albieri, sara - causas e leis nas ciências do homem

7/24/2019 ALBIERI, Sara - Causas e Leis Nas Cincias Do Homem

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* (FFLCH / USP). Artigo recebido em 07/12/2011 e aprovado em 19/12/2011.

kriterion, Bl Hz, 124, Dz./2011, p. 331-342.

Causas e leis nas CinCias do homem

Sara Albiri*[email protected]

Resumo A proposta huana acrca do todo da invstigaona cincia do ho tornou-o u prcursor do conhcido odlo covring-law d xplicao cintca, tal coo dfndido por Hpl, Nagl outroslsofos contpornos da cincia. A intrprtao da toria da cinciad Hu coo prcursora dss odlo costua sr ajoritria ntr oscontadors d sua losoa. Apnas Donald Livingston travou ua discussosingular contra ssa quas unaniidad, propondo-s a dfndr a xistncia

d dois odlos d xplicao na pistologia d Hu, u adquado scincias naturais, outro s orais. O autor apia-s crtas passagns qu Hu parc rconhcr qu, cincias orais, prdoinariaas xplicas rcorrndo a causas orais, as quais consistiria nas razsdo agnt ou conjunto d agnts nvolvidos no vnto a sr xplicado.Dfndos qu a divrsidad das xplicas causais naturais orais Hu pod sr discutida, no a partir d ua distino radical d naturza,coo aqula qu Livingston qur stablcr, as a partir d ua distino

d grau: os graus d crtza qu distingu ntr provas probabilidads,ntr xplicas pla via ddutiva a partir d lis ou por gnralizasstatsticas. Isto , ais d acordo co a assitria qu Nagl rconhc ntrcincias do particular gnralizadoras, quanto ao objtivo d stablcrlis, no sgundo caso, ou d apnas aplic-las, no priiro. Ua distinocopatvl co aqula qu Hu j adotara, atribuindo graus difrnts dgnralidad d odo anlogo a cincias naturais ou orais.


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Sara Albiri332

Palavra-hav causais lis, causas orais, covring-laws, unidadda cincia, David Hu, Donald Livingston

AbstRAct Hus proposal of a scinc of an is oftn takn as a

prcursor of th now wll-known covring-law odl of scintic xplanation,sustaind by Hpl, Nagl and othr contporary philosophrs of scinc.Aong Hus contators D. Livingston is an xcption, dfnding thxistnc of two odls of xplanation in Hus pistology, on suitdto th natural scincs and anothr to th oral ons. Livingston supportshis clais in crtain passags whr Hu allgdly rfrs to oral caussto xplain th otivs and rasons of agnts involvd in phnona to bxplaind. Against such intrprtation, w hr dfnd that th huandistinction btwn natural and oral causs is rathr of dgr than of

natur, siilar to th on h stablishs btwn proofs and probabilitis.Such rading brings Hus position closr to Nagls as to classifyingscincs according to thir diffrnt dgrs of gnrality.

Kywrd Causs and laws, oral causs, covring-laws, unity ofscinc, David Hu, Donald Livingston

As pss humaas acca d md da auza da vsgaa cca d hmm qu l pps csu am- um pcus dfams mdl covring-lawd xplca cca, al cm dfdd pHmpl, nagl us lsfs cmps da cca. ess mdl ssuuad m d duas ss, ambas cm ap a a da cca dHum. A pma a s da nidad da inia: a d qu das as ccasmpcas, auas u mas, m a msma mdlga a msma fma d

xplca. Hum csdava qu sua als da causaldad ha cm pf uca a ccp d xplca causal as ccas auas mas:h s um p d cssdad, assm cm h s um p d causa, a dscmum cssdad mal fsca m fudam a auza ... a cju csa ds bjs, m cju cm a dma da m,qu csu uma cssdad fsca ( mal) (t, 171).

ou p a a da xplca causal d Hum qu s qupaa a da covring-law a s da iria xplca pd: a sd qu aqul qu sv paa xplca um v pda sd suc,s apsad am, paa -l pd. explca pd m a


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333CAUSAS e LeIS NAS CINCIAS DO HOmem

msma fma lgca, a ca dfa sd mpal, u sja, cfm asppss qu juscam v ham sd apsadas as u dpsd sua cca. esa s sa cmpavl cm a a da causaldad dHum, su cmpmm cm la caa vd a pa d aam

ds agums causas. ess m a msma suua, qu s am avs j passads u ada p c.Pdm-s apa uas cmpabldads. P xmpl, s cs

da covring-lawdsgum ds ps d xplca cca basads aauza das ls m sua la cm v a s xplcad. explcasd p ddutivo-noolgicos aqulas m qu ls sam uvsass lgadas dduvam a uma dsc d v a s xplcad. Ascds cas s umadas, as ls dduvam lgadas a umadsc d v a s xplcad.

