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Religion

Religion in Brazil (2000 Census)

Religion Percent

RomanCatholicism

73.8%

Protestantism 15.4%No religion 7.4%

Spiritism 1.3%

Others 2.1%

Largest cities of Brazil

São Paulo

Rio de Janeiro

Rank City

Name

State Pop. Rank

City Name

State Pop.

Salvador

Brasília

1 São Paulo São Paulo 11,244,369 11 Belém Pará 1,392,031

2Rio deJaneiro

Rio deJaneiro 6,323,037 12 Goiânia Goiás

1,301,892

3 Salvador Bahia 2,676,606 13 Guarulhos São Paulo 1,222,357

4 BrasíliaFederalDistrict

2,562,963 14 Campinas São Paulo 1,080,999

5 Fortaleza Ceará 2,447,409 15 São Luís Maranhão 1,011,943

6BeloHorizonte

Minas Gerais 2,375,444 16SãoGonçalo

Rio deJaneiro

999,901

7 Manaus Amazonas 1,802,525 17 Maceió Alagoas 932,608

8 Curitiba Paraná 1,746,896 18Duque deCaxias

Rio deJaneiro

855,046

9 Recife Pernambuco 1,536,934 19 Teresina Piauí 814,439

10Porto Alegre

Rio Grandedo Sul

1,409,939 20 Natal

Rio Grandedo Norte

803,811



Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic

population.According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about

religion), 73.57% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist

spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13%Buddhism;

0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions, undeclared or

undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.

However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostal Protestantism, while theproportion of Catholics has dropped sharply.

UrbanizationThe largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte ² all in the

Southeastern Region ² with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.Almost all of the state

capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo,

and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the

states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande

do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).

Language

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese, which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the

only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The

exception to this is in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira where Nheengatu, an indigenous

language of South America, has been granted co-official status with Portuguese. Brazil is the only

Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian

national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.



Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.

As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and

other Portuguese-speaking countries. These differences are comparable to those

between American and British English.

In 2008, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives

from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of

Portuguese into one international language, as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language. AllCPLP countries were given from 2009 until 2014 to adjust to the necessary changes.

Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian

languages are spoken in remote areas and a number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and

their descendants. There are significant communities of German (mostly theHunsrückisch, a High

German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) speakers in the south

of the country, both of which are influenced by the Portuguese language.Brazil is the first country inSouth America to offer Esperanto to High School students.

Culture

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with

the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced thePortugueselanguage, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.The culture was, however, also strongly

influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions. Some aspects of

Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European

immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil. The indigenous



Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine,

music, dance and religion.

Machado de Assis, poet and novelist whose work extends to almost all literary genres, is widely regardedas the greatest Brazilian writer.

Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the

dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)

to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism.

Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new

level of international acclaim in recent years.

Music



Brazilian music encompasses various regional styles influenced by African, European and Amerindian

forms. It developed distinctive styles, among

them samba, MPB, choro, Sertanejo, brega, forró, frevo, maracatu, bossa nova, and axé.

LiteratureBrazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in

Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and natives that amazed

Europeans that arrived in Brazil.Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism ² novelistslike Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his

long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels OGuarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.

The flag of Brazil consists of an overall green background on which a large yellow rhombus, diamond iscentered. It encloses a night-blue, star-studded Southern Hemisphere sky. The sky depicts 27 white, five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District). The motto Ordem e Progresso ("Order andProgress") is inscribed in capital letters inside the band.

Meaning of the Brazilian Flag

The stars are arranged in the pattern of the night sky over Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889 (this isthe date when the last Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, was deposed, and the republic was proclaimed).The stars of the Brazilian Flag includes the constellations of Southern Cross (also called Crux), Scorpius,Canis Major, Hydra, Polaris Australis etc. The colors on the Brazilian flag represent the following: yellow



- the Brazilian gold reserves, Brazil's mineral wealth and green symbolizes the Amazon Rainforest, the

Atlantic Jungle.

Meaning of the Brazilian Coat and A rms

The Coat of arms of Brazil was created in November 19, 1889, four days after Brazil was proclaimes asrepublic and consists of the central emblem surrounded by coffee (left) and tobacco (right) branches,

which were important crops in Brazil at that time. The blue circle in the center encloses the Southern



Cross (Crux). The ring of 27 stars around it represents Brazil's 26 states and 1 federal district. The blue

ribbon contains the official name of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil ² Federative Republic of Brazil) in its first line. In the second line, the date of the federative republic's establishment (November15, 1889) is written.

Colour/Race (2008)

White 48.43%

Brown (Multiracial) 43.80%

Black 6.84%

Asian 0.58%

Amerindian 0.28%

Antonio Carlos Jo bim



Antonio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim born in January 25, 1927 and die in December 8, 1994, also

known as Tom Jobim , was a Brazilian songwriter, composer, arranger, singer, and pianist/guitarist. A

primary force behind the creation of the bossa nova style, his songs have been performed by many

singers and instrumentalists within Brazil and internationally. Jobim's musical roots were planted firmly

in the work of Pixinguinha, the legendary musician and composer who began modern Brazilian music in

the 1930s.

