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Computação PervasivaIFSC, 03 de Julho 2005

Prof. Dr. Sergio Takeo Kofuji, EPUSP

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Admirável Mundo Novo

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Evolução da Computação

• Mainframe (60’s-70’s)• Desktop (80’s-90’s)• Ubiquitous (00’s-?)

– Redes WANs, LANs, PANs

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Tendências da Tecnologia de Computação

1970s

1990s

amanhã

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Visão de Mark Weiser

• Xerox Palo Alto• “Ubiquitous computing is the method of

enhancing computer use by making many computers available throughout the physical environment, but making them effectively invisible to the user”– UbiComp– Acesso à computação a qualquer instante, em

qualquer lugar• “Invisible Computing”, “Calm Technology”

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LiveBoard, Xerox PARC

Source: Elrod et al., 1992

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Mark Weiser

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Pervasive Computing

• Pervasive Computing: – Computadores e Serviços disponíveis e

distribuídos em escala ampla, interconectados com pouca mobilidade

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Ontem

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Cool toys…

Too bad they can’t talk to each other…

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Hoje

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Sync. Download. Done. Configuration?

Too much work…

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Amanhã?

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Thank God! Everything is done for me!

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Computação Ubíqua vs Pervasiva

• Desafio principal em computação ubíqua: integrar mobilidade em larga escala com funcionalidade de computação pervasiva– Construir modelos dinamicos de ambiente– Configurar serviços de acordo

• Desafios técnicos, sociais e organizacionais

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Tópicos

• Informação nos lugares– Media linked to places– Smart rooms

• Sentient Things– Adding information and communication to physical objects

• Cidades Digitais - Digital Cities– Adding information capabilities to urban places– HP’s Cooltown

• Bits Tangíveis - Tangible bits– Manipulating the virtual world by manipulating physical objects

• Computadores Vestíveis - Wearable computers– Sensing, computing, and communicating gear worn as clothing– Cyborg communities

• Control their presence in the technological worldComputer chips infiltrating buildings, furniture, and even clothing

• RFIDs como sucessores do Barcode• Leads to pervasive surveillance questions• Dispositivos de Localização Geográfico - Geographic Location Devices

– WorldBoard – proposed global infrastructure to associate information with places

– GPS• E-squirting

– Using radio frequencies to transmit information between devices– Bluetooth

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Computação Pervasiva

Context Aware

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Context Aware Computing

• Serviços de Computação sentem aspectos do ambiente (locação, emoção do usuário,…) e adequa os serviços

• Ex. Se eu andar até uma sala de conferência, meu email é projetado na tela maior da sala

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Contexto

Aplicações com o comportamento determinado pelo estado de contexto (Context-Aware Computing)

• Diversas definições para a palavra “contexto” • Consideraremos:

– “all relevant information to an application that this one can obtain”.

– “all element which, after a change on its states, triggers an addaptation process on the application”.

– Example: user activity, localization, number of appliances, kind of appliances, computional power needs, resources that can be used...

• Visão particular de cada aplicação– Different interests in different momments– Different interpretation of some given information

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Definições de Contexto

• Contexto Computacional: conectividade de rede, custo de comunicação, largura de banda de comunicação, recursos das proximidades

• Contexto de Usuário: perfil do usuário, localização, situação social

• Contexto Físico: iluminação, ruído, condição de tráfego, temperatura

• Contexto de Tempo: hora do dia, semana, mês, estação do ano

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“Context Awareness”

• “Active context awareness”: uma aplicação automaticamente adapta-se para o contexto descoberto, mudando o comportamento da aplicação

• ““Passive context awareness”:Passive context awareness”: uma aplicação apresenta o contexto novo ou atualizado para um usuário interessado ou faz o contexto persistente para o usuário recuperar mais tarde

