sustentabilidade das instituições particulares de solidariedade social

7/21/2019 Sustentabilidade das Instituies Particulares de Solidariedade Social

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Zustlatkefdfmkml mks Fastftufls_krtfjudkrls ml Zbdfmkrflmkml Zbjfkd

lg _brtunkd

Zdvfk ZfdvkAktkjck ZkatbsHbrnl Gbtk

Fnakjfb Gkrta


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K\]BULZ

Zdvfk ml Bdfvlfrk l Zfdvk

Zdvfk Zfdvk tlg :0 kabs, dfjlajfkmk lg Zlrvfb Zbjfkd pldb Fastftutb ZuplrfbrEfsskyk Ekrrltb, lg Jbfgerk l kjtukdglatl trkekdck jbgb mfrljtbrk tjafjk mbJlatrb Zbjfkd mk @rlnulsfk ml Jkskd Jbgek, jbg k jbbrmlakb ml vrfksrlspbstks sbjfkfs ab geftb mk fa`ajfk l tlrjlfrk fmkml. Jbajdufu b Glstrkmb lgNlrbatbdbnfk, rkgb Nlstb ml Lqufpkglatbs lg 5?;=, pldk \afvlrsfmkml mlKvlfrb. Lstl dfvrb rlsudtkmb mb slu trkekdcb ml Glstrkmb.

Aktkjck Gk`kdmk Dbpls ml Kdglfmk Zkatbs

Aktkjck Zkatbs tlg dfjlajfkmk lg Lmujkb Zbjfkd pldb Fastftutb Zuplrfbr_bdftjafjb ml Pfslu Lsjbdk Zuplrfbr ml Lmujkb ml Pfslu. ]rkekdck akjbbrmlakb mb Zlrvfb ml Kpbfb Mbgfjfdfrfb mk Kssbjfkb Zbjfkd, Judturkd,Mlspbrtfvk l Uljrlktfvk ml Jkdml. Jbajdufu b Glstrkmb lg Nlrbatbdbnfk, rkgbNlstb ml Lqufpkglatbs lg 5?;=, pldk \afvlrsfmkml ml Kvlfrb. Lstl dfvrb rlsudtkmb mb slu trkekdcb ml Glstrkmb.

Hbrnl !g"lrtb #lrakamls Gbtk

Hbrnl Gbtk Glstrl lg Jbatkefdfmkml l Kumftbrfk pldk \afvlrsfmkml ml Kvlfrb ldfjlajfkmb lg Ljbabgfk pldk \afvlrsfmkml Duskmk mb _brtb. Mbjlatl mbMlpkrtkglatb ml Ljbabgfk, Nlstb l Lan. Famustrfkd mk \afvlrsfmkml ml Kvlfrbaks rlks ml Kvkdfkb ml _rbhljtbs, Nlstb @fakajlfrk, Jbatrbdb ml Nlstb.Jbasudtbr aks rlks `fakajlfrks, jbatrbdb ml nlstb l nlstb lstrktnfjk (kvkdfkbml prbhljtbs ml favlstfglatb, kvkdfkb ml lgprlsks, fgpdlglatkb mlfastruglatbs ml jbatrbdb ml nlstb Ekdkajlm Zjbrljkrm). Glgerb mk brmlg mbsLjbabgfstks l mbs ]jafjbs B`fjfkfs ml Jbatks. Kjtukd mbutbrkamb lg Nlstb,lspljfkdfzkb lg @fakaks, ak @kjudmkml ml Ljbabgfk mb _brtb.

Hbsl $nakjfb %!fakdmb Gkrta

Hbsl Fnakjfb Gkrta dfjlajfkmb lg _sfjbdbnfk pldk \afvlrsfmkml ml Zkdkgkajk lmbutbrkmb lg Jfajfks Efbgmfjks pldb Fastftutb ml Jfajfks Efbgmfjks KeldZkdkzkr (\afvlrsfmkml mb _brtb). Mlsml `kz ;? kabs, trkekdcbu ak \afvlrsfmkml mlKvlfrb ak Zljb Kutabgk ml Jfajfks mk Zkml baml rlspbasvld pldksmfsjfpdfaks dfnkmks nlstb ml slrvfbs ml skml l sbjfkfs pkrk k tlrjlfrk fmkml. Kavld ml favlstfnkb glgerb `uamkmbr mk \afmkml ml Favlstfnkb l @brgkb

sberl Kmudtbs l Fmbsbs (www.uaf`kf.lu). _krkdldkglatl mlslavbdvl b sftlwww.fmln.pt, ug edbn kjlrjk ml pbdtfjks, prbnrkgks l slrvfbs pkrk k tlrjlfrkfmkml.


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KNUKMLJFGLA]BZ

ml Zdvfk Zfdvk

Mlmfjb lstl dfvrb kb glu `fdcb K`basb. Dkglatb tbmb b tlgpb qul dcl rbuelfjbgb gl.

ml Aktkjck Zkatbs

gfack kv Akamk pldb lxlgpdb l kpbfb fajbamfjfbakd. Kb glu pkf l gfackgl pldb kpbfb fajbamfjfbakd. Kb glu frgb pldb jkrfacb, pldk brk l pldb kpbfb.

ml Hbrnl Gbtk l $nakjfb Gkrta

Kbs abssbs kduabs. Zb ldls qul abs dlgerkg k gfssb mb abssb trkekdcb.


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AK]\ULXK MB ]LUJLFUB ZLJ]BU .......... ''

BUNKAFXKLZ ZLG @FAZ D\JUK]FPBZ LG _BU]\NKD .. '

@fakajfkglatb prfvkmb .............. 5,

K P\DALUKEFDFMKML @FAKAJLFUK MKZ BUNKAFXKLZ ZLG @FAZD\JUK]FPB ................ 5:

LZ]UK]NFKZ ML Z\Z]LA]KEFDFMKML @FAKAJLFUK MKZ F_ZZ .. 5-@KJ]BULZ KZZBJFKMBZ ]BGKMK ML MLJFZB AB ]LUJLFUB

ZLJ]BU ........... :5Aljlssfmkmls Zbjfkfs . :5

Zfstlgk Dlnkd ... ::

Jbahuaturk Ljbagfjk .. :

_krtls Fatlrlsskmks ... :.

LZ]\MB ML JKZBZ .... ='

GL]BMBDBNFK ... =:

Kgbstrk . =:

Fastruglatbs .. ='

e) @uamrkfsfan/jkptkb ml rljursbs . >-

@. ]bgkmk ml mljfsb aks Fastftufls _krtfjudkrls ml Zbdfmkrflmkml .. .,k) Ks aljlssfmkmls sbjfkfs fa`dulajfkg b kuglatb bu k mfgfaufb mk jkpkjfmkmlmks rlspbstks sbjfkfs, jbastftufamb-sl ks dfstks ml lsplrk jbgb b prfajfpkdfamfjkmbr ml pbamlrkb pkrk k tbgkmk ml mljfsb .. .,e) B sfstlgk dlnkd prbgbvl ugk sfgfdkrfmkml mks jbamfls ml `uajfbakglatb lml fatlrvlab latrl ks fastftufls, fa`dulajfkamb k plrpltukb ml ugkfatlrvlab ml jkrjtlr fastftujfbakd l mljfsls ml mlslavbdvfglatb ml rlspbstkstfpf`fjkmks slg kjbrmb ml jbbplrkb .. .5

j) K jbahuaturk ljbagfjk fa`dulajfk k prlssb sberl b gbatkatl mkjbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr, b kuglatb mk jbajbrrajfk latrl fastftufls, l kjrfkb ml abvks rlspbstks.... .-m) Lsjksslz ml rljursbs jbgb mlabgfakmbr jbgug latrl fastftufls,fa`dulajfkamb mljfsls ml `kjtbs jbasugkmbs vs kdbankglatb ml prkzbs mljbastrub .. ..l) Fmlatf`fjkg-sl prtfjks ml dfmlrkak l nlstb ml vkdbrfzkb l gbtfvkb mbsrljursbs cugkabs l b trkkr ml behltfvbs pkrk k fastftufb l ml jbacljfglatbs akrlk `fakajlfrk qul prbpfjfkg b kssugfr ml rfsjbs l kuglatb mk jbgpdlxfmkmlbplrktfvk ..... &'

`) Fmlatf`fjkg-sl prtfjks ml lavbdvfglatb ml stkilcbdmlrs fatlrabs l lxtlrabs quljbatrfeulg pkrk k kqufsfb ml kpbfb ak prbssljub mbs behljtfvbs mksfastftufls . &


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AK]\ULXK MB ]LUJLFUB ZLJ]BU

K brnkafzkb ljbagfjb-sbjfkd ml ug pks pbml jbasfmlrkr-sl

jbgb rlsudtkmb mk kjtfvfmkml ml trs sljtbrls8 sljtbr pedfjb, sljtbr prfvkmblgprlskrfkd l sljtbr jbbplrktfvb l sbjfkd (Jbastftufb mk Ulpedfjk_brtunulsk, ;6>0). Lstl dtfgb, tkgeg mlsfnakmb jbgb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr,landbek ks kjtfvfmkmls mks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs, l jbgpbstbpbr brnkafzkls juhk jbastftufb jkrkjtlrfzk-sl pbr ugk lstruturk lrlnudkrfmkml ml bplrkls jbg prbjlmfglatbs ml tbgkmk ml mljfsbdlntfgbs9 sb fastftufls pkrtfjudkrls, fl, jbg kutbabgfk fastftujfbakd mbLstkmb l nlstb prprfk, lgebrk pbsskg rljlelr kpbfbs pedfjbs`fakajlfrbs. B uajfbakglatb mlstks brnkafzkls tlg, pbrtkatb, jbgb ekslkpbfbs `fakajlfrbs prlstkmbs pbr knlatls lxtlrabs, ab vfskamb k betlabbu mfstrfeufb ml dujrb, gks sfg ktfanfr bs behljtfvbs sbjfkfs qul dlvkrkg suk jrfkb, l kprlslatkamb ug nrku ldlvkmb ml vbduatkrfkmb (Zkdkgba &Kaclflr, 5??5).

K lglrnajfk bu k rlglrnajfk mks brflatkls pbdtfjb-ljbagfjks dfelrkfs l ml kustlrfmkml mbs Lstkmbs sbjfkfs, slatfmks aksdtfgks mjkmks, susjftkrkg b kpkrljfglatb ml abvks mfagfjks mksbjflmkml jfvfd qul jbastfturkg abvks `brgks ml brnkafzkb ljbagfjk([ufatb, 5?;;), mlslavbdvlamb elas l slrvfbs kb avld mb ]lrjlfrbZljtbr. Lssls slrvfbs lvbdurkg aug jrlsjlatl kuglatb ml prbjurk lml b`lrtk, prbvlaflatls mb surnfglatb ml abvks l vkrfkmks aljlssfmkmlssbjfkfs. B Lstkmb lstkeldljl pbdtfjks ml jbatrktukdfzkb jbg brnkafzklsmb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr, k `fg ml nkrkatfr rlspbstks pkrk ks aljlssfmkmls

lglrnlatls (Kdglfmk, 5?;;).

B ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr laqukmrk-sl augk lstruturk trfpbdkr jbastftumkpbr glrjkmb, Lstkmb l jbguafmkmls, baml bjupk ugk pbsfbfatlrglmfrfk. B jkgpb ml kjtukb mb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr lajbatrk-sl lgplrgkalatl tlasb, pldb `kjtb ml ks fastftufls qul b jbastftulg slrlgsfgudtkalkglatl fa`dulajfkmks pldks pbdtfjks lstktkfs l pldk dlnfsdkb,pldbs vkdbrls l pldks prtfjks mks latfmkmls prfvkmks, pldk judturk mk

sbjflmkml jfvfd l pldks aljlssfmkmls prbvlaflatls mks `kgdfks l mk vfmkjbguaftrfk (Lvlrs & Dkvfddl, 5??=). ]kfs fa`duajfks sb gkfs bu glabsfatlasf`fjkmks jbasbkatl ks brnkafzkls sl vb dbjkdfzkamb ml `brgk gkfs


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prxfgk bu gkfs k`kstkmk ml jkmk pdb (Kdglfmk, 5?;;). Lstk plrspljtfvkskdflatk ugk mks dfgftkls kpbatkmks kb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr, qul kfaml`fafb ml pkpfs, trkaspkrljlamb ugk mfdufb abs sljtbrls mb glrjkmbl mb Lstkmb. _krk kdg mlstk dfgftkb, vlrf`fjkg-sl mf`fjudmkmls ml

`fakajfkglatb, pldk ldlvkmk mlplamajfk `fakajlfrk rldktfvkglatl k lsslsglsgbs sljtbrls, jbg bs qukfs lstkeldljl dfnkb (Kdglfmk, 5?;;).

\gk Brnkafzkb slg @fas Dujrktfvbs s pbmlr tlr sujlssbak suk gfssb sbjfkd qukamb sl vlrf`fjk k lxfstajfk ml trs jrftrfbs8bpbrtuafmkmls (fabvkb), jbgpltajfk (dfmlrkak l gbefdfzkb mlrljursbs cugkabs) l jbgprbgfssb (behljtfvbs). Ks mfvlrsks lstrktnfkskmbptkmks pbr ugk Brnkafzkb slg @fas Dujrktfvbs vfskg sktfs`kzlr ks

aljlssfmkmls sbjfkfs l mk jbguafmkml, trkas`brgkamb bpbrtuafmkmls lgkjb l betlamb rlsudtkmbs, pkrk nkrkatfr k sktfs`kb l ks lxfnajfks tfjksmk brnkafzkb (Mrujilr, ;66?).

Ks F_ZZ mlvlg slnufr kdnuas jrftrfbs ljbagfjbs, tbrakamb-slgkfs jbgpltftfvks kb avld mk l`fjfajfk l mk l`fjjfk. K l`fjfajfk lstrldkjfbakmk jbg rlatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs kb avld cugkab, `fakajlfrb lgktlrfkd l k l`fjjfk lst rldkjfbakmk jbg k jkpkjfmkml mk F_ZZ ml kdjkakr

bs slus behljtfvbs, rlsplftkamb k suk gfssb ml jkrjtlr sbjfkd. KsBrnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs mltg ug jbahuatb ml rljursbs qul, pkrkslrlg nlrfmbs ml `brgk l`fjkz l l`fjflatl, ml `brgk k ksslnurkr k sukvfkefdfmkml ljbagfjk, fgpdfjkg qul bs slus rlspbasvlfs tlackgjbacljfglatbs kb avld mk nlstb (@bwdlr, ;66


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B ]F_B ML @FAKAJFKGLA]B MKZ FAZ]F]\FLZ_KU]FJ\DKULZ ML ZBDFMKUFLMKML ZBJFKD (F_ZZ)

Ml kjbrmb jbg k Mfrljb Nlrkd ml Kjb Zbjfkd, lg 5?;?, lstkvkgrlnfstkmks jlrjk ml jfajb gfd F_ZZ jbg behljtfvbs ml kjb sbjfkd,jlatrkamb k suk kjtfvfmkml lg rlks ml kerkanajfk mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd,prbtljb ak skml, lmujkb l ckeftkb (Zbkrls lt kd., 5?;5). Ksbrnkafzkls mb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr sberlvfvlg ktrkvs ml uambs qul tg ugklstruturk vkrfvld ml kjbrmb jbg b sljtbr ml kjtfvfmkml l b vbduatkrfkmb(@rkajb, 5??


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slus slrvfbs l kjtfvfmkmls, prbjurk `fakajfkglatb ml vrfbs sljtbrls mbLstkmb (jlatrkfs l dbjkfs), ml kjbrmb jbg k suk rlk ml fatlrvlab, pkrkbetlr ug kpbfb `fakajlfrb glaskd ml gbatkatl `fxb, qul dcls plrgftkgkatlr b lqufderfb `fakajlfrb. B qukmrb slnufatl kprlslatk bs mf`lrlatls

tfpbs ml kpbfbs qul bs vrfbs sljtbrls l brnkafsgbs mb Lstkmb pbmlgktrfeufr s F_ZZ, elg jbgb bs kpbfbs brfuambs ml prbnrkgks jbguaftrfbs.

