cronologia relativa e absoluta da ocupaÇÃo sidÉrica ... et all 2013.pdf · a cronologia relativa...

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101

SAGVNTVM (P.L.A.V.) 45, 2013: 101 - 114

ISSN: 0210-3729

ISSN online: 2174-517X

DOI: 10.7203/SAGVNTVM.45.1978

Texto recibido el 20/11/2012

Texto aceptado el 28/01/2013

2V�WUDEDOKRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�TXH�GHFRUUHUDP�QR�&DV-WHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��ÀJ������H�TXH�WRWDOL]DP�GH]�FDP-

panhas de trabalho de campo, permitiram obter muitos

GDGRV�VREUH�D�VXD�RFXSDomR�GXUDQWH�R����PLOpQLR�D�Q�H���concretamente sobre a da Idade do Ferro (Arruda 1995;

1996; 1997; 1999-2000; 2000; 2003; 2005; Freitas

2005; Arruda et al. 2006; Oliveira 2006; Arruda et al. 2007; Arruda e Freitas 2008; Oliveira 2008; Arruda et al. 2009; Sousa 2009).

(VVHV�GDGRV�LQFOXHP�RV�TXH�VH�UHIHUHP�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD�H�j�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��H�HVWmR�PDWHULDOL]DGRV�HP�FRQVWUXo}HV�GH�GLYHUVD�IXQFLRQDOLGDGH�H�QXP�FRQMXQWR�DUWHIDFWXDO�PXL-WR�H[WHQVR��TXH�HQJORED�FHUkPLFDV��PHWDLV��YLGURV�H�OtWLFRV��$�UHFROKD�GH�RXWURV�HOHPHQWRV��FRQFUHWDPHQWH�IDXQtVWLFRV��DQWUDFROyJLFRV�H�FDUSROyJLFRV��FRQWULEXLX�SDUD�HVWDEHOHFHU�SDGU}HV�FRPSRUWDPHQWDLV�GD�FRPXQLGDGH�KXPDQD�TXH�KD-ELWRX�QR�ORFDO�H�SDUD�DMXGDU�D�HVFODUHFHU�KiELWRV�GH�FRQVX-

mo e dietas alimentares.

$�GLDFURQLD�GD�RFXSDomR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HVWDEHOHFLGD�WHQGR�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�observada e, naturalmente, os espólios recolhidos nessa mesma sequência. Com base nesses dados, foram já apresentadas propostas de DWULEXLomR�FURQROyJLFD�jV�TXDWUR�IDVHV�GH�RFXSDomR�VLGpULFD�TXH�SXGHPRV�FDUDFWHUL]DU�WDPEpP�UHODWLYDPHQWH�DRV�HVSyOLRV�H�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD��$�UHFROKD�GH�PDWHULDO�RUJkQLFR�HP�WRGRV�RV�QtYHLV�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�SHUPLWLX�REWHU�GDWDo}HV�DEVROXWDV��HIHFWXDGDV�VREUH�FDUY}HV�H�IDXQDV�PDODFROyJLFDV��1HVWH�WUDEDOKR��RV�GDGRV�GD�FURQRORJLD�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�REWLGRV�VmR�DSUHVHQWDGRV��VHQGR�FUX]DGRV�H�GLVFXWLGRV�FRP�RV�TXH�RV�UHVWDQWHV�HOHPHQWRV�SRVVLELOLWDUDP��$�UHODomR�HQWUH�DV�GDWDo}HV�GH�14&�H�DV�REWLGDV�SHOD�DQiOLVH�PRUIROyJLFD�GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�DR�ORQJR�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�permite estabelecer bases consideravelmente mais sólidas para a evolução diacrónica da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim.

Palavras-chave��FURQRORJLD��,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��UDGLRFDUERQR��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO

THE IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY (RELATIVE AND RADIOCARBON) OF THE CASTELO OF PORTO MARIM

7KH�,URQ�$JH�GLDFKURQ\�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�RFFXSDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�ZLWK�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�DQG�WKH�PDWHULDOV�UHFRYHUHG�LQ�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�OHYHOV��%DVHG�RQ�WKHVH�GDWD�ZH�KDYH�DOUHDG\�SUHVHQWHG�FKURQRORJLFDO�SURSRVDOV�IRU�WKH�IRXU�SKDVHV��ZKLFK�ZH�FRXOG�DOVR�FKDUDFWHUL]H�LQ�UHODWLRQ�ZLWK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�SODQV�DQG�ZLWK�WKH�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�PDWHULDOV��7KH�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLF�PDWHULDO�DW�DOO�OHYHOV�RI�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�sequence allowed us to obtain absolute dates, carried out on shells and charcoals.,Q� WKLV� ZRUN�� WKH� GDWD� IURP� WKH� UDGLRFDUERQ� FKURQRORJ\� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� DQG� GLVFXVVHG� E\� WKHPVHOYHV� DQG� LQ� UHODWLRQ� WR� WKH� RWKHUV�� 7KH�relationship between the 14&�GDWHV�DQG�WKRVH�REWDLQHG�E\�PRUSKRORJLFDO�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�PDWHULDOV�FROOHFWHG�DORQJ�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�EULQJ�PRUH�VROLG�EDVHV�WR�DQDO\]H�WKH�GLDFKURQLF�HYROXWLRQ�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�,URQ�$JH�

Key words��FKURQRORJ\��,URQ�$JH��UDGLRFDUERQ��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO

SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS,

&$5/26�),/,3(�2/,9(,5$��-26e�0$18(/�0��0$57,16��3$8/2�-��&��3257(/$

102

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

$V� VHTXrQFLDV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFDV� REWLGDV�� EHP� FRPR��QDWXUDOPHQWH��RV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�GLYHUVDV�XQL-GDGHV� GHVVD�PHVPD� VHTXrQFLD�� SRVVLELOLWDUDP� D� GLIH-

UHQFLDomR�GH�TXDWUR�IDVHV�FRQVWUXWLYDV�SDUD�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��GD�,,�j�9���WHQGR�R�IDVHDPHQWR�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�H�D�SUySULD�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�SDUD�HVVH�IDVHDPHQWR�sido elaborados tendo em consideração as tipologias

GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�TXH�OKHV�HVWDYDP�associadas.

$V�IDXQDV��TXHU�PDPDOyJLFDV��TXHU�PDODFROyJLFDV��H�RV�FDUY}HV�SHUPLWLUDP��SRU�RXWUR�ODGR��D�REWHQomR�GH�GD-WDo}HV�UDGLRPpWULFDV�SDUD�D�WRWDOLGDGH�GR�UHIHULGR�IDVHD-mento, concretamente para as Fases II, III, IV e V.

$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�XPD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GH�FRQ-

VLGHUiYHO� SRWrQFLD� H� H[WHQVmR�� TXH� SHUPLWH� D� OHLWXUD� GH�FURQRORJLDV�UHODWLYDV��RV�GDGRV�TXH�D�UDGLRPHWULD�SURSRUFLR-

QRX�H�D�LQWHJUDomR�FURQR�WLSROyJLFD�GH�HVSyOLRV�IRUQHFHP��FRQMXQWDPHQWH��LQIRUPDomR�TXH�SRGH�H�GHYH�VHU�GLVFXWLGD�GH�IRUPD�JOREDO�H�LQWHJUDGD�

)LJ�����/RFDOL]DomR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�QR�WHUULWyULR�SRUWXJXrV�

Fig. 2. Datas convencionais de radiocarbono para Castro Marim.