• >>“Active context awareness”: é mais interessante

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Exemplos

• Call Forwarding– Olivetti, active, user location, based on active Badge– Location of the user is presented to the receptionist and

the call will be forwarded– Recently, automatically forward

• Teleporting– Olivetti/AT&T, active, user location, workstation location,

based on active Badge– Application follows the user while he moves around– Augment resource-poor PDA with surrounding computing

resources

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Exemplos

• Active Map– XEROX PARCTab, passive, user’s location– Every room has a wireless station and room

number of the user is collected and updated on a map

• Mobisaic Web Browser– U of Washington, active, location and time– Hypertext links contain environment variables,

extending standard browser

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Exemplos

• Shopping Assistant– AT&T Bell Lab, active, locaiton– Guide shoppers throughout the store and

provide information• Cyberguide

– Georgia IT, passive/active, location and time– Outdoor/GPS, indoor/TV Remote based IR– Travel diary is compiled and recommendation

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Exemplos

• Conference Assistant– Georgia IT, passive/active, location, time and

schedule of presentations– Recommend presentations to attendees based

on schedule, topic, location and research interest

• People and Object Pager, U of Kent• Fieldwork, U of Kent

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Exemplos - Sumário

• Active Badge & PARCTab• Assistente de Compras (Shopping)• Cyberguide• Sistema capaz de perceber o humor do

usuário com base na expressão facial• Casa onde a posição é sentida e a

temperatura ajustada automaticamente

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Questão Fundamental

• Como detectar o contexto?• Como Localizar a Posição?

– GPS– Triangulação rádio-bases celulares– Triangulação APs Wi-Fi– Triangulação Ultrassom– Localizadores espalhados ao longo do ambiente

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Pervasive Computing

Wearable Computing

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Steve Mann - 1981

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Wearable Computing

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MIT

Steve Mann @ U of T ECESandy Pentland @ MIT Media LabWearable Research @ CMU HCI Institute

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Aplicações de WearComp

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Wearable Computing

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Protótipo, Indústria, Business

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Produtos Comerciais

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Produtos Comerciais

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Produtos Comerciais

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Aplicação de WearComp para VAT

• VAT - “Visual Assistive Technologies”• Enhanced Access of Information

• ALVA Inc.’s Mobile Phone/Organizer For The Visually Impaired

• (Haklander, Tom, 2003)• Greater Freedom of Movement

• The Voice• (Meijer, Peter, 2003)

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…

– Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea– Chord Based Braille Gloves for Blind

• (Cho, M.et al, 2003)

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…

– University of Florida, USA– The Drishti

• (Helal, A.et al, 2003)

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Computação Pervasiva

Realidade Aumentada

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O que é?

Uma combinação de uma cena REAL vista por um usuário e uma cena VIRTUAL gerada por um computadorObjetivo – aumentar a cena com informações adicionais

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Realidade Aumentada

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Como funciona?

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Computação Pervasiva

Smart Spaces

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Smart Spaces

Smart School

Smart Classroom

Smart City

Smart Factory

• Pervasive• Global Connectivity

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Computação Pervasiva

Robots…

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Robots

– Dan Kara, presidente da “Robotics Trends” estima que 4 milhões de robôs pessoais devam ser vendidos em 2006

– A “United Nations Economic Commission for Europe” prediz que mais que 2.1 milhões de robots para uso pessoal devam ser vendidos entre 2003 a 2006.

– Crescimento Estimado de vendas: de 545,000 em 2002 a 1.5 milhões em 2006.

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Roomba

• Robotic vacuum cleaner made byIRobot

• What does it do?– Clean about three average size rooms on a single battery

charge, which lasts about 120 minutes– Detect the best cleaning pattern for a given room– Seek out dirt particles the size of finely ground pepper.– Tiny microphones can detect a high concentration of dust

particles, for extra cleaning– Charge itself at a docking station

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Roomba

• Vendas– Total em 2003: 470,000 unidades– Primeiros 3 meses 2004:

Mais que 500.000• Preço

– Versão Básica: $150– Versão Topo de Linha: $250

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Robosapien

• Robosapien– Marketing

• “Fluid motions and gestures: fast dynamic 2-speed walking and turning; full-function arms with two types of grippers.”

