a relevÂncia da crÍtica musical no caderno “em cultura”, do jornal estado de minas

8/8/2019 A RELEVÂNCIA DA CRÍTICA MUSICAL NO CADERNO “EM CULTURA”, DO JORNAL ESTADO DE MINAS

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@m kga|à gao Pbao~wah "<>>>$# aw lmhw ~|a`}zdàw ~mck dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc hç~|domd|komhpm `d|dfdàw ~k|k k okwwk( Mcmw wça ~|a`}zdàw ~|domd|komhpm ~k|k k



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~a~}ckæça gao okda| ~a`m| k{}dwdpdua# ~k|k `m~adw gbmfk|mo î okwwk( Aw ~|a`}paw g}

hça wça ~|a`}zdàw k~mhkw gao }o ukca| k|pïwpdga `k al|k# okw wdo ~mca ukca| {}m mwwmpmo ha omda `m p|agk à wdwpmok gk~dpkcdwpk(

Pbao~wah "<>>>$ ekz }ok gao~k|kæça mhp|m aw ~|a`}paw `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc m kw al|kwà wäg}ca RDDD( K al|k `m k|pm hk{}mck ä~agk pdhbk }o aljmpdua lmo `dem|mhpm àw ~|adh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc( Mck pdhbk gm|pk k}pahaodk ~m|khpm a om|gkà# ~a|{}m wm} aljmpduaemdpk mo f|kh`m mwgkck# ~k|k {}m paàw gahw}odwwmo( K al|k `m k|pm ä úhdgk m wm wä|dm ~m|`m gao~cmpkomhpm a wm} ukca|( Jë aw ~|a`}paw `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc wça ~|aòkwwk# wmf}dhà }ok c÷fdgk `m p|agk `m om|gkà|dk {}m ä ukca|dzk`k ~a| wm} ukca| `m phça ~a| wm} gk|ëpm| mwpäpdga m dhp|ïhwmga(

Aw ~|a`}paw `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc wm k~|mwmhpko gaoa }o |mecmra `d|mpa# a} |m~|a`}æça `k |mkcd`k`m mo~ï|dgk# m# `mudà k mwwm –~wm}à/|mkcdwoa‟# ha|okpwpkp}w {}m a w}~|domo# k |mecmrça g|ïpdgk wal|m k a|`mo wagdkc m ~acïpdgk "PBAO<>>># ~;77$(

Wmf}hà Pbao~wah "<>>>$# ~k|k Kà|ha m Ba|ibmdom|# m|k do~awwïumc `mwkwwa

`mwmhuacudomhpa `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc à ~|agmwwa `m g|mwgdomhpa `k |kgdahkcdzkæça mhkw wagdm`k`mw oa`m|hkw( ^k|k kolaw# pkc `mwmhuacudomhpa kgklk lkhkcdzkhà a ~mhwkdh`duï`}aw# pa|hkhà/aw gk`k umz okdw `m~mh`mhpmw à ~|agmwwa wagdkc m wm pa|hkhokdw `deïgdc `m ~mhwk| m kfd| wazdhba# wmo k dhpm|em|êhgdk `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc m `k oï

Gahp}à# ~k|k Pbao~wah "<>>>$# aw ~mhwkomhpaw `m Okr Vmlm| wm pa|hko gk`k umz okdw{}khà mwpm g|dk kw mr~|mwwýmw: –wdwpmok `m em||a‟ m –fkdack `m em||a‟( A –wdwp

khpm|da| î –fkdack `m em||a‟( –Ha wdwpmok `m em||a‟# aw dh`duï`}aw mwpça gm|gkàw ~a| }oaljmpaw {}m wça paàw d`êhpdgaw m om|gkhpdcdzkàw( Jë k –fkdack `m em||a‟ w}lwpdp}d kdh`k ked|ok {}m a dh`duï`}a ~a`m pm| w}k ~|÷~|dk a~dhdça# gahw}od| a {}m {}dwm| m ek~|÷~|dk |mecmrça g|ïpdgk( Gahp}à# omwoa ~mhwkhà {}m mwpë ekzmhà dwwa# hk um|`kdhwm|dà mo }o wdwpmok `m gahw}oa gacmpdua m `m lmhw ~k`|ahdzkàw(



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Kwwdo# Pbao~wah "<>>>$ `dz {}m `dkhpm `mwpk o}`khæk p}à ä ~k`|ahdzkà m a dh`duï`}a h

~a`m| wazdhba okw ä k ~k|pd| `kï {}m w}|fm a wpkcdhdwoa m a gao}hdwoa( @m kga|à gaoudwça# k ~kcku|k –dh`dud`}a‟ jë hça wm mhgkdrk okdw m ä w}lwpdp}ï`k ~a| –gacmpdua‟(

^k|k a k}pa|# aw àdw ~mhwkà|mw ea|ko aw okdw ga|kjawaw ka pmhpk| gao~|mmh`m| k dg}cp}|kc m kdh`k w}fm|d| {}m paà mwwm ~|agmwwa cmua} î p|khwea|okæça `k d`macafdk hkwoa`m|hkw( K gao}hdgkæça `m okwwk wm pa|ha} a gkhkc okdw do~a|pkhpm `m gd|g}ckægao}hdgkæça m `k dhea|okæça( Okw Pbao~wah "<>>>$ kdh`k ekz }ok |mwwkcuk ~k|k `dzmKà|ha m Ba|ibmdom|# k~mwk| `m ~k|pd|mo `m }o ~ahpa o}dpa úpdc# hça ~a`mo wm| }ok wkpdwekp÷|dk ~k|k k gao~|mmhwça `m pkc {}mwpça(

Pbao~wah "<>>>$ cmol|k {}m aw àdw ~mhwkà|mw }wko a pm|oadh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc~k|k wm |mem|d|îw dh`úwp|dkw cdfk`kw kaw omdaw `m ~|a`}æça `m okwwk `m lmhw g}cp}|kdw( Mcmw `mwdh`úwp|dkw hça wça `dem|mhpmw `kw a}p|kw mwem|kw `k ~|a`}æça mo okwwk# {}m jafko {}khpd`k`mw gk`k umz okda|mw `m lmhw `m gahw}oa(

A k}pa| ~ah`m|k kdh`k {}m k udwça `m Kà|ha m Ba|ibmdom| ä o}dpa cdodpk`k( Aw àdw k~ekzmo }ok k`k~pkæça à ~mhwkà| Vmlm| ka kla|`k|mo k |kgdahkcdzkæça( Jë {}khà wm |mem|mo îom|gkhpdcdzkæça# aw àdw pêo gaoa lkwm aw k|f}omhpaw àw ~mhwkà|mw Ok|r m C}iëgw( KBa|ibmdom| mheagko lkwpkhpm kw {}mwpýmw fm|kdw `k ~k`|ahdzkæça m om|gkhpdcdzkæça#ckà k {}mwpça `k a|fkhdzkæça wagdkc m `kw ~|ëpdgkw gapd`dkhkw `k dh`úwp|dk m `k oï``dem|mhækw mhp|m }o |koa `k oï`dk m a}p|a(

A k}pa| pkoläo ked|ok {}m# gao a w}|fdomhpa `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc# k~k|mgm }ok hauk ea|okd`macafdk {}m# ka dhuäw `m wm| dh`m~mh`mhpm `k |mkcd`k`m wagdkc# pa|hk/wm ~k|pm `mà oaomhpa mo {}m w}|fm k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc# k d`macafdk jë hça ä gahwd`m|k`k okdw k~mà}p|dhk( ^k|k Pbao~wah "<>>>$# w}k `medhdæça mwpë cdfk`k kfa|k k }o gahgmdpa `m –gdomhpawagdkc‟(–Gdomhpa wagdkc‟#hmwpm wmhpdà# wdfhdedgk aw ~|a`}paw `k dh`úwp|dk g}cp}|kc {}aljmpaw `m p|agk m eahpmw `m ~|kzm|# hça pêo gk|kgpm|ïwpdgkw g|ïpdgkw m wça p|khwd`macafdk# ~a|äo# `m }ok ea|ok o}dpa okdw ~mhmp|khpm m alwg}|k(



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Pbao~wah "<>>>$ g|dpdgk Kà|ha m Ba|ibmdom| {}khpa î pma|dk `k d`macafdk gaoa gdomhpa

udwça wal|m k d`macafdk gaoa gdomhpa do~cdgk mo }o gahgmdpa o}dpa |mwp|dpa `kw okhmdk d`macafdk a~m|k hkw wagdm`k`mw oa`m|hkw( ^k|k a k}pa|# d`macafdk hça wdfhdedgkàodhkæça# kwwdo gaoa mwpm gahgmdpa haw cmuk k ~mhwk|( Dwwa ä k~mhkw }ok `kw |mumckæça `k kæça d`mac÷fdgk( Okw mwpm oaà papkcdpë|da hça ä a úhdga omda `m kfd| `k d jë {}m `mdrk `m ckà k cmfdpdokæça# k `dwwdo}ckæça m k e|kfomhpkæça(

]o pm|gmd|a gahgmdpa {}m Pbao~wah "<>>>$ pmo mo |mckæça îw d`ädkw `m Kà|ha m Ba|iboawp|k {}m bë }ok fmhm|kcdzkæça ka oa`mca `m wagdm`k`m `mwg|dpa ~mcaw àdw# jë {}m ~wagdm`k`mw gaoa okdw dhpmf|k`kw m }hdedgk`kw( Wm eawwm `mwwm oaà# pm|ïkoaw mokdw |kgdahkcdzkàw# |mdedgkàw m kòdhdwp|ëumdw# a {}m hça aga||m(



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7 OÚWDGK

K oúwdgk ä }ok cdhf}kfmo {}m p|k`}z ea|okw waha|kw# gk~kz `m mr~|mwwk| m gao}hwmhwkæýmw# wmhpdomhpaw m ~mhwkomhpaw# ~a| omda `k a|fkhdzkæça m |mckgdahkommhp|m wao m wdcêhgda( Mck mwpë ~|mwmhpm mo pa`kw kw g}cp}|kw# hkw okdw `dum|w~k|pm `k m`}gkæça àw ~auaw bë o}dpa pmo~a# wmhà {}m# hk F|ägdk Khpdfk# jë m|k gahwe}h`komhpkc ~k|k k ea|okæça àw e}p}|aw gd`k`çaw# ka ckà `k okpmoëpdgk m `k edcawaedk(

K oúwdgk# gaoa hkw `mokdw cdhf}kfmhw# l}wgk m ~|a`}z k ea|okæça àw wmhpdàw b}mhwdhkhà k a}ud| a }hdum|wa waha|a kp|kuäw à wao# gaoa okpä|dk ~|dok k wm| a|fkhdzk`k k ~`m mcmomhpaw gk|kgpm|dzkà|mw gaoa: kcp}|k# pdol|m# dhpmhwd`k`m# `}|kæça m `mhwd`kò}wdgkcomhpm a }hdum|wa waha|a# }wk/wm k uaz m dhwp|}omhpaw(

Gahea|om Gäwk| Gacc m Khk Pmlm|awit "<>>>$# ,k oúwdgk ä }ok k|pm# okw pkoläo }cdhf}kfmo# {}m bë odcbýmw `m khaw aw baomhw m o}cbm|mw }pdcdzko ~k|k wm gao"GACC# PMLM\AWIT# <>>># ~(;>>$( Dwpa wm j}wpdedgk ~a|{}m kp|kuäw `k oúwdgk kw

gao}hdgko à omwoa oaà gaoa kp|kuäw `k cdhf}kfmo b}okhk# kp|kuäw `m wahw# moaæým`mwg|dæýmw `m wdp}kæýmw# koldmhpmw m ~m|wahkfmhw( K oúwdgk ukd kcäo àw mcmomwwmhgdkcomhpm o}wdgkdw# m a a}udhpm ~kwwk k pm| }ok ~awp}|k okdw kpduk(