* Olea europaea+Arbutus unedo+Pinus pinea+)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIR-lia. ** Fraxinus sp.+Olea europaea. *** Pinus pinea+Quercus coccifera+Olea europaea. **** Cerastoderma edule+Venerupis decussata+Ensis siliqua. a Fracção intermédia da amostra.

103

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

A CRONOLOGIA ABSOLUTA

'LYHUVDV�DPRVWUDV��GH�GRLV� WLSRV�²GD�ELRVIHUD�PDUL-nha (conchas de Venerupis decussata, Cerastoderma edule, Donax trunculu, Ensis siliqua e de Glycymeris sp.)

H�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��IDXQD�PDPDOyJLFD�QmR�LGHQWLÀFD-da ou madeira de Pinus pinea, Olea europaea, Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus sp. e Quercus coccifera)– provenientes

GD�LQWHUYHQomR�DUTXHROyJLFD�GH�FDPSR�OHYDGD�D�HIHLWR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��$V�GDWDV�

convencionais obtidas, calculadas segundo as recomen-

GDo}HV� GH� 6WXLYHU� H� 3RODFK� �������� HQFRQWUDP�VH� QR�4XDGUR�,��DFRPSDQKDGDV�GH�DOJXQV�GDGRV�MXOJDGRV�SHUWL-QHQWHV��GHVLJQDGDPHQWH�GD�UHVSHFWLYD�SURYHQLrQFLD�H�GR�YDORU�GR�IUDFFLRQDPHQWR�LVRWySLFR�HP�13C.

Normalmente, as datas de radiocarbono e os valores de

ƣ13&�REWLGRV�D�SDUWLU�GDV�GHVLJQDGDV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUPpGLDV�das amostras de conchas servem apenas para avaliar da

ÀDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�GHWHUPLQDGDV�FRP�DV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUQDV�das respectivas amostras, tomando-se em linha de conta,

Fig. 3. Datação por 14C de pares de amostras coevas (conchas de origem marinha / ossos) provenientes de Castro Marim. Determinação

GRV�YDORUHV�GR�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��Ƌ5��H�GD�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���a�2XWOLHU��QmR�XWLOL]DGR�SDUD�R�FiOFXOR�GH��Ƌ5��

104

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

em cálculos e raciocínios posteriores, somente o valor da

GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��$VVLP��DQDOLVDQGR�R�SDU��6DF���������������%3��6DF���������������%3��YHULÀFD-�VH�TXH�R�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD�QmR�VH�GLIHUHQFLD�HVWDWLVWLFDPHQWH��SDUD���Ʊ��GR�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQ-

WHUPpGLD��HVWDQGR�RV�YDORUHV�GH�ƣ13C dentro do esperado

SDUD� D� FRPSRVLomR� LVRWySLFD� GH� FRQFKDV�PDULQKDV�� SHOR�TXH� VH�GHYHUi�DWULEXLU�XPD�ERD�ÀDELOLGDGH�j�GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��DV�datas obtidas com amostras constituídas por Glycymeris

são, invariavelmente, 700 a 1000 anos 14C mais antigas do

TXH�DV�REWLGDV�FRP�RXWUDV�FRQFKDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GRV�PHV-PRV�FRQWH[WRV��HODV� WHUmR�VLGR�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SDUD�FRQFUHWL]DU�SDYLPHQWRV�H�QmR�SDUD�VHUHP�FRQVXPLGDV���SHOR�TXH�QmR� VH�SRGH�HVWDEHOHFHU�XPD�FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD�HQWUH�HVVDV�GDWDV�H�RV�FRQWH[WRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�GRQGH�SUR-

YrP�H�TXH�VH�SUHWHQGLD�GDWDU�

&RPR�VH�VDEH��R�UHVHUYDWyULR�JHRTXtPLFR�PDULQKR�p�GHÀFLHQWH�HP�UDGLRFDUERQR�FRPSDUDGR�FRP�D�DWPRVIHUD�– então, existe uma idade 14&�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��LVWR�p��H[LV-WH�XPD�GLIHUHQoD�GH�LGDGHV�GH�14C entre amostras contem-

SRUkQHDV�FRQWHQGR�FDUERQR�GH�RULJHP�PDULQKD��XPDV��H�carbono de origem terrestre, as outras. Segundo Stuiver

et al����������D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���SRGH�VHU�GH-ÀQLGD� FRPR� D� GLIHUHQoD� HQWUH� GDWDV� FRQYHQFLRQDLV� GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�GH�XP�SDU�GH�DPRVWUDV�FRHYDV�TXH�VH�IRUPD-UDP�HP�GLIHUHQWHV�UHVHUYDWyULRV�JHRTXtPLFRV�GR�FDUERQR��RFHDQR�H�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��SRU�H[HPSOR���5�W��p�GHSHQ-

GHQWH�GR�WHPSR��GHYLGR�D�YDULDo}HV�GR�WHRU�HP�14C na at-

PRVIHUD��H�YDULD�GH�UHJLmR�SDUD�UHJLmR�PDULQKD��GHYLGR�j�PLVWXUD�GH�GLIHUHQWHV�PDVVDV�GH�iJXD��DR�UHJLPH�GH�YHQ-

WRV�� j� EDWLPHWULD� H� DR� XSZHOOLQJ (e ao GRZQZHOOLQJ).

&RQVLGHUDQGR�HVWHV� IDFWRV��6WXLYHU�et al. (2006) modela-

UDP�D�UHVSRVWD�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO�jV�YDULDo}HV�GDV�FRQFHQ-

WUDo}HV�DWPRVIpULFDV�GR�14C. Dessa modelação resultaram

as curvas de calibração para as datas de amostras mari-

QKDV��'HYLGR�j�YDULDELOLGDGH�UHJLRQDO�GDV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHD-QRJUiÀFDV�� H[LVWH� XPD� GLIHUHQoD� GR� WHRU� HP� 14C entre a

iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GH�XPD�GHWHUPLQDGD�UHJLmR�H�D�iJXD�VXSHU-ÀFLDO� GR�RFHDQR�FRQVLGHUDGR�FRPR�XP� WRGR�H�� SRU� LVVR��GHÀQH�VH�XP�SDUkPHWUR�GHQRPLQDGR�Ƌ5��HIHLWR�GH�UHVHU-YDWyULR�PDULQKR�UHJLRQDO�SDUD�R�UDGLRFDUERQR���R�TXDO�PDLV�QmR�p�TXH�D�GLIHUHQoD�HQWUH�D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�GD�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�UHJLRQDO�H�D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�GD�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO��3DUD�VH�FRQYHUWHUHP�HP�datas de calendário solar as datas convencionais de radio-

carbono determinadas a partir de organismos marinhos é

QHFHVViULR�FDOFXODU�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5��LVWR�p��R�YDORU�GR�HIHLWR�GH� UHVHUYDWyULR�PDULQKR�SDUD�D� UHJLmR�HP�TXH�RFRUUHX�D�FROKHLWD�GHVVHV�RUJDQLVPRV�TXDQGR�YLYRV��2�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�p��PXLWDV�YH]HV��FDOFXODGR�GDWDQGR�SHOR�14C pares de amos-

WUDV�GD�PHVPD�LGDGH��PDV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�RULJHP��WHUUHVWUH�H�marinha), convertendo a data da amostra terrestre numa

LGDGH�PDULQKD�D�SDUWLU�GR�PRGHOR�DWUiV�UHIHULGR�H��SRU�ÀP��subtraindo essa idade marinha modelada da data de 14C da

