❘❊◆❆❚❆ P❊❙❙❖❆ ❇■❋❆◆❖

❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❖❙ ❊❙❚❯❉❆◆❚❊❙ ❉❆ ❊❙❈❖▲❆❊❙❚❆❉❯❆▲ ❲❆▲❉❖▼■❘❖ ▼❊◆❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ◆❖❙ ❊❳❆▼❊❙ ❉❖

❙■▼❆❱❊ ❊ ❊◆❊▼

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳

❱■➬❖❙❆▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✲ ❇❘❆❙■▲

✷✵✶✺

Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Biblioteca Central da UniversidadeFederal de Viçosa - Câmpus Viçosa

T

Bifano, Renata Pessoa, 1976-

B591e2015

Um estudo sobre o desempenho dos estudantes da EscolaEstadual Waldomiro Mendes de Almeida nos exames doSIMAVE e ENEM / Renata Pessoa Bifano. – Viçosa, MG, 2015.

vii, 43f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm.

Inclui apêndice.

Orientador: Marinês Guerreiro.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa.

Referências bibliográficas: f.41-43.

1. Sistemas de ensino - Avaliação. 2. Aprendizagem.3. Desempenho. 4. SIMAVE. 5. ENEM. I. Universidade Federalde Viçosa. Departamento de Matemática. Programa dePós-graduação em Matemática. II. Título.

CDD 22. ed. 370.9

❘❊◆❆❚❆ P❊❙❙❖❆ ❇■❋❆◆❖

❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❖❙ ❊❙❚❯❉❆◆❚❊❙ ❉❆ ❊❙❈❖▲❆❊❙❚❆❉❯❆▲ ❲❆▲❉❖▼■❘❖ ▼❊◆❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ◆❖❙ ❊❳❆▼❊❙ ❉❖

❙■▼❆❱❊ ❊ ❊◆❊▼

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳

❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆✿ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

❱❛❧ér✐❛ ▼❛tt♦s ❞❛ ❘♦s❛ ❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s

▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡ ❛ ◆♦ss❛ ❙❡♥❤♦r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rs❛r ❡ss❡▼❡str❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❛ ❡ ▼❛t❤❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s❢❡r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ t❡r t✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♣♦r ♠✐♠✳ ❙❡✐ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ês ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ❞❡❞✐❝♦ ❡❧❛ ❛ ✈♦❝ês✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠❛❞♦ ♠❛r✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❡st❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❡ss❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦✱ ❛ss✉❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❉❡❧③❛ ❡ ❉♦♠✐♥❣♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝❤❡❣❛r✐❛ ❛té ❛q✉✐ ❡♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❱♦❝ês ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ❧✉t❛r ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱❛ s✉❜✐r ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡❣r❛✉ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ✈♦❝ês t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❡✉ t❡r ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ à t✐❛ ◆❡♥❡♠ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡✐s ♦r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢é q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠✲♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ✷ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥♦✉ ❛ ✐r ♠❛✐s❧♦♥❣❡✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐sq✉❡ ♠❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❝♦♠ ê①✐t♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ t❡s❡✳ ▼❛r✐♥ês✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r r❡♣❛rt✐r ❝♦♠✐❣♦ s❡✉s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣✉✐❛ ♥❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ❡t❡r♥❛s ❛♠✐❣❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s ▲✉❝✐❛♥❛ ❡ ▲❡♦♥í❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s✈✐✈✐ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ú♥✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ♥ã♦ s❡✐ s❡ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ t✉r♠❛ P❉■✬s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ✉♥✐ã♦✳ ❊ ❛ ✈♦❝ês ❞✐❣♦ ✉♠✏❛té ❜r❡✈❡✑✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡s♣❡❞✐r❡✐✱ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡✐ t♦❞♦s ♥♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞♦s✉❝❡ss♦✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ▲✉r❞✐♥❤❛ ❡ ▼ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡❛❥✉❞❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

✐✐

✐✐✐

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s♠❡str❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ❛♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

P♦r ✜♠✱ ✉♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐♥❝❡r♦ à t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✿❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♥✜♠✱ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛✳

❙✉♠ár✐♦

❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐

❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶

✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✸

✶✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✶✳✸ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✶✳✹ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

✶✳✺ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

✷ ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✶✵

✷✳✶ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✷✳✷ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✻

✸✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✐✈

✈

✸✳✶✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ Pr♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✸✳✶✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✸✳✶✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✸✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P❡rí♠❡tr♦✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✸✳✷✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✸✳✷✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❉✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✸✳✸ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✸✳✸✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●rá✜❝♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✸✳✸✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ▼é❞✐❛ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✸✳✸✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ 2011 ❛ 2013 ✸✵

✹✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✹✳✸ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✹✳✸✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ■♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✸✽

❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ✹✵

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✹✶

❘❡s✉♠♦

❇■❋❆◆❖✱ ❘❡♥❛t❛ P❡ss♦❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❡①❛♠❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✳

◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛

sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s

❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦

❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ❛♣r❡✲

s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s

❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ P♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛r♠♦s ✉♠❛ q✉❡❞❛ ♥♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥✲

t❡s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠

♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s

❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳

✈✐

❆❜str❛❝t

❇■❋❆◆❖✱ ❘❡♥❛t❛ P❡ss♦❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❆ st✉❞② ♦♥t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t❛t❡ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✐♥ ❡①❛♠s ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦✳

■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✇❡ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ②❡❛r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✏❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢

❙■▼❆❱❊ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s

❢r♦♠ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚♦ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ✇❡

♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❤✐st♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡

❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♥❞ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❇② ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛❧❧✐♥❣ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss✲

♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✷✵✶✶ t♦ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r②

♣r♦❥❡❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s✳

✈✐✐

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❖ t❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦ ❙✐s✲t❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛✭❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❡ ❞♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✮✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❡①❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ê♥❢❛s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞á ❛ ❡ss❡s ❡①❛♠❡s ❡ à ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳

❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✭❙❊❊✲▼●✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s✳

❊♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧❛

❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ◆♦ 14 ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ 2000✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❣♦✲

✈❡r♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ✲ ■t❛♠❛r ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦

t❡♠♣♦ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦ P❘❖❊❇ ❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❛çõ❡s

q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❣❡r❛✐s✿ ✏❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❣❡stã♦ ❝♦♥✲

s♦r❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣✉✲

❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳✑❬✶✶❪

❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✭P❘❖❊❇✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r❛♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❆♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛s ♣r♦✈❛s✱ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛s❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡t❛s ♣❧❛✉sí✈❡✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♠✐♥❡✐r❛s✳

❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✭❡ ❞❡✈❡♠✮s✉r❣✐r ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞❛s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ♣♦rt♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❡♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷

❡♥tr❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♣❧✉r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳

❖ ❊◆❊▼ é ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❡❧♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳❊ss❡ ❡①❛♠❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧✲t❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ t❛❧ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛♦❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡♠ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✱ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣r✐✈❛❞♦♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦❞♦s✭P❘❖❯◆■✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❡❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❊s✲t✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭❋■❊❙✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ q✉❛tr♦ ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳

▼❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥✲

s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♥í✈❡✐s s❛t✐s❢❛tó✲

r✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙✐s✲

t❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛

✭❙❆❊❇✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦

✭❊◆❊▼✮ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠

❛ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s✳❬✶✼❪

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦❝❛r❡♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♥♦q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❊◆❊▼ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ P❘❖❊❇✳

❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♥♦s ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3 sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱s✐t✉❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❛t✐♣ó✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❙■▼❆❱❊❡ ❊◆❊▼✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦st❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♥❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s ♥♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡st♦♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①✲t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 2 ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡sã♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 3 ❢❛③❡♠♦s ❛ ❛♣r❡✲s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣r❛✉❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r♠♦s ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ✲ ❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 4 ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧

◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦❡①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú✲❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ♦❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ♦ ❊◆❊▼✳

✶✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦

❇r❛s✐❧

❖ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✈❡♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳

❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱s❡ ❞❡✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵ ❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦✲♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■◆❊P✮✱ ♥❛q✉❡❧❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦❞❡ss❡ ór❣ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✈❛ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❛ r❡✲❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥❡ss❛ár❡❛✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✽❪✱ ❡ss❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❡st❛✈❛ ❛tr❡❧❛❞♦ ❛♦❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛③✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ✜❝❛ss❡♠ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛

✸

✶✳✶✳ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✹

❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛✈❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈ê✲❧❛s t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

◆❛q✉❡❧❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡r❛♠ ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣✐❛♠ ❛ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❈❡♥tr♦s ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛é ❛❢❛st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ■◆❊P ❡ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ s♦❝✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❡r❞❡♠❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ 1980✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛♠ ❛ ❣❛♥❤❛r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❢❛t♦ ❡ss❡ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✉t❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ 1990✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐✉ ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ 1o ●r❛✉ ✲ ❙❆❊P✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✼✳

❆ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛

❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠

♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✵✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦

❙❆❊❇ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✸ ❢♦✐ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡✐①♦s ❞❡

❡st✉❞♦✿ 1✲ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦❀2 ✲ ♣❡r✜❧ ❡ ♣rá✲

t✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s❀ 3 ✲ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡

❣❡stã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✾✺✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉

❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉✲

❧❛r ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦❀ ❛❞♦t♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s ❞❡

♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❀ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r♦✉

✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s

❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s só❝✐♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦✲

❜r❡ ♦s ❤á❜✐t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❀ ❡ r❡❞❡✜♥✐✉ ❛s

sér✐❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ 4a ❡ 8a sér✐❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛✲

♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❬✶✷❪✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬✶✽❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ 1997✱ ❛s ✏▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✑✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳

❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛

❛♠♣❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣r❛✲

t✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛✲

♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ❬✶✷❪✳

❈♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡♥❞♦❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❆t❡♥❞✐✲♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ✭❆♥r❡s❝✮✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❣❡r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ♣♦r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❡♥s✐tár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❆♥r❡s❝✱ ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦

✶✳✷✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ✺

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭❆♥❡❜✮ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú✲❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦ ✭❆◆❆✮✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ 3o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧■ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❡♥s✐tár✐♦✳

✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s Pú✲

❜❧✐❝❛s

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✺❪ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s r❡❢♦r♠❛s ♥❡♦❧✐❜❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇❡♠ ❊st❛r ❙♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛●✉❡rr❛ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭✶✾✸✾ ✲ ✶✾✹✺✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❊st❛❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ s❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♥st❛✉r❛çã♦❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡♦❧✐❜❡r❛❧ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✶✾✾✵ ✲ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ✈ê♠s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❢❡rr❡♥❤❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❊ss❡ ✐❞❡ár✐♦ ❢♦✐ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞♦♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ✭❋❍❈✮ ❡✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❞✐③❡r✱ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦❞❡ ▲✉ís ■♥á❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭▲✉❧❛✮✳

❘❡❧❛t❛ ❬✺❪ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛✲❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r q✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✱ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳

❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛tr♦✉①❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡①tr❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ❡ss❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ❛❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❢❡③❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛ss❛ss❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛s♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛❝❛❜❛r❛♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥ã♦❡st❛✈❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦q✉❡✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦♦ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ s♦❝✐❛❧✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r❛♠✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ tr❛t❛ss❡♠ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ss❡♠ ❡ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ss❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✳

✶✳✸✳ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✻

❋♦✐ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ❡s✲

❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛✲

tór✐❛ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡✲

s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐✲

❛✐s ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛

❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s

✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡

s✉r✈❡②s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡s ❧❡✈❛♥✲

t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉✲

♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ét♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝✉❧✲

t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦ ✐♥❝♦♥t❡stá✈❡❧

❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❡ s♦❝✐♦❧ó✲

❣✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s✳ ❬✺❪

❆ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ss❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛❡s❝❛❧❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❛t✐❞❛ ❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s s♦❜r❡❛ s✉❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ss❡♠ ♥♦❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s q✉❡ ✈✐❡ss❡♠❛ s✉r❣✐r ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳

❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛ ❡q✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❡t❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡①✐❣✐❞❛s♣❡❧♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛çõ❡s r❡❣✉❧❛❞♦r❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥✲t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠♣r♦✈❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❛ís✱ s❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞ã♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✳

❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s tê♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ss✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳

✶✳✸ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦

❇ás✐❝❛

❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✽✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✵ ❡ ✈❡♠ s♦❢r❡♥❞♦❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡✲❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❛✜r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ▲❡✐❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▲❉❇✮ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❆rt✐❣♦ 9o✱ ✈❡✐♦ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ♠❛✐♦r❝r❡❞✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳

✶✳✹✳ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ✼

❬✳✳✳❪ ❱■ ✲ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲

çã♦ ❞♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥✲

t❛❧✱ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐s✲

t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦✲

r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❬✶✸❪

✳

❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❢♦✐ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✺✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭■❉❊❇✮ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ❆♥❡❜ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ✉♠❛❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛r✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉r❜❛♥❛✱ ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ 4a ❡ 8a sér✐❡s ✭♦✉ 5o ❡ 9o ❛♥♦s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ▼❛✲t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♥♦t❛s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡ 0 ❛ 10✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❡str❛t♦s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳

