resumo de todo um curso de ingles

7/27/2019 Resumo de Todo Um Curso de Ingles

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01

Resumo Curso de Ingls

Present Simple

PositiveVerbexample

Negative Verb example

I

Youwork.

I

You

dont (donot)

work.

Heworks.

He doesnt(does not)

Question Verbexample

Short answer

Do

I

you

work?

Yes, I

you

do.

dont.No,

Does

he

she

Yes, he

she

does.

doesnt.No,

Use Examples

Long-term situations I live in Madrid.

Where does she work?

Habits and routines I travel to work by car.

How often do you play golf?


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02

Feelings and opinions She doesnt like her work.

I agree with you.

Facts The journey takes 30 minutes.

It costs $ 15.

Question words

Where do you live? In Rome.

What do you do at weekends? I usually play golf.

When do they take theirholiday?

In July or August.

Which magazine does Jameswrite for?

Wine and Dine.

How do you travel to work? By car.

How often do you makebusiness trips?

About twice a month.

Whose book is this? Its mine.

Who (*Whom) do you visit inLondon?

I visit my sister.

Who arrives at work first? Anna does.

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.

Present Continuous

PositiveVerbexample

NegativeVerb example


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03

I m (am)

working.

I m not (am

working.

He s (is) He isnt (is

not)

You re(are)

You arent(are not)

PositiveVerbexample

Short answer

working?

I

Is he heNo, isnt.

Are you

we

they

you

we

they

No, arent.

Use Examples

Actions happening now Hes talking on the phone at themoment.

Theyre having lunch with acustomer.

Temporary situations oractions

Jeans are selling well this season.

Im not travelling on business this

month.

Which hotel are you staying at?

- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel,travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making).


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04

Past Simple

Positive Negative

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

started

rang*

yesterday

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

didnt(didnot)

Startring*

yesterday.

Question Short answer

Did

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

startring*

yesterday?

Yes,I

You

He

She

It

We

They

did.

No, didnt.

* See the list of irregular verbs on page 16.

Use Examples


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05

Finished situations andactions in the past

I lived in Rome for two years.

He flew to America last week.

They didnt come to the party.

Where did you spend your lastholiday?

- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases likeyesterday, last week, an hour ago.

- Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tellsyou when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the y changesto I (Group 4).

Group 1Work

worked

Play

played

Wait

waited

Group 2 Live

lived

Smile

smiled

Close

closed

Group 3Stop

stopped

Travel

travelled

Plan

planned

Group 4Study

studied

Worry

worried

Try

tried

- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, wepronounce the ed ending as / id /

See Grammar timelines on page 36.

Comparative and superlative adjectives


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06

Form Adjective Comparative Superlative

Onesyllable

long

few

hot

longer

fewer

hotter

the

longest

fewest

hottest

Twosyllables

Endingin -y

easy

happy

easier

happierthe

easiest

happiest

Two ormoresyllables

famous

crowded

expensivemore

famous

crowded

expensive

the most

famous

crowded

expensive

Irregular

Adjectives

good

bad

much/many

little

far

better

worse

more

less

farther /further

the

best

worst

most

least

farthest /furthest


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07

Use Examples

We use than after a

comparative adjective.

London is bigger than Paris.

Much can come before thecomparative to add emphasis.

He is much younger than hisbrother.

Tokyo is much more expensive thanRome.

We use the before asuperlative adjective.

Camary Wharf is the tallestbuilding in London.

As as shows something is

the same or equal.

Greece is as sunny as Spain.

I am as happy as you are.

Not as as shows somethingisnt the same or equal.

Italy isnt as big as France.

- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonantdouble the consonant:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Big Bigger Biggest

Fat Fatter fattest

- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

New Newer Newest

Grey Greyer greyest

Mass and Count nouns


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08

Mass nouns

Use Examples

Mass nouns have no pluralform.

We do not use a or an withthem.

We use them with a singularverb form.

They want some information.

I dont like music

This machinery is expensive.

Count nouns

Use Examples

Count nouns have a singular andplural form.

We use them with a and an.

We use them with singular andplural verb forms.

Some nouns are both mass andcount.

This machine is expensive.

Did you have a good trip?

These machines are expensive.

Mass / Count nouns

Use Examples


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Mass (generalmeaning)

Count (specificmeaning)

James writes about wine.