DPRVWUD�PDULQKD�GR�SDU��6WXLYHU�H�%UD]LXQDV��������&RQ-

WUDULDPHQWH�j�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�5�W���TXH�p�GHSHQGHQWH�GR�WHPSR��Ƌ5�QmR�R�p��D�QmR�VHU�TXH�RFRUUD�DOJXPD�YDULD-omR�GDV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV�UHVWULWD�j�UHJLmR�GR�RFH-ano em causa. Isso acontece, na maior parte dos casos, em

UHJL}HV�DIHFWDGDV�SHOR�IHQyPHQR�GH�XSZHOOLQJ��8PD�YH]�TXH�DV�WD[DV�GR�XSZHOOLQJ regional podem variar ao longo

do tempo e a intensidade do empobrecimento em 14C das

iJXDV�VXSHUÀFLDLV�GHSHQGH�GD�PDLRU�RX�PHQRU�DFWLYLGDGH�do XSZHOOLQJ��D�TXDO�JHUDOPHQWH�HVWi�UHODFLRQDGD�FRP�R�

Fig. 4. Calibração das datas convencionais de radiocarbono para

&DVWUR�0DULP�� &DOLEUDomR� HIHFWXDGD� ID]HQGR� XVR� GDV� FXUYDV� ,QW-Cal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), respectivamente para as

GDWDV�GDV�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��H�GR�SURJUDPD� 2[&DO� ������ �%URQN� 5DPVH\� ������ ������� 8WLOL]RX�VH�SDUD�Ƌ5�R�YDORU�GH� �������DQRV� 14C. a Olea europaea + Arbutus unedo + Pinus pinea + )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD. b Pinus pinea + Quer-cus coccifera + Olea europaea. c Cerastoderma edule + Venerupis decussata + Ensis siliqua.

105

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

YDULiYHO�VLVWHPD�DHUROyJLFR�SUHYDOHFHQWH�QHVVD�UHJLmR��HQ-

WmR�p�H[SHFWiYHO�TXH�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�WDPEpP�YDULH�DR�ORQJR�do tempo (Ascough et al��������,QJUDP�������.HQQHWW�et al. 1997; Soares 1993; Soares e Dias 2006; 2007; Soares e

0DUWLQV� �������9DORUHV� DOWRV� GH�Ƌ5�� SDUD� HVVDV� UHJL}HV��SRGHP�QRUPDOPHQWH�VHU�FRUUHODFLRQDGRV�FRP�D�H[LVWrQFLD�

de um XSZHOOLQJ�LQWHQVR��DR�SDVVR�TXH�YDORUHV�EDL[RV�RX�QXORV�LQGLFLDP�TXH��SDUD�HVVD�pSRFD��R�XSZHOOLQJ�HUD�IUDFR�ou, mesmo, inexistente.

)HOL]PHQWH��GD�LQWHUYHQomR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��UHVXO-WDUDP�GLYHUVRV�SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�DVVRFLDGDV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�UHVHUYDWyULR�GH�RULJHP��R�TXH�SHUPLWLX�D�GHWHUPLQDomR�GR�

)LJ�����5HSUHVHQWDomR�JUiÀFD�GDV�GLVWUL-EXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�GH�radiocarbono calibradas de Castro Ma-

ULP��SDUD�D�TXDO�VH�IH]�XVR�GDV�FXUYDV�IntCal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009) e do programa OxCal 4.1.3

�%URQN� 5DPVH\� ������� EHP� FRPR� GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�UHIHULGR�QR�WH[WR��$�QHJUR�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIH-UD�WHUUHVWUH��D�D]XO�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRV-WUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD�

106

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�DSOLFiYHO�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDV�GDWDV�GH�UDGLR-

carbono obtidas a partir de conchas marinhas recolhidas

QHVWH� VtWLR� DUTXHROyJLFR� H� TXH� ÀJXUDP�QR�4XDGUR� ,��$�GHWHUPLQDomR� GRV� YDORUHV� GH�Ƌ5� H�5�W�� D� SDUWLU� GHVVHV�SDUHV�HQFRQWUD�VH�LQGLFDGD�QR�4XDGUR�,,��1RWH�VH�TXH�DV�datas das amostras de Glycymeris�QmR�IRUDP�WRPDGDV�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR��SHORV�PRWLYRV�Mi�DWUiV�H[SRVWRV��2�PHVPR�sucedeu com a data Sac-2444, determinada a partir de

XPD�PLVWXUD�GH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�GH�Fraxinus e Olea,

H� FXMR� YDORU� VH� WHP� GH� FRQVLGHUDU� DEHUUDQWH�� WHQGR� HP�

conta os outros valores obtidos para a Fase III. O valor

PpGLR�SRQGHUDGR�GH�Ƌ5�p�GH��������DQRV�14&��R�TXDO�VH�GHYHUi�XWLOL]DU�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDTXHODV�GDWDV�ID]HQGR�XVR�da curva Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009).

1DV� ÀJXUDV� �� H� ��� HQFRQWUDP�VH� DV� GDWDV� FDOLEUDGDV�(com excepção das consideradas aberrantes) através das

curvas IntCal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), para as

DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��UHV-SHFWLYDPHQWH�� )H]�VH�� WDPEpP�� XVR� GR� SURJUDPD�2[&DO��������%URQN�5DPVH\�������H�GH�XP�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�

)LJ�����3HUÀV�HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV�FRP�DV�XQL-GDGHV�GH�UHFROKD�GDV�DPRVWUDV�VXMHLWDV�D�datação por radiocarbono.

107

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

HP�TXH�DV�GLVWULEXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�FDOL-EUDGDV� IRUDP� FRQGLFLRQDGDV� SHOD� SRVLomR� HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GDV�DPRVWUDV�VREUH�DV�TXDLV�IRUDP�REWLGDV��)D]�VH�QRWDU�TXH�VH�HVWi�QXP�WURoR�GD�FXUYD�GH�FDOLEUDomR�FRQKHFLGR�como a catástrofe da Idade do Ferro��HP�TXH��SRU�PDLRU�TXH�VHMD�D�SUHFLVmR�GD�GDWD�FRQYHQFLRQDO�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR��D�LQFHUWH]D�DVVRFLDGD�j�GDWD�FDOLEUDGD�p�VHPSUH�JUDQGH��$�XWLOL]DomR� GH� XPD� HVWDWtVWLFD� ED\HVLDQD� SHUPLWH� UHGX]LU�SDUWH�GHVVD�LQFHUWH]D�

FASEAMENTO DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA

A FASE II

2�LQtFLR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�HVWi�GHÀ-

FLHQWHPHQWH�FDUDFWHUL]DGR�GR�SRQWR�GH�YLVWD�DUTXLWHFWy-

QLFR��R�TXH�UHVXOWD�GD�HVFDVVD�SUHVHUYDomR�GRV�UHVSHFWLYRV�

YHVWtJLRV��$LQGD� DVVLP�� IRL� SRVVtYHO� LGHQWLÀFDU�XPD�iUHD�HGLÀFDGD��RULHQWDGD�QR�VHQWLGR�(�2��TXH�PRVWUD�Mi�D�SOHQD�DGRSomR�GH�DUTXLWHFWXUD�RUWRJRQDO��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).