❆ ❆♥r❡s❝ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 4a ❡ 8a sér✐❡s ✭♦✉ 5o ❡ 9o ❛♥♦s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥✲❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s✱ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛✐s ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ár❡❛ r✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉r❜❛♥❛✱ ❡♠❡s❝♦❧❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ 20 ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ sér✐❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❡str❛t♦s sã♦❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦✱ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛ís✳

❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❖ ❙❆❊❇ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡ ♥❡ss❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s♦❝✐✲♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳

❆♠♣❧✐❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥✲❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♦❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❥á ♥♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■t❡♥s✱ ❛ ♣❛r✲t✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ▼❊❈✴■◆❊P ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ sã♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶✾❪✳

✶✳✹ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛

P❛r❛ P❛t❡♥t❡ ❬✶✺❪✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛❡♠ ✷✵✵✵ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳

❆✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ P❛t❡♥t❡ ❬✶✺❪ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s❡r✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠♥❡t♦ ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡❞❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s●❡r❛✐s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❛♥✉❛✐s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱

✶✳✺✳ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✽

✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳

❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳

❖ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦✭P❘❖❆▲❋❆✮✱ Pr♦✲❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✭P❆❆❊✮ ❡ P❘❖❊❇✱ t♦❞♦s ❝❡♥s✐tár✐♦s✳ ❆s ❛✈❛✲❧✐❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s❡①t❡r♥❛s ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s s❡❞✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳

❈♦♠ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ P❘❖❊❇✱ ❞♦ P❆❆❊ ❡ ❞♦ P❘❖❆▲❋❆✱ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❛ ❙❊❊✲▼● ❛♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❉❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ❛❙❊❊✲▼● ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱à q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ à ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳

✶✳✺ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦

❈r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐str♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❛ís ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ♥❛❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦sP❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❈◆s✮ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ss❡ ♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❋♦✐ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦❇r❛s✐❧✳

❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐r❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ t❡①t♦s✱ ♠❛♣❛s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✳ ❖ ❡①❛♠❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛r✱ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s ❡ ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐❞❡✐❛s ❜❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s✳ ❬✶✾❪

✶✳✺✳ ❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✾

❊♠ ✷✵✵✹✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▼❊❈ ✐♥st✐t✉✐✉ ♦ P❘❖❯◆■ ❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦❧s❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ t❡✈❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ 2, 4 ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱❢♦✐ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾ q✉❡ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❢♦✐ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈✐❛s ❞❡❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✳

❖✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❞✐á❧♦❣♦❝♦♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✾✱ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳

❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❤♦❥❡ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛✲

❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦

❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠ ❋r♦♥✲

t❡✐r❛s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦

s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛s ❛çõ❡s

❝♦♥❢❡r❡♠ ❛♦ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧

♣♦r s❡✉ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦✳❬✼❪

▼❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛❛✉t♦❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ❛ ♣❛✐s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❞✐r✐❣❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ✐♥s✲t✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❣❡st♦r❡s s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❛♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

❯♠❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡

s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦r✲

t❡❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱

s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝✉rrí✲

❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡✲

❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ❛♣❡✲

♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❈✉rr✐✲

❝✉❧❛r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡

♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐á✲❧♦✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❈✉rr✐✲

❝✉❧❛r é ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡ ❡s♣❡❧❤❛ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝✉❥♦

❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s

♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❬✶❪✳

❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛❞❡r♥♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s tr❛③❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✲❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ✭q✉❡stõ❡s✮ s♦❜r❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡✲♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s sér✐❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳

✷✳✶ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊

❆q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s ❊✐①♦s ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s✳

✶✵

✷✳✶✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ✶✶

✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ❊✐①♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s

✭■✮ ✲ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❋♦r♠❛

❉1 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s ✉s✉❛✐s ✭♣r✐s♠❛s✱ ♣✐râ♠✐✲❞❡s✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✱ ❝✉❜♦✱ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❡✮✳

❉2 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ r❛③ã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ tr✐✲â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✭s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✱ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✮✳

❉3 ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦✳

❉4 ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛✳

❉5 ❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳

✭■■✮ ✲ ●r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s

❉6 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✳

❉7 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✳

❉8 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✭♣r✐s♠❛✱ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡✱ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❝♦♥❡✱ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✮✳

❉9 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ só❧✐❞♦ ✭♣r✐s♠❛✱ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡✱❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✱ ❝♦♥❡✱ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦✮✳

✭■■■✮ ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✲ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❋✉♥çõ❡s

❉10 ❊st✐♠❛r r❛✐③ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s✳

❉11 ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ r❡t❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳

❉12 ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

❉13 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

❉14 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s✳

❉15 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

❉16 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

❉17 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

❉18 ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

❉19 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉ ❣rá✜❝♦✳

❉20 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❢❛t♦r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ 1o

❣r❛✉✳

❉21 ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦✉ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✷

❉22 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

❉23 ❈♦♥str✉✐r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠ três ❡q✉❛çõ❡s❡ três ✐♥❝ó❣♥✐t❛s✳

❉24 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❝♦♠ três ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡ três ✐♥❝ó❣♥✐t❛s✳

❉25 ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✴❞❡❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ③❡r♦s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜✲❝♦s✳

❉26 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳

❉27 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳

❉28 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛r❝♦s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳

❉29 ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛✉s ❡ ❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✳

❉30 ❆♣❧✐❝❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦✳

❉31 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳

❉32 ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦✳

❉33 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ y ❂ a.x

❉34 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳

❉35 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ y = logxa

❉36 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♦♣❡r❛tór✐❛s ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛✳

❉37 ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛s r❛í③❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦1o ❡✴♦✉ 2o ❣r❛✉✳

✭■❱✮ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦

❉38 ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✭s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ s❡t♦r❡s✮✳

❉39 ❆ss♦❝✐❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ❡✴♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s q✉❡❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳

❉40 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛✳

✷✳✷ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼

❆ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦❞❛ ♣r♦✈❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✏❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✑✱ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✳

✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✸

❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tr❛③ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ 120 ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ 30 ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡✿ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s❀ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❍✉♠❛♥❛s❀❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

▲✐st❛♠♦s ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛

✭■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 1 ✲ ❈♦♥str✉✐r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✱r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ r❡❛✐s✳

❍1 ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✲ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✱ r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ r❡❛✐s✳

❍2 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✳

❍3 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳

❍4 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r❛③♦❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ss♦❜r❡ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s✳

❍5 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳

✭■■✮ ✲❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 2 ✲ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❣✐r s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❛✳

❍6 ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✴♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥✲s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✉❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳

❍7 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s ♦✉ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳

❍8 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡❢♦r♠❛✳

❍9 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳

✭■■■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 3 ✲ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✲♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳

❍10 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳

❍11 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛s ♥❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳

❍12 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳

❍13 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✳

❍14 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦sr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✳

✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✹

✭■❱✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 4 ✲ ❈♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✲♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳

❍15 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳

❍16 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❡r✲s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

❍17 ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳

❍18 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳

✭❱✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 5 ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐ss♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ♦✉ té❝♥✐❝♦✲❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s✳

❍19 ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳

❍20 ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❣rá✜❝♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✳

❍21 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝✉❥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✳

❍22 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✴❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳

❍23 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✳

✭❱■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 6 ✲ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛çã♦✱✐♥t❡r♣♦❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳

❍24 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳

❍25 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ♦✉ ❣rá✜❝♦s✳

❍26 ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✲tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳

✭❱■■✮ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ➪r❡❛ 7 ✲ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡✲t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✳

❍27 ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s❡①♣r❡ss♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✭♥ã♦ ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s✮ ♦✉ ❡♠❣rá✜❝♦s✳

❍28 ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲❞❛❞❡✳

❍29 ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✲tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳

✷✳✷✳ ❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✶✺

❍30 ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛✲tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❤❛✲❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦❊◆❊▼ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❊st✉❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦

❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼

◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼❞❡ 2011 ❛ 2013✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✴♦✉❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✳ ❋❛③❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛sq✉❡stõ❡s✳

P❛r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱❡❧❡♥❝❛r❡♠♦s 2 q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦✱t♦t❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ 18 q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡rá ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝á ✲ ❧❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧❛✳

❆s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ sã♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✿❜❛✐①♦✱ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦✳

❯t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❡ss❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✭❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❡ ❛s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳

❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❢♦✐ ❛ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛q✉❡ é ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ às ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❛♣ós ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳

❆s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦s ❝❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r ❛♠❛r❡❧❛ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸✳

✶✻

✸✳✶✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✶✼

✸✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶

❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛q✉✐ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✳

✸✳✶✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ Pr♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ M120514A9 ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ❡stá s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧❞♦ ♠ês✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ❡❧❡ ❢❡③ 10 ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳ ❙✉❛ ♠❡t❛ é ❢❛③❡r✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ 5❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❛té ❛ ✈és♣❡r❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦✳ ❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ês✱❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐✉ s✉❛ ♠❡t❛✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❡❧❡ ❢❡③✱ ♥♦ s❡①t♦ ❞✐❛❄❆✮ 25❇✮ 30❈✮ 35❉✮ 40❊✮ 75❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✶✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ 155 ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❖ s❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✈❛r❡❥✐st❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ r❡❣✐str♦✉ ❛❧t❛✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡s❡t♦r ♥♦ ♠ês ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡st❡ ❛♥♦✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ 4.300 ✈❛❣❛s ♥♦s❡t♦r✱ t♦t❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ 880.605 tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❛ss✐♥❛❞❛✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✈❛r❡❥✐st❛ s❡❥❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦s s❡✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♠❡s❡s ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ② ❡ ① r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s♥♦ s❡t♦r ✈❛r❡❥✐st❛ ❡ ♦s ♠❡s❡s✱ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❡ss❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡ss❡s ♠❡s❡s é✿❆✮ y = x+ 4

❇✮ y = 884905x

❈✮ y = 872005 + 4300x

❉✮ y = 876305 + 4300x

❊✮ y = 880605 + 4300x

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉26✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❡ssõ❡s ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧❛✳ ◆ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡s✲sár✐❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛✐①♦✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♠❛✐s r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✳

✸✳✶✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✶✽

✸✳✶✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✷✵✹✶✻❆✾ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❏♦ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦✉ t❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡r❝❛r ♦ t❡rr❡♥♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦❛❜❛✐①♦✳

◗✉❛♥t♦s ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ t❡❧❛✱ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✉❄❆✮ 34❇✮ 29❈✮ 24❉✮ 22❊✮ 13❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✶✳

❊◆❊▼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✳♣r✳❣♦✈✳❜r✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✽✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✵✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✺✹ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❖ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ q✉❡ ❞á ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡ss❛ ❝❛❧ç❛❞❛ é ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ ♣♦r r♦t❛çõ❡s✱❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝❡♥tr♦✱ ❞❡✿❆✮ 45o

❇✮ 60o

❈✮ 90o

❉✮ 120o

✸✳✶✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✶✾

❊✮ 180o

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉6✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥✐rá ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ r❡q✉❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ s♦❜r❡ r♦t❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s é ❍8✳

✸✳✶✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✷✵✸✽✼❆✽ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s♣♦♥t♦s ❆ ❡ ❇✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✶ ✲ ◗✉❡stã♦ M120387A8

❆ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❆ ❡ ❇ é✿❆✮ 3❇✮ 5❈✮

√5

❉✮√13

❊✮√53

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✶✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✺✷ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❯♠ ❜❛✐rr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ❝♦♠r✉❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❞r❛s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✲♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❡ss❡ ❜❛✐rr♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡✱ ❡ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s♥♦s ❡✐①♦s sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉✐❧ô♠❡tr♦s✳

✸✳✷✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✷✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✶ ✲ ◗✉❡stã♦ M120387A8

❆ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çã♦ y = x + 4 r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ♠❡trôs✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡♦ q✉❡ ❛tr❛✈❡ss❛rá ♦ ❜❛✐rr♦ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆♦ ♣♦♥t♦ P = (−5, 5)✱❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t♦✉ ❛♦ ❝♦♠✐tê ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡❢♦ss❡ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡trô ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ 5 ❦♠✳

❆t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♠✐tê ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ s❡r✐❛❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❥á ❡st❛✈❛ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦✿❆✮ (−5, 0)

❇✮ (−3, 1)

❈✮ (−2, 1)

❉✮ (0, 4)❊✮ (2, 6)❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✶ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉3 ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡P✐tá❣♦r❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❡stá ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❞❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❍20✳

✸✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷

❆♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✳

✸✳✷✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✷✶

✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P❡rí♠❡tr♦✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✵✵✵✽✾❈❊ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❋❛❜rí❝✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦✉ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❝✉❥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❡❞❡ 3 ❝♠✳◗✉❛❧ é ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ss❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦❄❆✮ ✻ ❝♠❜✮ ✾ ❝♠❈✮ ✶✷ ❝♠❉✮ ✶✽ ❝♠❊✮ ✷✹ ❝♠❘❡✈✐st❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✷