As xplcas d p indutivo-statstico cm ls d fmasasca as quas, juam cm a ama das cds cas, lgam-s a v a s xplcad dduvam, mas cm um al gau dpbabldad duva1. esas duas fmas d xplca s, gss md,algas ds humaa provas probabilidads. Quad, mssas fcas acca das quss d fa, sms lvads a asf passad paa fuu, fazms cm dfs gaus d cza cfm passad ha s msad am gula ufm quad

dspms d pvas; u d maa mas gula ca quadppcams a vdca d acd cm a pbabldad da cca dcada cas. (eU, 57-9)

As guladads psumdas plas xplcas causas humaassaam apas a dsmpha papl d covring-laws. elas mcd mpc amam qu faualm pssvl, mpssvl ucss. esas caacscas cam vdcadas quad Hum aa dsmlags. P xmpl, quad l aguma qu as ls dvm pd xclucm mpssvs d fa sss supss ca-xmpls (u mlags),msm quad apads m smuh cm pd d cvc.2

o cas ds mlags css um bm xmpl d mpg d mdlhuma d xplca cca. o spad cmad da lsad Hum, Ay Flw, dsaca qu a s X da Invstigao sobr oentndinto Huano,qu aa ds mlags, ss d Hum d fa aa da vdca da pva, cas a vdca smuhal cda s

1 C. Hempel, Studies in the Logic of Explanation, in:Aspects of Scientific Explanation. p. 249.2 Comentei esse tema no artigo Milagres e Leis da Natureza em Peirce e Hume, referido na Bibliografia.


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Sara Albiri334

las, adam d csas hsads.3 A avala d al p dvdca s d pl c da pp: aa-s d ppca gau dvdca d acd cm ssa xpca j sablcda. S la falad vs xads u maavlhss, aa-s d ac-ls a mdda

m qu s mas u ms cfms a ss chcm d cus usualds vs: a vdca sula d smuh sf uma du, mau m m pp a s fa mas u ms cmum. (eU,113) Js as smuhas s laam fas qu s vdadam maculss,ss cas dvm s avalads m pp a ss cabdal acumulad dpvas, s , d al d xpca mas ufm d qu dspms accad cus ds vs a auza, paa cap-la vdca d mlag,d md a ualz-la cmplam. Dv hav uma xpcaufm ca d v maculs, d u md v mcass m. e cm uma xpca ufm quval a uma pva, h aquuma pva dca cmpla da auza d fa, ca a xsca dqualqu mlag. (eU, 115) cla qu a avala qu cusa s lasd mlags h cus a ls gas (covring), qu dcm sd chcm sablcd acca d mud mal aqul ds hmsm scdad mas ambm da auza fsca.

A pa da a da cca d Hum cm pcusa dssmdl csuma s maja s cmads d sua lsa.Apas Dald Lvgs4 avu uma dscuss sgula ca ssaquas uamdad, ppd-s a dfd a xsca d ds mdlsd xplca a psmlga d Hum, um adquad s ccas auas,u s mas, ca a pfus d vdca xual m qu Humpac advga quvcam a udad d md d xplca paa

da cca. Lvgs ama qu s ps d Hum a mmlvaaam quss psmlgcas apads paadgma d chcmdas ccas auas. es sa, cud, c paadgma pssvla s mpgad a pa d Hum. A s d Lvgs qu afma da lsa qu Hum m a d mpd, d a ccad hmm cm bas d ds s ams d chcm, m cm mdl

3 A. Flew, Humes Philosophy of Belief, p.174.

4 Num livro de 1985, cuja abordagem, na poca, foi saudada por alguns intrpretes de Hume pelanovidade, mas no de fato analisada.