;k"ldk a ' ]fpbdbnfk mb fk!fk"#$b p%&df!b

LA]FMKMLZ _UBNUKGKZ/GLMFMKZBEHLJ]FPBZ /JBA]LMBZ

JlatrbsMfstrftkfsml ZlnurkakZbjfkd

Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb pkrk ksrlspbstks sbjfkfs

Jbgpkrtfjfpkb glaskd pbrutlatl

Gfafstrfb mkZbdfmkrflmkml lZlnurkakZbjfkd

Kpbfb mb _FMMKJ / _KULZ /_dkab MBG

Favlstfglatb pkrk kjbastrub ml fa`rk-lstruturksl k kqufsfb ml elas gvlfs

@uamb ml Zbjbrrb ZbjfkdZuesmfb Lvlatukd

Zuesmfbs lvlatukfs (lxjdusbsbjfkd, sfafstrb l jkdkgfmkml)

KutkrqufksDbjkfs8Guafjpfbs l@rlnulsfks

Zuesmfbs lvlatukfs Zuesmfbs pbatukfs (fa`rk-lstruturk bu lqufpkglatbgvld)

Guafjpfbs Kjbrmb kaukd ml `braljfglatb mlkdgbbs s jrfkaks mb ; JLE(Mlspkjcb a ;363>/5??6)

Zuesmfb glaskd qul kerkanlk rlspbstk sbjfkd ml JK]D(jbg fatlrrupls dljtfvks lslg kdgbb)

_rbnrkgk ml Lxpkasb lMlslavbdvfglatb mk Lmujkb_r-lsjbdkr (Mlspkjcb a. 650


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B dtfgb _rbtbjbdb ml Jbbplrkb (_J 5?;:-5?;=), kssfakmb latrlks uafls rlprlslatktfvks mks F_ZZ (JAFZ, \G_ l \G) l b Gfafstrfb mkZbdfmkrflmkml l Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, trkmuz b jbgprbgfssb kssugfmb,rlpkrtfamb ks berfnkls l rlspbaskefdfmkmls mlstls pkrjlfrbs

(pedfjb/sbjfkd). K jbatlab mb brkglatb ml Lstkmb tlvl ug fgpkjtbmfrljtb ab dtfgb _rbtbjbdb, jbg rl`brb mk krtfjudkb jbg ks F_ZZ ktrkvsmb _rbnrkgk ml Lglrnajfk Kdfglatkr (_LK), mb _rbnrkgk ml LglrnajfkZbjfkd (_LZ), l mb kpbfb s fastftufls jbg mvfmks l mf`fjudmkmls`fakajlfrks nrkvls lg jbaslquajfk ml favlstfglatbs rlkdfzkmbs, abgeftb mb _KULZ l mb _B_C (Zbkrls lt kd., 5?;5). B _rbtbjbdb mltlrgfakug jbahuatb ml abvks brflatkls qul tg nrkaml fa`duajfk ak sftukb`fakajlfrk mks F_ZZ, mks qukfs sl mlstkjkg8

k) Kjtukdfzkb mbs vkdbrls mks jbgpkrtfjfpkls (rlspbstks sbjfkfs) mkZlnurkak Zbjfkd.

e) Ulk`ljtkb mbs kjbrmbs ml jbbplrkb, jbg rlvfsb ml kjbrmbs lgrlspbstks sbjfkfs qul tlackg ugk `rlquajfk ml utlatls fa`lrfbr ml`fafmk, l kdkrnkglatb ml butrbs kjbrmbs abs qukfs sl vlrf`fqul k sftukbfavlrsk. K rlvfsb mb kjbrmb `uamkglatk-sl ab vkdbr gmfb ml `rlquajfk

ml utlatls ab qukmrfglstrl ml kvkdfkb.

j) Ab ZKM, pkrk ktrfeufb mk jbgpkrtfjfpkb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd k;??% aljlssrfk k prlstkb ml = mbs 0 slrvfbs lsslajfkfs (cfnflalplssbkd, cfnflal ckeftkjfbakd, kdfglatkb, trktkglatb ml rbupks,tldlkssfstajfk, kafgkb), lg mfks tlfs, pbmlamb k jbgpkrtfjfpkbkuglatkr kt ;


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5,

berfnkb ml prlstkb ml kdfglatbs, qul kjbrmkmk pbr lsjrftb, glmfkatlk suk jkpkjfmkml ljbagfjk l `fakajlfrk. Ab lxfstlg jrftrfbs ml`fafmbspkrk lstk jbgpkrtfjfpkb, mlsml qul sbgktrfb kaukd mks jbgpkrtfjfpklsml rlspbaskefdfmkml trfpkrtfmk (utlatl, Zlnurkak Zbjfkd l mlsjlamlatls) ab

slhk suplrfbr kb vkdbr ml rl`lrajfk kjrlsjfmb ml ;6,;6 ml vkdbrgmfb glaskd.

Jbg vfstk sustlatkefdfmkml mks latfmkmls mb sljtbr sbjfkd l gkautlab mk qukdfmkml mbs slrvfbs prlstkmbs, `bf jrfkmb b @uamb mlUlstruturkb mb Zljtbr Zbjfkd (kpbfb `fakajlfrb ml jkrjtlr rllgebdsvld)(_brtkrfk a :;/5?;=) l k Ulml Dbjkd ml Fatlrvlab Zbjfkd

(mlsjlatrkdfzkb mbs slrvfbs mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd) (Mlspkjcb a;5;


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5'

]keldk a 5 ]fpbdbnfk mb `fakajfkglatb prfvkmb

Latfmkmls @batls ml rljlftk Behljtfvbs/Jbatlmbs

Elal`fjfrfbsl@kgdfks

Jbgpkrtfjfpkls@kgfdfkrls Glaskfsmks rlspbstks sbjfkfsjbg Kjbrmb mlJbbplrkb

Jkmk utlatl l/bu suk `kgdfk jbgpkrtfjfpkglaskdglatl (lg `uab mk rlspbstk sbjfkd lmb jdjudb mb rlamfglatb plr jkpftk) mlkjbrmb jbg ks brflatkls mk ZlnurkakZbjfkd (Jfrjudkr ml Brflatkb Abrgktfvk a :)

Elal`fjfrfbs,`kgdfks ljbguafmkml

Glaskdfmkmlsrlsplftkatls kbpknkglatbfatlnrkd ml vlamks lslrvfbs prlstkmbs

Zlrvfbs ml skml (jbasudtks, lxkgls,fatlrakglatbs, ltj..), slrvfbs ml kpbfb jbguafmkml (dkvkamkrfk, jkeldlfrlfrb,kdfglatkb, ltj..), qul ab lstb kerkanfmbspbr prbtbjbdbs jbg latfmkmls pedfjks

Elal`fjfrfbsbu ldlglatbsmkJbguafmkml

[ubtfzkls [ubtks pknks pldbs kssbjfkmbs mks F_ZZ

Elal`fjfrfbs,ldlglatbs mkJbguafmkml llatfmkmlsprfvkmks

Mbkls, pktrbjafbsl mbaktfvbs

Mbaktfvbs lg trkekdcb vbduatrfb, nalrbs,elas l vkdbrls. B`lrtk ml elas l lqufpkglatbpkrk vlamk k `kvbr mk F_ZZ

_lssbks bulatfmkmls

@uamrkfsfan lplmftrfbs

Fafjfktfvks ml kankrfkb ml uambs l jkptkbml rljursbs

_rfvkmks UlamksKdunulr ml lspkbs pkrk ckeftkb, dbhks,kjls ml `brgkb, kdunulr ml lqufpkglatbs(vljudbs, butrbs)

Lgprlsks bubutrkslatfmkmls mb

sljtbrdujrktfvb

Jbajursbs pkrkkpbfb ml prbhljtbssbjfkfs

Mlslavbdvfglatb ml prbhljtbs ak rlk sbjfkd,fafjfktfvks ml rlspbaskefdfmkml sbjfkd, jbgfgpkjtb l fabvkb sbjfkd

_lssbks bulatfmkmlsprfvkmks

Lgprstfgbs mllatfmkmls ekajrfks

Jrmftb ekajrfb, jbg b jbgprbgfssb mlmlvbdub fatlnrkd mb vkdbr (kjrlsjfmbml hurbs) mlatrb mb prkzb jbgefakmb

Lgprstfgbs ml_lssbks bu latfmkmlspkrtfjudkrls

Lgprstfgb jbg b jbgprbgfssb mlmlvbdub fatlnrkd mb vkdbr (kjrlsjfmb ml

hurbs bu ab) mlatrb mb prkzb jbgefakmb

Bs lgprstfgbs jbastftulg butrk `brgk ml `fakajfkglatb prfvkmb,qul k gmfb bu dbanb prkzb tlr qul slr mlvbdvfmb (jbg hurbs/justbs


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kjrlsjfmbs bu ab). Kprlslatk- sl ugk tkeldk qul plrgftl `kzlr kFmlatf`fjkb mks `batls ml jkpftkd mks F_ZZ, ml kjbrmb jbg bsmbjuglatbs jbatkefdstfjbs8 Ekdkab l Mlgbastrkb ml Ulsudtkmbs.

]keldk a : @batls ml jkpftkd

]F_B MLJK_F]KD

@BA]L JDKZZF@FJKB

BUFNLG

Jkpftkd_rprfb

Lxtlrak(jkpftkd qulab nlrkmb pldkF_ZZ)

[ubtfzkls Elal`fjfrfbs bu ldlglatbs mkJbguafmkml

Mbkls,pktrbjafbs lmbaktfvbs

Elal`fjfrfbs, ldlglatbs mkJbguafmkml l latfmkmls prfvkmks

@uamrkfsfan lplmftrfbs

_lssbks bu latfmkmls prfvkmks

Fatlrak(jkpftkdrlsudtkatlmkskjtfvfmkmlsbplrkjfbakfsmk F_ZZ)

Plamks lprlstkls mlslrvfbs

Elal`fjfrfbs, `kgdfks ljbguafmkml kerkanfmbs pbr_rbtbjbdbs l Kjbrmbs mlJbbplrkb jbg latfmkmls pedfjksElal`fjfrfbs, `kgdfks ljbguafmkml ab kerkanfmbs pbr_rbtbjbdbs l Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkbjbg latfmkmls pedfjks

Latfmkmls pedfjks (_rbtbjbdbs,Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb)

Ulamks _lssbks bu latfmkmls prfvkmks

JkpftkdKdclfb

Lxtlrak(jkpftkd pkrkmlvbdvlr kprkzb)

Lgprstfgbsbetfmbs

Lgprstfgbs ml latfmkmlsekajrfks

Lgprstfgbs ml plssbks bulatfmkmls pkrtfjudkrls


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K P\DALUKEFDFMKML @FAKAJLFUK MKZBUNKAFXKLZ ZLG @FAZ D\JUK]FPBZ

Ks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs slnulg prtfjks qul sljkrkjtlrfzkg pldb ldlvkmb nrku ml vbduatkrfkmb l pldk rbtktfvfmkml mldfmlrkak. Lstks brnkafzkls sb`rlg prlssls rldkjfbakmks jbg bjbgprbgfssb kssugfmb jbg bs jdflatls l jbg b mlslavbdvfglatb mlprbnrkgks l kjtfvfmkmls pkrk k suk pbpudkb kdvb qul, pldk suk akturlzk,pbml kuglatkr k vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk (Kerkckg, 5??:).

K sftukb `fakajlfrk ml ugk Brnkafzkb slg @fas Dujrktfvbs

mlplaml ml vrfbs `kjtbrls, tkfs jbgb8 k l`fjfajfk mk nlstb, k lstkefdfmkmll mfvlrsfmkml mks rljlftks l k jkpkjfmkml ml kmkptkb `dutukb mksrljlftks. Zb ks tlamajfks mlstls `kjtbrls qul jbdbjkg ks brnkafzkls lgsftukls ml gkfbr bu glabr vudalrkefdfmkml s jrfsls `fakajlfrks(]ujigka & Jckan, ;66;). Ml kjbrmb jbg kdnuas favlstfnkmbrls, k tlbrfkmk vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk pbml slr kpdfjkmk pkrk mfknabstfjkr k skml`fakajlfrk ml ugk Brnkafzkb slg @fas Dujrktfvbs (Kerkckg, 5??:9Nrlldll & ]russld, 5???9 Kerkckg, 5??:). Lstk tlbrfk ekslfk-sl ak kadfsl

ml quktrb famfjkmbrls qul plrgftlg fmlatf`fjkr ks brnkafzkls qul tgglabr `dlxfefdfmkml `fakajlfrk, bu slhk, qul sb gkfs susjlptvlfs ml slrk`ljtkmks pldks jrfsls `fakajlfrks (]ujigka & Jckan, ;66;). Bs quktrbjrftrfbs ml mfknastfjb sb bs slnufatls8

k) Zkdmbs pktrfgbafkfs fakmlqukmbs8 bs `uambs pkrk `fakajfkglatb l ksrljlftks sb fgpbrtkatls pkrk k skml `fakajlfrk mk brnkafzkb, pldb qul bslu mlslqufderfb jbatrfeuf pkrk k suk vudalrkefdfmkml. K jkpkjfmkml ml

nlrkr rljlftks l betlr rltbrab mb favlstfglatb, prbgbvl k lstkefdfmkml mkbrnkafzkb.

e) Jbajlatrkb ml rljlftks8 ugk afjk `batl ml `fakajfkglatb tbrak kbrnkafzkb gkfs vudalrvld `fakajlfrkglatl. K mfvlrsf`fjkb mks `batlsml `fakajfkglatb l k lqufmkml ml rljlftks mlstks `batls kuglatk ksustlatkefdfmkml, pbrqul, lg prfajpfb, ugk jrfsl `fakajlfrk ab k`ljtkrsfgudtkalkglatl tbmks ks `batls.

j) Justbs kmgfafstrktfvbs ekfxbs8 ks brnkafzkls jbg justbskmgfafstrktfvbs ldlvkmbs, qukamb slatlg mf`fjudmkmls `fakajlfrks l tg ml


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rlmuzfr mlsplsk, tg gkfs `kjfdfmkml lg jbrtkr lstls justbs(jbgpkrktfvkglatl jbg k rlmub ml justbs bplrkjfbakfs, slg jbdbjkrmfrljtkglatl lg jkusk bs slus prbnrkgks bu kjtfvfmkmls).

m) Gkrnlas bplrkjfbakfs ekfxks bu alnktfvks8 `kjl k ug plrbmb`fakajlfrb gkfs mf`jfd, ks brnkafzkls jbg gkrnlas bplrkjfbakfs gkfsekfxks ab tg skdmb bu rlsudtkmbs bplrkjfbakfs qul plrgftkg gkatlr bsslus prbnrkgks bu kjtfvfmkmls, b qul fgpdfjk b jbrtl ml slrvfbs (]ujigka& Jckan, ;66;9 Kerkckg, 5??:).

@fnurk ;8 Gbmldb kmkptkmb mbs kutbrls]ujigka & Jckan (;66;) l Kerkckg (5??:)

C ugk `brtl rldkb latrl bs trs dtfgbs jrftrfbs ml ]ujigka &Jckan (;66;) l k vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk. [ukatb kb prfglfrb jrftrfb,s sl pbml jbasfmlrkr ugk sftukb ml vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk augkbrnkafzkb, qukamb sl vlrf`fjk ug mljrsjfgb sfnaf`fjktfvb mbs skdmbs kbdbanb ml ug plrbmb ml trs kabs (]russld & Nrlladll, 5???).

Cbmnl (5??0) kprlslatk jfajb famfjkmbrls `fakajlfrbs qulprltlamlg kvkdfkr k lvbdub mk sustlatkefdfmkml/vudalrkefdfmkml

`fakajlfrk8 rktfb mk mvfmk rldktfvb kb jkpftkd prprfb9 rktfb mljbajlatrkb mks rljlftks9 plsb mbs justbs kmgfafstrktfvbs9 gkrnlg mblxjlmlatl bplrkjfbakd (dujrb) l mfglasb mk brnkafzkb (a ml


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5).


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:). _br lstl gbtfvb, bsprlbs prktfjkmbs pbmlg ab nkrkatfr k jbelrturk tbtkd mbs justbs, k`ljtkambk vfkefdfmkml ljbagfjk mk fastftufb.

K kusajfk ml pktrfgafb prprfb jbastftuf ug mbs gkfs fgpbrtkatlsgbtfvbs mk lsjksslz ml rljursbs. Kqukamb mk kvkdfkb mk jkpkjfmkmlljbagfjb-`fakajlfrk mks fastftufls, aljlssrfk jbastftufb mbskjbrmbs, k jbgpbalatl ml rljursbs prprfbs mlvlrfk lstkr ksslnurkmk.

Jbatumb, lstumbs mlgbastrkg qul kdnuas kjbrmbs ml jbbplrkblstkeldljlg-sl glsgb ab lstkamb skdvknukrmkmk k lxfstajfk ml rljursbsprprfbs (Clspkack, 5???), b qul kjlatuk k lsjksslz ml rljursbs, dlvkamb mfgfaufb mk jkpkjfmkml pkrk mfvlrsf`fjkr ks rljlftks l jbaslqulatlmlplamajfk ml `fakajfkglatb pedfjb.

B jbatrbdb `fakajlfrb mb Lstkmb sberl ks F_ZZ , kt kb gbglatb,ugk rlkdfmkml fajbatbravld. Aug lstumb rlkdfzkmb pbr Zbusk lt kd. (5?;5),k nrkaml gkfbrfk mks fastftufls pkrtfjfpkatls k`frgkrkg qul jlrjk ml


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Dfmlrkak mksBrnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs

Ks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs kjtukg aug jbatlxtb qullst lg jbastkatl gumkak, lxfnfamb kmkptkls jbastkatls. Ksfgpdfjkls falrlatls kjtukd jbahuaturk ljbagfjk susjftkrkg ugk gkfbrprlbjupkb jbg k l`fjjfk l k l`fjfajfk mks Brnkafzkls slg @fasDujrktfvbs, pldb qul ks fastftufls jbglkrkg k prlbjupkr-sl jbgqulstls rldkjfbakmks jbg nlstb l dfmlrkak. Lstumbs jbasfmlrkgfgpbrtkatl, pkrk k vfkefdfmkml mks fastftufls, faslrfr abs slus qukmrbsprb`fssfbakfs jbg jbacljfglatbs ml nlstb (Zbusk lt kd., 5?;5).