$�EDL[HOD�FHUkPLFD�DVVRFLDGD�D�HVWH�SULPHLUR�PRPHQWR�GH� pSRFD� VLGpULFD� p� GRPLQDGD�SHODV�SURGXo}HV�PDQXDLV��RQGH�DV�IRUPDV�DEHUWDV�FRQWLQXDP�D�VHU�PDLRULWiULDV��GH-YHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�R�HVPDJDGRU�GRPtQLR�GDV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��2OLYHLUD��������1RV�UHFLSLHQWHV�GH�PHQRUHV�GLPHQV}HV��RV�YDVRV�GH�SHUÀO�FDUHQDGRV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV�GR�%URQ]H�)LQDO�TXDVH�GHVDSDUHFHP�GR�UHJLVWR�DUTXHROyJLFR��VHQGR�VXEVWLWXtGRV�SHODV�WLJHODV�GH�VXDYH�SHUÀO�HP�6��2V�SRWHV�SDQHODV�FRPS}HP�XP�FRQMXQWR�PXLWR�UHVWULWR�H�EDV-WDQWH�IUDJPHQWDGR��RQGH�IRL�SRVVtYHO�UHFRQKHFHU�H[HPSODUHV�GH� GLIHUHQWHV� GLPHQV}HV� �Ibidem). Ao nível das decora-

o}HV��YHULÀFD�VH�D�SHUVLVWrQFLD�GDV�WpFQLFDV�GH�EUXQLPHQWR��UHWLFXODGRV�H�WULkQJXORV�SUHHQFKLGRV�FRP�WUDoRV�REOtTXRV��e pintura (a negro e vermelho), a par do surgimento de

H[HPSODUHV�FRP�GLJLWDo}HV�LPSUHVVDV��Ibidem).

Fig. 7. Planta da Fase II e amostra do

HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

108

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

1R�TXH�VH�UHIHUH�j�FHUkPLFD�D�WRUQR��GHYH�UHIHULU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�GH�WLSR�5���PDLV�H[DF-tamente 10.1.1.1. e 10.1.2.1., pithoi, e de pratos cobertos

com engobe vermelho (Arruda 1999-2000; 2005; Freitas

�������1D�FHUkPLFD�GH�XVR�FRPXP��GHVWDFD�VH�D�JUDQGH�DEXQGkQFLD�GH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpULFDV�H�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�DOJXQV�exemplares de vasos trípodes (Arruda 1999-2000). Em

FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�VmR�SURGX]LGDV�PDLRULWDULDPHQWH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpULFDV��VHQGR�R�JUXSR�GRV�SUDWRV��WDoDV�FDUHQDGDV�RX� GH� SHUÀO� HP�6� FODUDPHQWH� UHVLGXDO�� (QWUH� R� HVSyOLR�metálico destaca-se dois cotos de lança.

$�HVWUDWLJUDÀD�UHODWLYD�GRFXPHQWDGD�QR�VtWLR��EHP�FRPR�os materiais recuperados, sugerem uma cronologia da pri-

meira metade do séc. VII para início da ocupação sidérica. A

UHFROKD�GH�RVVRV�H�GH�FDUY}HV��Pinus pinea) possibilitou a

REWHQomR� GH� WUrV� GDWDV� GH� UDGLRFDUERQR� TXH�� HP� JUDQGH�

SDUWH��FRQÀUPDP�D�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�FRP�EDVH�QD�WLSROR-

JLD�GRV�HVSyOLRV��FRPR�VH�SRGH�YHULÀFDU�QD�ÀJXUD���

A FASE III

$�)DVH�,,,�FRUUHVSRQGH�D�XP�FRQMXQWR�HGLÀFDGR�RULHQ-

tado no sentido Este/Oeste, sendo de registar, desde logo,

RV�TXDWUR�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�ORFDOL]DGRV�SUy[LPR�GR�OLPLWH�GD�FROLQD�H�TXH�UHVSHLWDP�R�VHX�FRQWRUQR�RULJLQDO��SRGHQGR�GHIHQGHU�VH�TXH�WHUmR�VHUYLGR�GH�FDVDPDWDV�DQH[DV�D�XPD�HYHQWXDO�PXUDOKD��1D�iUHD�FHQWUDO�GD�HVFDYDomR��S{V�VH�D�GHVFREHUWR�XP�HGLItFLR��FRP�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�SDYLPHQWD-dos com terra batida de cor vermelha. Destaca-se ainda a

H[LVWrQFLD�GH�GRLV�IRUQRV����QR�FRPSDUWLPHQWR���H�RXWUR�QD�]RQD� VXO�GHVWD� iUHD� HGLÀFDGD�� DVVRFLDGR�D�XPD�HVWUXWXUD�FLUFXODU�TXH�LQWHUSUHWDPRV�FRPR�VLOR��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).

)LJ�����3ODQWD�GD�)DVH�,,,�H�DPRVWUD�GR�HVSy-

OLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

109

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2� HVSyOLR� UHFXSHUDGR� QRV� QtYHLV� DVVRFLDGRV� D� HVWH�SODQR�DUTXLWHFWyQLFR�DSUHVHQWD�XPD�PDWUL]�FXOWXUDO�GH�FD-UL]�´RULHQWDOL]DQWHµ�Mi�HYLGHQFLDGD�QD�)DVH�DQWHULRU��D�,,��

$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�SODVPD�XP�PRPHQWR�LQWHUPpGLR�QR�VHX�SURFHVVR�HYROXWLYR��LQWHJUDQGR�IRUPDV�de origem oriental, como as taças carenadas de bordo

WULDQJXODU��DV�©DPSROODVª��DV�MDUUDV�GH�FROR�FLOtQGULFR��H�pratos de bordo largo e aplanado, todos com cronologias

VLWXDGDV� HQWUH� RV� PHDGRV� H� R� ÀQDO� GR� VpFXOR�9,,� D�&���)UHLWDV��������0DV�D�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�WDP-

EpP�HVSHOKD�R�UHSHUWyULR�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SUHVHQWH�QRV�Vt-WLRV�LQGtJHQDV�RULHQWDOL]DGRV��FRP�DV�WLJHODV�FRP�FDQHOX-

UDV�QD�VXSHUItFLH�H[WHUQD�H�WDPEpP�RV�VXSRUWHV�GLWRV�GH�´FDUUHWHµ� �Ibidem���$� FHUkPLFD� SLQWDGD� HP�EDQGDV� HVWi�representada por escassos pithoi e algumas taças (Arruda

e Freitas 2008).

$�UHODomR�FRP�R�PXQGR�RULHQWDOL]DQWH�GLWR�WDUWpVVL-FR� HVWi� HYLGHQFLDGD� QD� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO�� DWUDYpV� GDV�GHFRUDo}HV�EUXQLGDV�H�SLQWDGDV��DLQGD�TXH�VH�GHYD�UHFR-

QKHFHU� TXH� HP� &DVWUR� 0DULP� HVWHV� WLSRV� GHFRUDWLYRV�VXUJHP� HP� TXDQWLGDGHV� UHGX]LGDV� �2OLYHLUD� ������������� ,GHQWLÀFRX�VH� WDPEpP� XPD� RXWUD� PRGDOLGDGH�GHFRUDWLYD�TXH�FRQVLVWH�QD�SLQWXUD�D�DPDUHOR�H�EUDQFR�VREUH�XPD�VXSHUItFLH�SLQWDGD�GH�YHUPHOKR��Ibidem). No

FRQMXQWR�GD�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO��DVVLVWH�VH�D�XP�GHFUpVFL-PR� DFHQWXDGR� GRV� UHFLSLHQWHV� WLSR� WDoD�WLJHOD�� D� IDYRU�dos potes/panelas (Ibidem).