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d chcm a hsa, a cca aual :a cca d hmm dHum pcpalm uma cca hsca.5

A pa dssa usada dclaa d s, Lvgs passa a qusaa lsa d Hum a pa da da d mpaldad, pguad sb

sgcad das ppss acca d passad, sb papl da aa acmps ds bjs d chcm hsc, sb a auza slms dss chcm. Mas, pcpalm, vsga s as ccasauas hscas palhaam a msma fma d xplca, dfdd a xsca d uma mdlga ppa paa aam das qusshscas, qu faa d Hum um pcus das psuas d p hmuc mccas humaas. A fav dss p d pa paa mdl humad xplca causal, D. Lvgs apa paa cas passags m qu Humpac chc qu, m ccas mas, pdmaam as xplcascd a causas mas, as quas cssam as azs d ag ucju d ags vlvds v a s xplcad. P xmpl, saSb algus Csums nvs, Hum pp-s a aalsa cas pcas

plcas m Aas, rma iglaa, qu mcam dsaqu jusamp caam mxmas sablcdas acca da plca. na abua dssmsm sa, Hum abua a csa mal uma spc d pvlg mla a csa aual, pla pxmdad d su bj d sud

... ccas gulas xadas s fqm dscbas mudmal, a qua mud fsc. talvz pssams mlh xplca as pmas,a pa das mlas pcps acca ds quas cada um m, d d s u a pada bsva, a mas f sguaa cvc: mas fqm ammpssvl paa a pudca humaa, pv-las u pdz-las d am. (e, 374)

o msm acss pssal d bsvad as vs qu pd xplcaambm sa sugd sgu x d Tratado

Cam dvms ccd qu a cs das pas da maa sug d pcps

auas csss, sja qual f a dculdad qu cams paa xplc-ls.e p uma az smlha dvms ccd qu a scdad humaa s fuda mpcps smlhas, lm cas ms mlh az qu pm, pqu sm bsvams qu s hms smp buscam a scdad, mas pdmsambm xplca s pcps s quas s fuda al pps. (t, 401-2)

A pa dsss xs, Lvgs dfd s a xsca, a lsad Hum, d um md alav adquad s ccas mas, mas qu al

5 D. Livingston, Humes Philosophy of Common Life. p. ix.


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Sara Albiri336

md psaa um ava mdlgc uma abdagm pvlgada,qu alm dss, cmpavl cm as duas ss cas d mdl xplcavp covring-lawqu apams. A ppsa humaa a ca a s daudad da cca, pqu pma qu s lsfs mas dspusssm d

uma fma spcal d xplca causal acssvl lsa aual, qu p ss pda da ca d ccas xadas gulas,csss cm as guladads xss cbas p qualquva guladad. efaa ada a s da sma xplca pvs, pqu adma xplcas d as passadas qu pdam sd usadas d am paa pvs ssas msmas as.

Lvgs jusca a dma xplcas causas mas pqulas xplcam um a p cus a uma l mpca, mas p cusqul qu Hum dmaa uma causa mal, u sja, as azs quv ag paa ag. Paa ss, sa pcs dfd qu a cbua dum a p azs pda xplc-l. Lvgs aguma qu a xplca,dda m sd ampl, dv sgaa v a s xplcad dalgbldad. Paa d sd m qu um mdl d xplcaxplca, pcsams dca pcp d lgbldad qu l ada pcp d lgbldad qu l cusa cm absud. oa, xmplda l as d sa cad, a xplca mal qu Hum fc paa fa qu, mba al l paa acal d ss p d vsa, s

ass, d acd cm suas s sua avala da sua, hamuma ba az paa da ssa l, huma ba az paa faz c.o qu dsgua um pad d xplca dss p sa qu l aalgvs as as d um ag, sm cud pssu fa d pvs.

o bjv d fc uma dsc mal msa qu qu pac gula acal (pqu css cm galzas sablcdas sb a ahumaa) , d fa, gula mas acal. is f cbd a cmuma va guladad mpca, mas dscbd c u acal p s d a.6

Sgud Lvgs, hava d fa m Hum ds ps d guladad,cspdd a ds pads dss d xplca. o pm samas guladads csavs pla lsa aual: cps smp aamvsam a quadad da dsca; sgud as da lsa mal,as cm s hms smp buscam a scdad. o pad d xplcadas ccas mas sa qualavam ds, sa aplcadpaadgmacam a ba hsca d Hum.