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✻✷ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❖ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ 1 ❢♦✐ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞♦s❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ r❛✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❉♦❜r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❞❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ért✐❝❡s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞♦ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ❡❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ✲ s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞❛♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ 2✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❖ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ 2✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ❞❛❋✐❣✉r❛ 1✱ t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✿❆✮ 300%❇✮ 200%❈✮ 150%❉✮ 100%

✸✳✷✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✷✷

❊✮ 50%❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉6✱ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♣♦rs✉❛ ✈❡③ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ é ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛✱ ♥❛q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ ✉s❛r ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✳

✸✳✷✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✷✵✶✸✷❆✾ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❉❛s 12.000 ♠♦r❛❞✐❛s ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❤❛❜✐✲t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s 3.000 ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s✳ ◗✉❛❧ é ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❛s ♠♦r❛❞✐❛s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❤❛❜✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❄❆✮ 12%❇✮ 18%❈✮ 25%❉✮ 30%❊✮ 42%❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✷✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✺✵ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❆rt✉r ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ✉♠ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❈❧é❜❡r✱ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❛ss❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦✿

❖♣çã♦ ✶✿ P❛❣❛r à ✈✐st❛✱ ♣♦r R$55.000, 00✳

❖♣çã♦ ✷✿ P❛❣❛r ❛ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ R$30.000, 00✱ ❡ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦❞❡ R$26.000, 00 ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❧✐ ❛ 6 ♠❡s❡s✳

❖♣çã♦ ✸✿ P❛❣❛r ❛ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ R$20.000, 00✱ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡R$20.000, 00✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❧✐ ❛ 6 ♠❡s❡s ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞❡ R$18.000, 00 ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❧✐ ❛ 12 ♠❡s❡s ❞❛ ❞❛t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛✳

❖♣çã♦ ✹✿ P❛❣❛r ❛ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ R$15.000, 00 ❡ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ 1 ❛♥♦ ❞❛❞❛t❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛✱ ♣❛❣❛♥❞♦ R$39.000, 00✳

❖♣çã♦ ✺✿ ♣❛❣❛r ❛ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❞❛❧✐ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♥♦✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ R$60.000, 00✳

❆rt✉r t❡♠ ♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛❣❛r à ✈✐st❛✱ ♠❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛ s❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r à ✈✐st❛ ✭♦✉ ❛té ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❡♥♦r✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ 10%

✸✳✷✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✷✸

❛♦ s❡♠❡str❡✱ r❡s❣❛t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❢♦ss❡♠✈❡♥❝❡♥❞♦✳

❆♣ós ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❆rt❤✉r❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ♠❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❛ ♦♣çã♦✿❆✮ ✶❇✮ ✷❈✮ ✸❉✮ ✹❊✮ ✺❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❖ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r D14 é ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ q✉❡r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ r❛❝í♦❝✐♥✐♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛✐①♦✱❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ✲ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✐ss♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡stã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ s✉♣r❛❝✐t❛❞❛✳

✸✳✷✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ P♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❉✐❢í❝✐❧✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✷✵✵✷✾❆✽ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s (d) ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛❢ór♠✉❧❛✿ d = n·(n−3)

2✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ n r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡

❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ 90 ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s é✿❆✮ 12❇✮ 15❈✮ 27❉✮ 45❊✮ 90❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✷✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✹✾ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ P❛r❛ ❞❡❝♦r❛r ❛ ❢❛❝❤❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦✱ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐t❡t♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✉❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐tr❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❡❞✐♥❞♦ 1m✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛s❡❣✉✐r✳

◆❡st❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❆✱ ❇✱ ❈ ❡ ❉ sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ss❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❆P ❡ ◗❈ ♠❡❞❡♠ 1

4❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ✈✐tr❛❧✱

sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✿ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ s♦♠❜r❡❛❞❛ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ q✉❡ ❝✉st❛ R$30, 00

♦ m2✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛ ✭r❡❣✐õ❡s ❆❇P❉❆ ❡ ❇❈❉◗❇✮✱ q✉❡ ❝✉st❛ R$50, 00 ♦ m2✳

✸✳✸✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛❧ é ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠✈✐tr❛❧❄❆✮ R$22, 50

❇✮ R$35, 00

❈✮ R$40, 00

❉✮ R$42, 50

❊✮ R$45, 00

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r D8✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ❞❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❍8 ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ◆♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦❊◆❊▼ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✳

✸✳✸ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸

❆♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✳

✸✳✸✳✶ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●rá✜❝♦s✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❇❛✐①♦

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✵✾✵✸✽✼❆✾ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❖ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠í♥✐♠❛s ❡♠á①✐♠❛s ❞❡ três ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞✐❛✳

❖ ❣rá✜❝♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡ss❡ q✉❛❞r♦ é✿

✶❊ss❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r é ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ 9o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥✲

❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛sr❡♠❛♥❤✉❛❝✉✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴✷✵✶✶✴✶✵✴❜✲♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛✲✾✲♦✲❛♥♦✲❞♦✲❡♥s✐♥♦✳❤t♠❧✳

✸✳✸✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✺

❈✐❞❛❞❡ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ▼á①✐♠❛❇❛✉rú ✶✾ ✸✷❈❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❏♦r❞ã♦ ✶✷ ✷✹❙❛♥t♦s ✷✷ ✷✽

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✸✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✸✾ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❆ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●✉❛r✉❧❤♦s ✭❙P✮ t❡♠ ♦ 8o P■❇ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✉❧✳ ❊♠ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s❝r❡s❝❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s ❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✱ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❧♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s❄❆✮ 75, 28❇✮ 64, 09

✸✳✸✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✻

❈✮ 56, 95❉✮ 45, 76❊✮ 30, 07❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉39✱ é s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❜❛st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❝❧❛r❛s ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❡ ♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♠❛s❡①✐❣❡ ♠❛✐s ❛t❡♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ♣♦r t❡r q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❜❡♠ ❛ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r ♠á ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❍24✳

✸✳✸✳✷ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ▼é❞✐❛ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✵✾✵✸✽✼❆✾ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❖ ❣❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤♦t❡❧ r❡❣✐str♦✉ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❤ós♣❡❞❡sq✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❧❛✈❛♥❞❡r✐❛ ❞♦ ❤♦t❡❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♠❛♥❛✳

❉✐❛s ❞❛ ❙❡♠❛♥❛ ❉♦♠ ❙❡❣ ❚❡r ◗✉❛ ◗✉✐ ❙❡① ❙á❜◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❍ós♣❡❞❡s ✷✹ ✸✵ ✶✵ ✶✹ ✶✶ ✶✷ ✸✷