2�FRQMXQWR�GH�PDWHULDLV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�HV-WUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�À]HPRV�FRUUHVSRQGHU�D�HVWD�)DVH��TXH�VH�sobrepunham a outras integráveis na Fase anterior, per-

mitiu atribuir-lhe uma cronologia centrada na 2ª metade

GR�VpF��9,,�D�Q�H��$�GDWDomR�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��YHU�ÀJ�����

Fig. 9. Planta da Fase IV e amostra do

HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

110

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

DSRQWD�SDUD�XPD�FURQRORJLD�GRV�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��9,,�²�VpF��9,� FDO�%&�SDUD� HVWD� )DVH� ,,,� GD� RFXSDomR� VLGpULFD� GH�Castro Marim.

Assim, os resultados radiométricos não desmentem

DV� GDWDo}HV� TXH� D� DQiOLVH� WLSROyJLFD� GRV�PDWHULDLV� DU-TXHROyJLFRV�LQGLFLD��DLQGD�TXH�R�LQWHUYDOR�GH�WHPSR�VHMD�WDOYH]�GHPDVLDGR�DPSOR�SDUD�SHUPLWLU�XPD�DERUGDJHP�mais minuciosa.

A FASE IV

Ao longo do séc. VI, assiste-se a um incremento na

GHQVLGDGH�GH�RFXSDomR�GR�HVSDoR��FRP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�HGLItFLRV��RUJDQL]DGRV�HP� WRUQR�GH�DUUXDPHQWRV�RX�SHTXHQRV�´ODUJRV�SUDoDVµ��PDV�R�FRQMXQWR�GH�FRPSDUWL-PHQWRV�TXH�DVVRFLiPRV�D�FDVDPDWDV�PDQWpP�VH�LQDOWHUDGR�(Arruda et al. 2007).

2�UHSHUWyULR�FHUkPLFR�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�DOWHUD�VH�relativamente aos níveis da Fase anterior, não se encon-

WUDQGR�UHSUHVHQWDGDV�DV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�H�RV�VXSRUWHV��$V�WLJHODV�H�RV�SUDWRV�DSUHVHQWDP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�YDULDQWHV�� GHQRWDQGR�VH�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� QHVWD� ~OWLPD�IRUPD� H� QD� WLJHOD� FRP� FDQHOXUDV� QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD��XPD�HYROXomR�QD�VXD�PRUIRORJLD��)UHLWDV��������

Pithoi�H�XUQDV�&UX]�GHO�1HJUR�SLQWDGRV�HP�EDQGDV�HVWmR�SUHVHQWHV�GH�IRUPD�VLJQLÀFDWLYD��$UUXGD�H�)UHLWDV�������

1D�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD��DV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR�VmR�R�WLSR�GH�UHFLSLHQWH�SUHGRPLQDQWH��HQTXDQWR�TXH�RV�pratos e taças carenadas tendem a cair em desuso. As

IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�VmR�DLQGD�PDLV�UDUDV�j�VHPHOKDQoD�GR�TXH�VXFHGH�FRP�D�FHUkPLFD�GLWD�GH�uso comum, onde

DV� WLJHODV�KHPLVIpULFDV� VmR� LJXDOPHQWH�SUHSRQGHUDQWHV�QR� FRQMXQWR�� 1HVWD� ~OWLPD� FDWHJRULD�� GRFXPHQWRX�VH�WDPEpP�R�XVR�GH�SU�DWRV��WDoDV�H�YDVRV�WUtSRGHV��1R�TXH�

Fig. 10. Planta da Fase V e amostra

GR�HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

111

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

GL]�UHVSHLWR�jV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV��DVVLQDOD�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�UHFLSLHQWHV�GR� WLSR�SRWH�SDQHOD�� MDUURV�� IRUPDV�DÀP�de pithoi e, nos contextos mais tardios deste momento,

de barris.

$� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO� GHFUHVFH� FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH��sendo agora maioritários os contentores do tipo pote/

SDQHOD��HP�GHWULPHQWR�GDV�WDoDV�H�WLJHODV��$V�~QLFDV�QR-

YLGDGHV�QR�UHSHUWyULR�VmR�XP�UHFLSLHQWH�GR�WLSR�´VHUWmµ��H�XP�YDVR�j�chardon��$�GHFRUDomR�SLQWDGD�H�´EHOLVFDGDµ�desaparecem, mas os motivos digitados continuam,

surgindo agora associados sempre a outros motivos in-

FLVRV��QRPHDGDPHQWH�RV�GHQRPLQDGRV�́ ERUGRV�GHQWHDGRVµ�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).

A tipologia dos materiais permitiu colocar esta

IDVH�FRQVWUXWLYD�QR�VpFXOR�9,��7DPEpP�QDV�8QLGDGHV�GHVWD� )DVH� IRUDP� UHFROKLGRV� FDUY}HV� H� FRQFKDV�� TXH�possibilitaram a obtenção de oito datas de radiocarbo-

QR��'HYLGDPHQWH� FDOLEUDGDV�� ID]HQGR� XVR� GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�DWUiV� UHIHULGR��RV�GDGRV� UDGLRPpWULFRV�HYL-GHQFLDP�TXH�HVWD�)DVH�VH�LQVHUH�QXP�LQWHUYDOR�GH�WHP-

SR�FHQWUDGR�QD�VHJXQGD�PHWDGH�GR�VpF��9,�FDO�%&��$V-sim, a atribuição da Fase IV ao séc. VI, através da

DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�UHFROKLGR��p�UHIRUoDGD�SHOD�FURQROR-

gia obtida pelo radiocarbono.

A FASE V

A partir de meados do séc. V a.C., o Castelo de Cas-

WUR�0DULP�VRIUH�JUDQGHV�DOWHUDo}HV�D�QtYHO�DUTXLWHFWyQL-FR�H�GD�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��6REUH�DV�UXtQDV�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�DQWHULRUHV��FRQVWUyL�VH�XP�FRQMXQWR�GH�HGLÀFDo}HV�TXH�adopta uma orientação no sentido Nordeste/Sudoeste

(Arruda 2005; Arruda et al. 2007).

2�PDWHULDO� DUTXHROyJLFR� UHFROKLGR� QHVWHV� FRQWH[WRV�VLGpULFRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�SHUPLWLX�GLVWLQJXLU��QR�kPELWR�GHV-WH�SHUtRGR��WUrV�VXE�IDVHV�FURQROyJLFDV��$V�GXDV�SULPHL-UDV��HVWmR�EDOL]DGDV�QD�VHJXQGD�PHWDGH�GR�VpF��9�D�&��H�GXUDQWH�RV�SULPHLURV�WUrV�TXDUWRV�GR�VpF��,9�D��&��H�D�PDLV�WDUGLD�GDWD�VH�HQWUH�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��,9�H�R�VpF��,,,�D�&�

Da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. data um espaço

HGLÀFDGR�� RQGH� VH� HVFDYRX� XP� FRQWH[WR� �8�(�V� �������FRP�PDWHULDLV�HP�H[FHOHQWH�HVWDGR�GH�FRQVHUYDomR��TXH�SHUPLWLX� FDUDFWHUL]DU�� DR� QtYHO� GD� FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO�� HVWH�PRPHQWR�� 2XWURV� QtYHLV� SULPiULRV� GH� RFXSDomR� IRUDP�WDPEpP�DWULEXtGRV�D�HVWD�PHVPD�IDVH��VHQGR�DV�DVVRFLD-o}HV�GH�PDWHULDLV�PXLWR�VLJQLÀFDWLYDV�

