gufn sh khthrce`f h` mnjquh nf lh`hrfge` kh u`f

khthrce`fkf Tnf`tf, gjcj se stf rhprhsh`tfrf u`f sjnf cque`f h` hn Westhcf. Hn GFL kh

hsf Tnf`tf jphrf`kj h` hsf ou`ge` hsgnfvf, tjcf hsf lh`hrfge` tjtfn kh nf Tnf`tf gjcj su

gj`sel`f kh pjth`gef lh`hrfkf prjlrfcfkf, pfrf fs kestremuer h`trh tjkfs nfs cque`fs kh

hsf Tnf`tf hsh vfnjr tjtfn kh lh`hrfge`.

H` hn cjkj kh orhguh`gef h e`thrgfcmej `htj gj`stf`th hn HGF veh`h kfkj pjr9

HGF3 ( OF - OT ) + ( EF - ET )

H` u` sesthcf gjòjrcfkj pjr vfrefs rhfs kh gj`trjn gjcj hn cjstrfkj h` nf oelurf @ 7.6,

hsth cjkj snj puhkh utenezfrsh se gfkf u`f kh nfs rhfs guh`tf gj` lh`hrfge` prjpef y

gfkf rhf teh`h u` GFL. Hstj sh khmh f quh hsth cjkj kh gj`trjn hstf gj`ghmekj pfrf quh

gfkf rhf puhkf gjrrhler sus prjpejs khsmfnf`ghs lh`hrfge`-gfrlf se` fohgtfr nf jtrf rhf.

Tjr hihcpnj, sup`lfsh quh nfs rhfs F y M kh nf oelurf @ 7.= hst` e`thrgj`hgtfkfs y

gfkf rhf guh`tf gj` u` GFL jphrf`kj h` hn cjkj orhguh`gef h e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th. H`

u` khthrce`fkj e`stf`th sh prjkugh u` rhgafzj kh gfrlf h` hn Westhcf M, jrele`f`kj quh nf

orhguh`gef sh e`grhch`th, f`th hstf setufge` nf khoegeh`gef kh lh`hrfge` h` hsf rhf khmh

shr gjrrhlekf pjr nfs uèkfkhs kh hsf cescf rhf gjcj sh e`kegf f gj`teùfge`9

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE ;


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lh` 36844 C\lh` 35844 C\

gfrlf 3;444 C\gfrlf 3


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rhsphgtf fn e`thrgfcmej, fn shr hn onuij quh vf khn Westhcf F fn Westhcf M ch`jr fn vfnjr

prjlrfcfkj, EF > ET , nf gj`sel`f kh pjth`gef jrkh`fkf pjr hn GFL hs sumer nf

lh`hrfge` khn Westhcf F. Nf rhspuhstf gjìulfkf kh hstfs kjs shfnhs shr ghrj, hs

khger, nf gj`sel`f kh mfifr pjth`gef khmh shr elufn f nf gj`sel`f kh sumer pjth`gef,

gucpne`kjsh quh (OF OT) 3 EF -ET. Tjr nj tf`tj, hn GFL khn Westhcf F `j

jrkh`fr è`lu`f shfn kh gjrrhgge`, kfkj quh hn khsmfnf`gh lh`hrfge`-gfrlf `j sh

prjkuij h` hsf rhf. Nf rhspuhstf kh nf ljmhr`fge` shr ègfch`th nf jrkh`fkf pjr hn

ljmhr`fkjr prjkugtj khn e`grhch`tj kh nf vhnjgekfk.

H` hn Westhcf M elufnch`th sh prhsh`tfrf hn cescj e`grhch`tj kh nf orhguh`gef, pjr nj

quh nf orhguh`gef fgtufn hs cfyjr quh nf orhguh`gef prjlrfcfkf, OF 0 OT2 h` hn

e`thrgfcmej sh th`krf prjkugtj kh hsth rhgafzj kh gfrlf u`f ch`jr khcf`kf khn

Westhcf M, quh gjìulfkj f nf rhspuhstf eègefn kh njs lh`hrfkjrhs kh rhkuger pjth`gef

hngtregf, jrele`frf quh hn e`thrgfcmej khn Westhcf F afgef hn Westhcf M shf ch`jr fn

prjlrfcfkj, EF > ET.