❉✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦s ❤ós♣❡❞❡s✱ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛✱ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❧❛✈❛♥❞❡r✐❛ ♥❡ss❛ s❡✲♠❛♥❛❄❆✮ 7❇✮ 8❈✮ 14❉✮ 19❊✮ 28❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✸

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✹✽ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❈✐♥❝♦ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❛❧✐♠❡♥tí❝✐♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ à ✈❡♥❞❛✳❯♠ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦✱ ❛❧♠❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦s s❡✉s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❡♠✲♣r❡s❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r q✉❛❧ ❞❡❧❛s ✐rá ❝♦♠♣r❛r✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦ ❧✉❝r♦ ✭❡♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ r❡❛✐s✮ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❡♠ ❛♥♦s✮ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❧✉❝r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛♥✉❛❧✳

❖ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❧✉❝r♦ ✭❡♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ r❡❛✐s✮ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❡♠❛♥♦s✮ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳

❖ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✿❆✮ ❋

✸✳✸✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✽✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❇✮ ●❈✮ ❍❉✮ ▼❊✮ P❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉40 ❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ✜♠✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛s❡r ♣♦❞❡r❛❞❛✱ é s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❍27✳

✸✳✸✳✸ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ◆í✈❡❧✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ▼✶✷✵✸✻✾❆✾ ✲ ❙■▼❆❱❊✮ ❏♦ã♦ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥✉♠❛ ❝❛✐①❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡✉♠❛ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✾✿ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ q✉❡stã♦ ✭▼✶✷✵✸✻✾❆✾✮

◗✉❛❧ é ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ss❛ ❝❛✐①❛❄❆✮ ✶✵✶✱✺ cm2

❇✮ ✷✶✵✱✵ cm2

❈✮ ✷✹✺✱✵ cm2

✸✳✸✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✽

❉✮ ✷✺✾✱✵ cm2

❊✮ ✹✻✾✱✵ cm2

❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘❡✈✐st❛ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✷✵✶✸

✭◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✺✻ ✲ ❊◆❊▼✮ ❆s t♦rr❡s P✉❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❊✉r♦♣❛ sã♦ ❞✉❛s t♦rr❡s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥tr❛❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ♥✉♠❛ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❞r✐✱ ♥❛ ❊s♣❛♥❤❛✳ ❆ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s t♦rr❡s é ❞❡ 15o

❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❡ ❡❧❛s tê♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ 114 ♠ ✭❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❆❇✮✳ ❊st❛s t♦rr❡s sã♦ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r✐s♠❛ ♦❜❧íq✉♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✵✿ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ✇✇✇✳✢✐❝❦r✳❝♦♠✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✼✴✵✸✴✷✵✶✷✳

❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ 0, 26 ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ 15o ❡ ❞✉❛s ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s ♥❛s♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡ ✲ s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ss❡ ♣ré❞✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ♥❛ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦❆✮ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✶✵✵ m2

❇✮ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵✵ m2 ❡ ✸✵✵ m2

❈✮ ❡♥tr❡ ✸✵✵ m2 ❡ ✺✵✵ m2

❉✮ ❡♥tr❡ ✺✵✵ m2 ❡ ✼✵✵ m2

❊✮ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✼✵✵ m2

❋♦♥t❡✿ Pr♦✈❛ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✸ ✲ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦ ❆♠❛r❡❧♦✳

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r ❉8 ❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ q✉❡♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ ❛ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡❞❡✳ ❆✜♥❛❧ ❛ q✉❡stã♦r❡q✉❡r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦✳ ❆ q✉❡stã♦❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❍9✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ é ♠❛✐s❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ r❡q✉❡r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳

✸✳✹✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s ✷✾

✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ◗✉❡stõ❡s

❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ sã♦ ❧♦♥❣❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥tê♠ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♥♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦st❡r✐✲♦r❡s✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦♣♦❞❡rá ❝♦♠❡t❡r ✈ár✐♦s ❡q✉í✈♦❝♦s✳ ❙❡ ♥ã♦ ❧❡r ❝♦♠ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ♣❡r❞❡r t❡♠♣♦ ♦q✉❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛rá ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛♥♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛s❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ é ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❢❛t♦r❡ss❡ q✉❡ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♦♣t❡ ❡♠ ✉s❛r✳

◆♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐r❡t❛s ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦st❡①t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s s❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦❙■▼❆❱❊ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ❡ ♥❡♠ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❡❧❡ ✜❝❛ ♠❛✐s tr❛♥q✉✐❧♦ ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳

❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✳ ■st♦ ❣❡r❛ ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✲✈♦s ❡ ♠❡t❛s q✉❡ ♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❛❧♠❡❥❛ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ♣r♦✈❛s✳ ❚❛❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s●❡r❛✐s ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥ã♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♠✐♥❡✐r❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s é q✉❡ s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣r♦✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s❜❛✐①♦ ✐♥❞✉③ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛

❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛

♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ 2011 ❛ 2013

◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥✲❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ 2011 ❛ 2013✱ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐sq✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✳

✹✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸

❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✹✳✶ ❡ ✹✳✷✳

◆ã♦ t✐✈❡♠♦s ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜❝❛r❛♠r❡str✐t♦s ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✳ ❖ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✶✸ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ q✉❡♦❜t✐✈❡♠♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❙✐t❡ ❞♦ ■◆❊P✱ ❡r❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❛ ❉✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛ ❉✐r❡t♦r❛ ❞❛❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛♣ós r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡ s✐♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ç❛♦ ♥ã♦ t❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♦♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳

✸✵

✹✳✷✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸

✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s

❆s ♣r♦✈❛s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ❛♦s t❡st❡s✱à ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ à ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳

✹✳✷✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷✿ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸

❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥ã♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❛♣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛✱ ♠❛s r❡✢❡t❡ t♦❞❛❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✈é♠ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❡st❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳

❊♠ ❬✹❪✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s✭❚❈❚✮✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦ssã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ t❡st❡✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥♦t❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥❛❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ■t❡♠✭❚❘■✮ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ é ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❚❘■ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉♠❛

✹✳✷✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✸

♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❞á ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦ t❡st❡✳ ❆ ♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ é ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❡♠ t❡st❡s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦rq✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✳

❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✹❪ ❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉③✐r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s❡♠ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❊❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦sr❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ré❣✉❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s sã♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ♦✉ ❢❛✐①❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r❛♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✱ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s❡♠ ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ✷✺ ♣♦♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❛ ✺✵✵✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡❛ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♠ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳

❖s P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❙❊❊✴▼● ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦♥s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❡✳❊❧❡s tr❛③❡♠✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✉❝✐♥t❛✱ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s❞❡ ❢❛③❡r✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❛♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s♠❡t❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ P❘❖❊❇✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦rt❡s ❞ã♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ três P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✿