Elis Regina

Elis Regina Carvalho Costa, known simply as Elis Regina born in March 17, 1945 and die in January 19,

1982) was an important singer of Brazilian popular music. She became nationally renowned in 1965,

after singing Arrastão composed by Edu Lobo and Vinícius de Moraes) in the first edition of TV

Excelsior festival song contest, and soon joined O Fino da Bossa, a television program on TV Record. Elis

was noted for her perfect vocalization, as well as for her personal interpretation and outstanding

performances in shows. She recorded several successful compositions, such as Upa Neguinho (E. Loboand Gianfrancesco Guarnieri), Madalena (Ivan Lins), Casa no Campo (Sá e Guarabira), Águas de Março (Tom Jobim), Atrás da porta (Chico Buarque), O bêbado e a equilibrista (Aldir Blanc and João

Bosco), Conversando no bar (Milton Nascimento), etc. Her premature death, at the age of 36, shocked

Brazil. Elis Regina is widely regarded as the best Brazilian singer of all times by many critics, musicians,

and commentators.



History

Brazil is the only Latin American nation that derives its language and culture from Portugal. The nativeinhabitants mostly consisted of the nomadic Tupí-Guaraní Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimedthe territory for Portugal in 1500. The early explorers brought back a wood that produced a red dye, pau-brasil, from which the land received its name. Portugal began colonization in 1532 and made the area aroyal colony in 1549.

During the Napoleonic Wars, King João VI, fearing the advancing French armies, fled Portugal in 1808and set up his court in Rio de Janeiro. João was drawn home in 1820 by a revolution, leaving his son asregent. When Portugal tried to reimpose colonial rule, the prince declared Brazil's independence on Sept.7, 1822, becoming Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 infavor of his five-year-old son, who became emperor in 1840 (Pedro II). The son was a popular monarch,

but discontent built up, and in 1889, following a military revolt, he abdicated. Although a republic was

proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military dictatorships until a revolt permitted a gradual return tostability under civilian presidents.

President Wenceslau Braz cooperated with the Allies and declared war on Germany during World War I.In World War II, Brazil again cooperated with the Allies, welcoming Allied air bases, patrolling the South

Atlantic, and joining the invasion of Italy after declaring war on the Axis powers.

After a military coup in 1964, Brazil had a series of military governments. Gen. João Baptista de OliveiraFigueiredo became president in 1979 and pledged a return to democracy in 1985. The election of Tancredo Neves on Jan. 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a nationwide wave of optimism, but when Neves died several months later, Vice President José Sarney became president.Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989, pledging to lower hyperinflation with free-market



economics. When Collor faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruption scandal in Dec. 1992

and resigned, Vice President Itamar Franco assumed the presidency.

A former finance minister, Fernando Cardoso, won the presidency in the Oct. 1994 election with 54% of the vote. Cardoso sold off inefficient government-owned monopolies in the telecommunications,electrical power, port, mining, railway, and banking industries.

In Jan. 1999, the Asian economic crisis spread to Brazil. Rather than prop up the currency through

financial markets, Brazil opted to let the currency float, which sent the real plummeting²at one time asmuch as 40%. Cardoso was highly praised by the international community for quickly turning around hiscountry's economic crisis. Despite his efforts, however, the economy remained sluggish throughout 2001,and the country also faced an energy crisis. The IMF offered Brazil an additional aid package in Aug.2001. And in Aug. 2002, to ensure that Brazil would not be dragged down by neighboring Argentina'scatastrophic economic problems, the IMF agreed to lend Brazil a phenomenal $30 billion over fifteen

months.

Geography

Brazil covers nearly half of South America and is the continent's largest nation. It extends 2,965 mi(4,772 km) north-south, 2,691 mi (4,331 km) east-west, and borders every nation on the continent exceptChile and Ecuador. Brazil may be divided into the Brazilian Highlands, or plateau, in the south and the

Amazon River Basin in the north. Over a third of Brazil is drained by the Amazon and its more than 200tributaries. The Amazon is navigable for ocean steamers to Iquitos, Peru, 2,300 mi (3,700 km) upstream.Southern Brazil is drained by the Plata system²the Paraguay, Uruguay, and Paraná rivers.

In October 2010's second round of presidential elections, Dilma Rousseff, an acolyte of Lula and hisformer chief of staff, defeated José Serra 56% to 44% to become the country's first woman president.



Because of term limits, Lula could not run for a third consecutive term. Rousseff is expected to follow

through with Lula's agenda, but faces the task of improving the country's education, health, andsanitation systems. The vote was seen as an endorsement of Lula and his social and economic policies.