• “67 pre-programmed functions:pick-up, throw, kick, dance, kung-fu, belch, rap and more;”

• “Fluent international ‘caveman’ speech”– Cost: Just $99

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Aibo & QRIO

• Aibo (Sony)– Understands and responds to 100+ words and phrases– Built-in wireless LAN connectivity– Raise from a puppy or an adult– A multitude of facial expressions– Cost: $1800

• QRIO– "SONY decided to create a 'partner' that talks to you, plays with you,

encourages you"– Child-sized– Can walk on uneven surfaces, dance, have conversations, recognise

faces, body language– Would cost $65,000 if released now

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Computação Pervasiva

Tecnologia

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Tecnologias

• Comunicação Sem Fio• Indentificadores RFIDs• Rede de Sensores• Segurança da Informação• Computação Móvel• Técnicas de Localização• WEB/GRID e WEB/GRID Services

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Quadro das Tecnologias Sem Fio

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WLAN

• WLAN – requer lidar com o problema das paredes – Uso preferencial de frquencias abaixo de 5 .. 10 GHz

• Conectividade abaixo de 10 GHz torna-se limitada devido a interferências– Usuários devem identificar produtos robustos – Soluções proprietarias podem fazer diferença– A camada MAC precisa ser melhorada para explorar melhor

o canal físico e dar suporte ao reuso denso de frequências

• Otimizar para bit/s/Hz/m3 em vez de bit/s/Hz – Agregar throughput para multiplos usuários é o fator chave

abaixo de 10 GHz

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WPAN

• Para uma WPAN é vantajoso se o sinal não atravesse as paredes– Limite natural de uma célula; limita a região de

interferência– Eficiência espectral não é um aspecto chave de projeto– Bandwidth pode crescer mais rápido em padrões WPAN do

que em WLAN (vide UWB- 400 Mbits/s)

• Conectividade acima de 10 GHz é limitada pelas barreiras físicas (paredes) – Um backbone é necessário para interconectar salas, com

base numa tecnologia diferente

• Optimizar para eficiência de energia e custo

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Rede Hierárquica

1. Broadband Internet Access (e.g. ADSL, WIMAX)– spectrum efficiency as critical factor

2. O Inhome backbone (e.g. WLAN or Ethernet)– differentiate on reliability, robustness to interference

3. O Personal Area Network (e.g USB, Bluetooth, UWB)– differentiate on throughput, latency– confined within a room by using high carrier frequencies

4. A Sensor network (e.g. zigbee, RFID, ) – differentiate on power

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Rede Doméstica

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Kids’ Room Bedroom

Living Room Study

WirelessBase Station

SL300i MC-i250

MX6000i (built-in module) DesXcapeiPronto

USB adapterHome PC

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Rede Doméstica

• WLAN

WPAN WPAN

AP

PCTV

.11n <100 Mbit/s

UWB e.g. 500 Mbit/s

RefHome 2006: Hierarchical Wireless Network, growth of the WPANSeveral devices (PC, TV, IntRadio) have WLAN connection and serve as gateway towards PANQuasi instantaneous exchange within (UWB) PAN

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Computação Pervasiva

RFID

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Setores da Indústria

Industrial

Field Service

HealthcareRetail/CPG

Logistics

RFID Across All Sectors

Government

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Transponder (Tag, Label) RFID

RFID Antenna

RFID Chip

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Memória do Tag

•Read Only Memory (ROM):– Data is burned into IC at manufacture – Can never be changed– Virtually no control or alignment of data content

with respect to enterprise

•Write Once, Read Many (WORM)– Data generally written into the IC at factory and

locked– When locked can not be reprogrammed

•Read/Write– Some data may be programmed at the factory and

locked– Other data may be written, erased and rewritten

into memory in the field• By customer individually• During operation

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Alimentação do Tag

• PASSIVE - Beam Powered– Converts RF energy into DC power– Very Long Life products– Range is dependent on several

factors:• Reader Transmit Power• Reader Sensitivity• Integrated circuit efficiency• Environmental conditions

• ACTIVE - Battery Powered– Generally operate asynchronously– Battery boosts range and tag

sensitivity– Battery powers onboard functions

when away from reader

Passive RFID Tag

Active RFID Tag

Photo Source: PSG Electronics

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Frequências

• Low Frequency - 125 KHz to 134 KHz. Worldwide– Good for liquids, good near metal.– Relatively expensive tags, very wide variety of shapes.– Can have large antennae with 4 to 5 feet of range.