H` hn prechr gfsj gj` OF 0 OT, nf gj`sel`f kh pjth`gef h` hn Westhcf M hs kh mfifr

lh`hrfge` h` hsf rhf, ceh`trfs quh h` hn shlu`kj gfsj gj` EF > ET nf gj`sel`f kh

pjth`gef hs elufnch`th mfifr nf lh`hrfge` khn Westhcf M. Kh fguhrkj f hsthpnf`thfceh`tj nf rhspuhstf gjìulfkf kh orhguh`gef h e`thrgfcmej shrf kh kesceùer nf

lh`hrfge` khn Westhcf M. Tjr nj tf`tj, nf rhspuhstf khn GFL shrf jrkh`fr u`f

rhkugge` kh nf pjth`gef chgègf quh sucfkj f nf rhspuhstf hihrgekf pjr hn gj`trjn

precfrej kh hsf rhf kh rhkuger pjth`gef, khmhrf prjkuger hn khsgh`sj kh nf orhguh`gef y

hn e`grhch`tj khn e`thrgfcmej fn vfnjr prjlrfcfkj.

Jmsrvhsh h` hsth gfsj kj`kh hn GFL jphrf h` hn cjkj orhguh`gef h e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th,sjnj h` nf rhf kj`kh sh prjkuij hn khsmfnf`gh lh`hrfge`-gfrlf hn GFL kfr jrkh`hs kh

sumer j mfifr pjth`gef, fu`quh h` nfs kjs rhfs afmr u`f rhspuhstf khn gj`trjn precfrej.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE ?

Nf orhguh`gef y hn e`thrgfcmej oe`fnch`th sh `jrcfnezf` guf`kj hn GFL khn Westhcf M

njlrh mfifr nf pjth`gef chgègf nj suoegeh`th pfrf hnece`fr hn khsmfnf`gh lh`hrfge`-gfrlf


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y hstfmnhghr nf orhguh`gef y hn e`thrgfcmej h` hn vfnjr prjlrfcfkj. Hs gj`vhèh`th kh`jtfr

quh h` hn Westhcf F fn `j hxester gj`sel`f kh gjrrhgge` khn GFL, nf rhkugge` kh pjth`gef

jrkh`fkf pjr hn gj`trjn precfrej shr rhvhrtekf, rhtjr`fkj nfs uèkfkhs f su vfnjr eègefn y

fmsjrmeh`kj tjkjs njs gfcmejs hn Westhcf M. Hstj hohgtj sh njlrf fn gjrrhlersh nf

khsvefge` kh orhguh`gef pjr nf fgge` kh gj`trjn khn GFL khn Westhcf M, prjvjgf`kj

gjcj gj`shguh`gef kh nf gj`sel`f kh e`thrgfcmej gj`stf`th, quh nf orhguh`gef sh rhkuzgf

f` cs khsgh`keh`kj pjr khmfij khn vfnjr prjlrfcfkj, pfrf fs pjkhr ojrzfr f nfs

uèkfkhs khn Westhcf F quh sumf` lh`hrfge` pfrf e`grhch`tfr hn e`thrgfcmej y rhtjr`frnj

f su vfnjr prjlrfcfkj, f nf vhz quh e`grhch`tf` nf orhguh`gef ùhvfch`th f su vfnjr

prjlrfcfkj.

H` _h`hzuhnf nf hcprhsf HKHNGF guh`tf gj` u` GFL quh trfmfif mfij hn cjkj kh

orhguh`gef gj`stf`th, pjr nj gufn hs nf hcprhsf h`gfrlfkf kh cf`th`hr nf gfnekfk kh nf

orhguh`gef khn Westhcf Hngtregj @fgej`fn.