She has a lot of experience of the travel

industry.

Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy.

I had some amusing experiences on my lastholiday.

some, any, a lot of, much, many

some

Use Examples

With mass and count nouns inpositive sentences

In offers and requests

I bought some tea.

She made some appointments.

Would you like some coffee?

Could I have some information?

any

Use Examples

With mass and count nouns innegative sentences inquestions

I didnt buy any apples.

He didnt spend any money.

Did they give you any help?

Do you have any questions?


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010

a lot of / lots of

Use Examples

With mass and count nouns inpositive sentences

Theres a lot of traffic today.

There are a lot of cars in the citycentre.

Lots of people go jogging in thepark.

much

Use Examples

With mass nouns in negativesentences, and in questions

We havent got much luggage.

I dont have much time.

How much paper do you need?

many

Use Examples

With count nouns in negativesentences, and in questions

We havent got many suitcases.

She didnt have many meetings.

How many people did you invite?

In positive sentences Many people are on holiday this

week.

- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots ofis more common thanmany.

- We can use a lot of / lots ofin negative sentences and inquestions.


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011

- Lots ofis mostly used in informal spoken English.

Present Perfect Simple

PositiveVerbexamples

NegativeVerb examples

I

You

ve(have)

arrived.begun.

I

You

havent(havenot)

arrived.begun.

Hes (has)

He hasnt(has

Question Verbexamples

Short answer Verb examples

HaveI

you

arrived?

begun?

Yes, I

you

have.

No, havent.

Has

he

she

it

Yes he

she

it

has.

No, hasnt.

Use Examples

Finished experiences in yourlife up to now

Shes lived in China and Japan.

Hes had experience of marketing

Have you ever been to Brazil?


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012

Recent situations andactions in a time up to now

Weve reduced prices.

Corporate business has increased

significantly.

Have you had a holiday this year?

Situations that started inthe past and still continue

Hes been an architect since 1992.

Shes had a translation agency forten years.

How long have you known her?

Past actions in a time up to

now where we give thequantity

Shes designed a lot of fashion

items for Burberrys.

How many letters have you written?

- gone to or been to?

Anns gone to New York, means shes in New York now, or shes onher way there.

Anns been to New York, means shes not in New York now. Her visitis over.

- contracted forms

In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc.

In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, hehas, etc.

- For information on yet, just, already, see page 33.

See Grammar timelines on page 36.

Present Perfect Continuous


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013

Positive Negative

I

You

We

They

ve(have)

beenworking.

I

You

We

They

havent(havenot)

been working.

He

She

It

s (has)

He

She

It

hasnt(hasnot)


Have

I

you

beenworking?

Yes, I

you

have.

No, havent.

Has

he

she

it

he

she

it

No, hasnt.

Use Examples

Actions that began in thepast and continue to thepresent

Weve been producing pens since the1980s.

Hes been living here for five

years.

How long have you been learningEnglish?

Actions that began in thepast and have just stopped

You look very tired. Have you beenworking?

Im hot because Ive been running.


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- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar inmeaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are moreinterested in the action or its result.

Ive been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.)

Ive fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.)

- We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long.

Theyve been interviewing people since 10 a.m.

Shes been writing letters all morning.

We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many.

Theyve interviewed nine people. Shes written five letters.

for and since

Use Examples Use Examples

With a periodof time

Forthree days,five hours, amonth, tenminutes,ages

With a pointin time

SinceTuesday, 8 August, 4oclock, lastsummer, 1982...

Future: going to

Positive Negative

I m (am)

going tobegin.

I m not

going tobegin.He s (is) He isnt

(is not)


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We(are)

You arent(are


Am I

going tobegin?

Yes, I am.

No, m not.Is

he

he

Are

you

we

they

No isnt.

you

we

they

No, arent.

Use Examples

Future plans, intentions,and decisions

Were going to buy a new car soon.

When are you going to have aholiday?

Im not going to have lunch today.

Future actions we feelcertain about because ofwhat we can see now.

The skys very dark. Im sure itsgoing to rain.

Look out! That cars going to hityou!

- With come and go, we usually use the Present Continuous.

Im going on holiday soon.

Are they coming by car on Saturday?

Future: Present Continuous


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For Present Continuous form see page 02.

