a era da internet das coisas - instituto de engenharia...

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A Era da Internet das Coisas

Giuliano MANARA

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione

University of Pisa

Via G. Caruso 16, I-56122, Pisa, Italy

[email protected]

Giuliano Manara, Workshop Internet das Coisas, Curitiba, 27/10/2016 – Instituto do Engenheria do Paranà (IEP)

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� What is IoT ?

� Enabling technologies

� New design concepts for antennas

� Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

� Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)

� Where are we going ?


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� What is IoT ?






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4

More connected objects than people

Image Courtesy: : CISCO

UNIVERSITÀ DI PISAFrom radio to Internet of Things (IoT)


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Waves of connectivity


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• ubiquitous• pervasive• wireless• mobile• wearable• distributed• embedded• dynamic• energy aware

April-May 2007

The Internet of things


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� What is IoT ?






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Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID)

Identification system based on radio frequency transmission

TAG: radio frequencytrasponder composed by anantenna and a chip whichstores the identification code

READER: Transceiver controlled by amicroprocessor and used to gatherinformation from an RFID tag. Radiowaves are used to transfer data from tagto reader

DATABASE: system able toget all data related to theidentification code

From the 90s, RFID systems widely spread


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Basic operating principles of an RFID system


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In 1999 at the Auto-ID Center of the Massachussets Institute ofTechnology, the EPC (Electronic Product Code) was born.

The barcode technology allows to item topology

identification

The EPC allows single item identification

01.0000A4F.001AD.000000001

HEADER

(8 bit)

EPC MANAGER

(28 bit)

SERIAL NUMBER

(36 bit)

OBJECT CLASS

(24 bit)

� HEADER defines the EPC length (from 64 to 256 bits).

� EPC MANAGER indicates tag producer

� OBJECT CLASS indicates tag topology

� SERIAL NUMBER indicates the unique identification number for each tag

Electronic Product Code


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RFID standards

To guarantee interoperability, communication standards are required


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Passive tags are mostly spread due to their low cost (<0,10 €)

Chip:

� Tag identification code storage

� Converter of reader energy in tag feeding

� Modulator of the reflected power to communicate tag

identification code

� Read Only (RO) memory or Read Write (RW) memory

Passive tags

Antenna:

� Designed to collect as much energy as possible (chip feeding and communicating tag

identification code

� Shape and size depending on operational frequency

45x41.5 mm2 30x16 mm2

HF band� Loop antennas (inductive coupling)

� Reading range<0.5 m

UHF band� Dipole antennas (electromagnetic propagation)

� Reading range 2-5 m

96x9 mm2

Alien Squiggle ALN9640

32x18 mm2

Satellite

20x8 mm2

Paperclip

Tag UHF AD223Substrate: paper, plastic film, other

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Semipassive UHF tag:

� Battery feeds chip and sensor (e.g. temperature sensor, humidity sensor, etc.)

� Antenna designed to maximize backscattering power (it is not required that it stores

power)

� Saving power thanks to battery swicth on with a proper reader signal

� Cost of few euros

� Limited reading range as in passive system

Semipassive tags and active tags

CAEN RFID RT0005

(107x107mm2)

CAEN RFID A927Z

(130x23 mm2)

CAEN RFID Semipassive UHF RFID tag

with temperature sensor

Active tag:

� Reading range of hundreds meters

(transmitter equipped)

� Cost of tens euros

� UHF and SHF bands

� Life time depending on battery

Antenna

Battery Transceiver,

control unit,

memory

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� Inductive coupling

� Mostly passive tags

� Reading range <0.5 m

� Low data rate (<10 kbps)

� Multiple readings (anticollision algorithm)

� Good performance with liquids and organic tissues

Car

Immobilizer

125.5 KHz

Inductive LF tags

134.2 KHz: Animal tracking

Tag with ceramic cover

(animal stomach).

Tag with glass cover

(injected under the skin)Ears tag

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Smart labels

Baggage handling

Clothing

Logistics

Smart cards

Skypass

Credit cards

Inductive HF tags (13.56 MHz)

� Inductive coupling

� Mostly passive tags

� Reading range~1 m� Data rate up to 64 kbps

� Multiple readings (20-30 tag/s)

� Good performance with non-conducting liquids and organic tissues

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System performance related to:• Tag antenna (loops number)• Reader antenna (loop sizes, loops number, maximum current)• Mutual positioning and mutual coupling among antennas• Tag Q-factor• Distance among antennas (available power at the tag side

proportional to 1/d6)

The variable magnetic field induces current on the tag antenna (electrical

transformer)

The tag communicates the

identification code by varying its

load impedance (load modulation).

distanza<λ

� Loop antennas typically employed

Inductive coupling

Many coils are required

(critical parameter)