K dfmlrkak l k nlstb mks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs

mfstfanulg-sl mks lgprlsks mb sljtbr dujrktfvb, pldk falxfstajfk mk `fnurkmb kjjfbafstk bu mb prbprfltrfb l pldk brflatkb ml behljtfvbs l fatlrlsslspkrk b kdjkajl ml ugk gfssb brnkafzkjfbakd l ab pkrk k betlab ml dujrb`fakajlfrb (Kaclflr, 5??


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:.

vfsb, rluafr l jbbrmlakr plssbks lg tbrab mlssk vfsb, gbtfvkr l faspfrkrbs glgerbs fastftujfbakfs (Juack & Ulnb, 5??:). K dfmlrkak latlamfmkjbgb ug prbjlssb ktrkvs mb qukd ug glgerb ml ug nrupb bubrnkafzkb fa`dulajfk k fatlrprltkb mbs lvlatbs pldbs rlstkatls

glgerbs, k lsjbdck mbs behljtfvbs l lstrktnfks, k brnkafzkb mkskjtfvfmkmls ml trkekdcb, k gbtfvkb mks plssbks pkrk kdjkakr bsbehljtfvbs, k gkautlab mks rldkls ml jbbplrkb, b mlslavbdvfglatbmks jbgpltajfks l jba`fkak pldbs glgerbs, l k betlab ml kpbfb ljbbplrkb ml plssbks lxtlrfbrls kb nrupb bu brnkafzkb (Juack, Ulnb,Juack & Jkrmbsb, 5??>, p. ::5). Lxfstlg vrfks tlbrfks lg tbrab mbjbajlftb ml dfmlrkak, skdflatkamb-sl ug jbahuatb ml jkrkjtlrstfjks qulpbmlg slr fgpbrtkatls, tkfs jbgb fatldfnajfk, jbgpltajfk tjafjk,

jkpkjfmkml ml jbguafjkb l lavbdvfglatb ml tlrjlfrbs, rlsfdfajfk,jkpkjfmkml ml mljfsb, tfjk, elg jbgb ugk ktftuml mlgbjrtfjk l ugfavlstfglatb ab jkpftkd cugkab mk fastftufb (Glalsls, 5?;5).

K fgpbrtajfk mk dfmlrkak skdflatkmk pldb plrbmb ml gumkakqul ks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs lstb k ktrkvlsskr. Jbatumb,dfmlrkr l nlrfr sb mbfs sfstlgks ml kjb mfstfatbs l jbgpdlglatkrls, juhkrldktfvk fgpbrtajfk mlplaml mb gbglatb qul k fastftufb lstlhk kktrkvlsskr. Zl dfmlrkr gkfs fgpbrtkatl lg gbglatbs ml gumkak, nlrfr lsslajfkd lg gbglatbs ml ldlvkmk jbgpdlxfmkml bplrktfvk, vfstb qul slrvlpkrk ksslnurkr k l`fjjfk l k l`fjfajfk ktrkvs mb pdkalkglatb, mkbrnkafzkb ml rljursbs l mk gbaftbrfzkb mb mlslgplacb (Glalsls,5?;5).

_krtls Fatlrlsskmks

K rldkb ml fatlrmlplamajfk latrl b Lstkmb l ks F_ZZ fmlatf`fjk bLstkmb jbgb b slu prfajfpkd `fakajfkmbr l stkilcbdmlr. K cfstrfjkfastftujfbakdfzkb mks pbdtfjks sbjfkfs mb Lstkmb-_rbvfmajfk fajutfu absjfmkmbs b slatfglatb ml qul k prbtljb sbjfkd `uab lxjdusfvk mbLstkmb (Clspkack, 5???), pldb qul k sbjflmkml ab lst jbasjflatl mksmf`fjudmkmls l mlsk`fbs jbg qul ks fastftufls tg qul dfmkr, alg mksrlspbaskefdfmkmls qul mlvlrfk kssugfr pkrk jbdkebrkr jbg ks F_ZZ, mlgkalfrk k prbgbvlr k suk sustlatkefdfmkml (Zbusk lt kd., 5?;5). K sbjflmkml

jfvfd tlg ugk dfgftkmk jbgprllasb mlstks brnkafzkls jbgb ug sljtbrafjb, b qul lxpdfjk k mf`fjudmkml mb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr lg prbgbvlr k`fdkatrbpfk, ktrkfr b kpbfb mk sbjflmkml l ksslnurkr pbdtfjks `kvbrvlfs kb


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slu `uturb mlslavbdvfglatb (@rkajb lt kd., 5??


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gkfs kgpdk l jdkrk, l kfamk lajbatrkr ugk krtfjudkb mbs rljursbs(`fakajlfrbs, jbnaftfvbs l tljabdnfjbs), k qukd ab tlrfk sfmb pbssvld slgbs stkilcbdmlrs. Ks fastftufls mlvlrb buvfr ks pkrtls fatlrlsskmks,jbastrufr lg jbahuatb kdnb ml fatlrlssl nlrkd l mlpbfs prlstkr jbatks,

kprlslatkamb ks gltks lxljutkmks, ks ab kdjkakmks l bs rlspljtfvbsgbtfvbs (Ubqul, 5?;5). B gljkafsgb ml lavbdvfglatb ml stkilcbdmlrsrlvldk-sl lsslajfkd ak fmlatf`fjkb ml abvks bpbrtuafmkmls, pkrk mltljtkrgumkaks ab jbatlxtb l aljlssfmkmls ml abvks rlspbstks (Ubqul, 5?;5),kssfg jbgb ak prbjurk ml sbduls fatlrfastftujfbakfs, pdkaf`fjkmks ljbgpdlglatkrls (Nbakdvls, 5??3).


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LZ]\MB ML JKZBZ

Jbgb tlg vfamb k slr mftb, ks Fastftufls _krtfjudkrls ml Zbdfmkrflmkml

Zbjfkd (F_ZZ) sb Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs, l `kzlg pkrtl mbjckgkmb ]lrjlfrb Zljtbr, qul lg _brtunkd ekstkatl sfnaf`fjktfvb, pbrqulkerkanl vrfbs tfpbs ml brnkafzkls qul mlslavbdvlg slrvfbs lkjtfvfmkmls qul jbgpdlglatkg l suestftulg bs slrvfbs pedfjbs lgmf`lrlatls rlks (skml, lmujkb l slrvfbs sbjfkfs) (@rkajb lt kd., 5??


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bs elal`jfbs l bs rfsjbs mk mfvlrsf`fjkb mks `batls ml `fakajfkglatb mksF_ZZ9 (fv) kakdfskr ks `batls ml rljlftks l ml justbs mks F_ZZ9 (v)lajbatrkr bs `kjtbrls qul jbatrfeulg pkrk qul ckhk vudalrkefdfmkml`fakajlfrk mks F_ZZ9 (vf) fmlatf`fjkr ks kjls mks F_ZZ qul vfskg kdjkakr

ugk gldcbrfk mk suk sustlatkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk9 (vff) rljbacljlr ksfa`duajfks mbs jbastrkanfglatbs sbjfkfs, dlnfsdktfvbs l ljbagfjbs abmlslavbdvfglatb mks fastftufls l (vfff) jbasfmlrkr ks prtfjks ml dfmlrkakl nlstb mks fastftufls l k suk fa`duajfk ab `uajfbakglatb mlstks.


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=:

GL]BMBDBNFK

Lstk favlstfnkb qukdftktfvk rlkdfzbu-sl jbg rljursb kb lstumb mljksb. B lstumb ml jksb kpdfjkmb s brnkafzkls plrgftl `kzlr b lstumb

kprbùamkmb mk sftukb lsplj`fjk ml jkmk ugk mks brnkafzkls (Vfa,5??6). Lstl gtbmb plrgftl lxpdfjkr ks jfrjuastajfks pkrtfjudkrls ml jkmkjksb l rlkdfzkr ugk fatlrprltkb ml ug `laglab dfnkmb k ugk latfmkmlsbjfkd (@brtfa, 5??6).

KgbstrkK kgbstrk `bf jbastftumk pbr quktrb F_ZZs ktrkvs mugk

kgbstrknlg ab prbekefdstfjk pbr jbavlafajfk. K tkeldk a 0 kprlslatk

ugk jkrkjtlrfzkb nlrkd mks F_ZZs qul jbastftulg k kgbstrk. K tkeldk a> lxpl bs slrvfbs l ks rlspbstks sbjfkfs mlslavbdvfmbs pbr jkmk ugk mksF_ZZs. Ak tkeldk 3, pbmlgbs lajbatrkr ugk erlvl jkrkjtlrfzkb mbslatrlvfstkmbs ml jkmk F_ZZ.

]keldk a 0 Jkrkjtlrfzkb mks F_ZZKGBZ]UK ]F_B ML

F_ZZMFGLAZB K_BFB

@FAKAJLFUB

F_ZZ ; Gfslrfjrmfk F_ZZ ml nrkaml mfglasb, jbgmlslavbdvfglatb mlkjtfvfmkmls ab geftb mbsslrvfbs sbjfkfs l lmujkb(rlspbstks sbjfkfs ak rlk mkfaàjfk, mk tlrjlfrk fmkml lkpbfb jbguafmkml) l abgeftb mbs slrvfbs ml skml(\afmkml ml JufmkmbsJbatfaukmbs l Cbspftkd)

Jbg kpbfb mb Lstkmb,ktrkvs mbs Kjbrmbsml Jbbplrkb jbg kZlnurkak Zbjfkd l ml_rbtbjbdbs jbg ksKutkrqufks

F_ZZ 5F_ZZ : KssbjfkbZbdfmkrflmkmlZbjfkd

F_ZZ ml gmfk mfglasb, jbgmlslavbdvfglatb mlkjtfvfmkmls ab geftb mbsslrvfbs sbjfkfs l lmujkb(rlspbstks sbjfkfs ak rlk mkfaàjfk, mk tlrjlfrk fmkml lkpbfb jbguafmkml)

Jbg kpbfb mb Lstkmb,ktrkvs mbs Kjbrmbsml Jbbplrkb jbg kZlnurkak Zbjfkd l ml_rbtbjbdbs jbg kKutkrqufk l Huatk ml@rlnulsfk

F_ZZ = KssbjfkbZbdfmkrflmkmlZbjfkd

F_ZZ ml plqulak mfglasb,jbg mlslavbdvfglatb mlprbhljtbs l kjtfvfmkmls

mfrfnfmbs k nrupbs sbjfkfsvudalrvlfs (faàjfk lhuvlatuml)

F_ZZ slg kpbfb`fakajlfrb mb Lstkmb ljbg kpbfbs

`fakajlfrbs prfvkmbs


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]keldk a > Jkrkjtlrfzkb mbs slrvfbs l rlspbstks mks F_ZZ

]keldk a 3 Jkrkjtlrfzkb mbs latrlvfstkmbs

Latrlvfstkprb`fssfbak

Jkrnb Lxplrfajfks @brgkb kjkmgfjk Pajudbprb`fssfbakd

_M ; _rlsfmlatl Mfrlb Nlstbr ;5kab Pbduatrfb

M@; Mfrltbrk @fakajlfrk

Mfrltbrk/@fakajlfrk]BJ

Dfjlajfkturk lgJbatkefdfmkml lKmgfafstrkb

Jbdkebrkmbrk

M] ; Mfrltbrk ]jafjkZbjfkd

Ab ktrfeumb Dfjlajfkturk Zlrvfb Jbdkebrkmbrk

_M 5 _rlsfmlatl BplrkjfbakdMfrlb

;5 kab Pbduatrfb

M] 5 Mfrltbrk ]jafjkZbjfkd

Ab ktrfeumb Dfjlajfkturk Zlrvfb Jbdkebrkmbrk

M@ 5 Mfrltbr @fakajlfrb/Zljrltrfb

Ekajrfb Dfjlajfkturk lgJbatkefdfmkml lGkriltfan

Pbduatrfb

M] : Mfrltbrk ]jafjk Ab ktrfeumb Glstrkmb _sfjbdbnfk Jbdkebrkmbrk

_M M@ : _rlsfmlatlMfrlb/Mfrltbr@fakajlfrb

Gfdftkr mk@brk Krlk

;5 kab/ ]BJ Pbduatrfb

M] _M = Mfrltbrk]jafjk/_rlsfmlatlMfrlb

Mbjlatl@fdbsb`fk

Glstrkmb_lrturekls mbMlslavbdvfglatb

Pbduatrfk

JKUKJ]LUFXKBMK F_ZZ

ULK MLFA]LUPLAB8

]LUJLFUKFMKML

ULK MLFA]LUPLAB8

FA@AJFK

ULK MLFA]LUPLAB8

FA@AJFK LH\PLA]\ML

ULK MLFA]LUPLAB8

ZKML

F_ZZKjbrmbJbbplrk

b

KabJbastftufb

Jlatrb mlMfk

ZKM LU_F JrljclHkrmg

Fa`ajfkJK]D J_KU ZFKJ \JJ Cbspftkd

F_ZZ ; Zfg ;6;= Zfg Zfg Zfg Zfg Zfg Zfg Ab Ab Zfg Zfg

F_ZZ 5 Zfg ;6>3 Zfg Zfg Ab Zfg Zfg Zfg Ab Ab Ab Ab

F_ZZ : Zfg ;630 Zfg Zfg Zfg Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab

F_ZZ = Ab ;663 Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Zfg Zfg Ab Ab


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=-

_rbjlmfglatbs

@brkg rlkdfzkmks ks abvl latrlvfstks aks fastkdkls mks F_ZZ l abdbjkd ml trkekdcb mbs pkrtfjfpkatls9 lstks `brkg nrkvkmks (ktrkvs mb

tldlgvld bu mug prbnrkgk ml umfb, ab tkedlt). _bstlrfbrglatl, prbjlmlu-sl trkasjrfb mks latrlvfstks pkrk ug supbrtl fa`brgtfjb, ug mbjuglatbmkGfjrbsb`t ^brm, l sbdfjftbu-sl k rlspljtfvk vlrf`fjkb l k kssfakturk mljkmk ug mbs latrlvfstkmbs. _br `fg, rlkdfzbu-sl k fajdusb mks latrlvfstks,k jrfkb ml jktlnbrfks l b trktkglatb mbs mkmbs ab Zb`twkrlAPfvb ;?.

Ks F_ZZ qul kjlftkrkg jbdkebrkr ab lstumb mlrkg k suk kutbrfzkbpkrk k rljbdck mbs mkmbs, qulr ktrkvs mk jbasudtk l mk jlmajfk ml

mbjuglatbs fatlrabs, qulr ktrkvs mk plrgfssb mk rlkdfzkb mkslatrlvfstks. Ks latrlvfstks trkasjrftks `brkg kakdfskmks pbr tbmbs bslatrlvfstkmbs. Jkmk latrlvfstkmb kssfabu k dtfgk `bdck mk latrlvfstk,jba`frgkamb k vkdfmkml mb slu jbatlmb l kutbrfzkamb b trktkglatb mkfa`brgkb prlstkmk. @bf nkrkatfmk k jba`fmlajfkdfmkml mbs jbatlmbsrl`lrlatls latrlvfstk l kadfsl mbjuglatkd, rlsplftkamb kssfg bkabafgktb ml jkmk F_ZZ, fmlatf`fjkamb jkmk fastftufb ktrkvs mb slnufatlsfstlgk ml jbmf`fjkb8

]keldk a 6 Zfstlgk ml jbmf`fjkb

F_ZZ LA]ULPFZ]KMBZF_ZZ ; _M ; M@ ; M] ;F_ZZ 5 _M 5 M@ 5 M] 5F_ZZ : _M M@ : M] :F_ZZ = _M M] =

B gtbmb utfdfzkmb ml kadfsl ml jbatlmb ktrkvlssk trs ltkpks8 kpr-kadfsl (jbgpbstk pldk brnkafzkb ml fa`brgkb ktrkvs mk dlfturk,pldk ml`fafb ml behljtfvbs l ml famfjkmbrls ml kadfsl)9 k lxpdbrkb mbgktlrfkd (bu slhk, k jbmf`fjkb mk fa`brgkb rlnfstkmk l jrfkb mluafmkmls ml kadfsl) l b trktkglatb ml mkmbs l k suk fatlrprltkb (b qulfajduf ugk jktlnbrfzkb ekslkmk ak jdkssf`fjkb mk fa`brgkb, qukatb

kbs kspljtbs jbguas l mf`lrlajfkmbs) (Ekrmfa, 5??=9 Jkgpbs, 5??=).


