tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

\mj-W¬ Ãnb-dnwKv IΩ‰n

21 t^m° v {Kq∏p-Iƒ NCERT A[ym-]I¿

cq]oIcW {]{Inbcq]oIcW {]{Inb

kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I¿

k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ

D]-cn-]-T\ tI{µ-߃

tZihym]-I-ambn N¿®-Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ

hnZ-Kv[-cpsSbpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw kzoI-cn®p

\ne-]mSv tcJ-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

]cn-t{]£yw

]T-\hpw Adnhpw

]mTy-]-≤Xn taJ-e-Iƒ, hnZym-e-b-L-́ -߃, hne-

D≈S°wD≈S°w

]mTy-]-≤Xn taJ-e-Iƒ, hnZym-e-b-L-́ -߃, hne-bn-cp-ج

kvIqfp-I-fnsebpw ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn-sebpw Np‰p]mSv

hyh-ÿ-bnse ]cn-jvIm-c-߃

ka-{K-amb kao-]\w

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-I- -X-Xz-߃

ï Adn-hns\ kvIqfn\p ]pd-Øp≈ Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI

]cnt{]£yw]cnt{]£yw

ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI

ï ]T\w shdpw ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn-°-e√

ï ]mT-]p-kvX-I- tI-{µo-IrX kao-]\w Hgn-hm-°Ww

ï Ab-hp≈ aqey--\n¿Wbw ˛ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®v

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

hyXy-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈ hyXy-kvX-amb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb

]cnt{]£yw]cnt{]£yw

imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp≈ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ˛ ]Tn-°m\pw

hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ hnPbw ssI-h-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw F√m-h¿°pw

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

KpWKpW\\nehmcwnehmcw

hnZym-̀ ymk KpW-\n-e-hmcw hyh-ÿ-Xn-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p∂p

]cnt{]£yw]cnt{]£yw

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p∂p

]co-£m-̂ -e-߃ am{X-amtWm KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ kqN-I-߃?

amXr-̀ mj Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-hbpw Zcn-{Z-hn-̀ m-KsØ AI-‰n-\n-dp-Øp-∂-h-bp-amWv htc-Wy-hn-Zym-e-b-߃

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yhnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yß߃ƒP\m-[n-]Xyaqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤X hf¿Ø¬

ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX{¥yw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS t£a-Øn-\p≈ _lp-am\w

H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw aqeym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw kpNn-¥n-Xhp-amb Xocp-am-\-߃

]cnt{]£yw]cnt{]£yw

H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpw aqeym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw kpNn-¥n-Xhp-amb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°m≥ Ignhv t\SpI

]pXnb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSv Ab-hp≈ coXn-bnepw k¿Km-fl-I-ambpw {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥ Ignhp t\S¬

]Tn-°m≥ ]Tn-°¬

]Wn-sb-Sp-°m\pw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kmaq-ly-am-‰-ß-fnepw ]s¶-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ignhp hf¿Ø¬

k¿Km-flI {]h¿Ø-\hpw kuµ-cym-kzm-Z\ tijnbpw hf¿Ø¬

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

]T\w hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ \n¿amW {]{Inb

A\p-̀ -hm-[n-jvTnX ]T\w

{]mtZ-in-I-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS A\p-

]T]T\\hpw Adnhpwhpw Adnhpw

{]mtZ-in-I-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS A\p-`-h-߃°v F∂n-h°v ]cn-K-W\

Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-ssi-en°v {]m[m\yw

]T-\-th-KX IW-°n-se-Sp-°Ww

kl-h¿Øn-X-]-T\w

]T-\sØ Pohn-Xm-\p-̀ -h-ß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn-°¬