6 Ibidem, pp. 191-4.


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evdm, al dscuss s clu adcal dba xplicaovsus coprnsoa a da cca, m csqucas vas paa apa da ccp humaa da cca d md cc, daufmdad da auza fsca da auza humaa, da cssdad, paa

ca algus mas pcpas. Mas vams cca-s aqu p dgm, vlgc da dscuss, qu a qus da spccdad das causasmas. S s aa d bj mpa a xg mdlga ppa, a causa da udad d md sa vsa. Val dz qu s aa aqumam d uma qus d dba sclas lscas, pblma dccd u ga a Hum papl d pcus d c mdl cmpd cca, mas d dfd a cssca ds xs d Hum ca umapa qu a p m sc.

na vdad, psams qu da plmca m m da pssbldad dudad d md d mdl d xplca as ccas mpcas pacga m m da ccp d qu sjam ss as ccas auas. Pxmpl, Lvgs, qu julga dca um c a psua mdlgca dHum, a pa da psumda dscpca sua ps cal a fav daudad d xplca causal as ccas auas mas, sua dfsa d ummdl spcal d xplca paa a lsa mal, pa d uma d dqu sja uma xplca causal, a ss v pblmca. Sgud Lvgs,da xplca uma spsa a uma pgua, sd qu xplcas causas

sam spsas pgua: e cu?. is , uma xplca adquadadv sasfaz s da xsca. assm qu Lvgs pa asxplcas causas qu Hum d cm sd a pcp ccluss asp d quss d fa d xsca, s , duzd as pmas ssgudas. es p d xplca mpgad as ccas auas, pqu aaa-s d slv a pplxdad d qu alg qualqu pssa xs, aladlgcam azs mpcas (ls cds cas) paa c qu va s xplcad cu. e p ss as xplcas as ccas mas samdfs: pqu j s aa d sablc a xsca, mas d dmas qu chcdam xs faz sd, u m qualqu fudamacal p fca a algum pad d vala qu sja, a msm mp,um pad d lgbldad. is , xplcas causas mas s spsasa pguas d p P qu e cu?7

S Lvgs julga pu d qu a xplca m cca dvslv pplxdads xscas, a s pac d mda cla

7 Ibidem, pp. 200-207.


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Sara Albiri338

pqu a xsca d e dva s um pblma. Paa msa a pcad sua pa, au s m a um x d Hum:

aqula mpa mxma da lsa aga, ex nihilo nihil t,qu xclua a ca damaa cssa d s uma mxma, d acd cm sa lsa. n s a vad

d S Supm pd ca a maa, mas, a qua pdms sab a p,ambm pd a vad d qualqu u s, u qualqu ua causa qu a masxavaga maga pssa ccb. (eU, 164)

el aguma qu pcp lgc ds ags a csdadmp p mus mds, p ga a lgbldad da dua csda Ca. Mas, paa Hum, qu s aa pssvl paa s lsfsmds a csda d qu mud pudss sugd d ada. S assm, mas a auza d mud, mas ppa xsca s aa

pm pblma da lsa. em ap a ssa pa, Lvgscda Lbz, paa qum a afa da xplca cca xplca pqualg xs m vz d ada.8Cm Lbz busca uma spsa abslua, sd daqula lgcam mas f, a mlh spsa a e cu?ambm sasfaa a P qu e cu?. A pgua pla xsca plaxplca , a pa d , ccdam.

Mas, ada sgud Lvgs, paa Hum sam duas pguasdfs, cujas spsas s sam ccds s cass cbs p

guladads duvas. is , Hum paa a pgua P qu ecu? cm uma xgca pl mlh agum duv. oa, umaspsa a ssa qus basada smuh hsc pda sxplcava, qua qu uma spsa basada m ls da auza sa,pqu uma spsa mlh paa a pgua pla xsca.

esas clcas d Lvgs, alm d um a bscuas, s mm sahas cm sp fma cm s cs da covring-lawfmulam suas pguas pla xplca.

P xmpl, nagl ama qu as xplcas ccas s smp

spsas a pguas d p P qu?, xaplad pa s lmsd mam a sablc uma xsca, mba haja dvss ussdss p qu qu mpm cas ss dsvas sb as spsasadmssvs s pguas fmuladas mda ssas palavas. P xmpl,a spsa pgua: P qu smp um quadad pf a sma dqualqu sucss d s mpas cscuvs qu cmc cm l?