$R�QtYHO�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV��DV� IRUPDV�PDLV�bem representadas neste nível 80/89, bem como nas ou-

tros de cronologia coeva, correspondem aos tipos Maña

3DVFXDO�$��H�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU��'HQWUR�GR�SULPHLUR�WLSR��IRL�SRVVtYHO�LGHQWLÀFDU�YiULDV�GDV�YDULDQWHV�HVWDEHOHFLGDV�SRU�Ramon Torres, concretamente os tipos 11.2.1.3, 11.2.1.4.,

����������H�����������$V�kQIRUDV�GR� WLSR�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU�WDPEpP� FRQVWLWXHP�XPD� SDUWH� VLJQLÀFDWLYD� GR� HVSyOLR��encontrando-se representadas as variantes 1 e 2. Outro

DVSHFWR�UHOHYDQWH�QR�FRQMXQWR�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�UHODFLRQD�VH�FRP�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�IRUPDV�HYROXtGDV�GDV�kQ-

IRUDV�GH�WLSR�5���$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�DOJXQV�GHVWHV�H[HPSODUHV�em contextos da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. poderá

LQGLFLDU� D� SHUPDQrQFLD� GH� DOJXQV� GHVWHV� SURWyWLSRV� HP�PRPHQWRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�GR�TXH�RV�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SURSRV-tos (Arruda et al. 2006).

$�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD�UHFROKLGD�QHVWH�HVWUDWR�FRUUHVSRQ-

de, sobretudo, a taças Cástulo, documentando-se ainda a

presença de skyphoi e kylikes��DOJXPDV�GDV�TXDLV�VmR�GD�FODVVH�GHOLFDGD��$�GHFRUDomR�FRP�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�surge em kylikes e em skyphoi��GR�SLQWRU�GH�0DUOD\�QR�SULPHLUR�FDVR��4XHU�DV�IRUPDV�TXHU�DV�GHFRUDo}HV�VmR�DV�habituais em contextos desta época (Arruda 2007; Arru-

da e Freitas 2008).

$�IRUPD�PDLV�UHSUHVHQWDGD�HP�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�p�D�WLJHOD�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��TXH�PXLWDV�YH]HV�SRVVXL�WUrV�FDQHOXUDV�QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD�GD�SDQoD��$V� WLJHODV�GH�ERUGR� HP� DED�� DV� WDoDV� FDUHQDGDV� H� RV� SHTXHQRV� SRWHV�WDPEpP�FDUHQDGRV�FRPSOHWDP�R�UHSHUWyULR�IRUPDO�GHVWD�FDWHJRULD�FHUkPLFD�

1D�FHUkPLFD�FRPXP�GRPLQDP�DV�WLJHODV�GH�SHUÀO�KH-PLVIpULFR�� DOJXPDV� FRP� EDQGDV� SLQWDGDV� YHUPHOKDV� RX�FLQ]HQWDV�� QD� VXSHUItFLH� LQWHUQD�� 3UDWRV�� MDUURV�� SRWHV�SDQHODV�H�EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV�FRPS}HP�R�UHVWDQWH�TXDGUR�PRUIROyJLFR��6RXVD������

$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�HVWi�DLQGD�SUHVHQWH�QHVWH�FRQWH[WR�HVWUDWLJUiÀFR��FRP�SUDWRV��WLJHODV�H�WDoDV�carenadas (Freitas 2005).

6mR�SRXFRV�RV�YDVRV�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�UHSUHVHQWD-dos, notando-se, contudo, uma acentuada diversidade

IRUPDO��SRGHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�SRWHV�SDQHODV��GH� WDoDV�� GH� EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV� H� GH� XP� SHTXHQR� FRSR�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).

$V� ItEXODV� LQWHJUDP� RV� WLSRV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFRV��mais concretamente Cuadrado 9A, 10 e 10A. Os espe-

OKRV��RV�SUDWRV�GH�EDODQoD�H�XP�SRQGHUDO�F~ELFR�IRUDP�WDPEpP�UHFROKLGRV��'RLV�DUWHIDFWRV�GH�EURQ]H�SHUIXUDGRV�H� XPD� SHJD� HP� IRUPD� GH� FDEHoD� GH� FLVQH� WDPEpP� GH�EURQ]H�SRGHUmR� WHU� IHLWR�SDUWH�GH�XP�FRDGRU� �$UUXGD�H�Freitas 2008).

112

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(VWHV�QtYHLV�GD�)DVH�9�IRUDP�GDWDGRV��FRPR�Mi�VH�UH-IHULX��GRV�GRLV�~OWLPRV�GHFpQLRV�GR�VpFXOR�9��GDWDomR�TXH�WHYH�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�WLSRORJLD�GRV�PDWHULDLV�DUTXHROy-

JLFRV��'H�IDFWR��TXHU�D�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��FRP�IRUPDV�H[-

FOXVLYDV�GHVVD�FURQRORJLD��TXHU�DV�kQIRUDV��H�PHVPR�RV�PHWDLV�� FRPR� p� R� FDVR� GDV� ItEXODV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFDV��SHUPLWHP�TXH�VH�DWULEXD�D�HVVH�PHVPR�VpFXOR�HVVH�PR-

mento de ocupação.

(VVHV�PHVPRV�QtYHLV� IRUDP� WDPEpP�GDWDGRV� UDGLR-

metricamente, através de conchas (Cerastoderma edule,

Venerupis decussata e Ensis siliqua���H�GH�FDUY}HV��Erica arborea e Olea europaea). O intervalo obtido para esta

)DVH�p�GH���������FDO�%&���Ʊ��RX�GH�������������FDO�%&���Ʊ���$�LPSRUWkQFLD�GHVWHV�GDGRV�SDUHFHP�GH�UHWHU��XPD�YH]�TXH�SDUD�HVWDV�TXDWUR�GDWDo}HV�VH�XWLOL]RX�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH�PDWHULDO�GH�XPD�~QLFD�XQLGDGH��D�����XQLGDGH�HVVD�TXH�� OHPEUDPRV��HVWi�EHP�GDWDGD��SHOD�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��entre 425 e 400. Embora o intervalo determinado pelo

UDGLRFDUERQR� FRPSUHHQGD� HVWH� ~OWLPR� LQWHUYDOR�� REWLGR�DWUDYpV�GD�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYD�DVVRFLDGR�j�XQLGDGH����� LQGLFLD��QR�HQWDQWR��XPD�FURQRORJLD�PDLV�DQWLJD�� KLSyWHVH�SDUD� D� TXDO� QmR� H[LVWH� XPD�H[SOLFDomR�yEYLD�� HPERUD� QmR� VH� GHYD� HVTXHFHU� TXH� QmR� HVWDPRV�SHUDQWH� XQLGDGHV� VHODGDV� H� TXH� PLVWXUDV� GH� PDWHULDLV�são possíveis.

$V�UHVWDQWHV�VXE�IDVHV�GHVWD�IDVH�9�QmR�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR� UDGLRFDUERQR��&RQWXGR��D�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�GHL[D�SHUFHEHU�TXH�HQWUH���������VH�DVVLVWH�D�SHTXHQDV�UHPR-

GHODo}HV�GR�HVSDoR�SUHYLDPHQWH�RFXSDGR��VHQGR�SRXFDV�as novas áreas construídas.