✶✳ ❇❛✐①♦

✷✳ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦

✸✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦

❆ss✐♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡✱ ♦s q✉❡s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳

P❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✿

❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s ✉♠❛q✉❡❞❛ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✳

❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ P❘❖❊❇ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛✲tór✐♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱

✹✳✷✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✿ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦

❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ Pr♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ tr❛❞✉③✐r ♠❡✲❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❝❤❡❣❛ ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✷✽✱✸ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥♦s✱❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳

❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ① ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ① ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡♦ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦❞❡s❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧✳

❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ P♦❧ít✐❝♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛✐s✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❣✐♥❝❛♥❛s ❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳

❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣r❛✈❛♥t❡ é ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❢❛s❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❡ q✉❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ é ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳

▼❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡ss❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❜✉s❝❛r s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛✐s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ só ♣♦rq✉❡♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥❣❛❥❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r✉③❛r ♦s❜r❛ç♦s✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❝❛ót✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳

✹✳✸✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✸✺

✹✳✸ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦✲

r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s

❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❊✳❊✳ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡✐ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❝♦♠ ♦♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ s❛♥❛r ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r àsr❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t♦✉ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✳

❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳

✹✳✸✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ■♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r

✶✳ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦

❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ é ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❝✉♠♣r✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ♥ós ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞✐r❡t♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r✉③❛r ♦s❜r❛ç♦s ❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ▼❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❊◆❊▼ é q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❡❞♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡s✲s❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ ■ss♦ r❡q✉❡r ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❡♠❛t✉❛r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡①✐❣✐❞❛s✳

✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦

❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❞✐✜✲❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ♥♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✳

✸✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦

❈♦♠♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐st♦ r❡✢✐t❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s❄

✹✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦

❱✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠✲♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦

✹✳✸✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✸✻

❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❛♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

❆s ❡t❛♣❛s ❡stã♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✿

1a ❡t❛♣❛✿ ❊st✉❞♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❙❊❊✲▼● ❝♦♠ ♦sr❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ❡♠ r❡✉♥✐ã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t♦✲❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛❞❡❝❧✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❛ ✷✵✶✸✳

2a ❡t❛♣❛✿ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐✲♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡rá ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❛ss♦s✿

1o P❛ss♦✿ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❡s✲t✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳

2o P❛ss♦ ✿ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s q✉❡ sã♦♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s ♥❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ✶

3o P❛ss♦✿ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s❛ss✉♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛s✳

❆ss✐♠ ✜❝❛r❛♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✿

●❡♦❣r❛✜❛ ✲ ❆ss✉♥t♦s✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ q✉❛❞r♦s ❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳

❋ís✐❝❛ ✲ ❆ss✉♥t♦s✿ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✳

◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ✲ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✭✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✮✳

❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✲ ❆ss✉♥t♦✿ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭♣❡rí♠❡tr♦✱ ár❡❛ ❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮✳

4o P❛ss♦✿ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛✲t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ss❡ss♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✳

5o P❛ss♦✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳

3a ❡t❛♣❛✿ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✳

✺✳ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦

❊st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ 2014 ❡ s❡rá ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♥♦ 2015✱ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

✶❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❛q✉✐ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❥á ❡stá ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ às ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✳ ❆q✉✐ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❞❡❝✐❞✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ●❡♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛r✐❛♠ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳

✹✳✸✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✸✼

✻✳ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛s✿

• ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✱ t❡✲♥❤❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r q✉❡s✲tõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s✳

• ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝❡♥tr❛r ✲ s❡ ♠❛✐s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉✲❧❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛✳

✼✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✿

❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s❡❥❛♠ s✉st❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥✉♠❛♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❡❝♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡ s♦❧✐❞ár✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡st❛r ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s r❡✢❡t✐r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛✱ r❡♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❝❡rt❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡r❡❢❡r❡ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳

❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛r✲s❡ ❡♠ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♥♦✈❛sq✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ sã♦❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳

◗✉❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞✐ss♦ é q✉❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛ ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳❚♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s s❡♥t❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡❞❡s❛✜♦s s❡♠♣r❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ✐st♦ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛r ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡❧❡ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜❛r❡♠✱ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ❡ ❝r✐❛r❡♠ ❢❛t♦s ♥♦✈♦s t❡rá ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✱ ❛❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡rá s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ♦ ❜❡♠♠❛✐♦r✳

➱ ♥❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó✲❣✐❝❛ s❡ ❛♣♦st❛ ♥♦ ê①✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ♥✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❧ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ 3a sér✐❡ ❞❛ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❊✳❊✳ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦

❆s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ ❡ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❜✉s❝❛♠✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ ❡ss❡s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳

P❛r❛ ❬✶✻❪✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r t♦♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛s ❡❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠❛❝❛❜❛r ❢r❛❝❛ss❛❞♦s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❙❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ t❡rá ❝♦♠♦♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛rá ♦s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

❊ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s tê♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥❤❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❝♦♠✲♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡ss❡❡s❢♦rç♦ só t❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ s❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❡ ♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ s❡ ❞❡✲❜r✉ç❛r❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s✉❛ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❡s✲tõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❡ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊ é ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❤á ✉♠❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡❛♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❝♦❜r❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇ q✉❡ é ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❞❛r ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✐❣✉❛✐s ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ é ❤♦❥❡ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❝✉rs♦s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ ♣❛r❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦

✸✽

❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✸✾

❊◆❊▼✳

❖ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r é q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♥✉♥❝❛ ❛♥t❡s ✐♠♣♦st♦s✿s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦t❡♠♣♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡ss❛r ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ sã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❡ss❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳

❆ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❲❛❧❞♦♠✐r♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦❣❡ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ❆♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊❡ ❊◆❊▼ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ss❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♥♦s três ❛♥♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✭✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✷ ❡ ✷✵✶✸✮❡ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳

❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✹✵

❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s

❆◆❆ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦✳

❆♥❡❜ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳

❆♥r❡s❝ ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✳

❊◆❊▼ ✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳

❋■❊❙ ✲ ❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t✐❧✳

■❉❊❇ ✲ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳

■◆❊P ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳

▲❉❇ ✲ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳

▼❊❈ ✲ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳

P❆❆❊ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✳

P❈◆ ✲ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳

P◆❊ ✲ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦

P❘❖❆▲❋❆ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦✳

P❘❖❊❇ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳

P❘❖❯◆■ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦❞♦s✳

❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✳

❙❆❊P ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á✳

❙❊❊✲▼● ✲ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳

❙■▼❆❱❊ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛✳

❙■❙❯ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛✳

❚❈❚ ✲ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s✳

❚❘■ ✲ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ■t❡♠✳

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s

❬✶❪ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇

✷✵✵✼✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ 3o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❯❋❏❋✴❈❆❊❉✱ ❏❛♥✴❉❡③ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✷❪ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇

✷✵✶✶✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ 3o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❯❋❏❋✴❈❆❊❉✱ ❏❛♥✴❉❡③ ✷✵✶✶✳

❬✸❪ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇

✷✵✶✷✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ 3o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❯❋❏❋✴❈❆❊❉✱ ❏❛♥✴❉❡③ ✷✵✶✷✳

❬✹❪ ❇♦❧❡t✐♠ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙■▼❆❱❊✴P❘❖❊❇

✷✵✶✸✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ 3o ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❯❋❏❋✴❈❆❊❉✱ ❏❛♥✴❉❡③ ✷✵✶✸✳

❬✺❪ ❆✳ ❇♦♥❛♠✐♥♦ ❡ ❙✳ ❆✳ ▼❛rt✐♥❡③✱ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s

♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✳ ❊❞✉❝❛✲çã♦ ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✷✸ ♥✳ ✽✵✱ s❡t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳

❬✻❪ ▼✳ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦✱ ▼✳ ❙♣✐r❛ ❡ ❏✳ ❙❛❜❛t✉❝❝✐ ✲ ✏Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡✲♠át✐❝❛✑ ✴ ❈❇❈✳ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✼❪ ▲✳ ❈✳ ❈♦st❛✱ ❖ ❊◆❊▼ ❡ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✶✳❢♦❧❤❛✳✉♦❧✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴♦♣✐♥✐❛♦✴✷✵✶✸✴✶✶✴✶✸✼✶✸✾✾✲❧✉✐③✲❝❧❛✉❞✐♦✲❝♦st❛✲♦✲❡♥❡♠✲❡✲♦✲❡♥s✐♥♦✲♠❡❞✐♦✲❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳s❤t♠❧✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✺ ❞❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✽❪ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✷✵✶✶✱ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱

❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❞♦✇♥✲❧♦❛❞✳✐♥❡♣✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦❴❜❛s✐❝❛✴❡♥❡♠✴♣r♦✈❛s✴✷✵✶✶✴✵✺❴ ❆▼❆❘❊▲❖❴●❆❇✳♣❞❢✳❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✵✷ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

✹✶

❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✹✷

❬✾❪ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✷✵✶✷✱ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✲

❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦✲

❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✳✐♥❡♣✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦❴❜❛s✐❝❛✴❡♥❡♠✴♣r♦✈❛s✴✷✵✶✷✴❝❛❞❡r♥♦❴❡♥❡♠✷✵✶✷❴❞♦♠❴❛♠❛r❡❧♦✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✵✷ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✶✵❪ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✷✵✶✸✱ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✲

❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s❀ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❚❡❝♥♦✲

❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✳✐♥❡♣✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❡❞✉❝❛❝❛♦❴❜❛s✐❝❛✴❡♥❡♠✴♣r♦✈❛s✴✷✵✶✸✴❝❛❞❡r♥♦❴❡♥❡♠✷✵✶✸❴❞♦♠❴❛♠❛r❡❧♦✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✵✷ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✶✶❪ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✲ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❙❛❣❛r❛♥❛✿ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❣♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡

❡s♣❡r❛♥ç❛✳ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ ▲✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s✱ 2a ❡❞✐çã♦ ✲ ❘❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❡ ❆♠♣❧✐❛❞❛✱ ♣✳✶✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✶✷❪ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❙❆❊❇ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛

◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✿ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛✲çã♦ ❡ ❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✲❉❋✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✶✸❪ ▲❡✐ ✾✳✸✾✹✱ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❛s ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉✲

❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❉✐ár✐♦ ❖✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❯♥✐ã♦✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✲❉❋✱ ✷✸ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✳

❬✶✹❪ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛✲

❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❈◆✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳

✇✇✇✳♠❡❝✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴s❡❢✴❡str✉❝t✷q✴♣❝♥✴♣❞❢✴♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✸ ❞❡ ♦✉✲t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳

❬✶✺❪ ❆✳ P✳ P❛t❡♥t❡✱ ❖ ❇❧♦❣ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼✐♥❡✐r❛✳ ✇✇✇❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠✐♥❛s✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✵✾✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦❡♠ ✵✽ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

❬✶✻❪ P❤✐❧✐♣♣❡ P❡rr❡♥♦✉❞ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✿ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s

P♦rt♦ ❆❧❡❣r❡✳ ❆rt♠❡❞✱ ✶✾✾✾✳

❬✶✼❪ P❧❛♥♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ▲❡✐ no✿ ✶✵✳✶✼✷ ❞❡ ✾ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶✳

❤tt♣✿✴✴♣♦rt❛❧✳♠❡❝✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴s❡t❡❝✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴♣❞❢❴❧❡❣✐s❧❛❝❛♦✴t❡❝♥✐❝♦✴❧❡❣✐s❧❛❴t❡❝♥✐❝♦❴❧❡✐✶✵✶✼✷✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳

❬✶✽❪ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✿

❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✲❉❋✱ ✷✵✵✶✳

❬✶✾❪ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛✲

❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✿ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✲❉❋✱ ✷✵✵✷✳

❬✷✵❪ ❈✳ ❳✳ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❇✳ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ✐t ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♣♦r ❛✉❧❛✳ 2a ❡❞✐çã♦ r❡♥♦✈❛❞❛✱❈♦❧❡çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♣♦r ❛✉❧❛✱ ❋❚❉✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✹✸

❬✷✶❪ ❑✳ ❈✳ ❙✳ ❙♠♦❧❡ ❡ ▼✳ ■✳ ❞❡ ❙✳ ❱✳ ❉✐♥✐③✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ 6a

❡❞✐çã♦✱ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✷✷❪ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❙❇▼✱ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠á✲

t✐❝❛ ✻✵ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✶✵ ✲ ✶✷✳

❬✷✸❪ ❏✳ ❘✳ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ◆♦✈♦ ❖❧❤❛r ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈♦❧❡çã♦ ◆♦✈♦ ❖❧❤❛r✱ ❱♦❧✉♠❡s ✷ ❡ ✸✱ 1a

❡❞✐çã♦✱ ❋❚❉✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✷✹❪ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛✳ ❲✐♥❣❡♦♠✳

❬✷✺❪ ❆✳ ◆✳ ❨♦✉ss❡❢✱ ❊✳ ❙♦❛r❡s ❡ ❱✳ P✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳❱♦❧✉♠❡Ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❙❝✐♣✐♦♥❡✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✵✽✳