8 G. W.Leibniz, On the Ultimate Origins of Things, in Leibnizs Selected Works, p. 347. Citado por D.Livingston, op. cit. p. 201.


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uma dmsa qu s sablc a vdad uvsal d xplicandu,cm ambm su ca css. P u lad, a pgua: P quCss amu a m d Csa? s pd b a spsa a pa d umasups fudamal d fma sasca, pl qual xplicandu

uma csqca dduva das pmssas xplcavas, mas uma dccaapas pvvl dlas.9

Hmpl, p sua vz, ss qu uma xplca cca pd spada cm uma spsa a uma pgua d p P qu?, al cm:P qu s plaas s mvm m bas lpcas cm Sl um ds fcs?;P qu s lhs d pas cm lhs azus m smp lhs azus?; P quHl dclau gua rssa?. e cla qu pcs pd scv apgua m us ms: P qup cas?, d luga dp cupadp uma pps assumda cm vdada, pgua-s pla xplcad fa, v u sad d csas dsc p la.10

Mas Lvgs, mba admd vd pasc da a dacca d Hum cm mdl da covring-law, ss qu, su cas,dvd cza d sua a da causaldad, as pvas mpcas d quec spdm sasfaam a P quecu. is pqu,dz Lvgs, huma pva mpca alm xplca pqu alg cm . J c da xplca as ccas mas sa jusam aqulampa mxma da lsa aga, cusada pl dal d xplca qu s

ajusa cca xpmal mda. Quad um csa ag avaxplca alg, pblma dl a fc as azs mpcas - ls cds acds paa c qu v a s xplcad cu. Jqu l csdava lgvl sup qu alg pudss ga-s d ada, a qu slv a pplxdad lgca da xsca. o su pblmaa mas dma s alg qu xs faza sd, u a uma az, pfca a um pad d vala qu sa, a msm mp, um padd lgbldad. Sgud Lvgs, Hum lsf mal assm xplca.e, j qu as xplcas m fa pdva, aplcam-s ucam apassad, s pa xplcas hscas. o lsf mal fcdxplcas mas sscalm um hsad.11

Quams s p s d a v qu s cs da covring-lawm a dz sb ss. ta nagl qua Hmpl falam a fav da udadd md as ccas, msad qu a supsa paculadad ds fas

9 E. Nagel, The Structure of Science,pp. 15-20.

10 C. Hempel,Aspects of Scientific Explanation, pp. 334-5.11 D. Livingston, op. cit., p. 205-7.


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Sara Albiri340

scas u hscs ambm cba p ls. e qu ss qualcadfm s ds vs humas, dad qu h um sm m dfms da auza gualm dfcs d xplca pv cm pcs, qu m p ss scapam d mdl paa ls s vdca sau

spcal, mu ms s abu lbdad d spadad.Hmpl, p xmpl, ssala qu xplcas fm-s smp aps u ppdads ds vs, qul qu s vzs chamadv dvdual. o bj d xplca smp um v d um cp (uma quda d mpaua paa 14F, um clps da Lua, uma dvsclula, um m, um aum s mpgs, um assassa plc)um dad mp luga u um dad bj mpc (al cm adad dum c ca, u ssma pla, um dmad psagm hsc,c.) um dad mp. nss sd, xplcas s smp cmplas,pqu d ca d das as caacscas d um v dvdual phpss uvsas. Mas susa qu msm val paa a hsa cmpaa a fsca u a qumca.

Qua cmps, Hmpl chc apas su val husc,dvd a ca apmc d das cm aldad u pps.iss dva da ccp cmum d qu xplca css m duz sah a famla. Assm, hsad, p xmpl, s maga lugadas pssas vlvdas s vs qu qu xplca, paa assm dscb

mvs ccuscas das as qu qu xplca. iss m u papls d alvz facla a b das galzas ps a cas.Mas fa d sulad al apsa-s aa ssa maga,c aalgas ssas u pac plausvl gaa a qualdad daxplca: psud-xplcas ambm pdm ssas caacscas.

o qu galm c qu as xplcas m hsa u sclga msam as guladads qu pssupm, p duas azs. Pm,as hpss uvsas m qu s basam pacm bm chcdas dapsclga dvdual u scal qu s acas acam. Sgud, dfclfmula cm pcs a galza subjac, d md qu la ccdcm da a vdca mpca dspvl qu cba p la. em galssas galzas s supsas m palavas as cm , pa,pqu, csqum.12