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=>

K favlstfnkb lxfnfu, pbr kssfg mfzlr, k ml`fafb ml jktlnbrfks lsue-jktlnbrfks qul plrgftfrkg prbjlmlr brmlakb, jdkssf`fjkb l kadfsl`fakd bu fatlrprltkb mbs mkmbs rljbdcfmbs. _krk qul fstb kjbatljlssl,slatfu-sl k aljlssfmkml ml rljbrrlr kb sb`twkrl fa`brgtfjb APfvb ;?, k

qul h kdumfgbs, slg b qukd ab tlrfk sfmb pbssvld alg k jrfkb mljktlnbrfks `uamkglatkmks abs lfxbs tlgtfjbs mb nufb mk latrlvfstk, algk jrfkb ml suejktlnbrfks jbg k fa`brgkb kjlrjk mk jdkssf`fjkb mbsmkmbs betfmbs, mlpbfs mk dlfturk mks latrlvfstks trkasjrftks.


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ULZ\D]KMBZ

K. Jbacljlr k tfpbdbnfk mks `batls ml `fakajfkglatb l bpkpld mb lstkmb ab `fakajfkglatb mks F_ZZ

k) @batls ml `fakajfkglatb pedfjks l jbguaftrfks

Kprlslatk-sl ugk tkeldk rl`lrlatl s tfpbdbnfks ml `fakajfkglatbpedfjb l jbguaftrfb mks F_ZZ lg lstumb.

]keldk a ;? @batls ml `fakajfkglatb pedfjb l jbguaftrfb mksF_ZZ

F_ZZ ]F_BZ ML @FAKAJFKGLA]B _EDFJB

F_Z

Z;

Kjbrmbs ml jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd (rlspbstks sbjfkfs ak rlk mkfa`ajfk l mk tlrjlfrk fmkml l ak \afmkml ml Jufmkmbs Jbatfaukmbs)9 Kjbrmbsjbg k KUZ-Jlatrb lg rldkb kb Cbspftkd mk Gfslrfjrmfk, abs prbnrkgks ZFNJ(Zfstlgk Fatlnrkmb ml Nlstb ml Jfrurnfks) l J]C (Jbasudtk k ]lgpb l Cbrks)9Kjbrmb jbg b Guafjpfb kb avld mb `braljfglatb ml kdgbbs (pr-lsjbdkr l ;jfjdb)9 _rbtbjbdbs jbg b FL@_ (jkamfmkturks k prbnrkgks pkrk rljrutkglatb mlprb`fssfbakfs)

F_ZZ5

Kjbrmbs ml jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd (rlspbstks sbjfkfs ak rlk mkfa`ajfk l mk tlrjlfrk fmkml)9 Kjbrmb kaukd jbg b Guafjpfb kb avld mb`braljfglatb ml kdgbbs kb ;jfjdb l trkaspbrtls9 _rbtbjbdbs jbg b FL@_(jkamfmkturks k prbnrkgks pkrk rljrutkglatb ml prb`fssfbakfs)9 @fakajfkglatbmb _UBMLU pkrk kqufsfb ml lqufpkglatb (trkaspbrtl ml rl`lfls lrlvlstfglatb fatlrfbr ml ugk vfkturk)9 Kpbfb mb Guafjpfb l mk Huatk ml@rlnulsfk (jbastrub mb Dkr)

F_ZZ:

Kjbrmbs ml jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd (rlspbstks sbjfkfs ak rlk mktlrjlfrk fmkml)9 @fakajfkglatb mb _UBMLU pkrk k fgpdlglatkb mb Dkr l sluslqufpkglatbs9 Kpbfb pkrjfkd mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd pkrk kqufsfb ml vfkturk

F_ZZ=

Kpbfb kaukd mk Kutkrqufk9 @fakajfkglatb mb _B_C (jlrtf`fjkb mk qukdfmkml)9@fakajfkglatb mb FAU (Fastftutb Akjfbakd ml Ulkefdftkb), ab mlslavbdvfglatbml prbhljtbs (kjtfvfmkmls ml `rfks)


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Ks F_ZZ ;, 5 l : skdflatkg b kpbfb `fakajlfrb mb Lstkmb, rl`brkambk suk fgpbrtajfk.K F_ZZ =, kplskr ml ab tlr Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb jbgk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, tlg kdnuas kpbfbs ml latfmkmls pedfjks. Abjbasfmlrb fssb ug `fakajfkglatb, () sbgbs prlstkmbrls ml slrvfbs tkatb

mk Jgkrk jbgb tkgeg mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, () c kquf ugkjbatrkprlstkb mk abssk pkrtl (M@;). () k nrkaml `ktfk kjkek pbrslr k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd () (_M 5).

e) @batls ml `fakajfkglatb prfvkmks

Kprlslatk-sl ugk tkeldk rl`lrlatl s tfpbdbnfks ml `fakajfkglatb

prfvkmb mks F_ZZ lg lstumb.

]keldk a ;; @batls ml `fakajfkglatb prfvkmb mks F_ZZ

F_ZZ ]F_BZ ML @FAKAJFKGLA]B _UFPKMB

F_ZZ;

Jbgpkrtfjfpkls mbs utlatls l `kgdfks rl`lrlatls s rlspbstks sbjfkfslstkeldljfmks lg Kjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd9 _knkglatb mlslrvfbs prfvkmbs rldkjfbakmbs jbg b cbspftkd9 [ubtks mbs kssbjfkmbs,mbaktfvbs, mbkls, rlamks9 Lgprstfgb ekajrfb

F_ZZ5

Jbgpkrtfjfpkls mbs utlatls l `kgdfks rl`lrlatls s rlspbstks sbjfkfslstkeldljfmks lg Kjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd9 [ubtks mbskssbjfkmbs l mbaktfvbs pkrk kpbfb k utlatls jkrlajfkmbs9 Plreks brfuamks ml`lstks dbjkfs (plmftrfbs)

F_ZZ:

Jbgpkrtfjfpkls mbs utlatls l `kgdfks (rlspbstks sbjfkfs lg Kjbrmb mlJbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd)9 Jbgpkrtfjfpkls mbs utlatls l `kgdfks(vknks ab dkr ab kerkanfmks pldb Kjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb jbg k ZlnurkakZbjfkd)9 [ubtks mbs kssbjfkmbs, mbkls, mbaktfvbs9 Lgprstfgb ml pkrtfjudkrls(kssbjfkmbs)9 Lgprstfgb ekajrfb

F_ZZ=

Glaskdfmkmls mks `kgdfks rldkjfbakmks jbg ks tlrkpfks9 [ubtks ml sjfbs lplmftrfbs9 Brnkafzkb ml lvlatbs l kpbfb mks lgprlsks (mbaktfvbs l gktlrfkfs)9Butrks rljlftks

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ ;, 5 l : rl`lrlg qul ks qubtks, ks mbklsl bs mbaktfvbs sb lsjkssbs l lspbrmfjbs. Ks qubtks sb ug vkdbr qul ab

guftb suestkajfkd (). Mbaktfvbs tlgbs ug bu butrb gks sb pbujbsfnaf`fjktfvbs () (_MM@:). ]lgbs k kssbjfkb qul lxjlpjfbakdglatl


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() tlr ebks prtfjks, ebk nlstb l jbavlajlrlg-sl qul ab tgqul slr suesmfb-mlplamlatls, mlvlg prbjurkr kutbabgfk prprfk.(_M;). () vkgbs vfvlamb jkmk vlz jbg gkfs mf`fjudmkmls, () tlgbs qulplaskr lg `fakajfkglatbs kdtlraktfvbs, ktrkvs ml pkrjlrfks, ktrkvs ml

lgprlsks (). Lstkgbs k lstumkr b dlqul ml bpls pkrk vlr qukd b gkfsvkatkhbsb pkrk as . (_M5)

B jrftrfb rldkjfbakmb jbg k jbajlatrkb ml rljlftks (]ujigka &Jckan, ;66;) tlg muks jbgpbalatls8 k mfvlrsfmkml l k mfstrfeufb. Kmfvlrsf`fjkb mks `batls jbatrfeuf pkrk k skml `fakajlfrk mk brnkafzkb.Jbgpdlglatkrglatl mlvlr lxfstfr lqufmkml ak mfstrfeufb ml rljlftks qulkmvg mlssks batls ml fakajfkglatb. Zl lxfstfrlg vrfks batls ml rljlftks

l k mlplamajfk `fakajlfrk `br mfvfmfmk pbr lstks `batls, pbssvld nkrkatfrk sustlatkefdfmkml mk brnkafzkb, pbfs lg jksb ml jrfsl `fakajlfrkmf`fjfdglatl slrb k`ltkmks tbmks ks `batls ml rljlftks, jbaslnufamb-slgkatlr b lqufderfb l ab jbdbjkr lg jkusk b uajfbakglatb mks kjtfvfmkmlsl slrvfbs (Kerkckg, 5??:).

K mfvlrsf`fjkb mks `batls ml `fakajfkglatb jbasfmlrkmk kdnbmf`jfd, tlamb ks F_ZZ ; l : rljbrrfmb kb kutb-`fakajfkglatb l kb jrmftb

ekajrfb pkrk `kzlr `kjl kbs favlstfglatbs rlkdfzkmbs. K F_ZZ 5, kplskr mltlr tfmb kpbfb pedfjb, ab pksskmb, pkrk b gldcbrkglatb mks fa`rk-lstruturks9 kjtukdglatl, rljbrrlu k ug `fakajfkglatb, ak suk gkfbrfk,prprfb pkrk k jbastrub mug dkr.

As tfvlgbs qul `kzlr lgprstfgbs ekajrfbs pkrk jbaslnufrgbs`kzlr b qul tlgbs () gks k eksl mb `fakajfkglatb glsgb abssk, kutb-`fakajfkglatb. (M]:)

K F_ZZ = tlg vfamb k `uajfbakr slg kpbfb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd,rljbrrlamb ks vlreks brfuamks mbs prbtbjbdbs jbg lgprlsks l butrkslatfmkmls.

Zb vrfbs bs lstumbs kpbatkg pkrk k aljlssfmkml mksBrnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs mfvlrsf`fjkrlg ks suks `batls ml`fakajfkglatb, vfstb qul lstb guftb mlplamlatls ml rljursbs lxtlrabs lfatlrvg augk rlkdfmkml qul lst slgprl lg gumkak. ]g ml jrfkrrljursbs l jbamfls qul plrgftkg b slu `uajfbakglatb (@rkajb lt kd.,5??


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mfvlrsf`fjkr b `fakajfkglatb, bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ 5 kdlrtkg pkrk klxfstajfk ml mf`fjudmkmls lg rldkb kb `fsjb l pkrk k aljlssfmkml mks sukskjtfvfmkmls ab slrlg lajkrkmks jbgb jbajbrrajfk. Zkdflatkg kfamk qulks F_ZZ, pkrk `kzlrlg `kjl kbs slus favlstfglatbs, qulr lg berks qulr

lg lqufpkglatbs, ab mlvlg rljbrrlr k latfmkmls ekajrfks qul vfskgkplaks b dujrb. Mlvlr slr b Lstkmb k kpbfkr lstls favlstfglatbs jbg dfacksml jrmftb lsplj`fjks qul ab vfskg b dujrb jbglrjfkd, gks katls b dujrbsbjfkd. () mf`jfd alstl gbglatb k fastftufb tlr butrk kjtfvfmkml bamlv eusjkr fakajfkglatb, pbrqul kt pbr qulstls fsjkfs jbgpdfjkmb. ()ab pbml slr k ekajk prfvkmk k `fakajfkr berks mlstks. K ekajk jbglrjfkdvfsk b dujrb, k fastftufb qulr ug dujrb sbjfkd, gks lssl dujrb sbjfkd rlplrjutfmb ab prprfb Lstkmb, b Lstkmb sbjfkd (). (M@5)

K F_ZZ 5 tlg tfmb ug jrlsjfglatb prbnrlssfvb, jbg lstkefdfmkml kbavld `fakajlfrb l, skelamb mks jbaslquajfks ml ug jrmftb ekajrfb sberlbs mfrljtbrls mk Fastftufb, tlg bptkmb pldk rlkdfzkb ml jkamfmkturks k`uambs jbguaftrfbs. Mlgbastrk fasktfs`kb lg rldkb kb faml`lrfglatbml jkamfmkturks kb _KULZ l kb _B_C, vfstb qul jbasfmlrk qul lstk berk urnlatl pkrk rlspbamlr s aljlssfmkmls dbjkfs. Bs pkrtfjfpkatls mk F_ZZ5 lstb prlbjupkmbs jbg b trgfab mk berk mb dkr qul fafjfkrkg slg kpbfb

pedfjb, alg jbasfmlrkg k pbssfefdfmkml ml jbatrkfr ug jrmftb ekajrfb,pbfs alstks sftukls sb bs elas plssbkfs mbs mfrljtbrls qul slrvlg mlnkrkatfk.

Murkatl b plrbmb ml 5??3 k 5?;5, ks F_ZZ `brkg fajlatfvkmks krlkdfzkr jkamfmkturks k prbnrkgks l k prbhljtbs, jbg vfstk kb kdkrnkglatbbu jbastrub ml fa`rk-lstruturks, pkrk kuglatkr b aglrb mks rlspbstkssbjfkfs l ks rlspljtfvks vknks. _krk la`rlatkr kb ldlvkmb favlstfglatb

`fakajlfrb, guftks F_ZZ rljbrrlrkg kb jrmftb ekajrfb, b qul ks mlfxbuaugk sftukb ml ml`fjft `fakajlfrb (Gkrta lt kd., 5?;:). Ab slnufglatbmlstl lamfvfmkglatb, surnfu k Dfack ml Jrmftb ml Kpbfb LjbabgfkZbjfkd, lg 5?;5, qul kplskr ml kprlslatkr ug jrmftb jbg jbamflslspljfkfs, ab mlfxk ml jbatrfeufr pkrk qul ckhk ugk mvfmk ekajrfk. Lgjbaslquajfk mlstks mf`fjudmkmls `fakajlfrks, surnfu kfamk, ab fajfb mbprlslatl kab, b @uamb ml Ullstruturkb mb Zljtbr Zbjfkd (@UZZ) (_J,5?;:-5?;=).


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J. Kakdfskr ks `batls ml rljlftks l ml justbs mksFastftufls_krtfjudkrls mlZbdfmkrflmkml Zbjfkd

Bs mkmbs qul sl kprlslatkg abs nr`fjbs slnufatls `brkg rltfrkmbsmb Uldktrfb ml Nlstb mb Lxlrjjfb 5?;:, Ekdkajltl Nlrkd, EkdkajltlKakdtfjb lEkdkab rl`lrlatls k mlzlgerb ml 5?;:. Ab qul mfz rlsplftb srljlftks, k kadfsl `bf rlkdfzkmk ktrkvs mks jbatks >5, >3 l >6.Uldktfvkglatl kbs justbs, k kadfsl `bf rlkdfzkmk k ktrkvs mk dlfturk mksjbatks 5:, 5


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Ks rljlftks mk F_ZZ ; kmvg sberltumb mbs slrvfbs prlstkmbs kbavld mk skml (>5%), slnufamb-sl ks jbgpkrtfjfpkls `kgfdfkrls (;:%) lks jbgpkrtfjfpkls l kpbfbs mks latfmkmls pedfjks (Zlnurkak Zbjfkd,Guafjpfb l FL@_) jbg jlrjk ml ;5%.

K F_ZZ 5 tlg gkfbr vbdugl ml rljlftks aks jbgpkrtfjfpkls mkslatfmkmls pedfjks (Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, Guafjpfb l FL@_), jbg 05%,slnufamb-sl ks jbgpkrtfjfpkls `kgfdfkrls rldkjfbakmks jbg ks rlspbstkssbjfkfs (:>%). Ak F_ZZ :, ks jbgpkrtfjfpkls kgfdfkrls kssuglg-sl jbgbk ruerfjk jbg gkfbr vbdugl ml rljlftk (>5%), b qul lst rldkjfbakmb jbgks glaskdfmkmls prktfjkmks ab dkr, ks jbgpkrtfjfpkls l kpbfbs mkslatfmkmls pedfjks (Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, Guafjpfb l FL@_) jbg jlrjk ml

50%. K F_ZZ = kprlslatk rljlftks jbg plrjlatknlas kprbxfgkmks abskpbfbs pedfjbs (Guafjpfb) l abs uambs jbguaftrfbs (FAU l _B_C), jbgjlrjk ml ::% l aks glaskdfmkmls mbs utlatls (:?%). Lstk Fastftufbkprlslatk rljlftks sfnaf`fjktfvks brfuamks mbs plmftrfbs, kankrfkb ml`uambs, mbaktfvbs l qubtks (50%).

Mks trs F_ZZ jbg Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, k F_ZZ : qul tlg gkfbr mlplamajfk mb Lstkmb, tkgeg k afjk qul

ab mlslavbdvl slrvfbs ml jkrfz dujrktfvb. K F_ZZ = k kquldk qulgbvfglatk gkfs b kpbfb mk jbguafmkml ktrkvs mb vbduatkrfkmb,lavbdvlamb lgprlsks l butrks latfmkmls lg pkrjlrfks qul dcl plrgftlgkankrfkr rljlftks pkrk ks suks kjtfvfmkmls.