Ha {}m wm |mem|m ka L|kwdc# a ekpa ~a`m wm| gao~|mmh`dà `m oaà wmomcbkhpm( @m Ok|dk E( `m \mwmh`m m E}wk|d ";447$# ,k oúwdgk ä }o |mecmra `k hawwk ea|okæça wagdkcl|khga# a ïh`da m a hmf|a# gaoa bkldpkhpmw à L|kwdc/Gacðhdk# `mpm|odhkuko mo wm} oaudum| a f|k} `k dhec}êhgdk {}m d|dko mrm|gm|# }hw okdw a}p|aw omhaw, "E]WK\D# ;447# ~(;

Ha {}m wm |mem|m î gk~kgd`k`m `m wm`}æça `k oúwdgk# ~a`m/wm `dzm| {}m aw wmhp~a`mo wm| dhpm|~|mpkàw î w}k hkp}|mzk# okw ~a`mo# dhec}mhgdk|# gahpkfdk| m oa`dedgk|okhmd|k `m ~mhwk|# `m wmhpd| m `m kfd|:

Kwwdo# ä ukwpa a memdpa `k oúwdgk wal|m kw moaæýmw m `mwmjaw à baom~mw{}dwkà|mw mwpça k~mhkw gaomækhà k w}w~mdpk|/cbmw `k mrpmhwça `k dhec~|agmwwaw# ~}|komhpm dhpmcmgp}kdw m omhpkdw( Kcäo `dwwa# dhec}d| ha gk|ëpm



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ä a omwoa {}m kcpmk| a ëpaoa a} k }hd`k`m lëwdgk k ~mwwakw {}kc wm pkoläo gahwpa`k k wagdm`k`m( Mo a}p|kw ~kcku|kw# k oúwdgk pkoläo ~a`m |m~|mwmhpk| }o ~

o}dpa do~a|pkhpm ha gk|ëpm| m k `d|mæça `k gdudcdzkæça à {}m k okda|dk `kw ~mwwakfa|k# ~|a~mh`m} k g|m|( Aw ~a`m|mw `k oúwdgk wça o}cpdekgmpkàw# îw umodwpm|dawkomhpm ~apmhpmw m# kpä kfa|k hça gao~|mmh`dàw( â`mo wm| }wkkl}wkàw( @mw~|mzkoaw aw mo~|mfaw gahwgdmhpmw# gahwp|}pduaw `mwwmw ~a`m~|÷~|da ~|mj}ïza# dfha|koa/ckw# ~k|k a hawwa ~|÷~|da ~m|dfa "PKOÄ# ;447#~# ;7$(

Hmwwm wmhpdà# hça wm|dk `mokdw ked|ok| {}m k oúwdgk ekz ~k|pm `m h÷w# `k hawwk g}cp}|k# udumoaw |a`mkàw `m wahw dhpm|gkckàw `m wdcêhgdaw( Aw wdcêhgdaw pa|hko mwwmw wahw# hk om`d`k `kw hawwkw mr~m|dêhgdkw# `k hawwk dhpm|kæça m `k gahuduêhg

7(; G|ïpdgk O}wdgkc

K G|ïpdgk o}wdgkc ~a`m wm| mhpmh`d`k gaoa }ok ~|ëpdgk {}m pmo gaoa aljmpdua gaomhpk| mwpäpdga `m }o dhpä|~|mpm# }ok al|k a} kpä omwoa `m }o gahj}hpa o}wdgkc( P|kpk/wm `m }lkwpkhpm gao~cmra m# kpä omwoa ~acêodga# ~adw wm}w aljmpduaw wm `dud`mo mhp|m ga} k oúwdgk mo wd(

7(< ^kha|kok `k g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc l|kwdcmd|k

K g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc l|kwdcmd|k pmum àdw f|kh`mw haomw {}m ok|gk|ko ~|mwmhæk ~a| uacpk ~|domd|a ä a mwg|dpa|# ~mw{}dwkà| m ~|aemwwa| `m ~dkha Oë|da `m Kh`|k`m ";447$( Uë|dkw|mwmhbkw o}wdgkdw# ~}lcdgk`kw ha @dë|da `m Wça ^k}ca# |mw}cpk|ko ha cdu|a Oúwdgk m

Jë a wmf}hà f|kh`m g|ïpdga o}wdgkc {}m `mdra} w}k ok|gk ead a mwg|dpa| m ~ampk O}|dca O{}m pkoläo mwg|mudk ~k|k ja|hkdw( â|äo# O}|dca Omh`mw ";447$# m|k okdw mw~mgdkcoúwdgk m|}`dpk( W}kw |mwmhbkw mwpça ha cdu|a Ea|okæça `m @dwgapmgk(

Hk `ägk`k `m ;47># aw g|ïpdgaw o}wdgkdw wm ~|mag}~kuko okdw mo `k| k wm}w cmdpdhpm|~|mpkæça okdw päghdgk( A {}m# `m kga|à gao Laccaw "<>>=$# a kw~mgpa okdw do}ok g|ïpdgk ä `dwga||m| wal|m k al|k mo wd# wmo wm kpm| k ea|o}ckæýmw mrpm|hkw# gahp|dl}mo ~k|k a mhpmh`domhpa m a mwgck|mgdomhpa `k al|k k wm| khkcdwk`k(



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Laccaw "<>>=$ ked|ok {}m# mo omkàw à wäg}ca RR# k g|ïpdgk m|}`dpk ~|a`}zd} }o ja|hk

g}cp}|kc `m gk|kgpm|ïwpdgkw cdpm|ë|dkw( K g|ïpdgk `m oúwdgk cdpm|ë|dk ha L|kwdc w}|fdLawwk Hauk# hk wmf}h`k ompk`m à wäg}ca RR( K Dh`úwp|dk G}cp}|kc `k ä~agk m aw hauawàw omdaw `m gao}hdgkæça# kwwdo gaoa k mrdfêhgdk à `d~caok ha ja|hkcdwoa kgklkdhec}mhgdkhà aw hauaw ~k`|ýmw `m g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc(

Laccaw "<>>=$ `dz {}m hmwpm haua oa`mca a g|ïpdga ~kwwk k hça wm| okdw mw~mgdkcdwg|ïpdgk m ~kwwk k eagk| okdw ha gahpmrpa bdwp÷|dga à {}m d`mac÷fdga# `mdrkhà awo}wdgkdw `m ckà a {}m ä `m w}ok do~a|pìhgdk ~k|k k g|ïpdgk( Hmwpm ìoldpa# mhpmh`mg|ïpdgk hça `mum wm| gahp|k a} k ekua|# mck `mum k~mhkw dhea|ok| wal|m k al|k(

Kw g|ïpdgkw kp}kdw `mdrko aw k|pdwpkw e|}wp|kàw ~adw# ka dhuäw `m khkcdwk| k al|k mokgklko `khà }ok udwça ~k|pdg}ck| wal|m a {}m a}ud|ko( Dwwa kgklk dhpm|em|dhà hk a~dhd~úlcdga cmdpa|(

K g|ïpdgk mr~|mwwk# wmo `úud`k kcf}ok gadwk `m fawpa ~mwwakc# "pkhpa {}khpa f`mum|dk f}k|`k|$ kcfa `m aljmpdua m dhea|okpdua pkoläo( Okw mck ä dhea|okpduk aljmpduk pkoläo( Okw mck ä okdw à {}m a~dhdça m |m~a|pkfmo m okdw à {}m k waokàdw( A g|ïpdga hça mwpë w÷ `memh`mhà }ok mwgacbk9 a {}m dhpm|mwwk ä k hkp}mwgacbk( "HMWP\AUDWID# <>>># ~;>$(

7(7 A w}|fdomhpa `k g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc l|kwdcmd|k

K oúwdgk ~a~}ck| l|kwdcmd|k gaomæk k fkhbk| ea|æk hk M|k `m A}|a à \ë`da m {}khà w}|fmLawwk Hauk( K M|k `m A}|a à |ë`da w}|fd} hk `ägk`k `m ;47>( Wdo}cpkhmkomhpm# k oú~a~}ck| l|kwdcmd|k gaomæk k muac}d| pkoläo k ~k|pd| `k o}wdgk ~a~}ck| kom|dgkhk# {}m dhek hawwk oúwdgk(

Mo ;4=2# w}|fm k lawwk hauk# {}m `ë do~}cwa îw g|ïpdgkw o}wdgkdw haw omdaw `m gao}h~|domd|k oúwdgk {}m fkhbk g|dpdgkw haw ja|hkdw ä k gkhæçaGbmfk `m Wk}`k`m#f|kuk`k ~a| JaçaFdclm|pa( K gkhæça m|k `m Khpðhda Gk|caw Jaldo m gk}wa} f|kh`m do~kgpa# ~adw m|k kcfa d[}khà k oúwdgk paga} ~mck ~|domd|k umz ha |ë`da# gaomæk|ko k w}|fd| kw g|ïpdgkw haw ja|hk



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Gao k Lawwk Hauk# w}|fdko àdw pd~aw `m g|ïpdgaw o}wdgkdw( A ~|domd|a m|k a f|}~a gah

{}m# `m kga|à gao Laccaw "<>>=$# l}wgkuk okdw dhpm|~|mpk| à {}m do~a| k hauk oúwdgkgahgdcdkà|mw m|ko o}wdg÷cafaw udhàw `k kgk`modk( A wmf}hà f|}~a m|k ea|okà ~a| g|ahd{}m p|klkcbkuko ha ja|hkc m ekzdk j}wpkomhpm a gahp|ë|da à ~|domd|a# ~adw# gaoa hça pdhbgahbmgdomhpa okdw ~|ae}hà wal|m k al|k# pmhpkuk do~a| a ~|÷~|da fawpa o}wdgkc# kp|kug|ïpdgkw(

Aw g|ahdwpkw ea|ko fkhbkhà ea|ækw hkw g|ïpdgkw o}wdgkdw ja|hkcïwpdgkw# ~a|{}m# k ~k|p`m ;45># k al|dfkpa|dm`k`m à `d~caok ja|hkcïwpdga do~cdga} ha kekwpkomhpa àw dhpmcmg ja|hkdw(

7(0 A ~k~mc à g|ïpdga ha L|kwdc

@m kga|à gao Bmdpa| ";4=>$# a f|kh`m mcmomhpa {}m ekcpk hk oúwdgk l|kwdcmd|k ä a ~úlcmcm a ~úlcdga ä dh`dem|mhpm k paàw aw pd~aw `m okhdemwpkæýmw o}wdgkdw( M kï {}gao a ~k~mc `m `mw~m|pk| a dhpm|mwwm à ~úlcdga(

Bmdpa| ";4=>$ gahwd`m|k }o m||a ~mhwk| {}m# ~k|k wm p|klkcbk| gao oúwdgk ha L|kwdc# ~|~|mgdwa khdok| aw k|pdwpkw m `m~adw k ~ckpädk# mh{}khpa `mum|dk wm| a gahp|ë|da( Mcmk`dkhpk hk`k khdok| a k|pdwpk# ~k|k ~a`m| wm k~|mwmhpk| mo }o c}fk| ukzda# jë {}m k ~ckpma `mudà ukca| kaw oúwdgaw( ^k|k a k}pa|# a p|klkcba à g|ïpdga `mum wm lkwmk| mo ekzm| ga~úlcdga wm dhpm|mwwm ~mck al|k a} ~mca k|pdwpk(

Bmdpa| ";4=>$ ~ah`m|k {}m mrdwpmo àdw ekpa|mw {}m gahp|dl}mo ~k|k {}m a ~úlcddh`dem|mhpm kaw k|pdwpkw l|kwdcmd|aw( Aw g|ïpdgaw# hk okda|dk `kw umzmw# kàpko `~|domd|a `mcmw gahwdwpm mo j}cfk| aw f|kh`mw –ud|p}awd‟# kw al|kw dhpm|hkgdahkdw# màw gahgm|paw cagkdw( Mwpm pd~a `m g|dpä|da ekz gao {}m a ~úlcdga ~m|gk k g|m`dldcd`k`mkaw hawwaw k|pdwpkw m îw al|kw `m hawwaw gao~awdpa|mw( Mwwm pd~a `m ~awp}|k k~úlcdga dh`mgdwa# wmo wklm| wm k g|ïpdgk `m mcafda ä |mkcomhpm wdhgm|k m wm mck |m`ë ukca| ka k|pdwpk {}m `m ekpa `mum wm| `mwpkgkà( Dwwa ekz gao {}m o}dpaw oúwdgaw