Adnhv ]Wn-Xo¿Ø Dev]-∂-a√

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

⁄m⁄m\\\\n¿anXn {]Imcap≈ ]Tn¿anXn {]Imcap≈ ]T\\kµ¿`wkµ¿`w

\nco-£Ww

kmµ¿`o-I-cWw

]T]T\\hpw Adnhpwhpw Adnhpw

kmµ¿`o-I-cWw

Adn-b¬ ]-cn-io-e\w

Iq´mbva

hymJym-\-\n¿anXn

H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hymJym-\-߃

H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ {]I-SnXcq]-߃

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

hna¿ihna¿i\\ww

BIvSn-hn-‰n-sb-∏‰n "tijn-Iƒë ]d-®n-en¬ am{Xw

{]tbm-K-Øn¬ Dev]-∂-߃°v Du∂¬

]T]T\\hpw Adnhpwhpw Adnhpw

{]tbm-K-Øn¬ Dev]-∂-߃°v Du∂¬

]mT]p-kvX-I-Ønse A¥n-a-[m-c-W-Iƒ e£yw h°p∂p

hyXykvX kµ¿`-ß-fnepw coX-I-fnepw tijn-Iƒ Bh¿Øn®p {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂n√

Ip´n-Isf "Iq´-amtb' ImWp-∂p≈p

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

kw`-h-߃ \nco-£n-°¬ico-chpw a\ pw `mK-`m-°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\m-\p-`hwkzm\p-`-h-߃ ]¶n-S¬

AA\\p`hp`hßßfpsS {IaoIcWwfpsS {IaoIcWw

kzm\p-`-h-߃ ]¶n-S¬\n¿anXntNmZy-߃ Ah-X-c-W-߃A\p-`-h-Øns‚ Bgw h¿[n-∏n-°¬ (t\Snb Adn-hns\, A\p-̀ -hsØ, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.)

A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Bgw h¿[n-∏n-®v hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw hncp-Xp-I-fp-sSbpw Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fn-te°v

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

{]iv\-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb hi-ß-sf-∏‰n hnNn-¥\wssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p-`-h-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNø¬ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw hna¿i-

hna¿ihna¿i\\mflI t_m[mflI t_m[\\imkv{Xwimkv{Xw

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-جHgn-hm-°-s∏-´Xpw ]m¿iz-hXvI-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw ad-®p-h-®-Xp-amb kwK-Xn-Iƒ Is- -جIn´nb Adn-hns\ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn tNmZyw sNø¬]£]mXn-Xz-߃ Xpd-∂p-Im-´pIsXc-s™-Sp-°-ens‚ coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°¬

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

a. `mjm-hn-Imkwï Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ hnImkwï kXz-hn-Imkwï a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-´m-\p≈ Ign-hns‚ hnImkw

b. _‘-ap-- m-°epw \ne-\n-dp-Øepw

ASnÿmASnÿm\\tijnIƒtijnIƒ

b. _‘-ap-- m-°epw \ne-\n-dp-Øepwï kmaq-lnI temI-tØmSvï {]Ir-Xn-tem-I-tØm-Sv.ï Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ï aqey-ß-tfmSv

c. ]Wn°pw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ IgnhvNn¥-sbbpw {]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°¬Dt±iyw t\Sm\pw krjvSn-°m\pw tijnbpw Xncn-®-dnhpw D]-tbm-Kn-°¬D]-I-c-W-߃ kmt¶-XnIhnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

kuµ-cy-t_m-[w, k¿Km-fl-I-X, NXp-c-X, kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-ti-jn, {]hrØn, {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\w, F∂nh ]m¿iz-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ sh≈w Ib-dmØ Ad-I-fm°n

DZv{KYDZv{KY\\ kao]kao]\\hpw hpw Adnhns‚ ]pAdnhns‚ ]p\\xkrjvSnbpwxkrjvSnbpw

hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ sh≈w Ib-dmØ Ad-I-fm°n hn`-Pn-°p∂p

hnh-c-Øn\v Adn-hn-t\-°mƒ ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p.

