aço inox - aplicações em alta temperatura
TRANSCRIPT
Sandvik Materials Technology
Sandvik Materials Technology
Aplicações Alta Temperatura
500ºC+
Sandvik Materials Technology
Ligas Alta Temperatura
Ligas Padrões Alta TemperaturaSANDVIK ASTM TP4C54 446-17RE10 310S / 310H8RE18 309S / 309H6R35 / 8R30 321H8R40 347H253MA -353MA -
Sandvik Materials Technology
Ligas Alta Temperatura
Ligas a base de Níquel
SANDVIK ASTM TPSanicro 30 Alloy 800Sanicro 31HT Alloy 800HTSanicro 41 Alloy 825Sanicro 69 Alloy 690Sanicro 70 Alloy 600
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Composição Química e Normas
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High Temperature Products
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Microestrutura Austenítica Microestrutura Duplex
Microestrutura
Microestrutura Ferrítica
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Microestrutura Ferrítica
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Microestrutura Austenítica
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Seleção de materiais para altas temperaturas
• Resistência à corrosão
• Resistência mecânica
• Estabilidade estrutural
• Aplicações
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Oxidação
Aço C
Aço ao cromo
Aço ao cromo e silício
óxido não protetor
Cr2O3
Cr2O3
SiO2
Al2O3
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High Temperature Corrosionof Stainless Steels
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Aqueous CorrosionMolten AlkalaiOxidationSulphur
Temperature C
<< Corrosion R
ate
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Corrosion Resistance
Base Metal
Oxygen O2
Carbon C, CO, CO2
Nitrogen N, N2, NH4
Sulphur S, SO
Molten Salts Na, K, V
Chlorine Cl2
Diffusion >4000C
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Corrosion Resistance
Cr2O3 Oxides
Cr23C6 Carbides
CrN2 Nitrides
Ni2S Sulphides
Slags
Chlorine Compounds
Oxygen O2
Carbon C, CO, CO2
Nitrogen N, N2, NH4
Sulphur S, H2S, SO2
Molten Salts Na, K, V
Chlorine Cl2
Diffusion >4000C
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Resistência á Corrosão
Metal Base
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3
Oxigênio O2
Cromo Cr
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Metais Terras Raras
Metal Base
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3, SiO2
Oxigênio O2
Cromo Cr + Si + RE
253MA, 353MA
+ Alto Silicio e MetaisTerras Raras
Metais Terras Raras (Cerium,Lanthanum etc.)
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Oxidação
1. AISI 309
2. AISI 446
3. AISI 310
4. 253MA
5. Alloy 800HT
5 x 24h
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Oxidation
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Sulphidation Resistance
Protective Oxide Cr2O3
Sulphur SSulphur Dioxide, SO2
Hydrogen Sulphide H2S
Nickel Sulphides Ni2 SMelt at 6500C
Base Metal
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Ataque por gases contendo S
H2SSO2
+ ↑ Cr, Mn , Al , Si
- ↓ Ni
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Sulfitação
Air-preheater tube in Inconel 600 from a mineral-wool plant. The failure was due to severesulphidation.
Glass recuperator tubes in 4C54 show no attack in spite of heavy Na2SO4 deposit.
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Nitriding Resistance
Protective Oxide Cr2O3
Nitrogen, N2
Cracked Ammonia NH4
Chromium Nitrides Cr N2
Brittle and Reduced Oxidation Resisitance
Base Metal
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Nitretação
Nitretação do TP310 após 400h exposto a nitrogênio(gás) contendo 240 ppm de oxigênio , T = 1000°C
Tubo mufla TP310, usado em forno de recozimento brilhante, durante 4 meses.
Atmosfera: amônia craqueada
T= 1000°C
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Nitretação
353MA - Muffle tube
Sandvik Wire Mill Brazil
approx. 3 years in service
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Resistência á Carbonetação
Metal Base
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3
CarbonoMonóxido de Carbono CODióxido de Carbono CO2
Carbeto de Cromo Cr23 C6
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Carburização
“Metal dusting” = catastrofica carburização ocorre a 470–850°CA trinca ou “dusts” no metal se dá devido á excessiva formação de carbonetos.
CO,CH2 ⇒ C ⇒ Cr carbono
FragilizaçãoDiminuição da Resistência á
Corrosão
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Carbonetação
Carbonetação em aço TP310, após 18 meses, T = 1100 °C, usado em forno de etileno
Falha em tubo mufla TP310devido à carbonetação pela atmosfera interna
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Carbonetação
Carbonetação a 0,5 mm da superfície, após 500 horas de testeem diferentes temperaturas em 10%CH4 + 90%Ar + 0,5%O2
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Chlorine Attack
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3
Chlorine Gas, Cl2Hydrogen Chloride HClMolten Salts, NaCl
Chlorine Attack of Protective Oxide
Metal Base
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Molten Salt and Alkalaii Attack
Óxido Protetor Cr2O3
Chlorine Gas, Cl2Hydrogen Chloride HClMolten Salts, NaCl
Chlorine Attack of Protective Oxide
Metal Base
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Resitência à ruptura por fluênciaRkm/100 000 h para alguns aços inoxidáveis e ligas à base de níquel Sandvik
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Propriedades de Resistência a Corrosão
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Máxima temperatura de trabalho
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Estabilidade Estrutural
Temp ºC 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1175
Qualidade
Sanicro 31HT* γ’
253 MA σ phase
353 MA σ phase
309S σ phase
310S σ phase
4C54 475 ºC-embrittlement σ phase
Dentro da faixa de precipitação das diferentes fases a cor azul escura indica precipitação mais intensa.