Use Examples

Fixed future arrangements Im flying to Tokyo at 10 a.m.tomorrow.

When is the President arriving?

Im not playing golf this weekend.

Future: will

Positive Verbexample

Negative Verb example

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

ll(will)

arrive.

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

wont(willnot)

arrive.

Question Verbexample

Short answer Verb example

WillI

arrive? Yes,I

will.


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You

He

She

It

We

They

No,

You

He

She

It

We

They

wont (willnot).

Use Examples

Future facts andpredictions

The new hotel will cost $ 10million.

The construction work wont startuntil next year.

How many jobs will there be?

Decisions made at the timeof speaking

Ill give you the report today.

Hold on aminute. Ill write downyour phone number.

Zero Conditional

If + Present Simple + Present Simple

Positive Negative

If I read too much, I get aheadache

If I didnt read too much, I didntget a headache.

Question Negative


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You get a headache if youread too much?

Yes, I get.

No, I dont get.

1st Conditional

If + Present Simple + will + infinitive (without to)

Positive Negative

If they offer me the job,Ill accept it.

Well have a lot of work ifwe get the contract.

If you dont study more, youllfail your exam.

They wont visit us if theyre verybusy.

If they dont leave now, they wontarrive on time.

Question Negative

Will you buy a new car if you havethe money?

If you ask him, will he tell you?

What will he do if his planearrives late?

Yes, I will.

No, he wont.

-

Use Examples

Future possibilities andtheir results

If the proposal becomes a reality, itwill revolutionize train travel inEurope.

If the weather is bad, the train willarrive before the plane.


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- The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. When theifclause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the

main clause.

If the meeting is successful, well sign the contract.

Well sign the contract if the meeting is successful.

- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.

When he returns from the USA, hell contact you. (We know he willreturn.)

Well leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish thework.)

2nd Conditional

If + Past Simple + would + infinitive (without to)

Positive Negative

If I had more time, I'dtravel more.

He'd understand the reasonif you explained it.

If he didnt earn so much, hewouldn't spend so much.

I wouldn't invest in that companyif I were you.

Question Negative


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Would you stop work if you won $ 1million?

Would he work abroad if he got thechance?

If you had six months off work, howwould you spend the time?

Yes, I would.

No, he wouldn't.

-

Use Examples

Unlikely or unrealsituations and their

probable results

If public transport were free, therewould be fewer cars in the city

centres.

If I were the Transport Minister, Iwould increase petrol prices.

- The ifclause can come before or after the main clause. When theifclause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and themain clause.

If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.

I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.

- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the ifclause, especially in a more informal style.

If it was less expensive, he would buy it.

- Could is both the Past and the Conditional of can.

When she lived in Paris, she could visit the Louvre at any time.(Past)

We could make some of the money if we charged motorists.(Conditional)


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022

Use Examples

Necessity He must have a visa.

Prohibition He mustn't leave without paying.

No necessity You needn't make an appointment.

Advice You should always be punctual.

You shouldn't use first names.

Possibility Paperwork can take a long time.

Your host may invite you to hishome.

I might be late.

Use Examples

Permission Can I use your phone?

Could I interrupt you for a moment?

May I borrow your car?

Ability Can you speak Spanish?

She could swim when she was three.

Requests Could you repeat that, please?

Will you post this letter for me?

Would you type this letter, please?

Offers Would you like a drink?

Shall I call a taxi for you?

- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don'tadd -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb.

I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.

He can speak German.


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- We don't use to after modal verbs.

I must to go now.

- To make the negative of a modal verb, we add not or n't. Wedon't use don't and doesn't.

He can't/cannot speak Japanese.

You mustn't/must not drive on the right in the UK.

She may not arrive before you leave.

- We can't add -n't to may.

She mayn't arrive before you leave.

- We put the modal verb before I/you/he, etc. to make a question.

Should I confirm the booking by letter?

- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for andmaking suggestions.

Shall I close the door?

What shall we do?

Shall we go to the park?

- We can use have to for necessity.

I have to work overtime sometimes.

We can use don't have to when there is no necessity.

I don't have to work on Saturdays.


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The Passive

Be (is/was/have been, etc.) + past participle(produced/built/grown, etc.)

Positive Negative

Coffee is grown in Brazil.

The company was founded in1970.