• High Frequency - 13.56 MHz. Worldwide– Good for liquids, poor near metal.– Inexpensive tags, very wide variety of shapes, good Standards.– Generally up to 3 feet of range.

• UHF - 902-928MHz, 868MHz, 862-869MHz. – Poor near liquids or metals.– Very inexpensive tags, restrictions on shape.– Ranges of over 10 feet.

• uW - 2.45GHz. Worldwide– Very poor near liquids or metals.– Very small tags, potentially very low cost.– Ranges around 3 feet.

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Funcionamento

Reader/ Encoder

Antenna / Portal

RF Field

Tag

Host Computer

Tag enters RF field RF signal powers tag Tag transmits ID, plus data Reader captures data Reader sends data to computer Computer determines action Computer instructs reader Reader sends data to tag

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ICT Implantes no Corpo Humano

• ICT = Information and Communication Technologies • Dispositivos Implantáveis que podem ser

categorizados como:– médico– não-médico

• Ambos podem ser:– passivos – ativos

• Reversíveis ou não reversíveis• Stand-alone ou online• ICT implantes e tags

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Dispositivos ICT Médicos Passivos Implantáveis

• Most passive implants are structural devices such as – artificial joints– vascular implants – artificial valves

• Active medical implantable devices Directive 90/385/EEC

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Inplantes médicos ICT ativos

• Cardiovascular pacers for patients with conduction disorders or heart failure

• Cochlear and brainstem implants for patients with hearing disorders

• Deep brain stimulation– for tremor control in patients with Parkinson's disease – for essential tremor – for obsessive-compulsive disorders

• Implantable Neurostimulation Devices– Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management– Sacral nerve stimulation for control of urinary incontinence– Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for seizure control in epilepsy and mood

control in severe depression cases• Implantable programmable drug delivery pumps• Intrathecal administration of Baclofen for patients with Multiple

Sclerosis with severe spasticity• Insulin pump for Diabetes

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Implantes médicos ICT futuros

• Artificial vision:– Cortical implant for the blind: bypassing the non-working

retina or optic nerve • BioMEMS: Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems / Biosensors

on the order of size of a human red blood cell– collect data about the physiological parameters,

communicate with an external diagnostic computer system (drug release, blood analysis, recovering cancer patients…)

• Direct Brain Control: BCI (Brain Computer Interfaces): BrainGate™: www.cyberkineticsinc.com

• Memory BrainChip (artificial hippocambus) an implantable brain chip could restore or enhance memory

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Codificação de ´barras´ para Seres Humanos

The VeriChip™What?

RFID=Radio Frequency Identification DevicePassive ID tagContains an unique ID number

How does it work?Energized by a scanner (RF)Emits a radio signalTransmits ID number to a Database via phone or Internet

Current applications (FDA approval in 2004)

Medical records (blood type, potencial allergies, medical history)Personal informationFinancial information

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Verichip

• VeriChip™ is a subdermal, radio frequency identification (RFID) device, about the size of a grain of rice. This technology, developed by Applied Digital Solutions (ADS), one US-based company, has been used in animals for years and seems fairly harmless.

• Extending the use to the human population is the next step.

• The idea for employing the tags to identify humans came after the horror of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon.

• The chip is an ID tag which is passive (not independently powered). When radio-frequency energy passes from a scanner, it energizes the chip, and which then emits a radio-frequency signal transmitting the chip's information to the reader, which in turn links with a database.

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Dispositivos de Rastreamento Pessoal Futuros

• Integration and miniaturization of three technologies: www.digitalangel.com – Biosensor: read a person‘s vital signs by touching the skin

(implanted into a wristwatch)– Pager device: takes the data from the biosensor by using a

cellular packet module– Position location technology: using radio signal to stay in

contact with a person‘s pager device-> this information is sent through cellular data packets to a

data centre (Digital Angel™)-> The first Digital Angel was launched in November 2001-> Medical emergency purposes-> Identification/Location purposes

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Perguntas?

• Mais informações• Prof. Dr. Sergio Takeo Kofuji• Sergio.kofuji@poli.usp.br