urban and territorial ecology · 10-05-2016 2 módulo 4 – urban metabolism evolution/ evolução...

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Urban and Territorial Ecology Ecologia Territorial e Urbana

Joana Mourão (Arch. PhD)

Doutoramento em Urbanismo

Módulo 0 – Introduction/Introdução

Conceitos e Enquadramento

Módulo 1 – Ecological Buildings and Territories/ Edificação e Territórios Ecológicos

Edifícios, Bairros e Territórios

Módulo 2 – Low Carbon Urban Planning/ Planeamento Urbano Baixo Carbono

Freguesias, Cidades e Municípios

Módulo 3 – Urban Environmental Asessment/ Avaliação de Impactes da Urbanização

Bairros e grandes urbanizações

Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano

Regiões e Áreas metropolitanas

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Territorial and Urban Ecology – All Contents:

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Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano

• Urban Metabolism Concept

• Urban Metabolism Interrelations

• Sustainability and closed Metabolism

• MEMO Research Project (Lisbon Region) – An exemple of interdisciplinar research

– Main Goal and Objectives

– Study area definition

– Sources and Methodology

– Identification of water elements and territorial units under analysis

– GIS analysis - Water and Urban Form in Settlements and Royal Farms

– The specific case of Lisbon City – Adittional Sources and Methods

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Territorial and Urban Ecology – M4 Contents:

M4. Urban Metabolism Evolution

Research Question/Questão de investigação

− How has been the urban metabolism evolution in Lisbon Region?

Como evoluiu o metabolismo Urbano na região de Lisboa desde o século XIX?

Methodology/Metodologia

− Comparation of cartography and historical statistic/ Elaboração de uma

análise comparativa com base em cartografia e estatística histórica

Results/Resultados

− Scientific articles about Water History and Enviornmental Change and

Atlas/ Publicação de artigos e de um Atlas

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LAND MATERIALS

ORG WASTE

EMISSIONS

WASTE

EFLUENTS

STEEL, CEMENT

URBAN

METABOLISM

BIOMASS

FOOD

DEMOLITIONS

CLIMATE

CHANGE

COMPOST P, N, K, C

REUSING

GLASS, CERAMICS.

HEAVY METALS

ORGANIC M.

P, N, K, C

RECYCLING

ENERGY

ELECTRICITY

FUELS

RENEWABLES

WATER

RAIN WATER

DRINK WATER

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Urban Metabolism Concept

Measuring contamination will allow a better control of the impacts of the social metabolism

RESOURCES

CONTAMINATION METHAN

METHAN

Research questions:

• Which flows to select?

Que fluxos selecionar?

• How to inter connect the flows?

Como interligar ciclos naturais?

• Which sources to use?

Que fontes consultar?

• Which results to look for?

Que resultados procurar?

Water (H2O)

Biomass (C)

Nitrogen (N,P,K)

Urban Metabolism – Water Flow Interrelations

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Research purposes:

• Traditional vs. Industrial

resource management models

• Search solutions for ecological sustainability

- Resource security for future generations

- Natural capital conservation

- Contamination restrictions

- Restitution from waste to resources

• Linear metabolism vs. closed metabolism

• Knowing the past to create a better future

Sustainability and closed Metabolism

MEMO Research Project

1. Framework and Objectives

2. Research Challenges - Study area

3. Sources and Methodology

4. Identification of water and crops elements

and territorial units

5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and Urban

Form

6. The specific case of Lisbon City

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Evolution of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area Metabolism.

Lessons towards a Sustainable Urban Future

Main goal

Evaluate the relationship between urban form and access to water and to food

Objectives

- To visualize the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon Region, in 1900

- To develop a comparative analysis of the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon

- To discuss the role of urban metabolism in urban and land use planning.

https://memoproject.wordpress.com/

http://arcst.tagus.ist.utl.pt/umsc/memo/

MEMO Framework

Access to water has always been of strategic importance for urban areas, agricultural

purposes and other economic activities.