Vines have been grown inthis area for over 2000years.

Cigarette advertising isn't allowed

in cinemas.

Prices weren't increased last year.

A decision hasnt been made yet.


Are Peugeot cars made inFrance?

Were the goods delivered ontime?

Has the factory been builtyet?

How is champagne produced?

When will it be finished?

How long has this methodbeen used?

Yes, they are.

No, they weren't.

Yes, it has.

-

-

-

Use Examples


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025

Use Examples

We use the Passive when the

person or thing that does theaction isn't important, orwhen we don't know who doesit. If we want to say whodoes or did the action we useby.

Active

The architect IM Pei designed theLouvre Pyramid in Paris.

Passive

The Louvre Pyramid in Paris wasdesigned by IM Pei.

Prepositions of time

Month/season/year/century

In

June

Winter

1996

The 21st century

Part of the day

In

The morning

The afternoon

The evening


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Day/date

On

Tuesday

6 December

Easter Monday

Christmas Day

Friday morning

Wednesday evenings.

Time/meal time

At

Six o'clock

Lunch time

Midnight

Period of two or three days

At

The weekend

Christmas

Easter

Prepositions of place and direction

preposition use examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

acrossfrom one side tothe other side

You mustn't go across this roadhere.There isn't a bridge across the


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river.

afterone follows theother

The cat ran after the dog.After you.

againstdirected towardssth.

The bird flew against the window.

alongin a line; fromone point toanother

They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.

behind at the back ofOur house is behind thesupermarket.

below lower than sth.Death Valley is 86 metres below sealevel.

beside next toOur house is beside thesupermarket.

betweensth./sb. is oneach side

Our house is between thesupermarket and the school.

by near He lives in the house by the river.

close to nearOur house is close to thesupermarket.

down from high to low He came down the hill.

fromthe place where itstarts

Do you come from Tokyo?

in front ofthe part that isin the directionit faces

Our house is in front of thesupermarket.

inside opposite of You shouldn't stay inside the


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outside castle.

into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.

near close to Our house is near the supermarket.

next to besideOur house is next to thesupermarket.

off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite thesupermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.

pastgoing near

sth./sb.Go past the post office.

round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

throughgoing from onepoint to the otherpoint

You shouldn't walk through theforest.

to towards sth./sb. I like going to Australia.Can you come to me?I've never been to Africa.

towardsin the directionof sth.

They walk towards the castle.

under below sth. The cat is under the table.

up from low to high He went up the hill.


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029

Irregular verbs

Present Past Past Participle

awake awoke awoken

be was, were been

bear bore born

beat beat beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

beset beset beset

bet bet bet

bid bid/bade bid/bidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burned/burnt burned/burnt


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030

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dive dived/dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found


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fit fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forego (forgo) forewent foregone

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit


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know knew know

lay laid laid

lead led led

leap leaped/lept leaped/lept

learn learned/learnt learned/learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lighted/lit lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt

mistake mistook mistaken

mow mowed mowed/mown

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overtake overtook overtaken

overthrow overthrew overthrown

pay paid paid

plead pled pled

prove proved proved/proven


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put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawed/sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewed/sewn

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shoed shoed/shod

shoot shot shot

show showed showed/shown


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shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowed/sown

speak spoke spoken

speed sped sped

spend spent spent

spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit/spat spit

split split split

spread spread spread

spring sprang/sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck


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sting stung stung

stink stank stunk

stride strod stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strung

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swelled/swollen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

thrive thrived/throve thrived

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

wake woke woken


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wear wore worn

weave weaved/wove weaved/woven

wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

win won won

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

SOCIAL ENGLISH

Meeting people

Introductions

May/Can I introduce myself?

My name's... (James Turner for example).

I'm... (Monique Bresson).

May/Can I introduce a good friend of mine?

This is... (Roberto Angelini).

Excuse me, are you... (Duncan Ross)?


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Hello, you must be... (Luigi Bastini).

I'd like to/let me introduce you to... (Tony White).

How do you do. How do you do.

Pleased to meet you. Pleased to meet you, too.

Please call me... (Luigi). Then you must call me... (Monique).

Greetings

Hello,... (Roberto).

Good/Nice to see you again.

How are you? Fine, thanks. And you?

How are things? Not too bad, thanks.

How's the family? Very well, thank you.