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� Electromagnetic propagation as in communication

systems

� Passive and active tags

� Reading range ~2-5 m

� Data rate up to 640 kbps

� Multiple readings (200 tag/s)

� Low performance in presence of liquids, organic tissues

and metals

Logistics

Metal tags

UHF tags

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Frequencies employed within the UHF band are different from region to region

Passive tags have wideband design at the expence of performance

ERP=Effective

Radiated Power

(reference: ideal

dipole)

EIRP=Effective

Isotropic

Radiated Power

(reference:

isotropic

radiator)

2

2

1E EIRP

r∝

t tEIRP P G= ⋅

UHF tags

Interoperability problem

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In UHF-RFID system the communication occurs through electromagnetic propagation

The tag backscatters the received

power (radar system principle)

D = maximum size

Electromagnetic propagation

System performance related to:• Input power at the reader• Tag and reader antennas (gain, mutual

positioning)• Indoor scenario (multipath can degrades

performance)

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The received power is partially absorbed by the

tag and partially reflected by the tag to

communicate its identification code through a

«modulated backscattering»

RCS= radar cross section

Electromagnetic propagation

The reader transmits the interrogation

signal together with a continuous wave

to feed the tag (passive system)

Passive system:

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� What is IoT ?






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Focusing: a very well-known concept in optics

In Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV), a large area of sunlight is focused onto the solar cell

… burning ants or paper with a magnifier glass


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Focusing: from optics to microwaves

The basic idea is to control the phase of the radiation sources on the antenna aperture(array element currents or equivalent surface currents) in such away that their fieldcontributions sum constructively at the assigned focal point located inthe antennaradiative near-field (NF) region

At microwave frequencies and for short-range wireless systems (e.g. indoorcommunication systems), the antenna size cannot be much larger than the wavelength

Equi-phase surfaces of the field radiated byelectromagnetic sources that are located on a planaraperture are focused at a focal point,F, in the antennanear-field region

RF : focal distance


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Near Field Systems

Electrically Small Antenna Electrically Large Antenna

Reactive Near-Field

Radiating Near-Field

2r λ π=22r D λ<

20 62r . D λ=

2r λ π≈

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Planar NFF array: numerical results

An 8×8 array of microstrip circularly polarized (CP) patche s at 2.4 GHz.Inter-element distance=0.8λ, L=6.4λ=80cm, RF=8.2λ=1m

For the NFF array, the normalized focal distance isγ=RF/(2L2/λ)=0.1

(for the unfocused version of the array: γ>>1 and all patches are fed inphase).


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Focusing advantages


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Focusing advantages

Note: each curve is normalized to its value at r = 10x 2L2/ λ

DoF (depth of focus): the rangebetween the -3 dB axial points aroundthe point of maximum power density,along the direction normal to theantenna aperture

RF : focal distance (1m)

R0 : distance from the arraysurface of the field amplitude peak(77.5cm)

RF -R0 : focal shift (22.5cm)

Normalized power density (dB) radiatedalong the direction perpendicular to thearray surface (on-axis power density). Thedistance from the array surface (r) isnormalized to the far-field region boundary(2L2/λ)

γ=RF/(2L2/λ)=0.1


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Near-field at the focal plane (xy-plane at z=RF)

Near-Field Focused(NFF) 8x8 arrayUnfocused8x8 array(all patches are fed in phase)

The focus width, W, is defined as the -3 dB spot diameter at the focal plane

For the NFF 8x8 microstrip array, W=14.7cm and the sidelobe level in thefocal plane is less than -15 dB


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Near-field at the transverse plane

For the NFF 8x8 microstrip array, W=14.7cm, and DoF=70.1cm

Near-Field Focused(NFF) 8x8 arrayUnfocused8x8 array(all patches are fed in phase)


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Radio Frequency Identification Systems

Field focusing in UHF-RFID reader antennas can help to both reducetheinterference between adjacent RFID portals in large warehouses and limit thereader interrogation volume at a specific section of a conveyor belt along whichthe tagged items move.

A NFF antenna can limit the false positive readings (cross readings), as well asthe personnel radiation hazards.

By reducing FF-radiation the multipath phenomena will be attenuated.


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The Near Field Communication (NFC) was born from RFID system with the aim to create a

reliable communication among two nearby devices (distance<10 cm).