KWn-Xw, Ncn-{Xw, {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-߃, Zriy-I-e-I¬, ss\Xn-I-amb Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ a‰p hnj-b-ß-fnepw Dƒt®-¿°Ww.

s]mXp Xow ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

hkvXp-X-I-fpsS hnhn--[-ß-fmb _‘w Is- -Ø-en\v {]m[m\yw

Adn-hns‚ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w ]pd-Øp-sIm-- p-h-cnI

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

`mj`mj

amXr-`m-jbv°v {]m[m\yw

Ip´n ss\k¿Kn-I-amb `mjm-ti-jn-bpsS DSa

]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ

Ip´n ss\k¿Kn-I-amb `mjm-ti-jn-bpsS DSa

_lp-`mjm hnZym-`ymkw XpS°w apX¬°v

`mjm hnZym-`ymtkXchnj-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

`mc-Xob `mj-bvs°m∏w Cw•o-jn\v ÿm\w

Cw•o-jns‚ bP-am-\-kz-`mhw Ipd-bv°Ww

`mj-bnse aqey-\n¿Wbw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-sØtbm hnj-b-ß-sftbm ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-h-W-sa-∂n-√.

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

KWnXwKWnXwKWn-X-h-XvI-cWw e£y-an-SWwKWnXw Bkz-Zn-°Ww

]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ

Bfl-hn-izmkw P\n-°WwKWn-XsØ h¿Ø-am\w ]d-bm\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm\pw H∂n®v ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m\pap≈ hnj-b-ambn ImWWwa‰p hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°Ww

PohnPohn--XX--Øn¬ D]Øn¬ D]--II--cncn--°p∂ F°p∂ F¥¥pp--Xcw KWnXcw KWn--XX--amWv amWv

\\¬tI¬tI--- sX∂ tNmZy- sX∂ tNmZy--amWv amWv NCFNCF D∂D∂--bnbn--°p°p--∂∂--Xv.Xv.

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

imkv{Xwimkv{Xw⁄m-\-]-c-amb km[pX]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°w, {]{In-bm-`m-j, t_m[-\-{]-tbmKw Ime-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Pyhpw Ip´n-bpsS {Kmly-W-i-‡n-bn¬ HXp-ßp-∂Xpw

]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ

tbm-Pyhpw Ip´n-bpsS {Kmly-W-i-‡n-bn¬ HXp-ßp-∂Xpw

{]{In-bm-]-c-amb km[pXimkv{Xo-b-amb BImw-jbpw k¿Km-fl-I-Xbv°pw imkv{Xob coXn ˛ {]{Inb

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb km[pX

]mcn-ÿnXnIkm[pXimkv{XsØ {]mtZ-inI/BtKmf ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS hnime ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ {]XnjvTn°¬

ss\Xn-I-km-[pXkXy-k-‘-X, hkvXp-\n-jvT-X, ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\w. `b-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡n

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

kmaqlyimkv{Xkmaqlyimkv{Xß߃ƒkmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-߃ ˛ kzX-{¥-ambn Nn¥n-°m\pw hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥-\-Øn\pw

]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIƒ

]uc-[¿asØ cmjv{S-X-{¥-]-T-\-ambn ImWp∂p

kv{Xo]-£ ImgvN-∏mSv

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃°v {]m[ym\yw

tZio-b-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Isf Xt±-iob ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpam-bpw {]mtZ-inI kw`-h-ßsf temI-kw-`-h-ß-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n°mw

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

BtcmKy IemImbnI BtcmKy IemImbnI {]hrØn ]cnNbw{]hrØn ]cnNbw

apJy hnjbapJy hnjbßßfpsS ]Zhnbnte°vfpsS ]Zhnbnte°v

tZiob ]mTytZiob ]mTy--]]--≤Xn N´≤Xn N´--°qSv 2005°qSv 2005 ((NCFNCF))

A[ym]\Øn\nSbnep≈ hnebncpج

kzbw hnebncpØepw ^oUv_m°pw

aqeyaqey\\n¿Wbwn¿Wbw

I, II ¢mkpIƒ IX - XII ¢mkpIƒI, II ¢mkpIƒï KpWmflI hnebncpجï ]co£ th-ï \nco£WØneqsS

III =- VIII ¢mkpIƒï hmNnIwï enJnXwï \oco£W߃ï sshhn[yam¿∂ am¿K߃ï kzbw hnebncpج

IX - XII ¢mkpIƒï sSÃpIƒï t{]mPIvSpIƒï \nco£Ww