<5

ekæko w}gmwwa hk ~|÷~|dk pm||k `m~adw `m jë pm|mo wdà |mgahbmgdàw dhpm|hkgdahkc

`dwwa# mcm hmo ä |mgahbmgdà ~mck g|ïpdgk(

^k|k Bmdpa| ";4=>$# h÷w# l|kwdcmd|aw# ~|mh`moa/haw o}dpa kaw oúwdgaw à ~kwwkà edgkoaw î mw~m|k `m }o –w}~m|/l|kwdcmd|a‟ {}m wmjk }o –~|do}w dhpm| ~k|mw‟; m |mkcdzm a {}m hkokda|dk `kw umzmw jë mwpë |mkcdzkà(

Bmdpa| ";4=>$ `mdrk gck|a {}m hça gahga|`k gao gm|pkw d`mdkw {}m pd|ko a ukca| `m gao~awà ~kwwkà# a} à ~|mwmhpm# wal k kcmfkæça `m {}m mcmw hça ea|ko a} ea|ko ~a}ga l|kwdk}pa| ked|ok kdh`k {}m k mr~|mwwça –oúwdgk l|kwdcmd|k‟ `mum ga||mw~ah`m| hça pkhpa kakaw k~|aumdpkomhpaw `m |dpoaw m omca`dkw ~a~}ck|mw# gaoa k ~|÷~|dk mrdwpêhgdk `k do~ah`m|ëumc# ka {}m `m okdw ~|ae}hà m um|`k`md|a a gao~awdpa| hmck `mdra}( â|äo# B";4=>$ kdh`k ked|ok {}m gao~mpm ka oúwdga l|kwdcmd|a kga|`k| ha ga|kæça à ~úlcdga a koa| kòd|kæça ~a| hawwaw f|kh`mw gao~awdpa|mw(

; ^|do}w Dhpm| ^k|mw: Mr~|mwwça ckpdhk {}m ~a`m wm| p|k`}zd`k gaoa a ~|domd|a mhp|m df}kdw( K e|kwm dh`dgk {}m }ok ~mwwak pmo }o

`dfhd`k`m a} "mr~m|dêhgdk$ mhp|m a}p|aw a omwoa hïumc a} aedgda



<6

0 JA\HKCDWOA DO^\MWWA

0(; A Ja|hkcdwoa Do~|mwwa m a}p|aw omdaw `m gao}hdgkæça

^k|k wm mhpmh`m| a ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa m a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc# `mumoaw ~|domd|a wkgahgmdpaw lëwdgaw `m pma|dk à ja|hkcdwoa# ha wmhpdà `m mhpmh`m| gaoa ä |mkcdzk`k khapïgdkw mo }o gk`m|ha `m g}cp}|k m a ~|agmwwa `m gaoa wça emdpkw(

Kpä a edo `k ~|domd|k F}m||k O}h`dkc# a ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa `mpdhbk a oaha~÷cdadhea|okæça `mhp|a `k wagdm`k`m( Mo ;4<># w}|fd} a |ë`da haw Mwpkàw ]hdàw( Mo ;pkoläo haw Mwpkàw ]hdàw# ead ckhæk`k k |mudwpkPdomw# gao a aljmpdua `m oawp|k| hapdgdkwdhpm|~|mpkpdukw wal }ok hauk `domhwça( K~÷w `}kw f|kh`mw f}m||kw# mhp|m a ~m|ïaà `;40=# a gdhmok m k pmcmudwça fkhbk|ko ea|æk( Pa`k mwwk muac}æça bdwp÷|dgk àw gao}hdgkæça emz gao {}m a ja|hkc do~|mwwa wae|mwwm kcf}okw k`k~pkæýmw ~k|k gahga||pmcmudwça# gaoa o}`khæk ha udw}kc haw gahpmúàw okdw a~dhkpduaw(

Kp}kcomhpm# gao a kùmhpa `kw haukw pmghacafdkw m k umcagd`k`m gao {}m k dhea~|agmwwk`k# a ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa# {}m m|k a ~|dhgd~kc omda `m gao}hdgkæça# ~kwwa}wmg}h`ë|da( Hça {}m mcm pmhbk ~m|`dà w}k do~a|pìhgdk# okw# ~k|k wal|mudum| mo }ok mkfa|k mcm pmo gaoa al|dfkæça hça k~mhkw dhea|ok|# okw pkoläo mhp|mpm| m# kcäo `m p}à# wal|m aw ekpaw {}m aga||m|ko ha `dk k `dk m {}m jë ea|ko hapdgdkàw ~a| a}p|aw omdaw g|ë`da# k dhpm|hmp m k pmcmudwça(

K~mwk| `dwwa# ~k|k M|lackpa ";44;$# a ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa mrm|gm ~k~mc e}h`komh{}khà a cmoaw# ä {}m pmoaw okda| gao~|mmhwça à {}m mwpë kgahpmgmhà mo hawwk uacpk m ho}hà dhpmd|a( Wmf}hà P|k{}dhk "<>>=$# a o}hà cë ea|k# aw gahgmdpaw m kw dokfmhw {mo hawwk omhpm `m~mh`mo o}dpa à {}m ä |mckpkà ~mcaw om`dk( @m kga|à pkoläo gaok}pa|# aokww om`dkm a gahgmdpa `m kfmh`k hça pm|dko a ~a`m| `m gahp|ack| a {}m `mumo~mhwk| k |mw~mdpa `m `mpm|odhkà kww}hpa( Okw pm|dko a ~a`m| ~k|k haw al|dfk| k ~mhwkdhec}mhgdkà| wal|m `mpm|odhkà kww}hpa# a} wmjk# a ~a`m| `m haw dhec}mhgdk| dh`d|mpk



<2

Wmf}hà M|lackpa ";44;$# a haua ja|hkcdwoa `mwmjk k~|ae}h`k|/wm hk khëcdwm `kw aga||êh

gao~cmomhpë/ckw gao okpä|dkw ~k|kcmckw# okw wmo {}m wmjk modpd`k {}kc{}m| a~`du}cfkæça `m }o ekpa# mrdwpm k dhea|okæça# dhpm|~|mpkæça m k a~dhdça( A k}pa| kdh`k fkdhpm|~|mpkæça `mum wm| ~mwwakc# ~|mgdwk m hça w÷ wm| `mwmhuacud`k# okw pkoläo ~|akl}waw m mrgmwwaw( K `mcdodpkæça mhp|m dhpm|~|mpkæça m a~dhdça ~|kpdgkomhpm hça}ok cdhbk `dudw÷|dk edrk‟# ked|ok M|lackpa ";44;$(

Mo |mckæça ka gahgmdpa `m hapïgdk# M|lackpa ";44;$ mhekpdzk k do~awwdldcd`k`m `m wmpm|oa( Mhp|mpkhpa# mcm kcmfk {}m bë okhmd|kw `m mwgck|mgm| gaoa kw hapïgdkw `mumoâ|pkhpa# wmf}hà M|lackpa ";44;$# k hapïgdk `mum wm| |mgmhpm# dhä`dpk# um|`k`md|k# adhpm|mwwm ~úlcdga( K do~|mhwk `mum ~}lcdgk|# hk gkpmfa|dk `m dhea|okæýmw# a {}m wm~adw k edgæça ä a aljmpa `m |aokhgmw# o}dpa mola|k bkjk gac}hkw ja|hkcïwpdgkw a} w}~cmmck `m`dgkàw( â| dwwa# k hapïgdk `mum wm| aljmpduk# ~}lcdgk`k `m ea|ok k `k| k haæça gkww}hpa(

A gahgmdpa `m kfmh`k ead }ok `mwgalm|pk {}m o}à} a oaà `m ~mhwk| àw ja|hkcdwpkw m

`m wm wmcmgdahk| kw hapïgdkw( @m kga|à gao mwp}àw `m P|k{}dhk "<>>=$# aw jagahwp|amo k~mhkw }ok hk||kpduk m wdo }ok –mwp÷|dk‟ wal|m `mpm|odhkà kgahpmgdomhpaa k}pa|# aw ja|hkcdwpkw pd|ko eapaf|kedkw m hk||ko aw kgahpmgdomhpaw `m ea|ok okdw~awwïumc(

^k|k P|k{}dhk "<>>=$# k hapïgdk hça ä }o |mckpa m wdo }ok gahwp|}æça( Aw ~|÷~|daw ja|hkcdwm uêo gaoa gahpkà|mw `m –mwp÷|dkw‟( K~mwk| `kw hapïgdkw wm|mo }o ekpa hk||k ja|hkcdwpkw# mckw hça pêo w}k do~a|pìhgdkw hmfk`k# ~a| wm|mo gahwd`m|k`kw a mw~mcbaK hapïgdk ä a ekpa| ~|doa|`dkc ~k|k {}m k wagdm`k`m gahwdfk mwpk| wmo~|m dhea|ok`k m ~aàw kgahpmgdomhpaw à `dk k `dk(

@m kga|à gao P|k{}dhk "<>>=$# a ekpa| pmo~a hk gahwp|}æça `kw hapïgdkw `mum pm| }ok|mcmuìhgdk( Ä mcm {}m gah`dgdahk paà a ~|agmwwa `m ~|a`}æça `kw hapïgdkw( A dom`dk|mckgdahkà ka gahgmdpa `m pmo~a m mw~kæa# `medhdà mhp|m a oaomhpa mo {}m a ekpa a



<4

oaomhpa mo {}m k hapïgdk wm|ë p|khwodpd`k( A ja|hkcdwpk ä algmgkà ~mca pmo~a m ~mca

emgbkomhpa à ja|hkc# a ekoawa`mk`cdhm(

0(< Fêhm|aw pmrp}kdw ha ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa

Wmf}hà Gbk|k}`mk} ";446$# k dhea|okæça# ä }o ko~ca àoïhda `dwg}|wdua# {}m mhfc`dum|waw fêhm|aw pmrp}kdw m {}m ~a`m wm| mhgahp|kà ekgdcomhpm }o ja|hkc do~|mwgaomæk| ekckhà à fêhm|a okdw }pdcdzkà ha ja|hkcdwoa do~|mwwa# {}m ä k hapdgdk( ^k|k w}ok hapdgdk# ä hmgmwwë|da {}m a |m~÷|pm| l}w{}m eahpmw gahedëumdw# gacmpm kw ddo~a|pkhpmw {}m k{}mck `mpm|odhk`k eahpm ~kwwk|# a|fkhdzm pkdw dhea|okæýmw ~k|k {}mwm| emdpa }o |mckpa gahgdwa m ~|}`mhpm# ha wmhpdà `m {}m a m~dw÷`da hk||kà ~mck e|m~kwwkà ~k|k k wagdm`k`m wm k mck dhpm|mwwk|(

^k|k {}m }ok –hapïgdk‟ ~awwk wm| ~|a`}zd`k `m okhmd|k do~mgëumc ~k|k a ja|hkcdwoa do~|m~|mgdwa {}m a ja|hkcdwpk pmhbk aljmpdud`k`m# hm}p|kcd`k`m# um|kgd`k`m# g|m`dldcd ja|hkcïwpdgk mo wm}w pmrpaw(

@m kga|à gao \mlmca "<>>>$# a fêhm|a `k g|ðhdgk wmf}m a ekoawa p|dìhf}ca dhum|pdà# {}edf}|k j}hpa ka oërdoa `m gaomhpë|daw m dhea|okæýmw wal|m a kgahpmgdomhpa m# hk om{}m wm `mwmhuacum k hk||kpduk# ukd pmhà }ok cdfkæça mhp|m aw kw~mgpaw okdw dogbmfk| î gahgc}wça(

