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Pinene is a major component of

turpentine.

TurpentineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, and

wood turpentine) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained

from live trees, mainly pines. It is composed of terpenes, mainly the

monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. It is sometimes colloquially

known as turps.[1]

The word turpentine derives (via French and Latin) from the Greek

word terebinthine, the name of a species of tree, the

terebinth tree, from whose sap the spirit was originally distilled.[2] Mineral

turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine,

but they are very different chemically.[3]

Contents

1 Source trees

2 Industrial and other end uses

2.1 As a solvent

2.2 Source of organic compounds

2.3 Medicinal elixir

2.4 Niche uses

3 Hazards

4 See also5 References

6 External links

Source trees

One of the earliest sources was the terebinth or turpentine tree (Pistacia terebinthus), a Mediterranean tree

related to the pistachio. Important pines for turpentine production include: Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster),

Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis), Masson's Pine (Pinus massoniana), Sumatran Pine (Pinus merkusii),Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris), Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa). Jeffrey

pine, which resembles Ponderosa Pine, produces a resin that, when distilled, yields almost pure n-Heptane,

which is explosive: it cannot be used to make turpentine.

When producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees with the Kraft process, turpentine is

collected as a byproduct. Often it is burned at the mill for energy production. The average yield of crude

turpentine is 510 kg/t pulp.[4]

Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the resin of

the balsam fir. Venice turpentine is produced from the Western LarchLarix occidentalis.

Industrial and other end uses

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1912 postcard depicting harvesting pine resin for

the turpentine industry

As a solvent

The two primary uses of turpentine in industry are as a

solvent and as a source of materials for organic

synthesis. As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-

based paints, for producing varnishes, and as a raw

material for the chemical industry. Its industrial use as a

solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replacedby the much cheaper turpentine substitutes distilled from

crude oil. Turpentine has long been used as a solvent,

mixed with beeswax or with carnauba wax, to make fine

furniture wax for use as a protective coating over oiled

wood finishes (e.g., lemon oil).

Source of organic compounds

Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds.

Commercially used camphor, linalool, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pineneand beta-pinene, which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated

and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine

distillation is sold as rosin.

Medicinal elixir

Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as coal oil and kerosene have been used medicinally since ancient

times, as topical and sometimes internal home remedies. Topically it has been used for abrasions and wounds,

as a treatment for lice, and when mixed with animal fat it has been used as a chest rub, or inhaler for nasal and

throat ailments. Many modern chest rubs, such as the Vicks variety, still contain turpentine in their formulations.

Taken internally it was used as treatment for intestinal parasites because of its alleged antiseptic and diuretic

properties, and a general cure-all[5][6] as in Hamlin's Wizard Oil. Sugar, molasses or honey were sometimes

used to mask the taste. Internal administration of these toxic products is no longer common today.

Turpentine was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery, and one of several products

carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan's fleet in his first circumnavigation of the globe.[7]

Niche uses

Turpentine is also added to many cleaning and sanitary products due to its antiseptic properties and its "clean

scent". In early 19th-century America, turpentine was sometimes burned in lamps as a cheap alternative to

whale oil. It was most commonly used for outdoor lighting, due to its strong odor. [8] A blend of ethanol and

turpentine added as an illuminant called burning fluid was also important for several decades. In 1946, Soichiro

Honda used turpentine as a fuel for the first Honda motorcycles as gasoline was almost totally unavailable

following World War II.[9]

Turpentine was a common additive in cheap gin until the 20th century and gave it its characteristic juniper berry

flavor without the need for pricier distillations with aromatic spices and berries.[10]

Hazards




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As an organic solvent, its vapor can irritate the skin and eyes, damage the lungs and respiratory system, as well

as the central nervous system when inhaled, and cause renal failure when ingested, among other things. Being

combustible, it also poses a fire hazard.

See also

Galipot

Mineral turpentinePatent medicine

White spirit

References

1. ^ Mayer, Ralph (1991). The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques (Fifth ed.). New York: Viking.

p. 404. ISBN 0-670-83701-6.

2. ^ Barnhart, R.K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-

06-270084-7.

3. ^ Dieter Stoye Solvents in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2002, Wiley-VCH, Wienheim.

doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_437 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_437)

4. ^ Stenius, Per, ed. (2000) "2"Forest Products Chemistry Papermaing Science and Technology 3 Finland

pp. 7376 ISBN 952-5216-03-9

5. ^ "Rural Life in the United States: Home Remedies"

(http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/riseind/rural/remedies.html) .American Memory Timeline. The

Library of Congress. 2002. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/riseind/rural/remedies.html. Retrieved

2008-02-22.

6. ^ Delbert Trew (15 June2007). "Coal Oil was Useful All-Purpose Home Remedy"

(http://www.texasescapes.com/DelbertTrew/Coal-Oil-Home-Remedy.htm) . Texas Escapes. Blueprints For

Travel, LLC.. http://www.texasescapes.com/DelbertTrew/Coal-Oil-Home-Remedy.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22.7. ^ Laurence Bergreen (2003). "Over the edge of the world : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe"

(http://lccn.loc.gov/2003050143) . http://lccn.loc.gov/2003050143. Retrieved 2009-09-14.

8. ^ Charles H. Haswell. "Reminiscences of New York By an Octogenarian (1816 - 1860)"

(http://www.jmisc.net/octo/octo-17.htm) . http://www.jmisc.net/octo/octo-17.htm.

9. ^ "Honda History" (http://smokeriders.com/History/Honda_History/body_honda_history.html) .

http://smokeriders.com/History/Honda_History/body_honda_history.html.

10. ^ Patrick Dillon (2002-06-01). "Distil my beating heart"

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jun/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview3) . The Guardian (London).

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jun/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview3.

External links

Inchem.org (http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1063.htm) , IPCS INCHEM Turpentine

classification, hazard, and property table.

FAO.org (http://www.fao.org/docrep/V6460E/v6460e00.htm) , Gum naval stores: Turpentine and rosin

from pine resin

FloridaMemory.com (http://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/zora_hurston/photos/) , Florida

State Archive photographs of turpentine camps and laborers

HCHSonline.org (http://www.hchsonline.org/places/turpentine.html) , Timber and Turpentine Industries

[1] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jun/01/featuresreviews.guardianreview3) , Distil my beating

heart

[2] (http://cattailmusic.com/Blues/BluesNotes/Turpentine.htm) , Florida's Turpmtine Camps




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turpentine - acessado 21 05 2012

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