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e) Justbs mks F_ZZ (kab 5?;:)

Nr`fjb a 5 Justbs mks F_ZZ

Ks gkfbrls `batls ml justbs mk F_ZZ ; lstb rldkjfbakmks jbg bsslrvfbs lspljfkdfzkmbs (:3%) l jbg bs rljursbs cugkabs (:


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Ab qul mfz rlsplftb F_ZZ =, bs slus gkfbrls nkstbs lstbrldkjfbakmbs jbg bs slrvfbs lspljfkdfzkmbs (:0%) l jbg bs rljursbscugkabs (:% mb gbatkatl tbtkd) l uglgprstfgb mbs pkrtfjudkrls bu kssbjfkmbs (::% mb gbatkatl tbtkd). Bs mbfstfpbs ml lgprstfgbs tfvlrkg jbgb behljtfvb k jbastrub mb Dkr. Ks F_ZZ5 l = ab rljbrrlrkg k alacug `fakajfkglatb ekajrfb.


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jbgpkrtfjfpkb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd pkrk dkrls ml kutabgbs l abpkrk dkr ml nrkamls mlplamlatls qul sb jlrjk ml 3?% mbs abssbs utlatls.(M];)

Ak rlspbstk ml LU_F, >3% mbs utlatls tg kdnugk mlplamajfk,elg jbgb ab ZKM (0?%) l ab Jlatrb ml Mfk (=;%). Jbg b kuglatbmb aglrb ml fmbsbs lg sftukb ml nrkaml mlplamajfk, jbg gkfs ml 3

abs justbs `fxbs (ldljtrfjfmkml, jbgeustvlfs l elas kdfglatkrls). Alstksftukb, k brnkafzkb mlfxk ml rljlelr k jbgpkrtfjfpkb mk `kgdfk lmk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd. Zb ks rlspbstks mlstfakmks tlrjlfrk fmkml qul lstbk supbrtkr lstl mlslqufderfb `fakajlfrb.

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mks F_ZZ ;, 5 l : kdlrtkg pkrk k tlamajfk mb vkdbrmks glaskdfmkmls mbs utlatls slr gkfs ekfxb mlvfmb s rl`brgks ekfxks mbsutlatls l s mf`fjudmkmls `fakajlfrks mks `kgdfks. Lg guftbs jksbs, ks`kgdfks kmfkg k fatlnrkb mb slu `kgfdfkr ak fastftufb, glsgb lgrlspbstks jbgb b Jlatrb ml Mfk l Zlrvfb ml Kpbfb Mbgfjfdfrfb, qul tgglabr prbjurk pbr pkrtl mks `kgdfks. Kquf tlgbs ug prbedlgk ml`fakajfkglatb pbrqul ks `kgdfks alstl gbglatb lstb guftb gkfs

lamfvfmkmks (), guftb mlsjkpftkdfzkmks.(M@5) B qul sl tlg vlrf`fjkmbkjtukdglatl b favlrsb, bu slhk, ug mljrsjfgb ml tbmks ks vkdajfks.() K avld mk tlrjlfrk fmkml, pkrk kdg ml ab ckvlr dfstk ml lsplrk,vlrf`fjkg-sl kdnugks sftukls lg utlatls qul lstb k skfr mb Jlatrbml Mfk l ZKM lg prbd mbs `fdcbs.(M]5) B qul tlgbs vfamb k vlrf`fjkr qul c guftks plssbks k vfr pkrk ug dkr l lg jbatrkpkrtfmk b slrvfb mlkpbfb mbgfjfdfrfb l jlatrb ml mfk ab lst k slr prbjurkmb.(M]:)

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ : rl`lrlg qul ks mf`fjudmkmls mks `kgdfks

l b kuglatb mks mlsplsks tlg prbvbjkmb ugk mfgfaufb mk gkrnlg mldujrb qul k brnkafzkb betg, gks k sftukb `fakajlfrk vkf-sl gkatlamblstvld, pbrqul plrsfstlg guftks sbdfjftkls pbr pkrtl mks `kgdfks.

K zbak ml fgpdkatkb mks F_ZZ kprlslatk ugk pbpudkblavldcljfmk, kssbjfkmk ab pksskmb sberltumb kjtfvfmkml knrjbdk l `kerfd,jbg pbujk lsjbdkrfmkml l ldlvkmb kakd`keltfsgb. Mlstk `brgk, guftbs mbsjdflatls mks F_ZZ, rlsfmlatls lg zbaks rurkfs tg rl`brgks ekfxks (Jkrtk

Zbjfkd, 5?;5). Lg jbaslquajfk, lstls utlatls ab pbmlrb pknkrjbgpkrtfjfpkls s F_ZZ jbg b justb mbs slrvfbs qul dcls sb prlstkmbs.Lstks sftukls, qul jbatrfeulg pkrk k vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk mks F_ZZ,tbrakg-sl gkfs lvfmlatls qukamb sl jbahunkg bs slnufatls `kjtbrls8rl`brgk ekfxk9 jbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr ekfxk9 aglrb ldlvkmb ml slrvfbsbu aljlssfmkml ml rlpltfr vrfks vlzls pbr mfk bu pbr slgkak ug afjbslrvfb.

Ks F_ZZ qul `kzlg pkrtl mb lstumb dbjkdfzkg-sl abs jbajldcbs mbsmfstrftbs ml Kvlfrb l Pfslu, qul huatkglatl jbg bs jbajldcbs ml Pfkak


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mb Jkstldb, Erknk, Pfdk Ulkd l vbrk kprlslatkg ks gkfbrls tkxks mlutfdfzkb mks rlspbstks.

Aks rlspbstks mfrfnfmks fa`ajfk l huvlatuml, tlg ckvfmb ugk

tlamajfk ml mljrsjfgb mk tkxk ml utfdfzkb, b qul sl mlvl, latrl butrbs`kjtbrls, kb kuglatb mb aglrb ml dunkrls. Ab geftb mk tlrjlfrk fmkml, krlspbstk LU_F tlg k gkfbr tkxk ml utfdfzkb (6:,=%), mlvfmb ldlvkmkprbjurk pbr pkrtl mks `kgdfks, slnufamb-sl b Jlatrb ml Jbavvfb(3=,3%), b ZKM (>3,,5%) (Jkrtk Zbjfkd,5?;5).

K F_ZZ ; rl`lrl qul ks mf`fjudmkmls ljbagfjks mks `kgdfks trkzlg

gkfs prlbjupkls pkrk k rlspbstk sbjfkd ml LU_F, pbrqul kjbgpkrtfjfpkb pknk fastftufb trfpkrtfmk (Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, utlatl l`kgdfk), laqukatb qul ak \afmkml ml Jufmkmbs Jbatfaukmbs, k pkrtljbrrlspbamlatl kb utlatl ksslnurkmk pldk Gfafstrfb mk

Zkml l pldk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd.

Ks F_ZZ kssfakg Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd lk jbgpkrtfjfpkb glaskd jbatlgpdk b aglrb ml utlatls ml`fafmb, gks

lsplj`fjk pkrk jkmk rlspbstk sbjfkd l fnukd pkrk tbmks ks F_ZZ (Kdglfmk,5?;;), b qul pbml trkzlr kdnuas jbastrkanfglatbs ml brmlg `fakajlfrkqul sb lxlgpdf`fjkmbs ktrkvs mbs slnufatls jksbs8

;) K gkfbrfk mbs utfdfzkmbrls mks F_ZZ sb plssbks fmbsks qul vfvlgsbzfacks l, pbr lssl gbtfvb, k suk `kgdfk ab latrk ab jdjudb mkjbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr (lxjlptb aks rlspbstks sbjfkfs jbg kdbhkglatb),elg jbgb k sftukb ml jkrajfk sbjfkd l ljbagfjk mbs utlatls (rl`brgks

ekfxks), brfnfakg glaskdfmkmls gkfs ekfxks. B kpbfb mb Lstkmb `fxb lfamlplamlatl mk sftukb ljbagfjk l mb nrku ml mlplamajfk mb utlatl(lxjlptb ak rlspbstk ml LU_F).

5) B ldlvkmb nrku ml mlplamajfk mb utlatl lg LU_F pbml lxfnfr rljursbscugkabs qul sb suplrfbrls kbs jbasfmlrkmbs aljlssrfbs pldk ZlnurkakZbjfkd, kuglatkamb ks mlsplsks mk fastftufb9

:) Ak rlspbstk sbjfkd ml ZKM, k jbgpkrtfjfpkb glaskd ab sb`rlkdtlrkb, alg fa`dulajfkmk pldb aglrb ml vlzls qul ug glsgb slrvfb


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prlstkmb murkatl b mfk, alg pldk mfstajfk plrjbrrfmk. Lstls jksbs sb`rlqulatls l fgpdfjkg nkstbs gkfbrls (rljursbs cugkabs, tkxk ml utfdfzkbmks vfkturk, jbgeustvlfs, mlsnkstl mk vfkturk, ltj.). Ab ZKM, kjbgpkrtfjfpkb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd sb`rl ugk kdtlrkb ak sftukb ml

prlstkb ml slrvfbs kb `fg-ml-slgkak9

=) K jbgpkrtfjfpkb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd pbr utlatl, ab ZKM, s tbtkdqukamb sl vlrf`fjk k prlstkb ml = slrvfbs lsslajfkfs. Lg guftbs jksbs bsutlatls usu`rulg ml ; bu 5 slrvfbs, b qul fgpdfjk jbrtl mk jbgpkrtfjfpkbpedfjk bu kt k rlmub ml vknks lg kjbrmb ml jbbplrkb. Lstk glmfmkab lst khustkmk rlkdfmkml ml guftks `kgdfks (`rkjbs rljursbsljbagfjbs) qul tg mf`fjudmkml lg supbrtkr bs justbs ml ; bu 5 slrvfbs.

Gks lstls pbmlg rlpltfr-sl vrfks vlzls murkatl b mfk, tbrakamb-sl gkfsmfsplamfbsb pkrk k F_ZZ, mb qul k prlstkb ml : bu = slrvfbs ml butrkakturlzk (kjtfvfmkmls ml kafgkb, mfvudnkb l jbdkebrkb ab kjlssb kslrvfbs mk jbguafmkml, latrl butrbs)9

mfks mk slgkak, qulr usu`ruk bu ab mbs slrvfbs ml cfnflal plssbkd

l trktkglatb ml rbupks9

0) K dbjkdfzkb mk F_ZZ (zbak rurkd bu urekak). K jbgpkrtfjfpkbmkmk pldb Lstkmb k glsgk, ab slamb kakdfskmks ks jkrkjtlrstfjksmlgbnr`fjks l ljbagfjks ml mltlrgfakmks zbaks mb pks.

Bs `kjtbrls kprlslatkmbs sfnaf`fjkg ug kuglatb ml mlsplsks pkrk kfastftufb qul sl vb rlplrjutfr ab kuglatb mb justb rlkd gmfb mb utlatl,

b qukd vkrfk ml rlspbstk pkrk rlspbstk l ml F_ZZ pkrk F_ZZ. _brtkatb, ugglsgb slrvfb (jkdjudb pr-ml`fafmb) kssugl justbs mf`lrlatls pkrk butlatl, mlplamlamb mk fastftufb.

K F_ZZ 5 kssugl qul tlg ugk nrkaml mlplamajfk lg rldkb kbskpbfbs mb Lstkmb l k rlmub mlstl `fakajfkglatb pbml mlfxkr k fastftufbaugk sftukb ml vudalrkefdfmkml fakajlfrk qul, pbr suk vlz, pbml vfr k prlg jkusk b slu `uajfbakglatb.Gkaf`lstbu prlbjupkb jbg b trgfabmk berk mb dkr fafjfkmk slg kpbfb pedfjb.]lgbs mlplamajfk tbtkd mbLstkmb () Lstk mlplamajfk prlbjupkatl, pbrqul sl mlfxkr ml lxfstfr


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lssls kjbrmbs k fastftufb () ab tlg supbrtl `fakajlfrb, plrml k suksustlatkefdfmkml. (M]5) As tlgbs vkdajfks qul alstl gbglatb lstbk mkr prlhuzb () k pkrtl mk faàjfk, k pkrtl ml jlatrb ml mfk, alstlgbglatb, jbglk k mkr prlhuzb. () tlgbs kdnugks vkdajfks qul kfamk

lstb k jbatrkekdkakr.(M@5)B prbhljtb mb dkr lst k slr `fakajfkmbktrkvs ml tbmbs bs ùambs qul k fastftufb krrkahbu kb dbanb mlstls kabs.Jbg kutb-`fakajfkglatb, mkquf pkrk k `rlatl, qul gkfs jbgpdfjkmb9tbmbs bs ùambs sl lsnbtkg.(_M5)

Ks F_ZZ ; l 5 jckgkg k ktlab pkrk ks lxfnajfks dlnkfs qul ksfastftufls sb berfnkmks k jugprfr kb avld mb qukmrb ml plssbkd, b qukd mf`jfd gkatlr fakajlfrkglatl l qul, mkmk k jbahuaturk sbjfkd l mlgbnr`fjk

(k mfgfaufb mk aktkdfmkml, b mlslgprlnb l ks mf`fjudmkmls ljbagfjks),c aljlssfmkml ml rlmuzfr.

() ab slf jbgb `kzlg ks butrks F_ZZ () Ab pbmlg tlr dujrbsl jugprfrlg jbg ks rlnrks qul mlvlg jugprfr, qulr ak faàjfk qulr aktlrjlfrk fmkml, sl tfvlrlg b aglrb ml kuxfdfkrls qul pbr utlatl prljfskg,sl tfvlrlg b aglrb ml prb`fssfbakfs qul k dlf berfnk. (_M;) () bqukmrb ml plssbkd qul k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd abs berfnbu k tlr ( ) ug lajkrnb guftb nrkaml () k pkrtl safbr, lssk plasb qul vfr kjbatfaukr k tlr gbatls ml utlatls, pkrtl mk faàjfk slr mf`jfd,abglkmkglatl, k qul tlgbs b nrbssb mb plssbkd. (M@5)

K fmlatf`fjkb l b jbacljfglatb mbs `kjtbrls kssbjfkmbs vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk l k prbekefdfmkml ml `kdcks brnkafzkjfbakfspbmlg khumkr bs mfrfnlatls mks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs k `kzlrugk nlstb gkfs jbrrltk mk fastftufb. [ukatb gldcbr bs mfrfnlatlsjbacljlrlg jbgb ks mljfsls kjlrjk mk jbatkefdfmkml k`ljtkg kbrnkafzkb, gkfbr k prbekefdfmkml ml kmbptkrlg lstrktnfks qulnkrkatkg k skml `fakajlfrk mk fastftufb (Cknlr, 5??;).

