apresentação leonardo burlamaqui - inglês
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KNOWLEDGE GOVERNANCE:
Reasserting the Public Interest
Leonardo Burlamaqui
University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
MINDS
The Levy Economics Institute
leonardo.burlamaqui@minds.org.br
Prepared for the International Conference on
The Role of the State in the XXI Century
Enap- Brasília, September, 3-4 2015
THE VISION
From a corporate perspective, it’s
appropriate to shape corporate strategy
having IPR’s as key elements to protect
competitive advantages and maximize
appropriability, profits and rents.
THE PROBLEM
By contrast, from a public policy/ public
interest perspective, the appropriate
concern should be to…
increase knowledge production,
dissemination & democratization,
rather than appropriability and rents.
THE PROBLEM
In that case, Knowledge Governance, not
strong IP regimes, should become the
proper domain for crafting policy and
institutional design.
THE SOLUTION
A SURPRISING ALLY….. Abuse of the patent system benefits neither
inventors nor the economy at large Mar 3rd 2015 | Business and finance
Patents are protected by governments
because they are held to promote innovation.
But there is plenty of evidence that they do
not.
Aug 8th 2015 | From the print edition
To the question “where do INNOVATIONS come
from in the developed countries?” a very large part of the answer includes:
Publicly funded R&D,
Public labs,
Government contracting to buy things from the private sector that do not exist (innovations).
INNOVATIONS: PUBLIC ACTION IS KEY
Today, armed with an annual procurement
budget of $450 billion – more than 1 trillion if
states are included – the US Government plays a
crucial role in governing the way knowledge and
innovations are produced. (Weiss: 2014, Block:
2010).
Some U.S Public venture capital agencies: Dep.
Of Energy, CIA, ARMY, NAVY…..(Mazzucato:2013)
THE U.S CASE
ILLUSTRATION:
“CHINA DEVELOPMENT BANK maintained a steady
course in 2013, performing strongly in both its
business and social mandates as a development
finance institution”.
Assets: U$ 1,3 Trillion.
NPL ratio: 0.48% (less than 1% for the thirty-fifth
consecutive quarter).
Year-end profit : U$ 13 Billion.
Capital adequacy: 11.28%.
( Source: CDB website, 2014)
CHINA
Some “Prominent Clients”
• Huawei
• Lenovo
• Haier
• ZTE (Telecom)
• Yingli (Solar panels)
• Sky Solar
• National Development Zones for High and New
Technology Industries ( part of China 2030 strategy)
CDB & Tech: A Competitiveness Strategy
CDB & Energy: A Global Strategy
To the question “where do PROFITS come from in
the developed countries?” a very large part of the
answer includes:
Using IP enforcement to convert Schumpeterian
profits into monopoly rents,
Using the WTO to help open up markets for those
innovations abroad and to extend the rents they are
able to generate,
Summing –up: Profits without prosperity ( growth)
PROFITS: CORPORATE POWER IS KEY
THE PROBLEM RESTATED AS A GOVERNANCE ONE Two ideal-type regimes of governing knowledge
Corporate
Returns
Knowledge
spreading
trough
innovation
diffusion
Schumpeterian
Ricardian
First movers’
advantages &
Δ Productivity
IP RENTISM
Structural
Change &
Development
Information
Feudalism
CAPABILITIES:
Ability to create and manage
resources strategically and
build competitiveness
CAPABILITIES:
Ability to exclude
competitors via IP rules and
Bi-lateral trade agreements
Innovation-
based
Based on the
difficulty to
replicate
Global
Knowledge
monopolies
Creative
destruction
Destructive
creation
STRONG IP RULES AND REGULATIONS OR
GOVERNANCE BY LOBBYING
KNOWLEDGE GOVERNANCE
General rule: using government’s supervision,
regulation and deal-making powers to promote the
production, dissemination and democratization of
knowledge by means of market shaping initiatives .
Scope: the whole economic system, but especially
knowledge intensive, technologically complex &
productivity enhancing activities.
Main goal: the creation of a more inclusive
and more development-oriented knowledge
ecology,
Main institutional tool: Inter-agency
coordination.
Other tools:
Building a governance framework composed by:
A “publicly funded research commons”,
Private research consortia,
Public funding agencies' co-managing the
licensing of technology.
Other tools:
A progressive tax on patents earned but not
used or licensed,
In order to avoid unproductive entrepreneurship springing from “strategic patenting” .
Incentives towards cross-licensing. In order to avoid winner-takes-all-markets due to the combination
of strong IPRs with network externalities and increasing returns –
common features of “new economy’s” leading sectors.
Inter-agency regulatory cooperation: patent offices
should be linked with other public agencies funding
R&D, fostering innovation and enforcing
competition policies .
Pilot: A knowledge governance coordinating body
to allow collaboration within the existing regulatory
agencies.
The reinstatement of weberian state structures
should become a priority in order to restore state
capacity (The Singapore model).
The policy-institutions framework resulting from the framework outlined above should:
Be flexible and pragmatic: rules for a dynamic/ evolving environment.
Approach knowledge as a global public good,
Have the governance of knowledge shaped by the
public interest, and knowledge dissemination (the “
Schumpeterian Package”) as its main goal.
Be anti-unproductive entrepreneurship, not anti-bigness,
Be pro-cooperation, leaving room for business networks to thrive but allowing for government’s supervision powers to monitor them,
Be pro-effectiveness in the sense of protecting the innovation’s cycle, not the innovator * .
* Aiming at delivering the Schumpeterian package: increased quality,
decreased costs, lower prices, windfall profits (not monopoly rents),
higher real wages and innovation diffusion.
None of these policy prescriptions will be achieved without a huge dose of “strategic state action”
Most of them will also require a high degree of “international deal making”, including a deep revision of international treaties like TRIPS and bi-lateral trade agreements.
Uneasy tasks …
But… now, post W.C, maybe there is a window of opportunity.
THANK YOU
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