Ha m`dpa|dkc m hk gk|pk ka cmdpa|# k gao~awdæça ~aww}d gk|kgpm|ïwpdgkw wdodck|mw îpkoläo wm }pdcdzkhà `k ~d|ìod`m dhum|pd`k( â|äo# ha m`dpa|dkc# ha `mwmh|ack|# hça ä gahgc}wça m wdo a ~ahpa `m ~k|pd`k( A fêhm|a ~|màodhkhpm ha ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc# `m gao ^dzk "<>>7$# ä k g|dpdgk# mo {}m a haom –g|ïpdgk‟ ä }pdcdzkà ~k|k `medhd| }o pmrpa ja{}m ekz k~|mgdkæça `m al|kw `m k|pm(

Mo pmrpaw ja|hkcïwpdgaw# wmjk mcmw `m {}kdw{}m| fêhm|a# a ja|hkcdwpk pmo {}m pm| alpm| }o `dwpkhgdkomhpa mhp|m mcm m k eahpm# mhp|m a {}m mcm kgbk a} ~mhwk wal



7;

= JA\HKCDWOA G]CP]\KC

=(; A gahpmrpa bdwp÷|dga à ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc

^k|k ^dzk "<>>7$# a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc hkwgm} mo ;6;;# {}khà àdw mhwkïwpkw dhfcmwmWpmmcm ";56</;6<4$ m Jawm~b K``dwah ";56</;6;4$# e}h`k|ko k |mudwpk `dë|dk –Pbm W~|mudwpk pdhbk k edhkcd`k`m `m pd|k| k edcawaedk àw fkldhmpmw m ldlcdapmgkw# mwgackgahpmúà m|k uacpkà ~k|k cdu|aw# ÷~m|kw# gawp}omw# emwpdukdw `m eïwdgk# pmkp|a m g}cpa wmo wm| ea|okc9 m |mecmrdua wmo wm| dhkgmwwïumc9 k~awpkhà hk d|ahdk {}m ud|d`k g|ïpdgk(

Kdh`k `m kga|à gao a k}pa|# a ~|domd|a f|kh`m g|ïpdga g}cp}|kc ead Jkomw Lawvmcc# gao |mwmhbkw wal|m k ~|awk m k ~amwdk `m Wbkimw~mk|m# wm}w mwp}àw wal|m k cïhf}|mecmrýmw wal|m pkdw kww}hpaw( Jabhwah ä a ~kd `m paàw aw g|ïpdgaw m}|a~m}w#l|kwdcmd|aw(

Wmf}hà ^dzk "<>>7$# ha L|kwdc# a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc w÷ edgk gahbmgdà ha edhkc à wä{}khà w}|fm hawwa okda| mwg|dpa| hkgdahkc# Okgbkà `m Kwwdw ";274/;4>2$( Okgbkà `mgaomæa} w}k gk||md|k gaoa g|ïpdga pmkp|kc m ~acmodwpk cdpm|ë|da# mwg|mumhà mhwkdaw Dhwpdhpa`m hkgdahkcd`k`mm |mwmhbkw `m |aokhgmw `m Mæk `m [}md|az(

=(< A ja|hkcdwoa G}cp}|kc m k G|ïpdgk

@m kga|à gao ^dzk "<>>7$# gao a ~kwwk| à pmo~a# k g|ïpdgk fkhba} mw~kæa# hk wmf}h`k à wäg}ca RR# hkw |mudwpkw wmokhkdw m hk f|kh`m do~|mhwk# fkhbkhà ~a`m| ~a| wm~|auagkpduk(

Hk M}|a~k# a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc ä cmukà okdw k wä|da# wal|mp}à ~mca ìhf}ca `k khëcdw~k|pdgd~kæça dhpmhwk `m dhpmcmgp}kdw( Aw g|ïpdgaw fkhbko okdw wpkp}w hkw |m`kæým`kw okpä|dkw( Haw úcpdoaw khaw# a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc umo wmhà okdw ~}lcdgkà mo cdugacmpìhmkw m mhwkdaw m g|ïpdgkw(



7<

Hk `ägk`k `m 2># aw àdw ~|dhgd~kdw ja|hkdw ~k}cdwpkw# K Eacbk `m W( ^k}ca m a Mw^k}ca# gahwacd`k|ko wm}w gk`m|haw `m g}cp}|k K Dc}wp|k`kmA gk`m|ha <( Mwwmw àdw gk`m|hawedzm|ko bdwp÷|dk kpä a dhïgda àw khaw 4>( K Dc}wp|k`kpdhbk }ok kla|`kfmo okdw ~acêodgk meagkuk hk g}cp}|k jaumo dhpm|hkgdahkc# {}m mwpkuk mo ~cmhk ml}cdæça( Hmck edzmg|ïpdgaw gaoa \}t Gkwp|a m Wä|fda K}f}wpa(

Haw `dkw kp}kdw# a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc pmo ~kwwkà ~a| }ok g|dwm( @m kga|à gao ^dzk dhpm|hmp# k~mwk| `m wm| }o gkodhba kcpm|hkpdua ~k|k a ja|hkcdwoa g}cp}|kc# hça pmo `gm|pa( Kw |mudwpkw g}cp}|kdw hça gahwmf}mo wm okhpm| ~a| {}mwpýmw `m edhkhgdkomh~k|k mwwmw kww}hpaw hk dhpm|hmp ä mud`mhpm(

Kdh`k `m kga|à gao a k}pa|# kw |mudwpkw g}cp}|kdw m dhpmcmgp}kdw jë hça pêo k omwok dkhpmw( G|ïpdgaw jë hça gahwmf}mo okdw `medhd| a w}gmwwa a} a e|kgkwwa `m }ok al|k a} mkww}hpaw okdw gafdpkàw ~mck do~|mhwk wça gmcml|d`k`mw( Bë }o |mlkdrkomhpa fm|kc `fm|kdw `m kukcdkæça àw ~|a`}paw(

K mr~cdgkæça ~k|k pkc ekpa# wmf}hà ^dzk "<>>7$# ä {}m a gd`k`ça ä laolk|`mkà ~a| aemg}cp}|kdw m hça pmo pmo~a w}edgdmhpm ~k|k cm|# um| m a}ud| p}à a {}m aga||m m ~|mgdw{}m {}m|( Kwwdo# a g|dpä|da `m wmcmæça `kw dhea|okæýmw mwpë okdw lkwmkà mo oak|pïwpdgaw# gaoa a fêhm|a lkwmkà ha mwpdca `m ud`k(

Mo |mckæça ka pmrpa `m g|ïpdgk# ^dzk "<>>7$ k|f}omhpk {}m }o lao pmrpa g|ïpdga# kwwdo ja|hkcdwoa `m oaà fm|kc# `mum ~aww}d| gam|êhgdk# gck|mzk m kfdcd`k`m( Mcm `mum dhea|oa pmok a} k al|k k wm| p|kpk`k( K al|k `mum wm| khkcdwk`k `m oaà wdhpäpdga m w}pdc# mwkw {}kcd`k`mw m aw `memdpaw( â| úcpdoa# k gk~kgd`k`m à g|ïpdga `mum d| kcäo à aljmpagao }ok cmdp}|k {}m p|kfk a kw~mgpa `k |mkcd`k`m( A g|ïpdga `mum wm| a dhpä|~|mpm à o}h

K g|ïpdgk okdw gao}o ha ja|hkcdwoa l|kwdcmd|a ä k {}m gaomhpk okdw wal|m a k}pa| m pa`kw al|kw mo gahj}hpa à {}m eagk mo }ok al|k mw~mgïedgk( A f|kh`m {}mwpdahkomhpa ä {}m m



77

`m |mwmhbk pkoläo hça wm mwpmh`m ~k|k k |mgm~æça g}cp}|kc `m pmhpk| mwgck|mgm| ~

`mpm|odhk`k al|k ekz pkhpa w}gmwwa(

^k|k ^dzk "<>>7$# }o a}p|a pd~a `m pmrpa ~k|k a ja|hkc do~|mwwa ä k gac}hk `m a~dhdçamwg|muê/ck# `mum/wm wmf}d| aw omwoaw g|dpä|daw `k |mwmhbk# ~a|äo# hmck# a k}pa| ~a`pao okdw ~mwwakc# gaoa wm eawwm }o `dë|da `m w}kw |mecmrýmw# k edo `m g}cpduk| a cm}ok mw~ägdm `m kodzk`m dhpmcmgp}kc( â|äo# dwwa `mum wm| emdpa wmo `mdrk| `m `m{}mwpýmw do~a|pkhpmw( Wmf}hà a gac}hdwpk dhfcêw ^k}c Jabhwah# ~k|k {}m wm ~awwgac}hdwpk# `mumo wm| wmf}dàw {}kp|a kp|dl}paw: wklmà|dk# cmdp}|k# wmhwa `m~m|wahkcd`k`m(



70

5 GK@M\HAW @M G]CP]\K M K DH@ÚWP\DK G]CP]\KC

K ~awdæça àw gk`m|haw `m g}cp}|k# wmf}hà ^dzk "<>>7$# o}à} o}dpa `m kga|à gao a pm^kwwa} ~a| p|êw ekwmw( A ~|agmwwa gaomæa} haw khaw `m ;45>( Pkc p|khwea|okæça umdao}`khæk `m gaoa wm udk k gao}hdgkæça m aw omdaw `m gao}hdgkæça `m okwwk kpä ;46>(

Hmwpk ä~agk# wmf}hà ^dzk "<>>7$# lkwpkuk acbk| gaoa aw omdaw `m gao}hdgkæça `me}hgdahkuko ~k|k mhpmh`m| a {}m aw gahw}odà|mw {}m|dko( K ~k|pd| `kï# fkhbk/wm }okudwça# jë {}m k {}mwpça `m ~a`m| gao}hdgkgdahkc ä klacd`k m fkhbk ud`k a oa`mca `m dhea|okgdahdwpk {}m m|k khkcdwkà `m ea|ok ompaàc÷fdgk m gdmhpdedgdwpk# `mdrkhà{}mwpýmw `m ~a`m| m gahp|acm( Hmwpk omwok ä~agk# bë }ok pmh`êhgdk àw gk`m|hamwpk|mo okdw uacpkàw ~k|k k ~|a`}æça k|pïwpdgk hkgdahkc m kw gk}wkw ~a~}ck|mw(

Jë hk `ägk`k `m ;42># k udwça àw gk`m|haw g}cp}|kdw eagkuk okdw a gahwm|ukà|dwoodcdpìhgdk dhpm|hkgdahkcdwpk( @m kga|à gao aw k}pa|mw# dwwa wm `mum ka ekpa `m ja|hkcdwpkw `k `ägk`k `m ;42> pm|mo ududà k `ägk`k odcdpk| `m ;45> m ;46> m hça kgmd

|ap}ck| k g}cp}|k `m okwwk gaoa }o paà( Jë haw khaw `m ;44># aw gk`m|haw gaomæko k oaw}o gm|pa dhpm|mwwm ~mck g}cp}|k ~m|deä|dgk(

5(; Bdwp÷|dga `m p|êw ja|hkdw odhmd|aw

@m kga|à gao Umdfk ";442$# a ja|hkcdwoa odhmd|a h}hgk ead }o ja|hkcdwoa `m okwwk# pkcupm| wdà wmo~|m àodhkà ~mck ~acïpdgk m pm| wdà wmo~|m }o ja|hkcdwoa `m a~ddhwpdp}gdahkc( A ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw mwpë ~|mwmhpm ha ja|hkcdwoa odhmd|a# w}mhp|mckæk`k î à ja|hkcdwoa odhmd|a m kpä omwoa ä mcm {}mo mwpë `m gm|pk ea|ok okdw ~g}cp}|k `m dhea|okæça à mwpkà(