K pkrtfjfpkatl mk F_ZZ = rl`lrl qul k brnkafzkb sberlvfvl jbgugk nrkaml faslnurkak `fakajlfrk, qul sl mlvl sberltumb falxfstajfk mlkpbfbs pedfjbs, abglkmkglatl ugk jbgpkrtfjfpkb glaskd mk ZlnurkakZbjfkd. Lstk faslnurkak gkaf`lstk-sl ak mf`fjudmkml lg gkatlr ug qukmrb

ml plssbkd lstvld l lspljfkdfzkmb, lgebrk ks sbdfjftkls b hustf`fqulg. _brbutrb dkmb, mf`jfd lajbatrkr tjafjbs lspljfkdfzkmbs alstk rlk, pldb qulgkatlr l `brgkr k lqufpk ml tjafjbs ug mbs prfajfpkfs behljtfvbs mk


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mfrljb mlstk F_ZZ qul jbasfmlrk s slr pbssvld kdjkakr lstl behljtfvbqukamb `br kssfakmb ug kjbrmb ml jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd. Ksftukb ljbagfjk k sftukb gkfs jbgpdfjkmk, dbnb ml slnufmk mbstjafjbs lspljfkdfzkmbs (). Jkmk vlz gkfs prljfskvk ml tlr tjafjbs,

jbamfls pkrk gkatlr bs tjafjbs l mlpbfs jbamfls pkrk dcls mkr`brgkb, pkrk bs gkatlr `brgkmbs l bs tlr mfspbsfb qukamb prljfsbmldls. (M]_M=)

L. Kjls mksFastftufls _krtfjudkrls ml ZbdfmkrflmkmlZbjfkd qul vfskg k gldcbrfk mk suk sustlatkefdfmkml

`fakajlfrk

k) Nlstb ml rljursbs (rljursbs cugkabs, `fakajlfrbs, gktlrfkfs lsbjfkfs)

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ ; rl`lrlg qul lxfstl ug pdkalkglatbml gmfb l dbanb prkzb jbg behljtfvbs k kdjkakr. Bs rlspbasvlfs pldbsvrfbs mlpkrtkglatbs `kzlg ugk rlvfsb jbatauk ml prbjlmfglatbs, jbg

vfstk k rlatkefdfzkr bs rljursbs, qul sb lsjkssbs, l k gldcbrkr k l`fjjfk l kl`fjfajfk mk brnkafzkb, utfdfzkamb pkrk tkd b jdjudb ml rktfbs. \g mbsprfajfpkfs behljtfvbs mk fastftufb tlr ugk gkrnlg ml dujrb qulplrgftk supbrtkr k mvfmk ekajrfk l `kzlr bs favlstfglatbs aljlssrfbs pkrkb sluebg `uajfbakglatb, qul pksskg pldk gldcbrfk mks jbamfls `sfjksmb Dkr ; (b lmf`jfb katfnb l tlg sfakfs ml mlnrkmkb), lpldk kgpdfkbmk jbzfack l mks fastkdkls mb Cbspftkd, qul h ab rlspbamlg saljlssfmkmls mk pbpudkb. _br butrb dkmb, lxfstl ug prbhljtb kgefjfbsb,

rldkjfbakmb jbg k jbastrub ml ug lmf`jfb abvb qul jbahunul bs : dkrls(mfvfmfmbs pbr : lmf`jfbs mfstfatbs), pbrqul ks berks ml rlgbmldkb qulslrfk aljlssrfb rlkdfzkr sb ml nrkaml mfglasb l lstk slrfk k gldcbr `brgkml jrfkr ebks jbamfls l rlatkefdfzkr rljursbs. behljtfvb mb _rbvlmbr tlrvknks ab dkr ml geftb dujrktfvb8 () betlgbs lstls rlsudtkmbs pkrkmlpbfs favlstfrgbs abvkglatl, gldcbrkrgbs ks jbamfls qul prlstkgbskb utlatl, tlgbs slrvfb ml rl`lrajfk. () k abssk fastftufb vfsk b dujrb,vfsk pkrk rlfavlstfr, fssb k abssk vlrmkml, butrk vlz ab Zljtbr sbjfkd

().(M@;)


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Ks F_ZZ ;, 5 l : tg fgpdlglatkmb b sfstlgk ml CKJJ_ l lstb kfgpdlglatkr prbjlmfglatbs rldkjfbakmbs jbg b Gkaukd ml [ukdfmkml pkrkks rlspbstks sbjfkfs, gks slg jlrtf`fjkb. K F_ZZ = jlrtf`fjkmk ab geftbmk qukdfmkml8 K kssbjfkb tlg jlrtf`fjkb L[\KZZ Kssurkajl ()9

tlgbs ug gkaukd jbg tbmks ks ùals elg ml`fafmks, lrk ugk mkslxfnajfks mk jlrtf`fjkb mk qukdfmkml, l jkmk tjafjb tlg b slugkaukd.(M]_M=)

K F_ZZ 5 prbjurk tlr ugk pbdtfjk ml `dlxfefdfmkml l ml prbxfgfmkmls aljlssfmkmls mks `kgdfks l mk jbguafmkml, ml `brgk k rlspbamlr l lstkrkb slrvfb mk pbpudkb, pkrk qul lstk ab sfatk aljlssfmkml ml prbjurkrkdtlraktfvks (butrks rlspbstks/fastftufls). Lstk F_ZZ lstkeldljlu ugk

pkrjlrfk jbg k huatk ml `rlnulsfk, ml kpbfb famfrljtb aktkdfmkml, ak qukdbs pkfs rlsfmlatls ak `rlnulsfk pknkg ugk glaskdfmkml gxfgk (ml vkdbrekfxb, fnukd pkrk tbmks ks jrfkaks) ak rlspbstk ml jrljcl, l k huatk ml`rlnulsfk supbrtk k mf`lrlak. Lstk lstrktnfk fajlatfvk k fasjrfb ml abvksjrfkaks, gbtfvk k plrgkaajfk mks jrfkaks l ksslnurk k suk trkasfb mkrlspbstk ml jrljcl pkrk b hkrmfg ml faàjfk. K fastftufb slnul ugklstrktnfk ml jbatlab ml justbs qul sl trkmuz ak rlmub ml mlsplsks jbgb plssbkd l ak rlkdfzkb ml jbajursbs trfglstrkfs ml `braljlmbrls. Kplskr

mbs ebas rlsudtkmbs betfmbs jbg lstk nlstb, k tlatktfvk ml kuglatkrrljlftks `bf jbdbjkmk lg jkusk pldk mfgfaufb ml utlatls aks rlspbstkssbjfkfs. K F_ZZ 5 lst ktlatk kelrturk ml jkamfmkturks pkrk `kzlr `kjl kbsslus favlstfglatbs. B nrkaml prbhljtb mk F_ZZ 5 jbajdufr k jbastrub mbDkr l lstkeldljlr prbtbjbdbs l pkrjlrfks jbg lgprlsks prfvkmks pkrk kpbfkrk brnkafzkb. Lstk F_ZZ kdtlrbu rljlatlglatl bs slus Lstktutbs pkrk pbmlrmlslavbdvlr butrb tfpb ml rlspbstks ab ùturb8 Ks abssks lstrktnfkspksskg (.) pldb jbrtl mks mlsplsks, knbrk prbjurkr abvks rljlftks, ()

qul ks rljlftks tg mfgfaumb, (). Gks auajk cfpbtljkamb b ùturb. k abssk nrkaml prlbjupkb. (_M5)Mlvfmb mfgfaufb ml jrfkaks akfastftufb, k Mfrljb pbamlrk utfdfzkr ab ùturb lssks fastkdkls pkrkbutrbs rkgbs ml kjtfvfmkml. K Fastftufb tlajfbak rljbrrlr gumkak mljbdkebrkmbrks mks rlspbstks mk faàjfk pkrk ks rlspbstks mk tlrjlfrk fmkml,qukamb b Dkr latrkr lg ùajfbakglatb, lvftkamb kssfg rlmuzfr pbstbs mltrkekdcb. @bf fgpdlglatkmb alstk Fastftufb ug ekajb ml cbrks, jbg vfstkk rljbgplaskr ks jbdkebrkmbrks qul `kzlg cbrks lxtrkbrmfarfks l s qukfs

ab pbssvld pknkr lstl tlgpb. Lstk kjugudkb ml cbrks trkas`brgkmklg plrbmbs ml `rfks.


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Ks F_ZZ ;, 5 l : prlbjupkg-sl jbg b `uturb mk fastftufb labrtlfkg ks suks mljfsls pbr jrftrfbs ml rfnbr, trkaspkrajfk, l ml nkrkatfkmk suk sustlatkefdfmkml. _krk `kzlr `kjl kbs jbrtls pbr pkrtl mk Zlnurkak

Zbjfkd, k F_ZZ : `kz khustls ak jbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr mb Jlatrb ml Mfkl mb ZKM, slgprl qul bs utlatls tg kuglatb mk rl`brgk. K jbguafmkmlelal`fjfk tkgeg ml butrb tfpb ml kpbfb qul prlstkmb pldb gmfjb l pldkla`lrglfrk qul `kzlg jbasudtks k sjfbs l pbpudkb, slamb lstk ugk`brgk ml rlatkefdfzkr rljursbs fatlrabs.

() sl as qulrlgbs jrlsjlr, sl as qulrlgbs mkr qukdfmkml kbsutlatls l k sftukb `fakajlfrk ab tb skumvld qukatb b mlslhvld,

pbmlgbs jbrrlr b rfsjb ml ab ktfanfr bs abssbs behljtfvbs ().(M];)() prlbjupkgb-abs mlsml slgprl jbg b `uturb () kjcb qul krldlvajfk mk sustlatkefdfmkml tbtkd.(_MM@:) Jkmk vlz gkfs aslstkgbs k kplrjlelr-abs qul tlgbs qul abs kutb-`fakajfkr, pbrqul jbg bsjbrtls mk slnurkak sbjfkd tg sfmb jkmk vlz gkfs ldlvkmbs.(M]:)

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ : rl`lrfrkg qul tg ug prbhljtb knrjbdkqul lst lg lstumb, pkrk rlatkefdfzkr bs tlrrlabs qul pbssuf, pbrqul lstls

elas rlprlslatkg justbs pkrk k fastftufb. _rltlamlg kfamk kdkrnkr b Dkr(pksskr ml :? pkrk =? vknks) l gldcbrkr ks jbamfls `sfjks, tlamb h bprbhljtb kprbvkmb. K F_ZZ : prltlaml fgpdlglatkr ug prbhljtb, qul jbatkjbg b kpbfb mb Lstkmb, ab geftb mks lalrnfks rlabvvlfs pkrk mfgfaufrks mlsplsks jbg b kquljfglatb k ns mb lmf`jfb. _rltlaml kgpdfkr ksfastkdkls mk `fsfbtlrkpfk l mbs jufmkmbs plssbkfs (jkeldlfrlfrb/gkafjurl)l jrfkr ug pkrqul mlspbrtfvb kssbjfkmb k ug lspkb ml rljrlfb l dmfjbdbjkdfzkmb plrtb mb lmf`jfb jlatrkd, pkrk usu`rutb mbs utlatls l pkrk kpbfb

huvlatuml l pbpudkb dbjkd.

K prfbrfmkml mk F_ZZ = jbajdufr b prbjlssb ml jldlerkb mlKjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd l jrfkr jbamfls pkrk tlrugk slml prprfk, vfstb qul lstb lg fastkdkls jlmfmks, elg jbgbjbaslnufr tlr lstkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk qul plrgftk `brgkr l gkatlr bstjafjbs mk fastftufb. ]lg lg mlslavbdvfglatb ug prbhljtb kpbfkmb pkrkkqufsfb ml lqufpkglatbs (_J, ]P l Zb`twkrl) pkrk trlfab ml

jbgpltajfks mbs utlatls. Butrb prbhljtb lg mlslavbdvfglatb k dbanbprkzb k jckgkmk jksfack fatldfnlatl (rlsfmajfk vfnfkmk pkrk hbvlas


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pkrk prbgbvlr k suk kutbabgfk). Lstl prbhljtb jbatk jbg b kpbfb mkkutkrqufk ak jlmajfk mk jksk, l ml ugk lgprlsk ak kqufsfb mllqufpkglatbs. K fastftufb lst k jkamfmktkr-sl k prbhljtbs sbdfmrfbs mllgprlsks ml rlabgl, vfstb qul b prbhljtb fgpdfjk ug nrkaml favlstfglatb

kb avld mk rljbastrub mb lmf`jfb.() ugk jksk fatldfnlatl l slasvld,kmkptkmk s aljlssfmkmls mldls () ug prbhljtb krrbhkmb.(M]_M=)

]bmks ks F_ZZ prbjurkg mkr rlspbstk s aljlssfmkmls ml `brgkbmbs jbdkebrkmbrls. K F_ZZ ; tlg ug pdkab ml `brgkb kaukd qul trkasvlrskd k tbmks ks rlks. K F_ZZ 5 ab tlg ug pdkab ml `brgkbjbataub pr-ml`fafmb, gks jugprl k `brgkb berfnktrfk ktrkvs mlprbtbjbdbs jbg latfmkmls qul tg jkamfmkturk kprbvkmk pkrk `brgkls

`fakajfkmks. Ak F_ZZ : rlkdfzkg-sl kaukdglatl kjls ml brgkb. Kplskrmk mfgfaufb ml utlatls lg JM l ZKM, ab cbuvl rlmub ml plssbkd,slamb b glsgb rlatkefdfzkmb ab dkr. Glsgb jbg k rlmub ml utlatls aksvkdajfks ml jlatrb ml mfk l slrvfb ml kpbfb mbgfjfdfrfb, ab slatfgbsqul fssb tlack jbastftumb mf`fjudmkmls pkrk b ùajfbakglatb, alg`fakajfkglatb mk fastftufb. Kt ckvlamb glabs utlatls c glabstrkekdcb l ks ùajfbarfks qul lstb k`ljtks kb slrvfb ml kpbfbmbgfjfdfrfb sb bjupkmks ab dkr.(_MM@:)

K latrlvfstkmk mk F_ZZ = rl`lrl k lxfstajfk ml nrkamlsjbastrkanfglatbs rldkjfbakmbs jbg b qukmrb ml plssbkd, pbrqul ab pbssvld gkatlr lstkefdfmkml alstk rlk, pldk mf`fjudmkml lg gkatlrjbatrktbs ml trkekdcb. Bs jbrpbs sbjfkfs mk kssbjfkb sb vbduatrfbs,kdnuas prb`fssfbakfs vg ktrkvs ml lstnfbs jbatrktukdfzkmbs jbg b FL@_l butrbs prb`fssfbakfs lstb laqukmrkmbs ab prbtbjbdb jbg b Cbspftkd. Baglrb ml vbduatrfbs suplrfbr qukamb sl rlkdfzkg ks fafjfktfvks ml

kankrfkb ml ùambs.

Ks Brnkafzkls slg @fas Dujrktfvbs tg kb slu mfspbr mf`lrlatlstfpbs ml rljursbs8 cugkabs (mlslgplacb mbs jbdkebrkmbrls l vbduatrfbs lb slu jbgprbgfssb pkrk jbg k brnkafzkb), `fakajlfrbs (kankrfkb mlùambs l mfvlrsf`fjkb ml `batls ml `fakajfkglatb), gktlrfkfs (fa`rk-lstruturks l lqufpkglatbs) l sbjfkfs (pkrjlrfks, trkekdcb lg rlml) (Kzlvlmb& Jbutb, 5?;59 Zkatbs lt kd., 5?;=). B jbatlxtb kjtukd, jkrkjtlrfzkmb pbr

glmfmks ml jbatlab brkglatkd, berfnk ks Brnkafzkls slg @fasDujrktfvbs k prlbjupkrlg-sl jbg k nlstb l`fjflatl l l`fjkz mbs slus


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5?;5).

j) Jbguafjkb l gkriltfan

B _rbvlmbr mk F_ZZ ; jbasfmlrk qul ab aljlssrfb `kzlrpuedfjfmkml fastftufb, pbrqul k kpbstk ak qukdfmkml mbs slrvfbs l kmfvudnkb `lftk pldbs slus elal`fjfrfbs k gldcbr lstrktnfk. _br slu dkmb,ks butrks muks latrlvfstkmks (M@ l M]) jbasfmlrkg fgpbrtkatl favlstfr gkfsaugk lstrktnfk ml gkriltfan, kdg mk mfvudnkb mks kjtfvfmkmls lslrvfbs, mf`lrlajfkamb lstk fastftufb ml butrks qul lxfstlg ab jbajldcbjbg ks glsgks rlspbstks. K mfvudnkb rlkdfzkmk ktrkvs mb sftl l mb

Hbrakd dbjkd, kmqufrfmb c pbujb tlgpb. K fastftufb jbatrktk ugprb`fssfbakd mlstk rlk kplaks qukamb aljlssrfb dkakr kdnb abvb.

As ab prljfskgbs ml kzlr puedfjfmkml. () B gldcbr gkriltfan k qukdfmkml (), trkz tkgeg k brgk ml ktrkfr jdflatls9 ab uamb b abssbgkriltfan lssl.(_M;). _lasb qul fssb ug pbatb `rkjb ()9 jbgbtlgbs dfstk ml lsplrk, sl jkdckr ab tlgbs nrkaml aljlssfmkml mlpuedfjftkr, ab `kdtkg jkamfmktbs (). Lg rldkb fa`ajfk, pbr lxlgpdb,

plasb qul ugk `kdck (), tlgbs qul slr mf`lrlajfkmbs pbrqul b abssbprlb sl jkdckr vkf slr ug pbujb mf`lrlatl, pbrqul lxfstlg ab jbajldcbbutrks rlspbstks fnukfs s abssks ()9 tlr ugk lstrktnfk ml gkriltfan ()ab s mfvudnkr kqufdb qul `kzlgbs. (M@;).

Bs latrlvfstkmbs mk F_ZZ 5 jbasfmlrkg qul, lstkamb k brnkafzkbaugk rlk rurkd, ab sl hustf`fjk ugk lstrktnfk ml gkriltfan guftbknrlssfvk. K mfvudnkb mk F_ZZ rlkdfzkmk ktrkvs mbs glfbs ml

jbguafjkb dbjkfs, pldbs pkrjlfrbs, ktrkvs mb edbn qul bf jrfkmb, ktrkvsmks jbdkebrkmbrks l mbs utlatls, ktrkvs ml pka`dltbs l mk puedfjfmkml absvljudbs mk fastftufb qul plrjbrrlg ugk nrkaml zbak nlbnr`fjk. K F_ZZ: `kz k mfvudnkb mks kjtfvfmkmls ktrkvs mb sftl l mb l-gkfd. Lstks F_ZZjbasfmlrkg fgpbrtkatl b mlslavbdvfglatb ml lstrktnfks ml jbguafjkb lgkriltfan, gks lstl ab jbasfmlrkmb ug kssuatb prfbrftrfb, l ablxfstl qukdqulr prb`fssfbakd qul sl mlmfqul k lstk rlk. Jbgb glfbs mlmfvudnkb lxtlrak, utfdfzkg bs hbrakfs dbjkfs l bs ebdltfas mks kutkrqufks

dbjkfs.


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B gkriltfan pbml kssugfr ug pkpld fgpbrtkatl augk brnkafzkb,pbrqul plrgftl fmlatf`fjkr ks aljlssfmkmls l lxpljtktfvks mbs slus jdflatlskjtukfs l mbs jdflatls pbtlajfkfs (elal`fjfrfbs, fakajfkmbrls l vbduatrfbs),jbdkebrkamb tkgeg ab prbjlssb ml jrfkb ml rlspbstks l sktfs`kb mlssks

aljlssfmkmls (@rkajb, 5?;5).