� Working frequency=13.56 MHz (HF)

� Both devices can transmit «Active mode»

� Only one device transmits «Passive mode»

Applications

NFC card

(payment,

ticketing, access

control)

NFC pairing

(peer-to-peer

communication)

NFC reader

(local data)

An alternative to

QR codes

Near Field Communications

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Commercial reader and tags

Features of Near Field UHF-RFID systems:� Field distribution limited to the intended interrogation area

� Contemporarly multiple tag detection (typical of UHF-RFID systems)

� High bit rate and data rate (typical of UHF-RFID systems)

� Low sensitivity to environmental scenario (typical of HF-RFID systems)

Near Field UHF-RFID Systems

Ad hocReader and tags

Low-power reader Mismatched tags

Near Field Antennas

Near-Field UHF-RFID Systems

NF Focused microstrip

array @ 2.4 GHz

Travelling wave

antenna @ 900 MHz

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1 cm

�Near Field UHF RFID tag:

Button tag

�Near Field UHF RFID reader antenna:

• Diameter = 30 cm

• Range<40 cm

• 7.3 x 3.3 x 1.2 cm3

• Range<5 cm

• 13 x 7 x 2 cm3

• Range<7 cm

• 90 x 63 x 31 mm3

• Range<7 cm


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Applications

Pharmaceutical

industry

Warehouse

management

Printer encoder

Libraries

Automatic

payment


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Open problems: false positives

False-Positives: tags placed outside the intended interrogation area and unintentionally read by

the RFID reader

Open Problems

How false-positives could be avoided?

Intended interrogation area: tags

of interest detected

Causes:� Multipath phenomena� Non-confined antenna

radiation pattern

Near Field UHF-RFID Systems

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Open problems: false negatives

False-Negatives: tags not detected while they are in the intended interrogation area

of the RFID system

Open Problems

How could we ALWAYS reach the 100% of inventory

accuracy in the intended interrogation area?

Intended interrogation area:

most of tags of interest

detected

Causes:� Material effects� Mutual coupling (Item Level

Tagging applications)

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LIQUIDRF is absorbed by liquids

(signal weakening)

PLASTIC, WOOD, etcMost materials have littleimpact on the RF signal

METALMetal reflects RF and weakens the signal

Incident

signal Backscattered

signal

Absorbed

signal

RFID Reader antenna

Open problems: materials effects

Tags on metal

Materials affect tag readability:

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� What is IoT ?






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Wireless Sensor Network

“A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed

autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as

temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.”

- Wikipedia

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Applications of WSN

Smart Cities• 01 Smart Parking

Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city.• 02 Structural health

Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments.

• 03 Noise Urban MapsSound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time.

• 04 Smartphone DetectionDetect iPhone and Android devices and in general any device which works with WiFi or Bluetooth interfaces.

• 05 Eletromagnetic Field LevelsMeasurement of the energy radiated by cell stations and and WiFi routers.

• 06 Traffic CongestionMonitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking routes.

• 07 Smart LightingIntelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.

• 08 Waste ManagementDetection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes.

• 09 Smart RoadsIntelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.

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• 10 Forest Fire DetectionMonitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones.

• 11 Air PollutionControl of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms.

• 12 Snow Level MonitoringSnow level measurement to know in real time the quality of ski tracks and allow security corps avalanche prevention.

• 13 Landslide and Avalanche PreventionMonitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions.

• 14 Earthquake Early DetectionDistributed control in specific places of tremors.

Smart Environments

Applications of WSN

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• 15 Water QualityStudy of water suitability in rivers and the sea for fauna and eligibility for drinkable use.

• 16 Water LeakagesDetection of liquid presence outside tanks and pressure variations along pipes.

• 17 River FloodsMonitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and res

Smart Water

Applications of WSN

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• 18 Smart GridEnergy consumption monitoring and management.

• 19 Tank levelMonitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and cisterns.

• 20 Photovoltaic InstallationsMonitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants.

• 21 Water FlowMeasurement of water pressure in water transportation systems.

• 22 Silos Stock CalculationMeasurement of emptiness level and weight of the goods.

Smart Metering

Applications of WSN


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• 23 Perimeter Access ControlAccess control to restricted areas and detection of people in non-authorized areas.

• 24 Liquid PresenceLiquid detection in data centers, warehouses and sensitive building grounds to prevent break downs and corrosion.

• 25 Radiation LevelsDistributed measurement of radiation levels in nuclear power stations surroundings to generate leakage alerts.

• 26 Explosive and Hazardous GasesDetection of gas levels and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines.

Security & Emergencies

Applications of WSNApplications of WSN

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• 27 Supply Chain ControlMonitoring of storage conditions along the supply chain and product tracking for traceability purposes.

• 28 NFC PaymentPayment processing based in location or activity duration for public transport, gyms, theme parks, etc.

• 29 Intelligent Shopping ApplicationsGetting advices in the point of sale according to customer habits, preferences, presence of allergic components for them or expiring dates.

• 30 Smart Product ManagementControl of rotation of products in shelves and warehouses to automate restocking processes.

Retail


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• 31 Quality of Shipment ConditionsMonitoring of vibrations, strokes, container openings or cold chain maintenance for insurance purposes.