2�HVSyOLR�TXH�SHUPLWLX�GDWDU�HVWH�PRPHQWR�HQJORED�kQIRUDV��WLSR�����������GDV�0DxD�3DVFXDO�$���WLSR�%�&�GH�Pellicer, e tipo 8.1.1.2 de Ramon Torres) (Arruda et al. ������H�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��TXHU�GH�YHUQL]�QHJUR�TXHU�GH�À-

JXUDV� YHUPHOKDV� �$UUXGD� ������� $V� SiWHUDV� GD� IRUPD�21/22, os bolsais, as kylikes, os skyphoi, os kantharoi, os

SUDWRV�GH�SHL[H�H�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�-HKDVVH������DVVLP�como as kylikes�GH�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�SLQWDGDV�SHOR�SLQWRU�GH�9LHQD�����LQWHJUDP�HVWH�FRQMXQWR��Ibidem).

2V� QtYHLV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV� LQWHJUiYHLV� HQWUH� ��������VmR�HVFDVVRV��XPD�YH]�TXH�DV�RFXSDo}HV�PDLV�UHFHQWHV�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�RV�DIHFWDUDP��jV�YH]HV��SURIXQ-

damente. Mas alguns contextos preservados possibilita-

UDP�XPD�DQiOLVH�GDV�H[LVWrQFLDV�PDWHULDLV�$�FHUkPLFD�GH�WLSR�.XDVV�FRQVWLWXL�R�SULQFLSDO�IyVVLO�

director destes momentos tardios da Idade do Ferro,

VHQGR�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,,�H�QDV�WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�$�GH� 1LYHDX� DV� IRUPDV� PDLV� EHP� GRFXPHQWDGDV�� (VWmR�

WDPEpP�SUHVHQWHV��DLQGD�TXH�HP�Q~PHURV�UHVWULWRV��RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,��DV�SiWHUDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�%��DV�SHTXH-

QDV� WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�&��RV�YDVRV�GD�IRUPD�9,,,�H�RV�XQJXHQWiULRV�LQWHJUiYHLV�QD�IRUPD�;9��6RXVD�������

DISCUSSÃO

Os dados atrás apresentados são, na nossa opinião, re-

YHODGRUHV�GD�H[WUDRUGLQiULD�FRHUrQFLD�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWL-JUiÀFD�YHULÀFDGD�QR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��&RP�HIHL-WR��D�FURQRORJLD�UHODWLYD�TXH�SRGH�OHU�VH�QHVVD�VHTXrQFLD��DR�ORQJR�GDV�8QLGDGHV�(VWUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�VH�VREUHSXQKDP�XPDV�jV�RXWUDV��SRGH�VHU�FRQÀUPDGD�SHOD�FURQRORJLD�UDGLR-

PpWULFD�TXH�FRUURERURX�HVVD�PHVPD�VHTXrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��p�WDPEpP�LPSRUWDQWH�YHULÀFDU�TXH�HVWD�~OWLPD�FRQÀU-PRX�LJXDOPHQWH�DTXLOR�TXH�R�WUDEDOKR�GH�FDPSR��D�DQiOLVH�GRV�PDWHULDLV�H�D�FRQVWUXomR�GD�PDWUL]�GH�+DUULV�Mi�GHL[D-vam perceber: a continuidade da ocupação desde o séc.

9,,�DR�VpFXOR�9��VHP�TXH�VH�WHQKDP�REVHUYDGR�TXDLVTXHU�UXSWXUDV�RX�LQWHUUXSo}HV�WHPSRUDLV��

As datas de radiocarbono são também coerentes den-

WUR�GH�WRGDV�DV�XQLGDGHV�H�IDVHV�DUTXLWHFWyQLFDV��KDYHQGR�SRXFDV�GDWDV�DQyPDODV�²�DSHQDV�DV�TXH�VH�REWLYHUDP�VR-

bre Glycymeris�VS�H�XPD�GDWD�VREUH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�DVVRFLDGD�j�)DVH�,,,��$TXHODV��FRQWXGR��GHYHP�VHU�GHYL-GDPHQWH�FRQWH[WXDOL]DGDV��XPD�YH]�TXH�HP�&DVWUR�0D-ULP��GXUDQWH�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��IRUDP�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH� SDUD� FRQFUHWL]DU� SDYLPHQWRV�� QmR� WHQGR� VLGR�FRQVXPLGDV��2�TXH�VLJQLÀFD�TXH�IRUDP�UHFROKLGDV�Mi�QD�IRUPD�HP�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYDP�QR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL-]DomR�� QmR� VH� WUDWDQGR��SRUWDQWR�� GR� DSURYHLWDPHQWR�GH�restos alimentares, mas sim da procura de uma espécie

FRQFUHWD�GHVWLQDGD�D�XPD�IXQomR�HVSHFtÀFD��2V�PROXVFRV�TXH�DV�SURGX]LUDP�WLQKDP�PRUULGR�Ki�PXLWR������D������DQRV�DQWHV�GR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL]DomR�

Além de tudo isto, a datação pelo radiocarbono de

SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GH�UHVHUYDWyULRV�JHRTXt-PLFRV�GLIHUHQWHV�H�HVWUHLWDPHQWH�DVVRFLDGDV��SHUPLWLX�GH-WHUPLQDU��HP�SULPHLUD�DSUR[LPDomR��R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYD-WyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�XP�WURoR�GD�FRVWD�VXO�SRUWXJXHVD�²R�GR� 6RWDYHQWR� DOJDUYLR²� TXH� VH� HQFRQWUDYD� DLQGD� PDO�DPRVWUDGR��$�FRQMXJDomR�GHVWHV�GDGRV�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�FRP�RXWURV�GH�7DYLUD�H�GH�&DFHOD��TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDP�DLQ-

GD�HP�IDVH�GH�REWHQomR�RX�GH�DQiOLVH��LUi�SHUPLWLU�D�GHWHU-PLQDomR�GH�XP�YDORU�SUHFLVR�H�ULJRURVR�SDUD�R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�R�6RWDYHQWR�DOJDUYLR�H��GHVWH�PRGR�� DEULU� D� SRVVLELOLGDGH� GH� XWLOL]DomR�� FRP� HOHYDGD

113

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

ÀDELOLGDGH��GH�XP�PDWHULDO�GH�YLGD�FXUWD��FRPR�p�D�FRQ-

cha marinha, na datação pelo radiocarbono deste tipo de

DPRVWUDV�FRP�HVWD�SURYHQLrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��R�YDORU�REWLGR�SDUD�Ƌ5���������DQRV�14C) está compreendido en-

tre os valores obtidos, segundo Soares e Martins (2010),

SDUD�R�%DUODYHQWR� DOJDUYLR� ��������DQRV� 14C) e para a

FRVWD�DQGDOX]D�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV����������DQRV�14C), o

TXH�HVWi�GH�DFRUGR�FRP�DV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV�UHL-QDQWHV�QD�UHJLmR�QRUWH�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV�

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA

VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS

CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA

UNIARQ

&HQWUR�GH�$UTXHRORJLD�GD�)DFXOWDGH�GH�/HWUDV�GH�/LVERD$�0�$UUXGD#Á�XO�SW

Y�W�IUHL[DV#JPDLO�FRPFBSBROLYHLUD#KRWPDLO�FRP

ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES

JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS

PAULO J. C. PORTELA

,QVWLWXWR�7HFQROyJLFR�H�1XFOHDUDPVRDUHV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWMPDUWLQV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWS�SRUWHOD#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SW