Federative Republic of Brazil

President: Dilma Rousseff (2011)

Land area: 3,265,059 sq mi (8,456,511 sq km); total area:3,286,470 sq mi (8,511,965 sq km)

Population (2010 est.): 201,103,330 (growth rate: 1.1%); birth rate: 18.1/1000; infant mortality rate:21.8/1000; life expectancy: 72.26; density per sq km: 22

Largest cities: São Paulo, 18,333,000 (metro. area), 10,927,985 (city proper); Rio de Janeiro, 11,469,000(metro. area), 6,094,183 (city proper); Salvador, 2,590,400; Belo Horizonte, 2,347,500; Recife,

1,485,500; Porto Alegre, 1,372,700

Monetary unit: Real

National name: República Federativa do Brasil

Current government officials

Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

Ethnicity/race: white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includesJapanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000)



National Holiday: Independence Day, September 7

Religion: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 15%, Spiritualist 1%, none 7% (2000)

Literacy rate: 88.6% (2006 est.)

Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $2.025 trillion; per capita $10,200. Real growth rate: ±0.2%.Inflation: 4.2%. Unemployment:7.4%. Arable land: 7%. Agriculture:coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice,

corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef. Labor force: 96.34 million; agriculture 20%, industry 14%, services66% (2006 est.). Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor

vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment.Natural resources: bauxite, gold, iron ore,manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber. Exports: $158.9

billion f.o.b. (2009 est.): transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos. Imports: $136 billion f.o.b. (2009 est.): machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil. Majortrading partners: U.S., Argentina, China, Netherlands, Germany, Mexico, Nigeria, Japan (2005).

Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 42.382 million (2004); mobile cellular: 86.21 million(2005).Radio broadcast stations: AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AMstations) (1999). Television broadcast stations: 138 (1997). Internet hosts:3,163,349 (2003). Internetusers: 25.9 million (2005).



O belisk of São Paulo

Obelisk of São Paulo is an obelisk in Ibirapuera Park in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.This monument is asymbol of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, and the biggest monument of the city of São Paulo.The height of the monument is 72 meters. The construction of the monument was started in 1947 andcompleted in 1970.The obelisk is a project of the Italo-Brazilian sculptor Galileo Ugo Emendabili, whoarrived at Brazil in 1923. The obelisk, made of pure travertino marble, was inaugurated on July 9, 1955,

one year after the inauguration of Ibirapuera Park.



The monument to the flags

The Monument to the flags (in Portuguese Monumento às Bandeiras) is a work of art of the sculptor

Vítor Brecheret located in São Paulo's city, in Brazil. It was raised in the south region of the city, in a

square opposite the Palácio 9 of Julho, headquarters of the Assembléia Legislativa, and of the Park do

Ibirapuera. It was entrusted by the government of São Paulo in 1921. The sculpture, in granite, com 50 m

of length and 16 of height, was inaugurated in 1953, together with the Park do Ibirapuera, for the feasts of

the fourth centenary of the foundation of the city, the following year. The work represents the bandeiras,integrated for bandeirantes. It exposes his diverse etnias and the effort that they realized to enter the

current Brazilian territory. Besides Portuguese (with beard) astride, they are represented

Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor) is a statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

considered the second largest Art Deco statue in the world. It is 39.6 metres (130 ft) tall, including its

9.5 metres (31 ft) pedestal, and 30 metres (98 ft) wide. It weighs 635 tonnes (625 long,700 short tons),and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National

Park overlooking the city. A symbol of Christianity, the statue has become an icon of Rio and Brazil. It is

made of reinforced concrete and soapstone, and was constructed between 1922 and 1931.

Brazilian Carniv al



The Carnival of Brazil (Portuguese: Carnaval ) (the city of Salvador has the largest street party in the

world, according to the guiness book) is an annual festival held forty-six days before Easter. On certain

days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption

of meat and poultry, hence the term "carnival," from carnelevare, "to remove (literally, "raise")

meat." Carnival celebrations are believed to have roots in the pagan festival of Saturnalia, which, adaptedto Christianity, became a farewell to bad things in a season of religious discipline to practice repentance

and prepare for Christ's death and resurrection.

Rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities

of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, huge organized parades are led by samba schools. Those official parades



are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades ("blocos") allowing public participation can

be found in other cities. The northeastern cities of Salvador, Porto Seguro and Recife have organizedgroups parading through streets, and public interacts directly with them. This carnival is heavily

influenced by African-Brazilian culture. Crowds follow thetrio elétricos floats through the city streets.

Also in northeast, Olinda carnival features unique characteristics, part influenced by Venice Carnival

mixed with cultural depictions of local folklore.

Carnival is the most famous holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions. The country

stops completely for almost a week and festivities are intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities. The

consumption of beer accounts for 80% of annual consumption and tourism receives 70% of annual

visitors. The government distributes condoms and launches awareness campaigns at this time to prevent

the spread of AIDS.

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