Kpä a w}|fdomhpa à Mwpkà `m Odhkw# ea|ko ~}lcdgkàw ;5> ja|hkdw `m gk|kgpm|ïwwmomcbkhpmw# {}m pdhbko }ok mrdwpêhgdk meêom|k# jë {}m# ka omwoa pmo~a mo {}`mwk~k|mgdko |k~d`komhpm( A Mwpkà `m Odhkw mwpë o}dpa cdfkà ka @dë|da `k Okhbç# {



75

Wmf}hà `kàw à lcaf –L|kwdc `m â}gaw‟# a ja|hkc A Pmo~a ead g|dkà mo haumol|a `m ;445Ha kha `m <>>6# k}omhpa} k gd|g}ckæça m dhgc}d} okdw `m 0>> o}hdgï~daw( Ha `dk <0 `m o<>>2 a ja|hkc ckhæa} }o haua ~|ajmpa f|ëedga ~k|k gah{}dwpk| okdw cmdpa|mw( J}hpa k mw~|ajmpa f|ëedga# ead mckla|k`k }ok wä|dm `m haukw gko~khbkw `m umh`kw `m kwwdhkp}|kw~|aoaæýmw( Kdh`k `m kga|à gao a lcaf# ha `dk ~|domd|a `m j}cba `m <>>2# a ja|hkc ~kwwa} kk}`dpkà ~mca Dhwpdp}pa Um|dedgkà| `m Gd|g}ckæça "DUG$(



76

6 OMPA@ACAFDK

A aljmpdua `mwwm mwp}à mwpë gmhp|kà hk e}hæça `k g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc m w}k |mcmuìhgdMO G}cp}|k#à ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw( Dhdgdkcomhpm# k ~|a~awpk emdpk ~k|k khëcdwm mgk`m|haw g}cp}|kdw `m àdw àw ~|dhgd~kdw ja|hkdw `dë|daw odhmd|aw: Bajm mo @dkm aMwpkà `m Odhkw( Aw àdw wm|dko a okpm|dkc mo~ï|dga }pdcdzkà ~k|k khëcdwm( Okw# ha `mga||m| à ~ea|ko mhgahp|k`kw kcf}okw `dedg}c`k`mw {}m edzm|ko gao {}m eawwm do~m|kpdua mwgacaljmpa `m khëcdwm k~mhkw a ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw(

[}khà k oahaf|kedk gaomæa} k wm| mckla|k`k# hapa}/wm k hmgmwwd`k`m `m mhp|mudwpk| j|mw~ahwëumdw ~mca gahpmúà àw àdw gk`m|haw g}cp}|kdw( M|k# ~a|pkhpa# hmgmwwë|da ja|hkcdwpkw mw~mgdkcdzkàw mo g|ïpdgkw o}wdgkdw( A ~|domd|a wm|dk a ja|hkcdwpk Ok||mw~ahwëumc ~mck g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc à Ja|hkc Bajm mo @dk9m a wmf}hà wm|dk a ja|hkcdwpk IdiaEm||md|k# {}m ä gackla|kà| `m g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc à ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkw(

Kwwdo# ead emdpk }ok pmhpkpduk `m wm gao}hdgk| gao a ja|hkcdwpk Ok|gmca @acklmcck ~

ja|hkcdwpk |mw~ah`m}# okw `dwwm {}m hça wm|dk ~awwïumc gahgm`m| }ok mhp|mudwpk ~pdà ~|alcmokw gao a Gmhp|a ]hdum|wdpë|da `m Lmca Ba|dzahpm ]HD/LB m hça {}m|m| wmmhuacudà gao k dhwpdp}dæça( Kdh`k |mwpkuk k a~æça à ja|hkcdwpk Idia Em||md|k# {}m wacïgdpa ka |mw~ah`m| îw ~m|f}hpkw(

Kcäo `mwwk `dedg}c`k`m# ukcm `mwpkgk| {}m a ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw ead mwgacbdà ~ma ja|hkc okdw khpdfa m okdw ~|mwmhpm hk ud`k àw odhmd|aw# kwwdo gaoa ked|ok Umdfkgdpk| {}m a ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkwä }o àw {}m k~|mwmhpk okdw `kàw ~k|k ~mw{}dwk# a {}m pw}k khëcdwm okdw kgmwwïumc(

Hmwwm wmhpdà# k ompaàcafdk `mwpm p|klkcba ~a`m wm| `medhd`k k ~k|pd| `m `}kw d~|domd|k# {}m p|kpk `m |mkcdzk| }ok mw~ägdm `m –wdha~wm‟ bdwp÷|dga/gahgmdp}kc `k g}pdcdza}/wm gaoa em||komhpk ompaàc÷fdgk mw~mgïedgk: k ~mw{}dwk ldlcdaf|ëedgk( K{}d}ok umz `mwpkgk| kw `dedg}c`k`mw mhgahp|k`kw# }ok umz {}m a kww}hpa# gaoa wm ~a`m



72

kdh`k o}dpa ~a}ga kla|`kà( K mwgkwwmz `m ldlcdaf|kedk mw~mgïedgk wal|m a pmok ~

gao~|auk`k k ~k|pd| `m }ok wdo~cmw l}wgk hk dhpm|hmp(

K wmf}h`k ~k|pm p|kpk `m khkcdwk| kw ~ëfdhkw à ja|hkcMwpkà `mOdhkw {}m p|kzmo kpä a cmdpa| kg|ïpdgk mw~mgdkcdzk`k mo oúwdgk( K{}d ea|ko mwpklmcmgd`kw `mpm|odhk`kw gkpmfa|d`d|mgdahk| k khëcdwm à aljmpa# emdpk kp|kuäw `k cmdp}|k `kw m`dæýmw à ~m|d÷`dga `}|kpmo~a|kc ~|a~awpa# {}m gahwdwpm ha ~m|ïaà `m ;¾ k ;= `m okda `m <>;>( Pkdw gkpmfa|d|mpd|k`kw `k ~|÷~|dk mhp|mudwpk gahgm`d`k ~a| Idia Em||md|k ~k|k mwpm p|klkcba( Kwwdo#`m gahpmúà o}wdgkc àMwpkà `m Odhkwea|ko khkcdwk`kw k ~k|pd| àw wmf}dhpmw ekpa|m–dhm`dpdwoa `k dhea|okæça "wm ä dhea|okæça mo ~|domd|k oça# hça ~}lcdgk`k ~a| a}p|a umïgdo~a|pìhgdk g}cp}|kc à ~m|wahkfmo `k hapïgdk9 {}kcd`k`m `k al|k9 dhpm|mwwm {}m ~a`m `ha cmdpa|9 kw~mgpaw g}|dawaw `k hapïgdk‟# gahea|om `mwg|dpa ~mca mw~mgdkcdwpk moIdia Em||md|k( Mhedo# ä dhpm|mwwkhpm `mwpkgk| {}m kw `dedg}c`k`mw mhgahp|k`kw hamckla|kæça `mwpm mwp}à hça ea|ko w}edgdmhpmw ~k|k k||memgm| k `dw~awdæça `mWklmoaw# gahp}à# {}m mwpm om|mgm ~mw{}dwk okdw kl|khfmhpm# ~k|k dwwa wmhà hokda| mo w}k mrmg}æça(

6(; Khëcdwm `m Gahpmúà

^k|k k khëcdwm `m gahpmúà# ead }pdcdzkà a gk`m|haMo G}cp}|k#a ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw( Agk`m|ha wkd ha ja|hkc paàw aw `dkw `k wmokhk m wmo~|m ~aww}d adpa ~ëfdhkw( â| mwwmhmgmwwë|da khkcdwk| a gk`m|ha `}|khpm `}kw wmokhkw( Aw ja|hkdw mwgacbdàw ea|ko aw{}dhzmhk `m okda( K gacmpk ead emdpk hk ldlcdapmgk ~úlcdgk Mwpk`}kc C}dz `m LmwBa|dzahpm(

Kcäo `k gacmpk à okpm|dkc mo~ï|dga# ead pkoläo |mkcdzk`k# gaoa jë wm omhgdaha}# mhp|mudwpk gao a ja|hkcdwpk Idia Em||md|k( Idia Em||md|k ä ja|hkcdwpk g}cp}|kc m gacklag|ïpdgk o}wdgkc à ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkw( K ~|dhgï~da# k mhp|mudwpk ead emdpk ~k|k {}m wm ~gao~k|k| aw `kàw `k mhp|mudwpk gao a gahpmúà à gk`m|ha( Pkc ekpa wm oawp|a} mrp|moka~a|p}ha# }ok umz {}m kw ~|÷~|dkw ~kcku|kw à mhp|mudwpkà ea|ko ukcdawïwwdokw ha waem|mgm| ~k|k mwpm p|klkcba ~k|pm `m wm} k~k|kpa ompaàc÷fdga# jë {}m kw gkpmfa|dkw



74

{}kdw wm|ë |mkcdzk`k mwpk khëcdwm `m gahpmúà ~a`mo wm| mhgahp|k`kw hkw omwokw

Idia Em||md|k# {}kdw wmjko: dhm`dpdwoa `k dhea|okæça9 do~a|pìhgdk g}cp}|kc à ~m|wahkhapïgdk9 {}kcd`k`m `k al|k9 dhpm|mwwm {}m ~a`m `mw~m|pk| ha cmdpa|9 kw~mgpaw g}|dawa

6(;(; Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;º `m okda `m <>;>

Ha gk`m|ha à `dk ;º `m okda `m <>;> ea|ko mhgahp|k`kw k~mhkw `}kw okpä|dkw wal|m oúwdg~|domd|k |m~a|pkfmo {}m ä okpä|dk `m gk~k pmo a pïp}ca `m Hapk ;> m `du}cfk k pmo~a|kgahgm|paw `m oúwdgk gcëwwdgk( K okpä|dk ag}~k omdk ~ëfdhk( Kcäo `k mhp|mudwpk gao Gmcdhk Wz|udhwi# bë }o gkcmh`ë|da gao k ~|af|kokæça à mumhpa ka ckà `k |m~a|pkfmo(

Edf}|k; ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >; `m okda `m <>;> / Gahgm|pawEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

A mumhpa hça ead `du}cfkà mo a}p|aw omdaw do~|mwwaw# ~a| pkhpa k dhea|okæça ä dhägk`m|haw g}cp}|kdw do~|mwwaw odhmd|aw( Kcäo à gk`m|ha g}cp}|kc# ead `du}cfkà hk ~|÷~|d`k ]EOF# okw wmo mhp|mudwpk# k~mhkw gao }o |mcmkwm( K eapa `m `du}cfkæça ä k omwoà gk`m|haMo G}cp}|k(

K do~a|pìhgdk g}cp}|kc àw ~m|wahkfmhw wm `ë ~mca ekpa `kw k~|mwmhpkæýmw wm|mo mk ekoawaw gao~awdpa|mw gaoa E|ä`m|dg Gba~dh ";2;>/;204$ m \alm|p Wgb}okhh( A ~úlcdga cm{}m fawpk `m oúwdgk gcëwwdgk gm|pkomhpm d|ë |mgahbmgm| mwpmw haomw( K g}|daw



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`mw~m|pk| ha ~úlcdga/kcua ä {}m a mumhpa pkoläo kl|m mw~kæa ~k|k hauaw dhwp|}omh

gao~awdpa|mw l|kwdcmd|aw `mwgahbmgdàw: –Wä|dm Gahgm|paw `d`ëpdgaw# |mkcdzk`k ha`k ]EOF# gao~cmpk }ok `ägk`k( Pmo~a|k`kw `mwpm kha m `m <>;; pm|ça ~|af|kokæça `m ~mwkp|kdhà haomw do~a|pkhpmw ~k|k pagk| mo LB‟(