K F_ZZ =, jbgb ugk kssbjfkb ml pkfs, ktrkvs mb sftl, mb`kjlebbi, l mk pkrtfdck jbg bs pkfs qul `kz k suk mfvudnkb, elg jbgbktrkvs mbs pkrjlfrbs l hbrakfs dbjkfs l mfstrftkfs. Lstk F_ZZ, mkmk k kusajfkml rljursbs `fakajlfrbs pedfjbs, `kz kdnugks jkgpkacks rljbrrlamb puedfjfmkml abs glfbs ml jbguafjkb, pkrk mkr jbacljfglatb mks sukskjtfvfmkmls. K fastftufb tlg nrkaml fgpkjtb l vfsfefdfmkml ak

jbguafmkml.]latkgbs slgprl jbguafjkr ktrkvs mbs abssbs glfbs l mbsabssbs jbatkjtbs qul sb ks ebks pkrjlfrks qul tlgbs jbg bs hbrakfsdbjkfs8 b Hbrakd S, b Mfrfb ml V l b `kjlebbi, bs l-gkfds.(M]_M=).Uljlatlglatl, lg Zltlgerb, k F_ZZ = dkabu ugk nrkaml jkgpkack absglfbs ml jbguafjkb dbjkfs l akjfbakfs (rmfb l tldlvfsb), mlgbastrkambk suk vudalrkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk. @lz ug `brtl kpldb k mbaktfvbs, pkrk `kzlr`kjl s mvfmks mk fastftufb, pbrqul k jbatfaufmkml mb `uajfbakglatb mkbrnkafzkb lstkvk k slr jbdbjkmk lg jkusk.

Kprlslatk-sl ugk tkeldk qul prltlaml fmlatf`fjkr ks prfajfpkfskjls qul ks F_ZZ mlslavbdvlg pkrk k gldcbrfk mk suk sustlatkefdfmkml`fakajlfrk8


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]keldk a ;5 - Kjls mlslavbdvfmks pkrk gldcbrfk mksustlatkefdfmkml

Kls mlslavbdvfmks pkrk k gldcbrfk mk sustlatkefdfmkml mks F_ZZ F_ZZ

; 5 : =Ulatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs fatlrabs x x x x

_dkalkglatb ml gmfb l dbanb prkzb x x x

Jrfkb ml dujrb pkrk favlstfglatb lg jbastrub l/bu kdkrnkglatb mlfa`rk-lstruturks

x x

Ml`fafb ml behltfvbs rldkjfbakmbs jbg k l`fjjfk l l`fjfajfk x x

Fgpdlglatkb ml glmfmks ab geftb mbs Zfstlgks ml Nlstb mk[ukdfmkml l CKJJ_

x x x x

Gkautlab mbs Kjbrmbs ml Jbbplrkb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd x x x

_krjlrfks l kpbfb mks kutkrqufks dbjkfs (Guafjpfbs l Huatks ml @rlnulsfk) x x x_krjlrfks l kpbfb ml latfmkmls pedfjks jbgb b FL@_ x x x x

Mlslavbdvfglatb ml _rbhltbs `fakajfkmbs pbr `uambs jbguaftrfbs x x

Ulalnbjfkb ml jbatrktbs jbg `braljlmbrls, pkrkjbatrbdb l rlmub mljustbs

x x x

Kgpdfkb l gldcbrfk mks jbamfls `sfjks mk brnkafzkb x x x

Jrfkb ml rlspbstks sbjfkfs l kuglatb mb aglrb ml vknks lg LU_F x x

Ulatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs cugkabs (trkas`lrajfk ml rlspbstk sbjfkd) x x

@brgkb mbs rljursbs cugkabs x x

Mlslavbdvfglatb ml slrvfbs l ktfvfmkmls prfvkmks, jbg jkrjtlr dujrktfvb x x

Kdunulr ml lspkbs pkrk jrfkb ml rljlftks x x

_rbhltbs pkrk rlatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs (ktfvfmkmls knrjbdks l lalrnfksrlabvvlfs)

x x x

Ml`fafb ml glaskdfmkmls gxfgks jbg vkdbrls kekfxb mb JG\ x

Ml`fafb ml glaskdfmkmls gafgks aks rlspbstks sbjfkfs x x

_rbtbjbdb jbg Cbspftkd pedfjb pkrk jlmajfk ml rljursbs `sfjbs lcugkabs

x

Mlslavbdvfglatb ml kls huatb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd (kssfakturk mlKjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb)

x

Ulml `brtl ml vbduatkrfkmb x

Jkgpkacks l fafjfktfvks ml kankrfkb ml `uambs l plmftrfbs x x

_krjlrfks jbg lgprlsks x x

Plamk ml lqufpkglatbs, gktlrfkfs l rbupks mbkmks x


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Ks kjls prlslatls ak tkeldk katlrfbr ab tg brfnlg augpdkalkglatb lstrktnfjb pr-ml`fafmb mks F_ZZ, gks b slu jbahuatbrlprlslatk ugk nrkaml prlbjupkb lg rldkb aljlssfmkml ml gldcbrkrk suk sustlatkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk. Ks prfajfpkfs kjls fmlatf`fjkmks abs

rlsudtkmbs mb lstumb, ksslatkg ak rlatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs (cugkabs,`fakajlfrbs, gktlrfkfs l sbjfkfs) l ak rlmub ml mlsplsks (jbatrbdb ml justbsl rlalnbjfkb ml `braljlmbrls). Ks F_ZZ mb lstumb kprlslatkg tkgegprlbjupkls rldkjfbakmks jbg b jugprfglatb mk suk gfssb sbjfkd,brflatkmk pkrk ks aljlssfmkmls l lxpljtktfvks mbs stkilcbdmlrs. Ablatkatb, vlrf`fjk-sl ugk tlamajfk, rldkjfbakmk jbg k mlplamajfk mbLstkmb (aks F_ZZ ;, 5 l :), ab qul sl rl`lrl kb mlslavbdvfglatb mksrlspbstks sbjfkfs. _br butrb dkmb, tkgeg sl vlrf`fjk b jrlsjfglatb ml

kjtfvfmkmls qul vfskg jkptkr butrks `batls ml `fakajfkglatb (kjtfvfmkmls mlgeftb dujrktfvb), pldb qul k mfvlrsf`fjkb mks `batls kssugl nrkamlfgpbrtajfk.

B trkekdcb ml vbduatkrfkmb l ml lavbdvfglatb mk jbguafmkml gkfslvfmlatl ab jksb mk F_ZZ =, qul mlslavbdvl faglrbs ls`brbs akkankrfkb ml `uambs jbgb `batl ml `fakajfkglatb prfvkmk, laqukatbprlssfbak k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd pkrk k kssfakturk ml Kjbrmb ml Jbbplrkb.

Jbgpkrkamb-sl bs rlsudtkmbs betfmbs jbg ks prfajfpkfsrljbglamkls mbs lstumbs rlkdfzkmbs alstk rlk (tkeldks < l 0),fmlatf`fjkg-sl kdnugks rlks ml fatlrvlab qul jbatfaukg k slrjbasfmlrkmks jbgb tlamb glabr nrku ml fgpbrtajfk, mks qukfs sl skdflatkgb gkriltfan sbjfkd, k nlstb, k prb`fssfbakdfzkb mbs qukmrbs mfrfnlatls, lb vbduatkrfkmb lspljfkdfzkmb.


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@. ]bgkmk ml mljfsb aks Fastftufls _krtfjudkrls mlZbdfmkrflmkmlZbjfkd

]bmbs bs latrlvfstkmbs sb ldlglatbs lavbdvfmbs abs prbjlssbs mltbgkmk ml mljfsb mk fastftufb qul rlprlslatkg. Lajbatrkg-sl absrlspljtfvbs jkrnbs c vrfbs kabs, pldb qul pumlrkg `braljlr fa`brgklsrldlvkatls sberl k lvbdub mk fastftufb abs dtfgbs kabs, l sberl bsmlsk`fbs l ks sbduls lajbatrkmks alstl plrbmb ml gkfbr gumkak.

Zb vrfbs bs kspljtbs ml brmlg ljbagfjk, sbjfkd l pbdftfjk qultg vfamb k k`ljtkr ks jbamfls mk b`lrtk l mk prbjurk mks F_ZZ, elg jbgbk susjftkr gumkaks fastftujfbakfs (Kaclflr, 5??


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Mks fastftufls lg kadfsl, k F_ZZ 5 `bf k qul sb`rlu gkfbrfa`duajfk mks tlamajfks rl`lrfmks. Zurnfu pldk aljlssfmkml ml kpbfb faàjfk kdfkmk lgprlnkefdfmkml mks `kgdfks, gks kjtukdglatl k tkxk mlbjupkb mks rlspbstks ml kpbfb faàjfk tlg mfgfaumb, pldb kuglatb ml

sftukls ml mlslgprlnb l pldk mfgfaufb mb aglrb ml jrfkaks8 ()lstk fastftufb surnfu pldb `kjtb ml kdnugks gls jbglkrlg k gkaf`lstkrk aljlssfmkml ml tlrlg bs slus `fdcbs fatlnrkmbs aug lqufpkglatb, ().Alstl gbglatb lstkgbs augk sftukb quksl favlrsk, h tlgbs vknksl ab tlgbs jdflatls pkrk ks vknks mfspbavlfs, prfajfpkdglatl ak vkdajfkml jrljcl l lmujkb pr-lsjbdkr. () b prbedlgk jbglbu k fatlasf`fjkr-sl ak jrljcl, pbrqul plrkatl k jbahuaturk ljbagfjk kjtukd, ks plssbksmlfxkrkg ml prbjurkr lstk vkdajfk () (M] F_ZZ 5).

slgldckak mk F_ZZ 5, ks F_ZZ ; l : tkgeg rlmuzfrkg ksjkpkjfmkmls mks vkdajfks ml kpbfb faàjfk.

_br slu turab, b kuglatb mks rlspbstks sbjfkfs mfrfnfmks pbpudkbfmbsk tlg- sl `lftb slatfr ml `brgk gkfs lxprlssfvk ak dtfgk mjkmk. Latrl5??? l 5?;; surnfrkg jlrjk ml 5??? abvks rlspbstks sbjfkfs, qulrlprlslatkg ug kuglatb ml =:% (Uldktrfb Jkrtk Zbjfkd, 5?;;). Lstk

aljlssfmkml ml fatlasf`fjkr b kpbfb pbpudkb fmbsk hustf`fjk- sl pldbsfnaf`fjktfvb kuglatb mk lsplrkak gmfk ml vfmk pkrk 3? kabs(_BUMK]K, 5?;5), qul lxlrjl ugk prlssb pldb dkmb mk prbjurk, l ugkjbaslqulatl rlkjb mb dkmb mk b`lrtk, jbg b kuglatb mk jkpkjfmkml mksrlspbstks h lxfstlatls, bu jbg k jrfkb ml abvks rlspbstks. Plrf`fjk-sl qulb prfajfpkd `kjtbr mk mljfsb ml jrfkr bu kuglatkr k jkpkjfmkml ml rlspbstkmk vkdajfk ml LU_F, aks F_ZZ 5 l : k prlssb mk prbjurk dbjkd, qul sllxprfgl pbr glfb mks dfstks ml lsplrk. Jbatumb, lssks glsgks dfstks alg

slgprl sb ug famfjkmbr `fmlmfnab, lxfstfamb rldktfvfmkmls, jbgb krlpltfb ml plssbks lg dfstks ml lsplrk ml gkfs mb qul ugk fastftufb,jbgb rl`lrl b mfsjursb mk M] mk F_ZZ:. rldktfvkglatl lxtlask Yk dfstk ml lsplrkW, () sb slgprl gkfs ml 5?plssbks. Ab latkatb, c tkgeg kquldks plssbks qul h `fzlrkg k rlslrvkk plaskr ab ùturb () Mlpbfs, tlgbs butrks plssbks qul, qukamb sbjbatkjtkmks (), h krrkahkrkg rlspbstk lg butrk fastftufb. _br fssb kdfstk ml lsplrk ug ebjkmfacb rldktfvk. (M] F_ZZ :).

Ks gumkaks aks aljlssfmkmls l lxpljtktfvks mbs utlatls sb, mbs


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`kjtbrls kgeflatkfs, bs qul gkfbr fgpkjtb tg ab pdkalkglatb mksfastftufls.

e) B sfstlgk dlnkd prbgbvl ugk sfgfdkrfmkml mks jbamfls ml

ùajfbakglatb l ml fatlrvlab latrl ks fastftufls, fa`dulajfkambk plrpltukb ml ugk fatlrvlab ml jkrjtlr fastftujfbakd lmljfsls ml mlslavbdvfglatb ml rlspbstks tfpf`fjkmks slg kjbrmb mljbbplrkb

Ks mljfsls mks fastftufls sb abrtlkmks pldks lxfnajfks mbsmbjuglatbs dlnkfs qul rlnlg ks F_ZZ, bs qukfs mltlrgfakg k suk lstruturkl ùajfbakglatb. K dlnfsdkb rldktfvk s rlspbstks sbjfkfs lxlrjlfa`duajfk sberl ks mljfsls ml kuglatb bu mfgfaufb mk jkpkjfmkmlfastkdkmk. _krk kdg mfssb, bs mbjuglatbs dlnkfs qul rlnlg kjbatrktukdfzkb latrl b Lstkmb l ks F_ZZ, tlamlg k prbvbjkr ugkcbgbnlalfzkb ml prbjlmfglatbs pbr pkrtl mks fastftufls, mkmk kuaf`brgfmkml, qulr mks lxfnajfks rldktfvks s jbamfls ml uajfbakglatb,qulr mk mfstrfeufb ml `fakajfkglatb.

Ab qul sl rl`lrl s kdtlrkls dlnfsdktfvks qul susjftkg kmkptklskb avld mk lstruturk l mb ùajfbakglatb, fmlatf`fjkg-sl vrfks sftuklsaks fastftufls lg lstumb. K prfglfrk rl`lrl-sl kb abvb laqukmrkglatbdlnfsdktfvb mks lstruturks rlsfmlajfkfs pkrk plssbks fmbsks, qul tlg falrlatlb fajlatfvb pkrk k gkxfgfzkb mk jkpkjfmkml mlssk rlspbstk sbjfkd, jbgb`brgk ml rlatkefdfzkr k jkpkjfmkml fastkdkmk (_brtkrfk a. 0>/5?;5 ml 5; mlGkrb). _lrkatl lstk sftukb, k F_ZZ : mljfmfu gkxfgfzkr k suk jkpkjfmkmlml rlspbstk, jbgb jbgprbvk b tlstlguacb mk M]8 As ab fajfb Ymb dkrW

s tackgbs 5< jkgks, gks mlpbfs skfu ugk kdtlrkb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkdlg qul bs lspkbs jbg mltlrgfakmk rlk pbmlrfkg jbdbjkr ugk tlrjlfrkjkgk, latb (), as ml gbglatb h tlgbs :? jkgks (M] F_ZZ :).

Lstk kdtlrkb dlnfsdktfvk jbastftuf ugk lxjlpb abrgk, ugkvlz qul ab slnul k tlamajfk nlrkd mb kuglatb mbs pkmrls ml lxfnajfk8ab fgpdfjk favlstfglatbs kvudtkmbs l `bglatk, kt, k rlatkefdfzkb mbfavlstfglatb h jbajrltfzkmb.

Jbatrkstkamb jbg lstk dtfgk, fmlatf`fjbu-.sl abs jksbs lg lstumb,


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ugk butrk kdtlrkb mb laqukmrkglatb dlnkd qul k`ljtbu ks vkdajfks mlJlatrb ml Kjtfvfmkmls ml ]lgpbs Dfvrls (JK]D). ]rktk-sl mk jrfkb mkglmfmk ml Kjtfvfmkmls Lxtrk- Jurrfjudkrls (KLJ) aks lsjbdks pedfjks, juhkb`lrtk sl ksslgldck kbs slrvfbs mks vkdajfks ml JK]D, gks jbg ug justb

gkfs rlmuzfmb. Lstk sftukb rlsudtbu augk sfnaf`fjktfvk mfgfaufb mlutlatls aks vkdajfks ml JK]D, fgpdfjkamb mljfmfr latrl k rlmub mkjkpkjfmkml l b lajlrrkglatb mk rlspbstk. K F_ZZ : bptbu pldblajlrrkglatb l ks F_ZZ ; l 5, bptkrkg pbr mfgfaufr k jkpkjfmkml mkrlspbstk. Mks trs, k F_ZZ 5 lrk k qul tfack ugk gkfbr jkpkjfmkmlfastkdkmk, jbg ug lqufpkglatb jbastrumb pkrk b l`lftb. () Katls mlfgpdlglatkrlg ks KLJ, tackgbs ugk dbtkb ml 6< jrfkaks9 knbrk stlgbs >; jrfkaks l glabs JK]D (.)9 bs JK]D `brkg jbastrumbs pbr

pdbs, plrtb mks lsjbdks prfgrfks9 jbgb lstks brkg slamb lxtfatks, cbuvlaljlssfmkml ml jbastrufr kplaks ug lqufpkglatb qul rlspbamlssl saljlssfmkmls mks jrfkaks (M] F_ZZ5).