1% de fase σ precipita-se a 800°C para o 353 MA após 7000 h, para o 253 MA após 2000 h, e para o 310 e 309 após <200 h.
1% de fase σ precipita-se no 4C54 a 650°C após <200h.
* Sanicro 31HT modificado é usado em temperaturas entre 550-700°C para eliminar o risco de precipitação de γ ’.
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Curvas TTT para σ
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Fase σ (sigma)
Períodos longos + temperaturas altas
Fragilização à temperatura ambiente (paradas)
Manutenção dificultada
Fase σ
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Aplicações Alta Temperatura
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Recuperator Tubes
Radiant RecuperatorRadiant Recuperator
Preheats combustion airGlass Manufacturing PlantsMineral Wool PlantsFossil fuelled pit furnaces in rolling and forging mills
900 - 1150ºC900 - 1150ºC
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Recuperator Tubes
Preheats combustion airAll types of fossil fuelled heating furnaces
Preheats process gas and natural gas
Iron Ore Direct Reduction Plants
Preheats process airCarbon Black PlantsBlast furnaceShaft furnaceConvection RecuperatorConvection Recuperator
500 - 1000ºC500 - 1000ºC
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Steel Manufacturing Recuperators 1
Various types of recuperatorsRadiationConvectionChannel type
Fluegas from oil / gas burning800 - 1100 C
Air is heated inside of tubesRoom temp to 600 - 800 C
Fuel savings up to 40%
Channel Type Recuperator (KTE)
Convection -Flue Type Recuperator (KTE)
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Steel Manufacturing Recuperators 3Materiais Tubulares requisitados
Lado casco: Várias requisitações dependendo do tipo de laminadorLado tubo: Resistência á Oxidação ao ar á Alta Temperatura
Ligas UsadasSandvik 253MA é frequentemente usadaSandvik 4C54
• Para aços laminados usando combustíveis com alta impureza (S, V, Na, K)
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Sandvik Recuperator Experience
Glass industry 4C54, 253MASteel industry 4C54, 253MA, 353MACarbon black 4C54, 253MADirect reduction iron ore, 253MA, 6R35 (TP321H)Midrex process Sanicro31HT (Alloy800HT)Sewage sludge 253MAincinerationChemical waste incineration 253MA Sulphuric acid plants 253MA
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Lanças de Injeção de Finos
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Lanças de Injeção de Finos
Usiminas 253MACOSIPA 253MAGerdau Aço Minas 253MABelgo Mineira (João Molevade) Alloy 800, 253MAV&M 253MACSN 310, 253MACST 310
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Muffle Tubes
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Muffle Tubes
Sandvik Materials Technology
Muffle Tubes
Sandvik Materials Technology
Muffle Tubes
What are Muffle tubes used for ?
Intermediate annealing• Recrystallize (soften) wire to make further drawing to final size possible
Final annealing• Give wire final mechanical properties & surface appearance
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SAN31HT and 353MA- muffle tubes used to braze Bundy Tubes:- a single strip of copper coated steel, wound round twice to create a double wall tube, capable of withstanding pressure of six thousand pounds per square inch.
Application - Bundy Tubes
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SAN31HT and 353MA- muffle tubes used to braze Bundy Tubes:
a single strip of copper coated steel, wound round twice to create a double wall tube, capable of withstanding pressure of six thousand pounds per square inch.
Application - Bundy Tubes
Sandvik Materials Technology
Pyrometer TubesThermocouple protection tubesCable tubingSighting sheaths
Used in all industries who has a need of measuring the temperature in their process ( > 500 ºC ).For example Iron & Steel, Fertilizer, Refinery and Glass industry.
253MA, 353MA,
San31HT, 4C54
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Pyrometer Tubes
What are Pyrometer tubes used for ?
Thermocouple protection tubesCable tubingSighting sheaths
Used in all industries who has a need of measuringthe temperature in their process ( > 500 ºC ), for exampleIron & Steel, Fertilizer, Refinery and Glass industry.
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Etylene Furnace Tubes
ID finned 353MA tubesDeveloped 2000First order in October 2000Several orders 2001-2002
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Boiler Tubes
Boilers Coal firedBlack liquor recoveryMunicipal waste Incineration & biomassWaste heat recovery
GradesComposite tubesMono tubes
standard gradesspecialty grades
Stuart
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Boiler Tubes
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Sandvik Composite Tubes for Recovery Boilers in the Pulp & Paper Industry
Superheatertubes
SAN28/T22
310/T22
Furnace wall tubes
3R12/4L7
Furnace floor tubes
Sanicro 38/4L7
Why composite tubes? Increased safety
Longer operating life
Better planning predictability
Sanicro 38/4L7Sanicro 38/4L7* superior corrosion and
SCC resistance* good thermal fatigue and
low-cycle fatigue characteristics
*11 years in- serviceexperience
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Waste Heat Boiler, Boliden Sweden by courtesy of Outokumpu, Finland
Composite Tubes
improved erosion/corrosion resistance
eliminate unpredictable stops
3-7 times longer life time compared to carbon steel tubes
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