Jë k ~ëfdhk gdhga p|kpk `k hauk k~awpk à om|gkà eahaf|ëedga# C} Kcahm( C} Kcahm ä gkhpa|kpmmhodhmd|k {}m f|kuk wm} ~|domd|a G@ kaw ;6 khaw( K okpä|dk pkoläo ag}~k om~ëfdhk# gao }ok ~m{}mhk mhp|mudwpk gao k kàcmwgmhpm( Mo a}p|aw umïg}caw kwwdo ga \kffk @|a~w#{}m ~m|pmhgm kaw @dë|daw Kwwagdkàw# k gkhpa|k pkoläo ead `du}cfk`k(

Edf}|k< ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >; `m okda `m <>;> ‗ C} KcahmEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

C} Kcahm ä }ok gkhpa|k odhmd|k {}m oa|a} haw Mwpkàw ]hdàw m ek|ë k klm|p}|k àw wbagkhpa|k dhpm|hkgdahkc @mod Caukpa( K do~a|pìhgdk mwpë ha ekpa `k gkhpa|k wm| odhmd|k mwm| }o emhðomha ~a~ {}m mwpë ~|mwpmw k wm| gahbmgdà dhpm|hkgdahkcomhpm( Hmwdhm`dpdwoa hk dhea|okæça# ~a| mck wm| }ok gkhpa|k ~k|k a ~úlcdga `m okwwk(



0;

6(;(< Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha `dk < `m okda `m <>;>

A gk`m|ha à `dk < `m okda `m <>;> p|kz p|êw okpä|dkw wal|m oúwdgk( K okpä|dk `m gk~k ä wo}cbm|mw {}m umhgmo a ~|mgahgmdpa m gah{}dwpko a mw~kæa hk ~m|g}wwça m hkw |a`kwpïp}ca `k okpä|dk ä –Pkola|do `m Wkdkw‟ m gahpdh}k hk ~ëfdhk wmdw( K |m~a|pkfmo pmhp|mudwpk gao k gao~awdpa|k gk|dagk Khk Gawpk( Ha `dk <; `m kl|dc `m <>;># ead `du}cfk|mwmhbk wal|m a G@ `m Khk Gawpk ha ja|hkcA Pmo~a(

Edf}|k7 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Khk GawpkEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

Okw a ja|hkcA Pmo~a m} }o mhea{}m okda| k~mhkw ~k|k a G@ ckhækomhpa à ëcl}o( Jë ha ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkw#a gk`m|haMo G}cp}|k|mwacum} `k| galm|p}|k `dem|mhpm# kla|`khà a

~|mgahgmdpa {}khpa îw o}cbm|mw hk |a`k `m wkolk# {}m |mwacumo wm| gao~awdpa|kw m hgkhpa|kw( Mwwm ìhf}ca `dem|mhpm {}m k mhp|mudwpk pmum ha gk`m|ha aem|mgm a kw~dhea|okæça( K |mcmuìhgdk à k|pdwpk m `k al|k ä a ekpa `k gkhpa|k m gao~awdpa|k pm| f|kukàgkhpa|mw ~a~}ck|mw m ekoawaw ha ~kïw paà# gaoa Zäcdk @}hgkh m Ok|pdhba `k Udck(

Jë k wmf}h`k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk wmpm gahpk gao }ok mhp|mudwpk gao k gkhpa|k m gao~odhmd|k ^k}ck Em|hkh`mw( K |mcmuìhgdk `k al|k mwpë ha ekpa `k oúwdgk[}khà k gb}uk gkï#kgkhpa|k odhmd|k# wm| pmok `m klm|p}|k `k haumck `kw wmdw `k \m`m Fcala#Mwg|dpa hkw Mwp|mckw(



0<

Edf}|k0 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ ^k}ckEm|hkh`mwEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K pm|gmd|k okpä|dk ä k~mhkw }ok l|mum |mwmhbk hk omwok ~ëfdhk wal|m a kom|dgkha dhuJkzz @}im Mccdhfpah( K |mwmhbk hça gbmfk k ag}~k| hmo ompk`m `k ~ëfdhk( Hmhb}ok owal|m a gao~awdpa| ead umdg}ck`k haw gk`m|haw `m g}cp}|k do~|mwwaw odhmd|aw( K dog}cp}|kc à k|pdwpk mwpë ha ekpa à gao~awdpa| pm| |muac}gdahkà a o}hà à Jkzz(



07

Edf}|k= ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ @}im MccdhfEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

6(;(7 Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk 7 `m okda `m <>;>

K ~|domd|k okpä|dk wal|m oúwdgk pkoläo ä okpä|dk `m gk~k à gk`m|ha {}m pmo gaoa pïp}–Koa| do~awwïumc‟# a pmok `k ÷~m|k Ck P|kudkppk( K ÷~m|k# {}m pmo a ~kp|agïhda à ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkw m `k F}k|khd EO# pmum }ok f|kh`m `du}cfkæça hk m`dpa|dk `m g}cp}|k àK okpä|dk ag}~k omdk ~ëfdhk à ~m|d÷`dga( K~mwk| `m hmwpm `dk a gk`m|ha pm| `kà okdw ê`du}cfkæça# `}|khpm mwpmw {}dhzm `dkw `m khëcdwm ead ~awwïumc ~m|gmlm| {}m wm~|a~kfkh`k `k ÷~m|k ha ja|hkc( K okpä|dk pmum }ok `du}cfkæça dhpmhwk ha ja|hkcMwpkà `m Odhkw

m ead ~kp|agdhk`k ~mcaw @dë|daw Kwwagdkàw( â|pkhpa# k ÷~m|k ead `du}cfk`k mo a}p|agaoa k |ë`da F}k|khd EO#k \m`m Odhkwm kPU Fcala(K ÷~m|k ä gahbmgd`k ha o}hà paà m ä|mcmukhpm ~a| pm| wdà k~|mwmhpk`k mo Lmca Ba|dzahpm bë àzm khaw kp|ëw(



00

Edf}|k5 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >7 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Ck P|kudkppkEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K wmf}h`k |m~a|pkfmo wal|m oúwdgk# hk ~ëfdhk {}kp|a# ä }ok |mwmhbk à G@ `}~ca \mgaccmgpdah#`k gkhpa|k gkhk`mhwmI(@ Ckhf( K |mwmhbk ä ~m{}mhk m ag}~k `}kw gac}hkw ka ckà `~|af|kokæça `m gdhmok( A pmrpa hça pmum o}dpa mw~kæa ha gk`m|ha( A G@ ä do~a|pkhpm ~}o ëcl}o {}m emgbk }o gdgca `m <> khaw `k gk||md|k `k gkhpa|k ga}hp|t( A G@ `k gkhpapkoläo ead `du}cfkà ha ja|hkcA Pmo~a(



0=

Edf}|k6 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >7 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ I(@( CkhfEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

Jë k pm|gmd|k |m~a|pkfmo hk ~ëfdhk gdhga ä wal|m }o wbav ha ^kcëgda `kw K|pmw mo ~paolkomhpa `k Wm||k `k Gkcæk`k# mo Hauk Cdok( A wbav pmo k|pdwpkw gaoa a f|}~a WaHmf|a# Ecëuda Umhp}|dhd# Púcda Oa}|ça# Ecëuda Bmh|d{}m# Ok|dk L|kf|khæk# Ik`} Udkhk# OH}hmw m Pdpkhm( A mumhpa pkoläo ead `du}cfkà ha ja|hkcA Pmo~a( Kw `}kw |m~a|pkfmhwk~|mwmhpko }ok mhp|mudwpk gao k wkraeahdwpk m gao~awdpa|k Ok|dk L|kfkhæk( K |mcmmumhpa mwpë j}wpkomhpm ha ekpa `m pm| wdà |mkcdzkà mo ~|ac à paolkomhpa `kw oahp



05

Wm||k `k Gkcæk`k( A ekpa g}|dawa ä k ea|ok `m gaoa wm |mwacum} gbkok| k kpmhæça ~k

~kp|doðhda hkp}|kc kp|kuäw `k oúwdgk ~a~}ck|(

Edf}|k2 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >7 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ @memwk `kHkp}|mzkEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw


K okpä|dk `m gk~k à gk`m|ha à `dk 0 `m okda `m <>;> ekck à f|}~a Ha}umccmm `m wm} haua`dwga –HU7‟( K okpä|dk ag}~k omdk ~ëfdhk( K do~a|pìhgdk `k |m~a|pkfmo mwpë hk p}|hê~kwwa} ~mca ^kcëgda `kw K|pmw ha `dk gdhga `m okda `m <>;>( K k~|mwmhpkæça pk`du}cfk`k ha ja|hkcA Pmo~a# okw `m~adw à `dk mo {}m a wbav jë bkudk wdà k~|mwmhpkà

|m~a|pkfmo ä à `dk `mz `m okda `m <>;>(



06

Edf}|k4 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >0 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Ha}umccmEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K wmf}h`k |m~a|pkfmo hk ~ëfdhk {}kp|a ä wal|m a haua ëcl}o `m p|klkcba à gkhpa| `m |agi ^mpFkl|dmc( Â }ok |mwmhbk wal|m a ëcl}oWg|kpgb ot lkgi(]o ekpa g}|dawa m {}m kf}æk a ~úlcdgacmdpa| ä a oaà gaoa a ja|hkcdwpk `mwg|mum a `dwga m ked|ok {}m a ëcl}o ead f|kukà `m ea|ok dh{}dmpk m lmo k|pdg}ck`k( A gkhpa| ^mpm| Fkl|dmc ä gahbmgdà ha o}hà à |agi( Khpmwkd| mo gk||md|k waca# m|k uagkcdwpk `k lkh`k Fmhmwdw(

Edf}|k;> ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >0 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ ^mpm| Fkl|dm

Eahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



02

Jë k pm|gmd|k |m~a|pkfmo# hk omwok ~ëfdhk# pkoläo ä }ok |mwmhbk wal|m k gkhpa|k Wpkgm{}m dhpm|~|mpk k gkhæça Ëf}kw `m Ok|æa#mo e|khgêw( K al|k ä `mwpkgk`k ~a| wm| }ok oúwdgk àgkhpa| m gao~awdpa| Pao Jaldo# |mgahbmgd`k dhpm|hkgdahkcomhpm( K oúwdgk ä ekdrk \kgahpm/oad#{}m kgkla} `m wm| ckhækà ha L|kwdc( A ~úlcdga {}m fawpk `m lawwk hauk m jë Pao Jaldo ~a`m wm wmhpd| dhpm|mwwkà m `mwmjawa `m a}ud| k oúwdgk {}m ead |mf|kuk`k ~mo }ok cïhf}k `dem|mhpm(

Edf}|k;; ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >0 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Wpkgmt ImhpEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

6(;(= Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk = `m okda `m <>;>

K ~|domd|k |m~a|pkfmo hk ~ëfdhk {}kp|a à gk`m|ha ä k `du}cfkæça à Emwpdukc Dhwp|}o

â~}ck| ha Mw~kæa ;>0# {}m aga||m} ha `dk = `m ok|æa( A emwpdukc gahpa} gao k ~|mwmudacdhdwpk P}|ïlda Wkhpaw# J}k|mz Oa|md|k# Oë|gda Lkbdk# ^k}ca Oa}|k m Gcdee Ia|okh(



04

Edf}|k;< ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >= `m okda `m <>;> ‗ EmwpdukcDhwp|}omhpkc a~}ck|Eahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K g|ïpdgk `k ~ëfdhk gdhga `du}cfk a}p|a wbav( Okw `mwpk umz gao aw oúwdgaw dh`m~mI|dwpaee Wdcuk# Idia Ick}ww m a f|}~a F|kumack m A Cdra ha pmkp|a Kcpm|awk#pkoläo ha `dk = `mok|æa( A dhm`dpdwoa `k g|ïpdgk mwpë ha ekpa `m wm|mo k|pdwpkw dh`m~mh`mhpmw( A ekpaedhkc# {}khà wm ked|ok {}m a k|pdwpk Idia Ick}ww ~|aompm oawp|k| oúwdgkw dhä`dpkw mgao `d|mdpa k w}|~|mwkw( Mwpk gbkok`k ha edhkc ~|mh`m k kpmhæça à cmdpa|(