P sua vz, nagl dsaca as dculdads d dsgu as ccas mmcas dgcas. nas ccas cas, galzadas, d pm

12 C. Hempel, The Function of General Laws in History, op. cit, pp. 231- 44.


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p, pssvl apa papl ds ucads sgulas, uma vz qupam d cds cas fmuladas m ms d ucads d fmasgula u pacula, paa laba as u ls, qu dps aplca-s-am xplca u pvs d um fa pacula qualqu. P u lad, suds

hscs, qu s quadam sgud p, ulza-s-am d ucadsgas slcad absad a pa d fas ccs, classcad saccms m ps a pa d guladads mpcas dmadasqu s dfcam, ulzad ms dscvs gas m suas amasacca d dvdual. Alm dss, mpgam ls gas a cca xa a d dcums, sablcm las d dpdca causal vs, mda galzas causas uvsas u sascas. Assm,a as ccas auas s mcas d maa xclusva, cm ahsa uma dscpla puam dgca.13

Ada assm, pssvl csaa uma assma s ds ps dcca, , pm, qua auza fudamal d suas xplcas, masa papl qu las dsmpham as ls gas. equa as ccas casam sablc a ucads gas qua paculas, ulzaducads pvam admds d ambs s ps, a hsa sablcapas ucads sgulas sb fas paculas, sua pdu -las, ulzad paa a ls gas spccam hscas.o pps da hsa, a c das ccas galzadas,

sablc as ls. Assm, dscplas cm a hsa s paa as ccasgalzadas assm cm a glga paa a fsca, u dagsc mdcpaa a slga: as pmas mpam as ls, sablcdas plas sgudas.

n cas spcc d Hum, Lvgs pac mal-dd aqus da udad d xplca causal as ccas auas mas apa d su pssups. Pqu, cm j apams, duz as qussd fa a quss d xsca, aad a ambas cm cass duvs aum msm p d daga e cu? a ms cas das ccasauas. Cms, m vz dss, qu apas quss d xsca pdms sablcdas pla spsa a al pgua, qua qu quss dfa pacm mas slv-s as spsas a pguas d p P que cu? e ambs s ps d pgua cabam a paa as ccasauas cm paa as mas.

A dvsdad das xplcas causas auas mas m Hum pds dscuda, a ss v, a pa d uma ds adcal d auza,

13 E. Nagel, op. cit., pp. 547-5.


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Sara Albiri342

cm a qu Lvgs qu sablc, mas a pa d uma ds dgau: s gaus d cza qu dsgum pvas pbabldads, xplcas pla va dduva a pa d ls u p galzas sascas.is , mas d acd cm a assma qu nagl chc ccas

d pacula galzadas, qua a bjv d sablc ls, sgud cas, u d apas aplc-las, pm. Uma ds qu, ds, Hum j adaa, abud gaus dfs d galdad d mdalg a ccas auas u mas. Pd assm ama:

os accs mas dzm sp a fas paculas, u a fas gas. tdasas dlbas da vda s fm as pms, bm cm das as psqusas daHsa, da Clga, da Ggaa da Asma. As ccas qu aam dfas gas s a Plca, a Flsa naual, a Fsca, a Qumca, c., d svsgadas as qualdads, as causas fs d uma spc a d bjs.

(eU, x,132)

H uma cudad s accs mas, s , aquls acca daxpca, dsd a vda cmum, passad pla vda m scdad, a asccas da a, d cu u da auza. n pda hav mlh asad daca humaa a udad da cca ds bjs d chcm.

Rfrnia iligra

1. ora d H

t A Tratis of Huan Natur. Slby-Bgg, d. Lvs i a iii. Pas i a iV. Ss1 a 16, pgas da d. oxfd: Clad Pss, 1967.eU An enquiry concrning Huan Undrstanding. Pas i a iii. Ss 1 a 12, 1 a 132. Slby-Bgg, d. oxfd: Clad Pss, 1957.

Invstigao sobr o ntndinto huano. S Paul: Abl Culual, 1980.tadu ulzada as cas.e essays moral, Political and Litrary. idaapls: Lby Fud, 1985ensaiosorais, polticos litrrios. i: Hum/Bly. Cl. os Psads. S Paul:Abl Culual, 1980. tadu ulzada as cas.

2. ora ora

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