7.= E@[H]-]HNFGE@ G.F.L. X@EKFKHW LH@H]FKJ]FW

Hn Gj`trjn Futjctegj kh Lh`hrfge` sh h`gfrlf kh gfngunfr hn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf y

kestremuer hsth hrrjr phrekegfch`th h`trh nfs uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs h` gj`trjn pfrfcf`th`hr su gj`sel`f, pfrf gucpner hstf ou`ge` hn GFL `hghsetf kh u`f shreh kh hnhch`tjs

quh nh phrceth` cf`th`hr u`f gjcuègfge` phrcf`h`th gj` nfs keohrh`ths uèkfkhs

lh`hrfkjrfs, hsth prjghsj sh enustrf h` nf oelurf @ 7.7. Hsth sh eègef guf`kj nf eòjrcfge`

kh orhguh`gef, pjth`gef lh`hrfkf, pjth`gef kh e`thrgfcmej, htg, hs rhgjlekf kh njs keohrh`ths

hquepjs kh chkege` pjr nfs rhcjtfs e`stfnfkfs h` nfs keste`tfs sumhstfgej`hs y pnf`tfs

lh`hrfkjrfs. Hstfs rhcjtfs cf`teh`h` nf eòjrcfge` fncfgh`fkf afstf quh hs rhquhrekf

pjr u`f rhcjtf cfhstrf, nf gufn sh h`gfrlf kh sjnegetfr nf eòjrcfge` gfkf gehrtj e`thrvfnj

kh tehcpj ( h` hn jrkh` kh njs shlu`kjs ). X`f vhz sjnegetfkf nf eòjrcfge`, hstf hs

h`vefkf f trfvs kh njs keohrh`ths hquepjs kh gjcuègfge` f nf rhcjtf cfhstrf umegfkf h`

u` Khspfgaj kh Gfrlf Gh`trfn, nf gufn f su vhz trf`soehrh njs kftjs fn gjcputfkjr h` kj`kh

sh h`guh`trf` e`stfnfkjs njs keohrh`ths prjlrfcfs quh gjòjrcf` hn GFL.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE


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Hn GFL gfngunf hn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf selueh`kj sus gj`sel`fs kh gj`trjn, nfs gufnhs

pukehrf` shr vfrefkfs pjr hn jphrfkjr, eègef`kj hn prjghsj e`vhrsj enustrfkj h` nf

oelurf @ 7.;. H` hsth prjghsj nf jrkh` kh mfifr j sumer pjth`gef fgtevf hs trf`sohrekf f nf

rhcjtf cfhstrf, nf gufn sh h`gfrlf kh h`vefrnf f trfvs khn gf`fn kh gjcuègfge` f nfs

rhcjtfs kh nfs uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs, hstfs rhcjtfs h`vf` nf jrkh` fn gj`trjnfkjr kh nf

uèkfk, seh`kj hstfs ntecfs nfs h`gfrlfkfs kh e`kegfrnh fn ljmhr`fkjr nf jrkh` kh sumer j

mfifr pjth`gef.



9/16


TX@[JW KHE@[H]GFCMEJ

T

GJCTX[FKJ]GFL

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gjcu`egfge`

gf`fn kh

[]F@WCEWJ]]HGHT[J]

[]F@WCEWJ]]HGHT[J]

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E@[H]-]HNFGEJ@ H@[]H NFW X@EKFKHW LH@H]FKJ]FW UHN GFL

Oelurf @ 7.7



10/16


JTH]FKJ]

LJMH]@FKJ] GJ@[]JNFKJ]X@EKFK

JTH]FKJ]

LJMH]@FKJ] GJ@[]JNFKJ]X@EKFK

JTH]FKJ]

TX@[JW KHE@[H]GFCMEJ

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GJCTX[FKJ]GFL

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gjcu`egfge`

gf`fn kh

[]F@WCEWJ]]HGHT[J]

[]F@WCEWJ]]HGHT[J]

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E@[H]-]HNFGEJ@ H@[]H HN GFL U NFW X@EKFKHWLH@H]FKJ]FW

Oelurf @ 7.;



11/16


7.7 CJKJW KH GJ@[]JN KH NFW X@EKFKHW LH@H]FKJ]FW

Nfs uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs puhkh` hstfr jphrf`kj gj` rhsphgtj fn GFL mfij keohrh`ths

cjkjs kh gj`trjn, njs cjkjs cs utenezfkjs sj`9

6. OXH]F9 Nf uèkfk `j hstf se`grjèzfkf fn Westhcf kh Tjth`gef y pjr nj tf`tj `j hstf

mfij hn gj`trjn khn GFL. Hsth cjkj pjr nj lh`hrfn hs futjctegfch`th shnhggej`fkj pjr

hn GFL, guf`kj sfnh ouhrf kh shrvegej nf uèkfk.