K pm|gmd|k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk {}kp|a ä wal|m k uacpk à f|}~aGd`k`m >>62#{}m gaomoa|k <= khaw

`m gk||md|k gao a ckhækomhpa à ëcl}o–[}m wmjk kwwdo‟#k okpä|dk pmo }ok mhp|mudwpk gao af|}~a( K do~a|pìhgdk `k al|k ä {}m a ëcl}o ckhækà ä }ok gaomoa|kæça àw <= khaw `m gk||md|k`k lkh`k( A Gd`k`m Hmf|k jë ä gahbmgdà ~mca ~úlcdga# ~a|pkhpa hça bë dhm`dpdwoa(



=>

Edf}|k;7 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >= `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Gd`k`m Hmf|kEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K {}k|pk |m~a|pkfmo hk omwok ~ëfdhk ä wal|m a gkhpa| m gao~awdpa| Pbdkfa Ko}`# {}m f|kwm} ~|domd|a `dwga Wkg|k`khæk( A dhm`dpdwoa `k g|ïpdgk ä {}m a gkhpa| m gao~awdpa| Pbdkfa Ko}hça ä gahbmgdà ~mca ~úlcdga ~a|{}m mwpm ä a wm} ~|domd|a ëcl}o( Okw# k~mwk| `m w~|domd|a ëcl}o# Ko}` gao~ým `mw`m aw {}dhzm khaw(

Edf}|k;0 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >= `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Wkg|k`khækEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



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K ~|domd|k g|ïpdgk hk ~ëfdhk {}kp|a ä k~mhkw }o |mcmkwm wal|m a emwpdukc Kom|dgk emwpdukc ä }o mhgahp|a `m ga|aw {}m ead |mkcdzkà ~mck ~|domd|k umz ha L|kwdc# hk gd`k`k Okpk odhmd|k# J}dz `m Ea|k# a {}m ä }o ekpa dhä`dpa( A pïp}ca `k |m~a|pkfmo ä UazmKoä|dgk( K wmf}h`k okpä|dk ag}~k omdk gk~k m ä wal|m a gahgm|pa |mkcdzkà ha `dk 5 `m gao k k~|mwmhpkæça à okmwp|a gbdcmha \aàcea Edwgbm|(

Edf}|k;= ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >5 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ \aàceaEdwgbm|Eahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K wmf}h`k g|ïpdgk ä wal|m a gahgm|pa `k wä|dm Kccmf|a#k wm| |mkcdzkà ~mck a|{}mwp|k Edck|oðhdgk`m Odhkw Fm|kdw m k~|mwmhpkà ha ^kcëgda `kw K|pmw ha `dk wmdw `m okda `m <>;>( Ak~|mwmhpkæça wça aw okmwp|aw( A dhä`dpa hmwpk g|ïpdgk ä {}m k al|k ä p|k`dgdahkc# okwumzmw k~|mwmhpk`k mo Lmca Ba|dzahpm(



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Edf}|k;5 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >5 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ @dwgaKcla|k`kEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K pm|gmd|k g|ïpdgk hk ~ëfdhk wmdw ä wal|m a dhpm|~|mpm `m fkdpkGk|ca H}ûmw#{}m ckhæk wm} adpkua`dwga dhpdp}ckà Kcla|k`k à L|kwdc( Mcm jë paga} gaoPbm Vba# Ok|dkhm Emdpbe}ccmWdhmk` AGahha| ( K pm|gmd|k hk omwok ~ëfdhk# ä wal|m a ja|hkcdwpk m |k`dkcdwpk Kgd| Khpça#k~|mwmhpk|dk ha `dk wmdw `m okda haPmkp|a Kcpm|awk(

Edf}|k;6 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >5 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Kgd| KhpçaEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



=7


Hça gahwpk hmhb}ok okpä|dk wal|m oúwdgk hmwpm `dk(


K úhdgk g|ïpdgk o}wdgkc ha gk`m|ha à `dk 2 `m okda `m <>;> ä k okpä|dk `m gk~k wal|m gkKfhkcà Pdo÷pma( K okpä|dk p|kz k~mhkw }ok mhp|mudwpk gao a gkhpa| mo {}m mcm ekck ud`k gk||md|k o}wdgkc m gk||md|k ~acïpdgk( Kw a~dhdýmw modpd`kw wal|m a haua G@ wça kgkhpa|# {}m ked|ok {}m aw àdw `dwgaw pêo okpm|dkc mrp|ka|`dhë|da( Hça bë hk`k `m dhä`dpaà gkhpa| {}m# ha haua ëcl}o# gkhpk aw omwoaw w}gmwwaw `m wmo~|m gaoa ä ked|okà hk g

Edf}|k;2 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >2 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ KfhkcàPdo÷pmaEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



=0


K okpä|dk `m gk~k à gk`m|ha à `dk 4 `m okda `m <>;> `du}cfk a wbav à f|}~a gaum| `k lkh`k Kllk ( A wbav ead |mkcdzkà hk wmrpk/emd|k `dk {}kpa|zm `m okda# ha Gbmu|acmp Bkcc( Hç`m haua ~a|{}m a f|}~a {}m wm k~|mwmhpk ä gaum| `m }ok lkh`k jë gahbmgd`k m dhgc}wgao~awdæça `k lkh`k bë ~mwwakw {}m jë ~k|pdgd~k|ko à f|}~a Kllk( A kw~mgpa g}|dawa ~k|k a~úlcdga ä {}m# a f|}~a k~mwk| `m wm| khpdfa# ~a`m `mw~m|pk| a dhpm|mwwm `m uë|daw{}md|ko gahem|d| a mw~mpëg}ca(

Edf}|k;4 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >4 `m okda `m <>;> / KllkEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

K wmf}h`k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk gdhga ä wal|m a ckhækomhpa à @U@ à wkheahdwpk Wdugahud`kà Paapw Pbdmcmomkhw( A ekpa dhä`dpa hk g|ïpdgk wal|m a ckhækomhpa à @U@ `m{}m hk |m~a|pkfmo ked|ok {}m k~mwk| `m wm| l|kwdcmd|a# oa|a} o}dpa pmo~a mo ^k|dw# C



==

Hauk Ta|i( Dwwa a kj}à} k ekzm| okdw w}gmwwa m k wm| okdw `mwgalm|pa cë ea|k( K g|ïpd

gahpk }ok bdwp÷|dk wal|m k ud`k à wkheahdwpk a} wmjk ead ~mw{}dwkà wal|m k ud`k `wal|m a wm} úcpdoa G@ ckhækà khpmw `mwpm kp}kc @U@ Mhgahp|a Ha \da(K g|ïpdgk kla|`kfmo bdwp÷|dgk à k|pdwpk m `kw al|kw(

Edf}|k<> ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk >4 `m okda `m <>;> / Wdu}gkEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

6(;(;> Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;> `m okda `m <>;>

K okpä|dk `m gk~k à ja|hkc ä wal|m k gk||md|k waca à gkhpa| Odgbkmc W}cdukh( A gkhpa|# {}mwg|mudk oúwdgkw ~k|k \alm|pa Gk|caw# Ok|pdhba `k Udck K|hkcà Khp}hmw# Gk|cdhbawuë|daw k|pdwpkw àw okdw uk|dkàw wmfomhpaw# edhkcomhpm |mwacum} wmf}d| gk||mg}|dawd`k`m `k okpä|dk edgk ~k|k kw ~mwwakw {}m jë a}ud|ko oúwdgkw mwg|dpkw ~a| mcgahem|d/ca gkhpkhà( K al|k ä do~a|pkhpm ~a|{}m a ckhækomhpa gaomoa|k {}k|mhpk khawgk||md|k a k|pdwpk(

K okpä|dk wal|m Odgbkmc W}ccdukh kla|`k paàw aw |m{}dwdpaw( Gaomæk oawp|khà `kàw w

G@ m @U@ `m ckhækomhpa Hk Cdhbk à Pmo~a( @m~adw ekz }o bdwp÷|dga wal|m w}k pp|kz `mpkcbmw wal|m k oúwdgk l|mfk {}m ä a fêhm|a à gkhpa|(



=5

K wmf}h`k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk gdhga ä wal|m a mumhpaGd`k`m Mcmp|ahdik( A mumhpa gaomæa} ha `dk;> `m okda m ead kpä àodhfa `dk ;6 `m okda# gao uë|dkw k~|mwmhpkæýmw# kwwdo gaoa aedgdhkw m ~kcmwp|kw mo uë|daw mw~kæaw# gaoa a Gkeä gao Cmp|kw# k Mwgack `m K]EOF m Wm||k|dk Wa}zk ^dhpa(

Edf}|k<; ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;> `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Gd`k`mMcmp|ahdikEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

6(;(;; Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;; `m okda `m <>;>

K ~|domd|k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk wmdw ä wal|m k f|kukæça à @U@ `k lkh`k Lah Jaud# hk k|mhOk`dwah W{}k|m mo Hauk Ta|i# mo gaomoa|kæça kaw udhpm m gdhga khaw `m gk||md|k `k lEad hmwpm omwoa ~kcga {}m k lkh`k paga} ~mck ~|domd|k umz gaoa kp|kæça ~|dhgd~kc à m



=6

do~a|pìhgdk mwpë j}wpkomhpm ha ekpa `k lkh`k pm| wm k~|mwmhpkà bë udhpm m gdhga kh

~mck ~|domd|k umz gaoa kp|kæça ~|dhgd~kc(

Edf}|k<< ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;; `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Lah Jaud


6(;(;< Khkcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;>

K ~|domd|k okpä|dk à gk`m|haMo G}cp}|ka `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;># hk ~ëfdhk gdhga ä wal|m a~ampk# kpa| m gkhpa| odhmd|a Pdha Faomw {}m wm k~|mwmhpa} ha omwoa `dk haPmkp|a Kcpm|awk(Hawbav# a k|pdwpk gahpa} bdwp÷|dkw# gkhpa} m dhpm|~|mpa} pmrpaw à gdhmkwpk Gk|caw Kdo~a|pìhgdk `k k~|mwmhpkæça ä {}m mcm ä }o kpa|!gkhpa| odhmd|a `m Oahpmw Gck|aw m mo

mcm wm `mwàl|k ekzmhà `m p}à }o ~a}ga9 gahpkhà bdwp÷|dkw# gkhpkhà m dhpm|~|mpkh`



=2

Edf}|k<7 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Pdha Faomw


K wmf}h`k |m~a|pkfmo hk ~ëfdhk gdhga ä wal|m k k~|mwmhpkæça `k gkhpa|k ~k}cdwpkhk P}cha Gkeä ;>0#j}hpa gao k gkhpa|k J}cdkhk ^m|`dfça( A dhm`dpdwoa mwpë ha ekpa `m {}m k gkkdh`k hça ä gahbmgd`k m {}m# ha wbav mck dhpm|~|mpa} gkhæýmw `a wm} ~|domd|a ëcl}o# ~a| wm} d|oça F}wpkua \}dz( K k~|mwmhpkæça aga||m} ha `dk ;< `m okda# îw udhpm ba|kw(



=4

Edf}|k<0 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ P}cd~k \}dzEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

Cafa ka ckà hk omwok ~ëfdhk bë pkoläo }ok |m~a|pkfmo wal|m k k~|mwmhpkæça à f|}~aodhmd|a P|khwodwwa| {}m emz wbav ha omwoa `dk# haPmkp|a Ad E}p}|a Ick}ww Udkhhk( Kwmf}h`k okpä|dk hk ~ëfdhk wmdw ä wal|m a gkhpa| m gao~awdpa| Ja|fm Um|gdcca{}m ckhæk a ëcl}o @(H(K# aadpkua ëcl}o à gkhpa|(Hça ead mhgahp|kà hk`k `m haua m dhä`dpa hk |mwmhbk m hmhp|mudwpk gao a gkhpa|(