AGRADECIMIENTOS

$�GHWHUPLQDomR�GD�FURQRORJLD�DEVROXWD�SDUD�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HIHFWXDGD�QR�kPELWR�GR�3URMHFWR�37'&�0$5������������´2�(IHL-WR�GH�5HVHUYDWyULR�2FHkQLFR�QDV�iUHDV�GH� WUDQVLomR�GR�8SZHOOLQJ�&RVWHLUR�2HVWH�,EpULFR��$YHLUR�)R]�GR�0LQKR��&DER�GH�6DQWD�0D-ULD�)R]�GR�*XDGLDQD�µ�ILQDQFLDGR�SHOD�)&7��D�TXHP�VH�DJUDGHFH��-��0DUWLQV�DJUDGHFH�WDPEpP�j�)&7�D�%ROVD�GH�'RXWRUDPHQWR�6)5+�%'������������

BIBLIOGRAFIA

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$558'$��$��0����������$V�FHUkPLFDV�GH�LPSRUWDomR�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�QR�kPELWR�GR�FRPpUFLR�RFLGHQWDO�GRV�VpFX-

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embocadura del Guadiana, Santuarios, oppida y ciudades: DUTXLWHFWXUD� VDFUD� HQ� HO� RULJHQ� \� GHVDUUROOR� XUEDQR� GHO�Mediterráneo Occidental��3��0DWHRV�&UX]��6��&HOHVWLQR�3p-UH]��HGV����0DGULG��������

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2V� )HQtFLRV� H� D� XUEDQL]DomR� QR� ([WUHPR� 2FLGHQWH�� R�caso de Castro Marim, Las ciudades fenício-púnicas en el Mediterráneo Occidental� �-�� /�� /ySH]� &DVWUR�� HG����Madrid, 459-482.

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0DULP��GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�j�eSRFD�5RPDQD��Actas do Sim-pósio Internacional “Produção e Comércio de Preparados de Piscícolas durante a Proto-História e a Época Romana QR�2FLGHQWH�GD�3HQtQVXOD�,EpULFD��+RPHQDJHP�D�)UDQoRL-se Mayet��6HW~EDO����������

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DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp461ra

%521.�5$06(<��&����������'HYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�5DGLRFDUERQ�FD-libration program OxCal, Radiocarbon 43 (2A), 355-363.

%521.�5$06(<��&����������2[&DO�3URJUDP�Y��������'LVSRQtYHO�HP�KWWS���F���DUFK�R[�DF�XN�R[FDO�KWPO�

%521.�5$06(<��&�� �������� %D\HVLDQ� DQDO\VLV� RI� UDGLRFDUERQ�dates, Radiocarbon 51(1), 337-360.

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WUDGR�HP�3Up�+LVWyULD�H�$UTXHRORJLD�DSUHVHQWDGD�j�)DFXOGDGH�de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2 vols., Lisboa.

,1*5$0��%��/�� ��������'LIIHUHQFHV� LQ� UDGLRFDUERQ� DJH�EHWZHHQ�VKHOO� DQG� FKDUFRDO� IURP�D�+RORFHQH�6KHOOPRXQG� LQ�1RU-WKHUQ�&DOLIRUQLD��Quaternary Research 49, 102–110.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������TUHV����������

114

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

.(11(77�� '�� -��� ,1*5$0�� %�� /��� (5/$1'621�� -�� 0���:$/.(5��3����������(YLGHQFH�IRU�WHPSRUDO�ÁXFWXDWLRQV�LQ�PDULQH� UDGLRFDUERQ� UHVHUYRLU� DJHV� LQ� WKH� 6DQWD� %DUEDUD�&KDQQHO�� VRXWKHUQ� &DOLIRUQLD�� -RXUQDO� RI� $UFKDHRORJLFDO�Science 24 (11), 1051–1059.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������MDVF����������OLIVEIRA, C. F. (2006): $�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�

Marim: século IX a III a.n.e., Dissertação de Mestrado em

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2/,9(,5$��&��)����������3URGXomR�H�FRQVXPR�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�no castelo de Castro Marim nos séculos VI e V a.n.e., Side-reum Ana I. El río Guadiana en Época Post-Orientalizante �-��-LPpQH]�ÉYLOD��HG����0DGULG����������

5(,0(5��3�� -���%$,//,(��0��*��/���%$5'��(���%$</,66��$���%(&.��-��:���%/$&.:(//��3��*���%521.�5$06(<��&��� %8&.�� &�� (��� %855�� *�� 6��� (':$5'6�� 5�� /���)5,('5,&+��0���*5227(6��3��0���*8,/'(5621��7��3���+$-'$6�� ,���+($721��7�� -���+2**��$��*���+8*-

+(1��.��$��� .$,6(5��.�� )��� .520(5�� %���0F&25-

0$&��*���0$11,1*��6���5(,0(5��5��:���5,&+$5'6��'��$���6287+21��-��5���7$/$02��6���7851(<��&��6��0��� 9$1� '(5� 3/,&+7�� -��� :(<+(10(<(5�� &�� (��(2009): IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Cali-

EUDWLRQ�&XUYHV�����������<HDUV�FDO�%3��Radiocarbon 51

(4), 1111-1150.

SOARES, A. M. M. (1993): The 14&�FRQWHQW�RI�PDULQH�VKHOOV��HYL-GHQFH�IRU�YDULDELOLW\�LQ�FRDVWDO�XSZHOOLQJ�RII�3RUWXJDO�GX-

ULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��,VRWRSH�7HFKQLTXHV�LQ�WKH�6WXG\�RI�3DVW�DQG�&XUUHQW�(QYLURQPHQWDO�&KDQJHV� LQ� WKH�+\GURVSKHUH�and the Atmosphere, 471–485, Vienna, International Ato-

PLF�(QHUJ\�$JHQF\��,$($��62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6��-��0��$����������&RDVWDO�8SZHOOLQJ�DQG�

5DGLRFDUERQ� ²� (YLGHQFH� IRU� 7HPSRUDO� )OXFWXDWLRQV� LQ�2FHDQ�5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RII�3RUWXJDO�GXULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��Radiocarbon 48 (1), 45-60.

62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6�� -��0��$�� ��������5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RI�&RDVWDO�:DWHUV�RII�ZHVWHUQ�DQG�1RUWKZHVWHUQ�*DOLFLD��Ra-diocarbon 49 (2), 925–936.

SOARES, A. M. M.; MARTINS, J. M. M. (2010): Radiocarbon da-

WLQJ�RI�PDULQH�VDPSOHV�IURP�*XOI�RI�&DGL]��7KH�UHVHUYRLU�HIIHFW��Quaternary International 221 (1-2), 9–12.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������M�TXDLQW������������SOUSA, E. DE (2009): $�&HUkPLFD�GH�7LSR�.XDVV�QR�$OJDUYH, Lisboa.

678,9(5��0���%5$=,81$6��7�)����������0RGHOLQJ�$WPRVSKHULF�14&�,QÁXHQFHV�DQG�14&�$JHV�RI�0DULQH�6DPSOHV�WR��������%&��Radiocarbon 35 (1), 137–189.

678,9(5��0���3($5621��*��:���%5$=,81$6��7�� ��������5D-GLRFDUERQ� $JH� &DOLEUDWLRQ� RI� 0DULQH� 6DPSOHV� EDFN� WR������FDO�\U�%3��Radiocarbon������%������������

678,9(5��0���32/$&+��+��$����������'LVFXVVLRQ��5HSRUWLQJ�RI�14C Data, Radiocarbon 19 (3), 355-363.

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