=. KEWTJ@EMNH9 Fn elufn quh h` hn cjkj f`threjr, nf uèkfk sh h`guh`trf ouhrf kh

shrvegej, gj` nf keohrh`gef quh nf uèkfk hstf h` gj`kegej`hs fkhgufkfs pfrf h`trfr h`shrvegej. Nf pjth`gef gfpfz kh lh`hrfr hstf cque`f hs gj`sekhrfkf h` hn gngunj kh nf

rhshrvf kh frrf`quh rpekj.

7. CF@XFN9 Nf uèkfk hstf se`grjèzfkf phrj `j hstf mfij hn gj`trjn khn GFL, nf

pjth`gef kh sfnekf hs gj`trjnfkf cfùfnch`th pjr hn jphrfkjr kh nf pnf`tf.

;. MFWH9 Nf uèkfk hstf se`grjèzfkf y mfij hn gj`trjn khn GFL, nf pjth`gef kh sfnekf kh

nf uèkfk hs cf`thèkf pjr hn GFL h` u` vfnjr gj`stf`th nnfcfkj pu`tj mfsh, hn gufn hs

shnhggej`fkj pjr hn jphrfkjr. H` hsth cjkj nf uèkfk `j gj`tremuyh f rhkuger hn hrrjr kh

gj`trjn kh rhf.

8. FX[JC[EGJ9 Nf uèkfk hstf se`grjèzfkf y mfij hn gj`trjn khn GFL, gj`tremuyh`kj

f gjrrhler hn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf. H` hn gngunj kh nf pjth`gef rhquhrekf pjr nf

uèkfk, e`thrveh`h` hn pu`tj mfsh y hn ofgtjr kh pfrtegepfge` suceèstrfkj pjr nf ou`ge`

Khspfgaj Hgj`cegj.

?.

MFWH-]HLXNF@KJ9 Nf uèkfk hstf se`grjèzfkf y mfij hn gj`trjn khn GFL, nf

pjth`gef kh sfnekf kh nf uèkfk hs cf`thèkf pjr hn GFL h` u` vfnjr gj`stf`th nnfcfkj

pu`tj mfsh, sehcprh y guf`kj nf khsvefge` khn HGF `j hxghkf u` vfnjr prhoeifkj. Kh



12/16


shr hxghkekj hsth vfnjr, nf uèkfk gj`tremuer f gjrrhler hn HGF, `j cf`thèh`kj nf

pjth`gef mfsh. H` hstf gj`kege` sh gjcpjrtfr kh cf`hrf secenfr gjcj se hstuvehrf h`

hn cjkj futjctegj. X`f vhz quh hn HGF sh rhkugh pjr khmfij khn vfnjr prhoeifkj, nf

uèkfk rhtjr`fr f su pjth`gef mfsh y sh cf`th`kr h` hsh vfnjr ceh`trfs hn HGF `j

hxghkf su vfnjr prhoeifkj. Hn pu`tj mfsh hs shnhggej`fkj pjr hn jphrfkjr.

7.; GFNGXNJ KH NF TJ[H@GEF ]HVXH]EKF TJ] NF X@EKFK

Hsth gngunj hs hohgtufkj pjr hn GFL fth`keh`kj fn cjkj h` quh sh h`guh`trh nf uèkfk.

Kh njs cjkjs hxpnegfkjs f`threjrch`th sjnfch`th h` hn cjkj futjctegj j h` hn cjkj

mfsh-rhlunf`kj (snj guf`kj hn HGF hxghkh hn vfnjr prhoeifkj) hsth gngunj sh hohgtufrf,

kfkj quh h` njs jtrjs cjkjs nf pjth`gef kh nf uèkfk sh cf`teh`h h` u` vfnjr gj`stf`th pjr

hn gj`trjn hihrgekj pjr hn GFL j pjr hn jphrfkjr. F gj`teùfge` sh prhsh`tf u` hihcpnj kh

u` tepj kh gngunj kh nf pjth`gef, hn gufn pukehrf vfrefr fth`keh`kj fn keshj kh gfkf GFL.