• 32 Item LocationSearch of individual items in big surfaces like warehouses or harbours.

• 33 Storage Incompatibility DetectionWarning emission on containers storing inflammable goods closed to others containing explosive material.

• 34 Fleet TrackingControl of routes followed for delicate goods like medical drugs, jewels or dangerous merchandises.

Logistics


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• 35 M2M ApplicationsMachine auto-diagnosis and assets control.

• 36 Indoor Air QualityMonitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety.

• 37 Temperature MonitoringControl of temperature inside industrial and medical fridges with sensitive merchandise.

• 38 Ozone PresenceMonitoring of ozone levels during the drying meat process in food factories.

• 39 Indoor LocationAsset indoor location by using active (ZigBee) and passive tags (RFID/NFC).

• 40 Vehicle Auto-diagnosisInformation collection from CanBus to send real time alarms to emergencies or provide advice to drivers.

Industrial Control


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• 41 Wine Quality EnhancingMonitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in vineyards to control the amount of sugar in grapes and grapevine health.

• 42 Green HousesControl micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.

• 43 Golf CoursesSelective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources required in the green.

• 44 Meteorological Station NetworkStudy of weather conditions in fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes.

• 45 CompostControl of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.

Smart Agriculture


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• 46 Offspring CareControl of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health.

• 47 Animal TrackingLocation and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables.

• 48 Toxic Gas LevelsStudy of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.

Smart Animal Farming


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• 49 Energy and Water UseEnergy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources.

• 50 Remote Control AppliancesSwitching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.

• 51 Intrusion Detection SystemsDetection of windows and doors openings and violations to prevent intruders.

• 52 Art and Goods PreservationMonitoring of conditions inside museums and art warehouses.

Domotic & Home Automation

Courtesy of Emilio Franchi


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• 53 Fall DetectionAssistance for elderly or disabled people living independent.

• 54 Medical FridgesControl of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and organic elements.

• 55 Sportsmen CareVital signs monitoring in high performance centers and fields.

• 56 Patients SurveillanceMonitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people's home.

• 57 Ultraviolet RadiationMeasurement of UV sun rays to warn people not to be exposed in certain hours.

E-Health

Applications of WSN


Applications of WSN

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Industrial IoT


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Giuliano Manara, Workshop Internet das Coisas, Curitiba, 27/10/2016 – Instituto do Engenheria do Paranà (IEP)Giuliano Manara, Workshop Internet das Coisas, Curitiba, 27/10/2016 – Instituto do Engenheria do Paranà (IEP)

� What is IoT ?






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A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a mechanism controlled or

monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated

with internet and its users. In cyber physical systems, physical

and software components are deeply intertwined, each

operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting

multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting

with each other in a myriad of ways that change with context.

Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile

systems, medical monitoring, process control systems,

robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.

- Wikipedia

Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)

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CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of

cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science. The

process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In

embedded systems the emphasis tends to be more on the

computational elements, and less on an intense link between

the computational and physical elements.

- Wikipedia



A sensors and actuators network !!!

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Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in areas as

diverse as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil

infrastructure, energy, healthcare, manufacturing,

transportation, entertainment, and consumer appliances.

- Wikipedia



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The Fourth Industrial Revolution


By Christoph Roser: "Christoph Roser at All About Lean.com." - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47640595

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� What is IoT ?






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Forecasting

“Prediction is very difficult,

especially if it's about the future.”

Nils Bohr


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� “I truly believe that one day, there will be a telephone in every town in America.” — Alexander Graham Bell, in 1878

� “This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us.” — A memo at Western Union, 1878 (or 1876).

� “The phonograph has no commercial value at all.” – Thomas Edison, 1880s

� “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” — Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943

� “There is practically no chance communications space satellites will be used to provide better telephone, telegraph, television, or radio service inside the United States.” — T. Craven, FCC Commissioner, in 1961 (the first commercial communications satellite went into service in 1965).

� “We will never make a 32 bit operating system.” — Bill Gates

� “I predict the Internet will soon go spectacularly supernova and in 1996 catastrophically collapse.” – Robert Metcalfe, 1995


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Key issues

IoT requires Innovation and new Paradigms not

only in communications:

� Real Time requirements: Deterministic Networking

� Distributed Intelligence: Fog Computing

� Self learning networks: Intelligent Networks (IN)

� (Big) Data processing: Analytics

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Big data


UNIVERSITÀ DI PISABig Data Analytics


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Thanks for your attention !!!


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Acnowledgements

I want to aknowledge the precious support of my colleagues Prof.

Stefano Giordano, Prof. Paolo Nepa, Dr. Alice Buffi, Dr. Andrea

Michel, Dr. Emilio Franchi in preparing this presentation. In

particular, I want to express to them my sincere gratitude for

providing me some of the transparencies.

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