Lstk kdtlrkb dlnfsdktfvk lxfnfu tbgkmks ml mljfsb ml jurtb prkzb,prbvbjkamb mf`fjudmkmls lg rlkhustkr k jkpkjfmkml fastkdkmk l gfafgfzkambk pbssfefdfmkml ml rlatkefdfzkr favlstfglatbs l`ljtukmbs. Lssksmf`fjudmkmls lstb tkgeg rldkjfbakmks jbg ks lxfnajfks lg tlrgbs mlrljursbs cugkabs. Bs kjbrmbs lstkeldljfmbs jbg k slnurkak sbjfkdfgplg k berfnktbrflmkml ml, qukatftktfvkglatl, bs rljursbs cugkabsslrlg prbpbrjfbakfs kbs utlatls. Gks plrkatl ugk sftukb ml mfgfaufbrlplatfak ml utlatls, ab c pbssfefdfmkml ml rlkhustkr, lg tlrgbsprbpbrjfbakfs l ml fglmfktb, bs rljursbs cugkabs. () Jbg b qukmrb mlplssbkd qul k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd abs berfnbu k tlr, jbg k Dlf mb ]rkekdcb,jbg tumb fssb (), l`ljtfvkglatl, ug lajkrnb guftb nrkaml qul tlgbs

kdf l qul ak kdturk k dlnfsdkb ab prlvfk, ab `brkg jrfkmbs bs `uambs mljbgplaskb (M@ F_ZZ 5).

Lstk `kdtk ml jkpkjfmkml ml prlvfsb, pbr pkrtl mb prbjlssbdlnfsdktfvb, vlg jbdbjkr jbastrkanfglatbs ak l`fjfajfk mk fastftufb, pldkfalrlatl mf`fjudmkml lg rlatkefdfzkr bs rljursbs lxfstlatls. _br butrb dkmb,fmlatf`fjk-sl, abs jksbs lg lstumb, qul ugk kdtlrkb kb `uajfbakglatbmk vkdajfk ml ZKM vlg jbdbjkr jbastrkanfglatbs gfssb mks

fastftufls. Ab _J 5?;5/5?;:, surnl k fgpbsfb mk prlstkb ml uggafgb ml mbfs slrvfbs pkrk utlatls lg kjbrmb ml jbbplrkb, ckvlamb


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dunkr k ugk rlmub mks jbgpkrtfjfpkls mk slnurkak sbjfkd, latrl ;?%k ;). _br butrb dkmb,tkgeg sl vlrf`fjk qul kdnugks mks lxfnajfks abrgktfvks abjbrrlspbamlg s rlkfs aljlssfmkmls mks fastftufls, beslrvkamb-slmljfsls qul vb jbatrk b jugprfglatb mlssks glsgks abrgks, lg prbd mkl`fjfajfk mbs slrvfbs prlstkmbs. Ak F_ZZ : lst ml`fafmb ug vkdbr gafgbpkrk b slrvfb ml ZKM, pkrk nkrkatfr k jbelrturk mbs justbs kssbjfkmbs kbs

slrvfbs prlstkmbs. Abrgkdglatl, lg JM l ZKM, k rl`brgk mbs utlatls su`fjflatl pkrk pknkr k prlstkb9 lstkgbs k `kdkr ml jlrjk ml


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Ml gbmb sfgfdkr, vlrf`fjkg-sl sftukls ml kdtlrkb ml lstktutbspkrk b kdkrnkglatb mb geftb ml kjtukb, ml `brgk k pbssfefdftkr bmlslavbdvfglatb ml rlspbstks pkrk kdg mks tfpf`fjkmks.Uljlatlglatl`brkg kdtlrkmbs bs lstktutbs mk fastftufb, juhb behljtfvb b kdkrnkglatb

mbs `fas kbs qukfs k fastftufb sl mlstfak9pkrk kdg ml ckvlr bslqufpkglatbs sbjfkfs, pkssk k lxfstfr k pbssfefdfmkml ml `brgkb l butrbtfpb ml kjtfvfmkmls () (M] F_ZZ 5)

j) K jbahuaturk ljbagfjk fa`dulajfk k prlssb sberl b gbatkatlmk jbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr, b kuglatb mk jbajbrrajfk latrlfastftufls, l k jrfkb ml abvks rlspbstks

B jbahuatb ml jbatfanajfks ljbagfjks slatfmks pldks fastftuflsl pldks `kgdfks abs dtfgbs kabs rlsudtkrkg lg rlmuls mksjbgpkrtfjfpkls mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, elg jbgb ak rlstrfb mkjbastftufb ml abvbs kjbrmbs, ak mfgfaufb mks tkxks ml bjupkb mksvrfks rlspbstks sbjfkfs, l kfamk ak aljlssfmkml ml ks fastftuflsrlspbamlrlg k sftukls pkrtfjudkrls ml utlatls jbg gkfbrls mf`fjudmkmls.

Ab jksb mk F_ZZ 5 cbuvl ugk sfnaf`fjktfvk mfgfaufb mk prbjurkmks rlspbstks sbjfkfs mfrfnfmks fa`ajfk, rlsudtkatl mb kuglatb mksmf`fjudmkmls mks `kgdfks, k pkr mk mfgfaufb mk pbpudkb fa`katfd. Lstl`kjtb jbatrfeufu pkrk ug fajrlglatb mk jbgpltftfvfmkml latrl ksfastftufls, ugk vlz qul ugk glabr prbjurk brfnfabu ugk gkfbr b`lrtk, ljbaslqulatlglatl ks `kgdfks fafjfkrkg ug prbjlssb ml lsjbdck mksfastftufls qul dcls kprlslatksslg k gldcbr prbpbstk. _lrkatl lstlsjbastrkanfglatbs, k mfrljb mljfmfu lstfpudkr ugk glaskdfmkml gafgk,ak vkdajfk ml jrljcl, pkrk tbmks ks jrfkaks rlsfmlatls ak `rlnulsfk,famlplamlatlglatl mk sftukb ljbagfjk lg qul k `kgdfk sl lajbatrl,jbgb lvfmlajfk k M]. () ktlamlamb qulerk mb aglrb ml jrfkaksak jrljcl, k mfrljb tlvl ml rlplaskr ks prprfks glaskdfmkmls,lstfpudkamb ugk glaskdfmkml gafgk pkrk tbmks ks jrfkaks rlsfmlatlsak `rlnulsfk, pkrk qul lstks ab skfkg pkrk butrks fastftufls ()kjtukdglatl bs pkfs `kzlg ugk prbjurk ml glrjkmb, mk b kuglatb mkssfgudkls pkrk jdjudb mks glaskdfmkmls (M] F_ZZ 5)

Aks rlstkatls fastftufls lg lstumb skdflatkg-sl mfsjursbs qulrl`lrlg qul ks mf`fjudmkmls mks `kgdfks tkgeg rlsudtkrkg ak rltfrkmk ml


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plssbks fmbsks mks mf`lrlatls vkdajfks, kssfg jbgb lg sftukls ml ktrksbbu fajugprfglatb mb pknkglatb mks glaskdfmkmls bu ml butrks mlsplskskssbjfkmks prlstkb ml slrvfbs. K pkr mfssb, bs pkrgltrbs ml`fafmbspkrk b jdjudb mk jbgpkrtfjfpkb `kgfdfkr mks rlspbstks sbjfkfs, mlvfmb s

ekfxks rl`brgks, `kvbrljl glaskdfmkmls ml ekfxb justb. B jbahuatb mlstkssftukls dlvkatk mf`fjudmkmls l`fjfajfk ljbagfjk mks fastftufls,ugk vlz qul lstks sl vlg berfnkmks k `dlxfefdfzkr bs prkzbs ml pknkglatb,k plrgftfr b ab pknkglatb ml kdnuas slrvfbs lxtrk, l k ab prbjlmlr kbkhustl mks jbgpkrtfjfpkls `kgfdfkrls, jbgb jba`lrlg, rlspljtfvkglatl,bs mlpbfglatbs mk M@ mk F_ZZ ; l mk M] mk F_ZZ :.

() tlgbs () utlatls jbg rl`brgks gkfs ekfxks9 tkgeg ks

`kgdfks, pbr vlzls, mkmb qul lstb mlslgprlnkmks, prl`lrlg `fjkr jbg ldls()9 tfvlgbs jksbs ml jrfkaks qul ab jbaslnufrkg pknkr ksglaskdfmkmls (.) l k k abssk sustlatkefdfmkml qul pbstk lg jkusk.]lgbs fmbsbs juhbs `fdcbs mlfxkrkg ml pknkr ks `rkdmks ()9 kjbrrlgbs mlugk `brgk mfsjrltk k kdnugks sftukls (M@ F_ZZ ;)

() lstl kab bptbu-sl pbr ab kuglatkr ks glaskdfmkmls mbsutlatls ml JM l ZKM, pbrqul () kplrjlelgb-abs qul guftbs `kgfdfkrls

`fjkg slgprl jbg glmb ml ab tlr mfaclfrb su`fjflatl pkrk gkatlr bsslus fmbsbs aks rlspbstks sbjfkfs (M] F_ZZ:)

Jbajbgftkatlglatl, ks mfgfaufls mks jbgpkrtfjfpkls mkZlnurkak Zbjfkd jbatrfeulg pkrk fajrlglatkr ks mf`fjudmkmls `fakajlfrks.]kgeg tlgbs k butrk pkrtl, qul sb ks jbgpkrtfjfpkls mkZlnurkak Zbjfkd qul tg vfamb k mfgfaufr ()9 jbglk k slr guftbjbgpdfjkmb nlrfr ugk jksk jbgb lstk. (_M F_ZZ 5)

Kplskr mks mf`fjudmkmls, ks fastftufls tg prbjurkmb mkr rlspbstks aljlssfmkmls mbs slus elal`fjfrfbs, kssfg jbgb mks jbguafmkmls lgqul lstb faslrfmks, ktrkvs mk jrfkb ml abvks rlspbstks, b qul s pbssvld jbg b kpbfb `fakajlfrb mb Lstkmb, jbgb jba`frgk b mfsjursb mkM] mk F_ZZ ;8 ]lgbs qul abs kmkptkr s kdtlrkls sbjfkfs l tlatkgbsmkr lssk rlspbstk. () As kmlrfgbs kb prbnrkgk mks jkatfaks sbjfkfs ()gks fstb s pbssvld jbg b kpbfb mb Lstkmb. Ks fastftufls ab tg

jkpkjfmkml `fakajlfrk pkrk rlspbamlr kbs prbnrkgks qul vbsurnfamb.(M] F_ZZ;)


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_br butrb dkmb, ab qul sl rl`lrl s rlspbstks h lxfstlatls k sbdubpkssk pldk jbatlab ab slu kdkrnkglatb, hustf`fjkmk jbg ks mf`fjudmkmlsljbagfjks mks `kgdfks, gks tkgeg jbg k kusajfk ml `fakajfkglatbpedfjb, jbgb lxpdfjkg bs mfsjursbs mk M] F_ZZ ; l mk _M M] F_ZZ =,rlspljtfvkglatl.

() auajk kdkrnkr b aglrb ml vknks (). _brqul k jbahuaturkljbagfjk tkgeg ab abs plrgftl qulrlr fr gkfs kdg. (M] F_ZZ ;)Jdkrb, lstkgbs slgprl k pbamlrkr sl slr qul pbmlgbs mkr mltlrgfakmbpkssb lstl kab. K jrfsl lst-sl k kjlatukr, (.) tlg guftk fa`duajfk,prfajfpkdglatl pkrk as qul ab tlgbs slqulr ug `fakajfkglatb jlrtb ().

(_M M] F_ZZ =)

m) Lsjksslz ml rljursbs jbgb mlabgfakmbr jbgug latrlfastftufls, fa`dulajfkamb mljfsls ml `kjtbs jbasugkmbs vskdbankglatb ml prkzbs ml jbastrub

K lsjksslz ml rljursbs ugk jbamfb falrlatl s F_ZZ, k qukd

fajrlglatk k ldlvkmk mlplamajfk mb Lstkmb pkrk k prbssljub mbs slusbehljtfvbs. K jrfsl ljbagfjk vlfb kjlatukr lssk lsjksslz, berfnkamb ksF_ZZ k rlplaskr k `brgk jbgb nlrlg bs slus rljursbs gktlrfkfs l cugkabs.

B jksb mk F_ZZ 5 rl`dljtl ug jrlsjfglatb ksslatl lg pkrtl aug`fakajfkglatb pedfjb ml fajlatfvb kb favlstfglatb, gks tkgeg akjkpkjfmkml pkrk nlrkr l gbefdfzkr rljursbs prprfbs8 () k fastftufb quljbglbu mb zlrb, () b tlrrlab `bf jbgprkmb, () cbuvl k khumk mk

kutkrqufk () vfatl kabs mlpbfs, `fzlgbs k rljbavlrsb mb fa`katrfb bamlab tfvlgbs qukdqulr kpbfb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd ()9 tfvlgbs 5< gfdjbatbs () mkmbs pldk MULJ pkrk k pkrtl mb pr-lsjbdkr (). B jlatrb mlmfk Ytlvl bW kpbfb mk Zlnurkak Zbjfkd, b rlstb `bf tumb `lftb jbaabsjb.Cbhl tlgbs ks trs vkdajfks, tbmks jbg fastkdkls prprfks (). (M@F_ZZ 5). Kjtukdglatl, k rlatkefdfzkb ml rljursbs lst k slr jkakdfzkmkpkrk k jbastrub mk LU_F, gkfbrftkrfkglatl jbg kutb`fakajfkglatb. Ablatkatb, k fastftufb jbglk k slatfr mf`fjudmkmls falrlatls dfgftkb mbs

rljursbs prprfbs, brfnfakamb ugk sftukb ml kdkrnkglatb mbs prkzbs mljbastrub, jbgb k`frgkg b _M l b [email protected] prbhljtb mb dkr lst k slr


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`fakajfkmb () jbg kutb`fakajfkglatb, mkquf pkrk k `rlatl qul gkfsjbgpdfjkmb, tbmbs bs `uambs sl lsnbtkg. (_M F_ZZ 5) () alstlgbglatb h `fzlgbs k pkrtl lstruturkd, k pkrtl mks pkrlmls, knbrk vkgbspksskr pkrk ks rlmls tjafjks l mlpbfs pkrk bs kjkekglatbs, pbrtkatb

lstkgbs slasfvldglatl k glfb ()YkelrturkW ab prkzb ml ug kab ab slr.(M@ F_ZZ 5)

B favlstfglatb tlg `kvbrljfmb slgprl ks rlspbstks tfpf`fjkmks,prfvfdlnfkamb k jbastftufb ml kjbrmbs jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd.Bevfkglatl qul qukdqulr rlspbstk sbjfkd tlr qul tlr b kpbfb mb Lstkmb(). (M@ F_ZZ 5) ]kd `kjtb jbatrfeuf pkrk k plrpltukb mk mlplamajfkml ug afjb `fakajfkmbr.

B jksb mk F_ZZ : ksslgldck-sl kb mk F_ZZ 5, ak glmfmk lg qulkquldk jbastrufu k LU_F slg favlstfglatb pedfjb. B qul mf`lrlajfk ks mukssftukls b `kjtb ml k F_ZZ :, pkrk kdg ml tlr rljbrrfmb rlatkefdfzkbml rljursbs prprfbs pkrk b favlstfglatb, tlr tfmb ug sfnaf`fjktfvblgprstfgb ml sjfbs l tlr tkgeg rljbrrfmb k lgprstfgb ekajrfb.Kplskr mfssb, mlvfmb kusajfk ml `fakajfkglatb pedfjb ks berks mljbastrub krrkstkrkg-sl pbr ug dbanb plrbmb ml tlgpb, jbgb rl`lrl b

_M8 () b dkr mlgbrbu 6 kabs k `kzlr. As, sl tfvsslgbs tfmb b kpbfb mkZlnurkak Zbjfkd tackgbs `lftb lg : kabs. (_M M@ F_ZZ :)

Jbatrkrfkglatl F_ZZ 5, k F_ZZ : ab prbjurbu k jbastftufb mlkjbrmb jbg k Zlnurkak Zbjfkd pkrk k LU_F, bptkamb pbr jrfkr ugk rlspbstkml jkrjtlr dujrktfvb, k qukd dcl plrgftl mfgfaufr k mlplamajfk ml ugafjb `fakajfkmbr. Jbgb tlgbs ug dkrdujrktfvb () as jbaslnufgbs tlrugk sustlatkefdfmkml `fakajlfrk qul abs plrgftl frgbs prbnrlmfamb l

jrlsjlamb l gldcbrkamb ks abssks jbamfls. (_M M@ F_ZZ :)

B jksb mk F_ZZ ; kprbxfgk-sl mk F_ZZ : pldk rlat

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