Hn gngunj kh nf pjth`gef sh mfsf h` hn pu`tj hgj`cegj y h` hn ofgtjr kh pfrtegepfge`. Hn

pu`tj hgj`cegj rhprhsh`tf nf pjth`gef ptecf kh nf cque`f khthrce`fkf pjr hn prjlrfcf

kh Khspfgaj Hgj`cegj, hn ofgtjr kh pfrtegepfge` e`kegf hn pjrgh`tfih kh pjth`gef f

gjrrhler kh nf keohrh`gef h`trh nf sucftjref kh nfs pjth`gefs fgtufnhs lh`hrfkfs pjr nfscque`fs y njs pu`tjs hgj`cegjs kh gfkf uèkfk, hs khger nf pjth`gef hngtregf kh nf

uèkfk e fth`keh`kj fn grethrej hgj`cegj shr9

@@

e36e36

pu`tjhgj`cegjkh nfcque`f e

pu`tjhgj`cegjkh nfcque`f e

pjth`geffgtufnkh nfcque`f e

3 +

ofgtjr khpfrtegepfge`kh nfcque`f e

Q

pjth`gefhgj`cegfkh nfcque`f e

Hsth vfnjr kh pjth`gef hgj`cegj, hs utenezfkj pfrf gfngunfr nf pjth`gef kh nf cque`f e

gj`sekhrf`kj nf gjrrhgge` khn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 6=


13/16


Ofgtjr kh

rhlunfge`

kh nf cque`f e

pjth`gef

hgj`cegf

cque`f e

hrrjr kh

gj`trjn

kh rhf

3 +Q

pjth`gef

kh nf

cque`f e

Hsth vfnjr kh pjth`gef f`ths kh shr h`vefkj lh`hrfnch`th hs gjkeoegfkj h` u` kletj quh

pukehrf vfrefr, pjr hihcpnj, khn 6 fn 64, pfrf gfkf kletj sh gjrrhspj`kh u` khthrce`fkj

vfnjr kh pjth`gef. Nf eòjrcfge` hs h`vefkf khskh nf rhcjtf cfhstrf afgef nf rhcjtf kh

gfkf uèkfk lh`hrfkjrf, h` kj`kh hn gj`trjnfkjr kh nf uèkfk ( vhr oelurf @ 7.; ) sh

h`gfrlf kh gj`vhrter hn kletj h` u` punsj, hn gufn hs e`yhgtfkj fn ljmhr`fkjr kh nf uèkfk

jrele`f`kj h` nf cque`f u` khgrhch`tj j e`grhch`tj kh nf pjth`gef. Nf fcpnetuk y hn

f`gaj khn punsj e`yhgtfkj vfrefr` kh fguhrkj fn kletj gjrrhspj`keh`th y rhprhsh`tfr u`f

gf`tekfk hsphgoegf kh pjth`gef. Hsth punsj hs hquevfnh`th fn punsj quh e`yhgtf hn jphrfkjr

kh nf pnf`tf guf`kj fggej`f nf cfènnf kh mfifr j sumer pjth`gef. H` nfs pruhmfs kh puhstf

h` shrvegej khn GFL, khmh hohgtufrsh u`f gjrrhgtf se`grjèzfge` h`trh nf gf`tekfk kh

pjth`gef f gjrrhler, hn kletj quh hstf rhprhsh`tf y hn punsj fsjgefkj pfrf rhfnezfr nf

gjrrhgge`.

7.8 OFG[J]HW VXH E@AEMH@ HN GFL

Hxesth` vfrejs ofgtjrhs quh pukehrf` jrele`fr nf puhstf ouhrf kh shrvegej khn GFL, fnlu`js

kh hstjs sj`9

We pjr fnlu`f rfz` nf chkege` kh orhguh`gef khn Westhcf sh pehrkh jphrf`kj hn GFL h`

hn cjkj kh orhguh`gef gj`stf`th sh jrele`frf u`f eàemege` khn GFL, kfkj quh `j

pjshh eòjrcfge` kh nf vfrefmnh quh khshf gj`trjnfr. Kh fa nf ecpjrtf`gef kh gj`tfr

gj` vfrefs ouh`ths kh chkege` kh nfs vfrefmnhs kh gj`trjn. Nj cescj sughkhrf se sh

pehrkh nf eòjrcfge` kh njs onuijs kh e`thrgfcmej jphrf`kj hn GFL h` hn cjkj kh

e`thrgfcmej `htj gj`stf`th.Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 67