Rapid population growth and urbanization and the subsequent increase in the demand

for water have made access to water an important environmental and social issue.

Currently, water management is dependent on industrial technological models related

to energy consumption and competition for management, therefore the analysis of how

former water systems were organized is relevant.

MEMO Framework

https://memoproject.wordpress.com/


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Cartographic sources and surveys on water quality and water availability showed:

(1) the complexity of the identified traditional water system in the Lisbon region in 1900

(2) the diversity of the water elements of the identified water system

(3) the relative reliability of such water system

(4) the value of using historical data to enhance our understanding of the connections

between the human and physical world, within specific temporal and spatial settings.

A high number of traditional water elements were identified and geo-referenced,

enriching our knowledge of the history of water and allow us to tackle sustainability

issues.

MEMO Framework





4. Identification of water and crops

elements and territorial units

5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and

Urban Form


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Study Area

Geographic Units:

Natural River Basins

Which is the research scale/unit?

• Region/Muncipality/City

• Natural (river basin) unit?

• Political-Administrative unit?

• Socio-Economic unit?

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Lisbon Metropolitan Area in

2010 Source – Atlas AML (2010)

The territory under

analysis agrees with

present LMA

administrative limits,

which did not exist yet in

1900. Thus, this project

has designated such

territory in 1900 as

Lisbon Study Area

Land Uses Chart AML (2002) – CARTUS AML’90







5. GIS analysis - Water Agriculture and

Urban Form


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Sources and Methodology

SOURCES

1. Cartography

• Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa(CEM, 1893-1932) Scale 1:20 000.

• Carta Militar de Portugal (SGE,1937-1951) Scale 1:25 000.

• Casa da Fazenda Real (CFR) (1905) Noticia acerca das aguas que abastecem os

almoxarifados das reaes propriedades, quer proprias quer nacionaes no usufructo da

coroa: 1904 (Typographia da "A Editora", Lisboa).

2. Water Surveys

• 1903 survey on the hygienic conditions of the most important Settlements of Portugal

(CMSMOPCI, 1903)

• 1935 survey on the water provision of Portugal Municipalities (CEMOPC, 1935-1936)

3. Agriculture Surveys

1900

Carta dos Arredores de

Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932)

1940

Carta Militar de Portugal

(SGE,1937-1951)

1893 -1932

2002 - 2015

1936 -1949

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GIS analysis

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Historical Data Analysis Surveys Agriculture, water and sewers – Examples:

METHODOLOGY

1. Crossing data information

Selected data and information for the period under analysis, aimed to identify

and characterize water elements, water volumes, population and urban form

2. Defining scales/units for analysis

From the analyzed sources and cartography it was possible to identify three

territorial scales, according to the availability of data:

• Municipality

• Settlement

• Farm

3. Tools and databases

• Geo-referencing a mosaic map in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• Database of water supply and crops typologies

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3. Used sources and applied methodology




Urban Form


Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis

Water Elements:

Aqueducts, Fountains, Springs, Tanks, Tide-mills, Water Mills, Water Mines, Water

Reservoirs, Wells

Crops:

Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice

Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums

Municipalities and Settlements:

Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Oeiras,

Palmela, Seixal, Setúbal, Sesimbra, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira

Royals Farms:

Ajuda, Alfeite, Belém, Caxias, Mafra, Necessidades, Pena, Queluz, Sintra and Tapada

da Ajuda

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• Wells (1604)

• Aqueducts (84)

• Underground Aqueducts (70)

• Fountains (428)

• Springs (31)

• Tanks (344)

• Water mines (552)

• Water / Tide mills (154)

Cartography Analysis Water elements:

Cartography Analysis Water elements:

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Cartography Analysis Agriculture:

• Vineyards

• Olive trees

• Pine trees

• Rice Fields

• Ploughed Land

• Vegetable Gardens

Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis

Water Elements:

Aqueducts, fountains, springs, tanks, tide-mills, water mills, water mines, water

reservoirs, and wells

Crops:

Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice

Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums

Municipalities and Settlements:

Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Oeiras,

Palmela, Seixal, Setúbal, Sesimbra, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira

Royals Farms:

Ajuda, Alfeite, Belém, Caxias, Mafra, Necessidades, Pena, Queluz, Sintra and Tapada

da Ajuda

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Municipalities (1900)

Identification of territorial units

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Rural Territory

Settlement

Farms Water

Identification of territorial units

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3. Used sources and applied methodology



5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture

and Urban Form




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1900

Carta dos Arredores de

Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932)

1940

Carta Militar de Portugal

(SGE,1937-1951)

1893 -1932

1936 -1949

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In the Lisbon region, in 1900, the water elements

were used for different purposes (drinking,

irrigation and washing) according to the traditional

technological model that prevailed.

In some settlements, a water network that supplied

dwellings was emerging

The co-existence of the two identified technological

models (traditional and industrial) that served

water supply in Lisbon region in 1900 was

confirmed.

The geographical location of all water elements

obtained from GIS with historical sources allows

further research to verify if these identified water

elements have persisted over time and what are their

current uses.

The results of this study call for the value of Portugal’s

rural heritage, to which the study of water history is

compulsory - Research provides new knowledge and

promote the preservation of traditional water

technologies (urban and rural)

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Break!








Urban Form


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The specific case of Lisbon City

– Historical account of specific Lisbon’s statistical and cartographical information,

produced for Lisbon between 1898 and 1911.

– Outlook over the territorial shapes that assured urban agricultural and

water provision at the period of time under analysis.

– Lisbon municipality had urban agriculture in the beginning of twentieth century

but food was also supplied by other territories.

Finding a legend for 1900 charts...

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

Atlas da Carta Topográfica de Lisboa Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa Levantamento da Planta de Lisboa 1856-1858 1893-1932 1904-1911

Filipe Folque

Corpo do Estado-Maior

Júlio António Vieira da Silva Pinto

Alberto Sá Correia

Sources

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Análise comparativa de fontes cartográficas

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Árvores

Water

Elements

Aquedutos

Fontes

Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Aquedutos Subterrâneos

Tanques

Poços

Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells

Mães de água

Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Crops

Olival

Árvores

Olive groves Trees Vinhas

Terras Lavradas

Hortas Vineyards

Ploughed Lands Vegetable

Gardens

Terras Lavradas

Water

Elements

Aquedutos

Fontes

Chafarizes



Tanques

Poços


Mães de água

Nascentes


Crops

Olival

Árvores


Terras Lavradas

Hortas Vineyards


Gardens

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Vinhas

Water

Elements

Aquedutos

Fontes

Chafarizes



Tanques

Poços


Mães de água

Nascentes


Crops

Olival

Árvores


Terras Lavradas

Hortas Vineyards


Gardens

Olivais

Water

Elements

Aquedutos

Fontes

Chafarizes



Tanques

Poços


Mães de água

Nascentes


Crops

Olival

Árvores


Terras Lavradas

Hortas Vineyards


Gardens

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Hortas

Water

Elements

Aquedutos

Fontes

Chafarizes



Tanques

Poços


Mães de água

Nascentes


Crops

Olival

Árvores


Terras Lavradas

Hortas Vineyards


Gardens

1

2

3

4

5 Hortas

Árvores

Olivais

Terras Lavradas

Vinhas

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• In Lisbon city, in 1900 water elements and land uses were detaily

represented by Silva Pinto, offering an importat source of knowledge

• However, the water network that supplied dwellings which was emerging is

not represented in none of these charts

• The geographical location of all water elements obtained from GIS with

historical sources allows further research to compare cartographic

sourcesCo-existence of the two identified technological models (traditional

and industrial) of water supply is not possible to confirm only through

charts

• Research provides new knowledge and promotes the understanding of

traditional water technologies

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Muito Obrigada

[email protected]

urban and territorial ecology · 10-05-2016 2 módulo 4 – urban metabolism evolution/ evolução...

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