Good morning/afternoon/evening.

- We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don't use it as agreeting.

Goodbyes

I must go now.


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We really must leave now.

I must be off.

It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.

Have a goodtrip/journey/flight.

Thank you... (and the same to you).

I hope to see you again. I hope so, too.

I look forward to... (seeing you again).

I'm looking forward to... (our next meeting).

See you on the (first July)/next week/soon.

Have a good... trip back/flight back.

Telephoning

Making contact

Hello. This is... (James Turner)

Is that... (Monique Bresson)? Yes, speaking.

I'd like to speak to... (Mr.Brown).

Who's calling, please?

Could I speak to... (ManfredWeiss)?

May I know who's calling, please?


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I'm calling about... (the letter I sent you).

Hold the line, please.

I'm sorry... (Mr Weiss) is in a meeting at the moment.

I'm afraid... (he)'s busy at present.

I'm afraid... (she) isn't here.

Leaving a message

Can I... take a message?

Can I... leave a message?

Could you take a message?

Could you ask... (her) to call... (Luigi Bastini)?

Could you tell... (him) that... (Duncan Ross) called?

Could you spell... (your name), please?

What's your number, please?

Welcoming a visitor


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The journey here

Did you have a good journey?

How was your flight?

Did you have any problems finding

us?

How did you get here?

Are you here on business?

Work

What do you do?

Where do you work?

What are you working on currently?

The weather

What was the weather like in...(London)?

Travel and holidays

Do you travel a lot?

Which countries do you visit?

Where did you spend... (your lastholiday)?

The visitor

Where do you live?

Which part of the country/city isthat?

First impressions

What do you think of... (the newairport)?

Is this your first visit to...(Barcelona)?

How long are you here for?


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Sports and leisure

What do you do at the weekends?

Do you play any sports?

News

What's the latest news on... (theelection)?

Is there any news about... (theconference)?

Staying at a hotel

Booking a hotel

I'd like to book a singe/double room for 4 April.

Arriving at a hotel

I have a reservation.

Making requests

I'd like a room, please.

Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30?

Could I have my bill, please?

Can I pay by credit card?

At a restaurant


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042

Recommending

What do you recommend?

The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.

I recommend the... (chicken).

Ordering

I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).

I'd/We'd like... (the roast Normandy pork).

Could we have... (a bottle of mineral water)?

Offering

Do have some more... (prawns).

What about... (dessert)?

How about... (some strawberries)?

Would you like... (a coffee)?

Accepting

Yes, I'd like that.

Yes, that would be very nice.

Declining

Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.


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043

No, thank you.

Thanking and responding

Thank you for a reallyexcellent meal.

Don't mention it.

Thank you for a lovelyevening.

I enjoyed it very much, too.

Making arrangements

Making an appointment

When

What time

would be convenient for you?

could we meet?

are you free?

would suit you?

Shall we say... (nextTuesday)?

Yes,... (Tuesday) suits me fine.

Is... (9.30) possible foryou?

Yes, that's fine.

How about... (Friday)? Yes, I can make it on... (Friday).

What about... (theafternoon)?

No, I'm afraid I've got anotherappointment then.


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044

I look forward to meeting you on... (Wednesday).

See you... (next week).

Changing an appointment

I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).

I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).

Could we arrange another time?

Opinions and suggestions

Asking for opinions

What do you think about... (thedesign)?

What's your opinion of... (thequality)?

How do you feel about... (theprice)?

Agreeing

I agree.

I certainly agree with that.

I agree completely.

Asking for suggestions

Do you have any suggestions for...(the agenda)?

Any ideas on... (the parkingproblem)?


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045

Making suggestions

I suggest... (we meet at the hotel).

How about... (going by plane)?

What about... (giving a talk)?

Why don't we... (have a meeting)?

Why not... (finish with a party)?

We could... (arrange a tennistournament).

Giving opinions

In my opinion... (it's excellent).

I think... (it's rather expensive).

Disagreeing

I'm afraid I don't agree.

I'm sorry, but I disagree.

Accepting suggestions

Yes, that's a good idea.

Yes, let's do that.

Rejecting Suggestions

Yes, but... (it's too far away).

I'm not sure about that.

I'm afraid I don't like that idea.

Invitations

Inviting

I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner withme).

Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)?