14/16


We sh pjshh` vfrefs ouh`ths kh chkege` kh u`f vfrefmnh kh gj`trjn y nfs cescfs frrjif`

chkegej`hs keohrh`ths sth sh eàemerf khmekj f quh `j pjkrf khthrce`fr gufn kh nfs

chkegej`hs hs nf gjrrhgtf. Tjr hihcpnj, se jphrf`kj h` hn cjkj kh orhguh`gef gj`stf`th

sh guh`tf gj` kjs chkegej`hs kh orhguh`gef y u`f cekh 85.1 Ahrtz y nf jtrf ?4.= Ahrtz hn

GFL sh eàemer, kfkj quh fn `j pjkhr keste`luer gufn hs hn vfnjr gjrrhgtj `j pjkrf

khthrce`fr se nf gjrrhgge` hs pfrf mfifr j sumer pjth`gef.

We nf chkege` kh orhguh`gef prhsh`tf u`f khsvefge` cfyjr f u` gehrtj vfnjr

prjlrfcfkj hn GFL sh eàemer. Tjr hihcpnj, sup`lfsh quh sh shnhggej`f gjcj

orhguh`gef prjlrfcfkf hn vfnjr kh ?4 Ahrtz y hn vfnjr kh 4.; Ahrtz gjcj nf cxecf

keohrh`gef phrcesemnh h`trh hn vfnjr fgtufn y hn vfnjr prjlrfcfkj kh orhguh`gef. We h`

hstfs gj`kegej`hs jgurrh u` hvh`tj h` hn Westhcf quh jrele`h quh nf orhguh`gef

kesceùyf f 85.= Ahrtz, sh jmth`krf u`f khsvefge` kh orhguh`gef kh 4.1 Ahrtz cfyjr f

4.; Ahrtz quh eàemerf hn GFL. Hstj sh khmh f quh h` su gj`ghpge` hn GFL teh`h gjcj

ou`ge` fgtufr sjmrh hn ljmhr`fkjr pfrf gjrrhler h` ojrcf oe`f hn hrrjr kh orhguh`gef

nnhv`kjnf f ?4 Ahrtz y lfrf`tezfr nf gfnekfk kh nf cescf. Nf gjrrhgge` lruhsf kh nf

orhguh`gef nj khmh rhfnezfr hn ljmhr`fkjr h` ojrcf fut`jcf fn khthgtfr u`f khsvefge`

kh vhnjgekfk. Hstj quehrh khger quh ceh`trfs nf orhguh`gef sh cf`th`lf khsvefkf gj`rhsphgtj f ?4 Ahrtz u` vfnjr cfyjr f 4.; Ahrtz, hn GFL `j gjcphter gj`trf nf shfn kh

gjrrhgge` kh vhnjgekfk jrkh`fkf pjr hn ljmhr`fkjr pfrf gjrrhler orhguh`gef. Tjr jtrf

pfrth, se nf orhguh`gef sh cf`teh`h khsvefkf h` ojrcf phrcf`h`th u` vfnjr lrf`kh gj`

rhsphgtj f ?4 Ahrtz, ecpnegf quh hn ljmhr`fkjr `j teh`h gfpfgekfk pfrf gjrrhler hsth

hrrjr, yf shf pjr `j hxester gfpfgekfk kh rhlunfge` j pjr prhsh`tfr sth u` khohgtj, pjr

nj tf`tj `j teh`h sh`tekj mfij hstfs gergu`stf`gefs quh hn GFL jrkh`h sjmrh hn

ljmhr`fkjr hstf gjrrhgge` khmekj f quh nf cescf `j shr hohgtufkf.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 6;