5>

Edf}|k<= ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ P|khwodwwaEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpk`a `m Odhkw



5;

Edf}|k<5 ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;< `m okda `m <>;> ‗ Ja|fm Um|gdcEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw

6(;(;7 Khkcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;7 `m okda `m <>;>

K okpä|dk `m gk~k à gk`m|ha à `dk ;7 `m okda ä wal|m k k~|mwmhpkæça à gkhpa| m gao~awPkudpa# gao k ~k|pdgd~kæça `m Ok|dhk Okgbkà( K k~|mwmhpkæça# {}m `du}cfa} a G@P}à# aga||m} ha `dk ;7 `m okda# haPmkp|a Kcpm|awk( A wbav ä do~a|pkhpm ~k|k k gk||md|k à gkhpa| {}mhmcm mwpça |m}hdàw gkhæýmw `m p|dhpk khaw `m gk||md|k m k k~|mwmhpkæça ead úhdgk(

Hk ~ëfdhk gdhga# bë }ok ~m{}mhk hapk wal|m a wbav `m Wm|fda `d Hk~acd {}m dhpm|~|mpadpkcdkhaw# gaoaWkhpk C}gdk C}pkhk# Ck Ea|zk `mcck Udpkm a}p|aw( K k~|mwmhpkæça aga||m}pkoläo ha `dk ;7 `m okda `m <>;>(

Hk ~ëfdhk wmdw# }ok |mwmhbk `m Idia Em||md|k wal|m a {}dhpa `dwga waca à gkhpa| ~k}cPkpdp( A {}m gbkok k kpmhæça à cmdpa| ä gaoa a ja|hkcdwpk `mwg|mum a G@: ‟(((a g` ä }o



57

6(;(;0 Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;0 `m okda `m <>;>

Ha gk`m|ha à `dk ;0 `m okda `m <>;># bë k~mhkw }ok |m~a|pkfmo wal|m oúwdgk( Okw m|m~a|pkfmo ä k ~|dhgd~kc# ~a| wm| `m gk~k( K okpä|dk ä wal|m k k~|mwmhpkæça à f|}~a Wmwpë`da `m e}pmlac Odhmd|ça# {}m mhgm||k|ë a gdgca `m 0= khaw à mwpë`da khpmw `k |wm|ë emdpk ~k|k k Ga~k à O}hà `m <>;0( Mwpk ä k do~a|pìhgdk `k al|k: a emgbkomhpa à gdgmwpë`da `m e}pmlac okdw do~a|pkhpm `m Lmca Ba|dzahpm gao }ok lkh`k odhmd|k `m ~mwaWikhi( Hmwpk k~|mwmhpkæça# wm|ë f|kukà }o @U@ `k lkh`k# kwwdo gaoa ead emdpa mo A

Edf}|k<4 ‗ Eapa `m okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;0 `m okda `m <>;> ‗ WikhiEahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



50

6(;(;= Khëcdwm à gk`m|ha à `dk ;= `m okda `m <>;>

K okpä|dk `m gk~k à `dk ;= `m okda `m <>;> ä wal|m k k~|mwmhpkæça úhdgk à gkhpa| `m |agm|k `m a}|a Jabhht Vdhpm|# {}m wm k~|mwmhpa} ha Gbmu|acmp Bkcc ha `dk ;5 `m okda `m <~|domd|k umz à gkhpa| ha L|kwdc( Ä k úhdgk |m~a|pkfmo wal|m oúwdgk ha ja|hkc(

Edf}|k7> ‗ Okpä|dk umdg}ck`k ha MO G}cp}|k ha `dk ;= `m okda `m <>;> ‗ JabhhtVdhpm|Eahpm: Ja|hkc Mwpkà `m Odhkw



5=

\MEM\ÊHGDKW LDLCDAF\ËEDGKW

K@A\HA# P(V m BA\IBMDOM\# O( @dkcäpdgk à mwgck|mgdomhpa( \da `m Jkhmd|a: Ja|fm Zkbk|#;426( "a|f( F(Gabh$( Wça ^k}ca# Ëpdgk# h¾=0# ;446(

KH@\K@M O( Oúwdgk m ja|hkcdwoa: @dë|da `m Wça ^k}ca( Wça ^k}ca: B}gdpmg/M`}w~# ;447

LACCAW# Cdcdkhk Bk|l( G|ïpdgk o}wdgkc ha ja|hkc: }ok |mecmrça wal|m k g}cp}|k l|kwdcmd|kA^]W:\mudwpk `k Kwwagdkæça Hkgdahkc `m ^mw{}dwk m ^÷w/F|k`}kæça mo Oúwdgk# YW(c(_#<2<# `mz( <>>=( @dw~ahïumc mo:3bpp~:!!vvv(kh~~ao(gao(l|!a~}w!a~}w;;!AQCdcdkhk-<>Laccaw(~è8 Kgmwwa mo: ;= kl|( <>;>

L\KWDC `m ~a}gaw( YLmca Ba|dzahpm_( @dw~ahïumc 3bpp~:!!l|kwdc`m~a}gaw<>>2(lcafw~ap(gao!<>>2!;>!udwdpk/|m`ka/à/ja|hkc/a/pmo~a/eapaw(bpKgmwwa mo: >< kl|( <>;>(

GABH# Fkl|dmc ( Gao}hdgkæça m Dh`}wp|dk G}cp}|kc# = m`( Wça ^k}ca: P(K [}md|az# ;426(

GAACC# Gäwk| m PMLM\AWIT# Khk( K~|mh`mhà K|p(Wça ^k}ca: M`dpa|k Ë|pdgk <>>>(

M\LACKPA# Ok|da#Päghdgkw `m ga`dedgkæça mo ja|hkcdwoa: |m`kæça# gk~pkæça m m`dæça ha ja|hkc `dë|da# Wça ^k}ca: Îpdgk# ;44;

FMM\PZ# Gcdea|`# K Dhpm|~|mpkæça `kw G}cp}|kw( \da `m Jkhmd|a: CPG# ;424(

BMDPA\# C}dz Oúwdgk m Oúwdgaw à L|kwdc(\da `m Jkhmd|a: M`dpa|k `k Gkwk# ;4=>(

CDOK# C}dz(Pma|dk `k G}cp}|k `m Okwwk# =m`# Wça ^k}ca: ^kz m Pm||k# <>>>(

OMH@MW O( Ea|okæça `m @dwgapmgk( Wça ^k}ca:M@]W# ;447

^DZK# @khdmc # Ja|hkcdwoa G}cp}|kc( Wça ^k}ca: Gahpmrpa# <>>7

\MUDWPK à ^|aemwwa|( Cdhf}kfmo o}wdgkc: mr~ca|khà wao m |dpoa( \da ^k|à/\W: M`dpa|k

GÂMG# <>>0(WKHPAW# C}dz Jawä#A [}m ä G}cp}|k1# 6m`# Wça ^k}ca: L|kwdcdmhwm# ;422(

WP\DHKPD# @aodhdg#G}cp}|k â~}ck| }ok Dhp|a`}æça# Wça ^k}ca: Bm`|k# ;444

P\K[]DHK# Hmcwah#Pma|dkw à Ja|hkcdwoa# Eca|dkh÷~acdw: Dhw}ck|# <>>=

PBAO^WAH# Jabh( D`macafdk m G}cp}|k Oa`m|hk# =m`# ^mp|÷~acdw: Uamw# ;44=

UMDFK# E|khæk# Ja|hkcdwoa m Ud`k Wagdkc: k bdwp÷|dk komhk `m }o ja|hkc odhmd|a# ]EOF: ;442



55

K^ÊH@DGM K / Mhp|mudwpk

Mhp|mudwpk |mkcdzk`k gao Idia Em||md|k(

;( [}kdw wça aw g|dpä|daw }pdcdzkàw ~k|k k mwgacbk `m }ok hapïgdk o}wdgkc ha ja|hkc1K mwgacbk `m~mh`m `k |mcmuìhgdk m`dpa|dkc( Mck cmuk mo gahpk }ok wä|dm `m ekpa|mdhm`dpdwoa `k dhea|okæça "wm ä dhea|okæça mo ~|domd|k oça# hça ~}lcdgk`k ~a| a}p|a umïgdo~a|pìhgdk g}cp}|kc à ~m|wahkfmo `k hapïgdk9 {}kcd`k`m `k al|k9 dhpm|mwwm {}m ~a`m `ha cmdpa|9 kw~mgpaw g}|dawaw `k hapïgdk m a}p|aw(

<( M ~k|k |m`dfd| }ok g|ïpdgk# {}m g|dpä|daw uagê }pdcdzk1[}kcd`k`m `k oúwdgk m `k dhpm|~|mpkæça9 dhaukæça9 do~a|pìhgdk bdwp÷|dgk à `dwga9 g|dkpp|klkcba9 gahgm~æça `k al|k m gk~kgd`k`m `m |mkcdzkæça à k|pdwpk 9 ~a`m| `m wm`}æça `k k|pdwpk9 k`m{}kæça `k cdhf}kfmo o}wdgkc m mrp|k o}wdgkc î ~|a~awpk(

7( [}m pd~a `m ~úlcdga a gk`m|ha g}cp}|kc kpdhfm1Mcm pmo }pdcd`k`m ~k|k paà a pd~a `m ~úlcdga( A cmdpa|# `dfkoaw okdw khpmhkà gao ag}cp}|kc# ä a ~|dhgd~kc kcua( A gbkokà ea|okà| `m a~dhdça# gao ~|màoïhda `kw gckwwmw KOkw wm|udæaw gaoa |mw}oaw `m haumckw# ba|÷wga~a# {}k`|dhbaw m ba|ë|daw `m gdhmok paà a pd~a `m ~úlcdga(

0( Gaoa a ekpa| pmo~a dhec}mhgdk hk ~|m~k|kæça `kw hapïgdkw1Mcm ä# gk`k umz okdw# }o `dedg}cpkà|( Udum/wm h}o oaomhpa mo {}m k dhea|okæça lëwd`mpm|odhkà kww}hpa gd|g}ck gao }ok kfdcd`k`m gk`k umz okda|( A f|kh`m `mwkeda à ja|hkcmo hawwa pmo~a ä gahwmf}d| ekzm| }o pmrpa dhea|okpdua m `m {}kcd`k`m ha omha| pmo~a ~

=( [}kc ä a ~k~mc à g|ïpdga o}wdgkc odhmd|a kp}kcomhpm1Hça o}à}( A g|ïpdga wm|um gaoa |mem|êhgdk ~k|k a cmdpa|# }ok mw~ägdm `m ~ahpm mhp|mk|pm m a ~awwïumc gahw}odà|( A mw~kæa ~k|k k g|ïpdgk m a pmo~a ~k|k mckla|ë/ck wçaomha|mw# okw k do~a|pìhgdk gahpdh}k k omwok(

5( Uagê kgbk {}m {}khà a ~úlcdga odhmd|a ukd gao~|k| }o G@ a} kwwdwpd| k }o wbav a}mw~mpëg}ca mcm cmuk |mkcomhpm mo gahpk kw g|ïpdgkw1@m~mh`m( Wm ea| `m }o k|pdwpk `m okwwk# jë `mud`komhpm `du}cfkà ~mckw |ë`daw okdw~mck PU m ~mck oï`dk# k dhec}êhgdk ä omha|( Okw# ha gkwa `m k|pdwpkw kcpm|hkpduawk`}cpaw# gaoa jkzz m gcëwwdga# k g|ïpdgk ä |mcmukhpm(

6( A ~úlcdga `ë kcf}o |mpa|ha îw g|ïpdgkw# `dzmhà a {}m kgba} m à {}m fawpa}# wm gahggao a {}m ead ~}lcdgkà ha ja|hkc a} hça1Wdo# okw hça `m okhmd|k gahp}h`mhpm a} e|m{}mhpm( Gawp}oa |mgmlm| |mpa|haw `m {{}khà(

a relevÂncia da crÍtica musical no caderno “em cultura”, do jornal estado de minas

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