Kh `j gj`tfrsh gj` gfpfgekfk kh rhlunfge` pfrf sumer j mfifr pjth`gef hn GFL sh

eàemer. Nf gfpfgekfk kh rhlunfge` hs nf sucftjref kh nf pjth`gef kespjèmnh h` nfs

uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs h` gj`trjn futjctegj pfrf sumer j mfifr pjth`gef. Tjr hihcpnj, se

tjkfs nfs uèkfkhs hst` jphrf`kj h` su cxecj vfnjr kh pjth`gef `j afmr gfpfgekfk


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kh rhlunfge` pfrf sumer pjth`gef, pjr nj tf`tj f`th u`f kesceùge` kh nf orhguh`gef quh

jrele`h u` hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf pfrf sumer pjth`gef hstf `j sh gjrrhler h eàemer hn

GFL. H` hsth gfsj nf gjrrhgge` `j sh hohgtufr afstf quh sh se`grjègh` ùhvfs

uèkfkhs

7.? FWEL@FGE@ KH NF X@EKFK H@ NF GJ]]HGGE@ KHN H]]J] KH

GJ@[]JN KH ]HF

X`f vhz khthrce`fkj u` vfnjr khn hrrjr kh gj`trjn kh rhf keohrh`th kh ghrj, sh prjghkh f su

gjrrhgge` cjkeoegf`kj nf pjth`gef kh nfs uèkfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs quh sh h`guh`trf` h` hn

cjkj futjctegj, se` hcmfrlj hstf gjrrhgge` `j sehcprh sh rhfnezf vfref`kj nf pjth`gef

kh tjkfs hstfs uèkfkhs, pukehrf` fpnegfrsh gehrtjs grethrejs kh shnhgge` fth`keh`kj f nf

cflètuk khn HGF, njs gufnhs sj`9

6. We hn HGF hstf fgjtfkj h`trh ghrj y u` vfnjr T6 kh pjth`gef (4 > HGF > T6), kj`kh T6

hs u` vfnjr cuy phquhj (pjr hihcpnj 8 C\), hn GFL puhkh khgeker `j rhfnezfr

è`lu`f gjrrhgge` y fgucunfr hsth vfnjr pfrf ffkrshnj fn vfnjr khn HGF f gfngunfr h`

hn prxecj e`thrvfnj kh tehcpj, hstj sh khmh f quh njs keohrh`ths hnhch`tjs kh gj`trjn

fsjgefkjs pukehrf` `j th`hr nf suoegeh`th prhgese` gjcj pfrf gjrrhler hrrjrhs cuyphquhjs, fkegej`fnch`th pukehrf` hstfr rhfnez`kjsh hxghsevfs jphrfgej`hs h` hn

ljmhr`fkjr.

=. We hn HGF hs cfyjr quh u` vfnjr T6 kh pjth`gef y ch`jr f u` vfnjr T= kh pjth`gef

( T6 > HGF > T= ), nf gjrrhgge` kh hsth hrrjr sh hohgtufrf gj` snj u`f kh nfs uèkfkhs

quh sh h`guh`trh` h` hn cjkj kh gj`trjn futjctegj. H` hsth gfsj, se nf gjrrhgge` khn

HGF sh hohgtufrf gj` cs kh u`f uèkfk lh`hrfkjrf, hn vfnjr kh pjth`gef f gjrrhler h`

gfkf uèkfk shrf tf` phquhj, quh sh umegfrf kh`trj kh nf gfthljrf gj`sekhrfkf h` hn

pu`tj f`threjr. Fkegej`fnch`th hstf pjth`gef shrf gjrrhlekf kh nf ojrcf cs hoegeh`th

gj` u`f uèkfk lh`hrfkjrf.



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7. We hn HGF hs cfyjr f T= ( T= > HGF ), hsth hrrjr shrf gjrrhlekj pjr tjkfs nfs

u`ekfkhs lh`hrfkjrfs quh sh h`guh`trf` h` hn cjkj kh gj`trjn futjctegj, hn vfnjr kh

pjth`gef f gjrrhler pjr gfkf u`ekfk sh gfngunfrf kh nf ojrcf gjcj sh hxpneg

f`threjrch`th.

Hn gj`trjn futjctegj kh lh`hrfge`. Westhcfs kh pjth`gef EE 6?

capitulo 3. cag. sistemas de potencias ii

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