Would you like to... (come swimming)?

Why don't you... (have lunch with us)?

How about... (joining us)?


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046

Accepting

Thank you. I'm delighted to accept.

Thank you. I'd love to.

Thank you. I'd enjoy that.

Declining

I'd love to, but... (I'm afraid I can't).

Thanks a lot but... (I've made anotherarrangement).

Offers

Offering

Shall I... (open the window)?

Do you want me to... (post the letter foryou)?

If you like, I can... (give you some help).

Would you like me to... (arrange a meeting)?

Accepting

Yes, please.

Thank you.

That's very kind of you.

Thank you. I'd appreciate that.

Declining

Thanks, but please don't bother.

Thanks, but that won't be necessary.

That's very kind of you, but... (I canmanage).


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047

Requests

Requesting

Can you... (come tomorrow)?

Could you... (write her a letter)?

Would you... (book the hotel)?

Do you think you could... (check it)?

Would you mind... (checking it)?

Do you mind... (checking it)?

Agreeing

Yes, of course.

Yes, certainly.

Not at all.

No, of course not.

Refusing

I think that will be difficult... (there isn'tenough time).

I'm afraid not... (I'm very busy).

I'm sorry, but that's not possible... (I'mleaving now).

I'm afraid not.

Asking for information

Asking

I'd like some information about... (fights to

Paris).

I'd like to know... (how long it takes).

Do you know... (when the train arrives)?

Can/could you tell me... (how often the trainsleave)?


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048

Showingunderstanding

I see.

Right, I've got that.

So,... (the next train's in half an hour)

Checking

Let me check.

I'll look that up.

Asking forrepetition

Could you repeat that, please?

Could you say that again?

Apologizing

I'm afraid I don't have any informationabout... (domestic flights).

Social responses

Thanking

Thanks for all your help.

Thank you for your advice.

Don't mention it.

Not at all.

You're welcome. (US)

Apologizing

Sorry I'm late.

I'm sorry. I've broken aglass.

It doesn't matter.

Don't worry.

Never mind.


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049

Asking for repetition

Sorry?

Pardon?


I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).

Asking and giving permission

May I sit here?

Could I use your phone?

Do you mind if I open thewindow?

Yes, of course.

Please do.

Yes, certainly.

No, not at all.

Refusing permission

Could I borrow your car?

Do you mind if I smoke?

Sorry, but I need it.

Well, I'd rather you didn't.

Giving and passing things

Have you got the tickets?

Could you pass the bread,please?

Yes, here they are.

Yes, here you are.

Expressing surprise


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050

Theyve got six children now. Really!

Responding to good news

I've passed my final exams! Congratulations!

That's great!

Responding to bad news

I failed my driving test. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

Responding to good wishes

Have a good weekend.

I hope you enjoy yourholiday.

Thanks. You too.

Thanks, and the same to you.

Saying goodbye

Thanking for hospitality

Thankyou

for inviting us.

for everything.

very much for yourhospitality.

We've had a wonderful time.

It was really enjoyable.

I really appreciate it.

Everything was great.


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051

Thanks a lot.

Responding to thanks

I'm glad you could come.

enjoyed it.

found it interesting.

like it.

Asking for help

Sorry, I don't understand.

I don't know what... (currently) means.

What does... (working knowledge) mean?

What do you call this in English?

How do you say... (je voudrais une chambre) in English?

Could you say that again, please?


Could you speak more slowly, please?

Could you spell that, please?

Could you write that down, please?

OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION

Business correspondence


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053

I would be grateful if you could send me your catalogue and pricelist as soon as possible, as I would like to show your SummerCollection to the fashion buyers at our monthly meeting next week.

I am enclosing a copy of an excellent magazine article aboutfashion retailers in this country. I hope you find it interesting.

I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know ifyou would like any further information.

Yours sincerely

David Cunningham

President

Opening

Dear Sir

Madam

Mr... Murphy

Mrs... Hobbs

Miss... Young

Ms... White

.... George

Dr... Green

- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.

For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.


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054

For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. orMs.

For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss

or Ms.

For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's firstname.

For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.

- Ms can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn't indicate whether a womanis married.

Making reference

Thank you for your telephone call today.

With reference to your letter of 8 January...

Further to Your letter of 30 August,...

Apologizing

I apologize for the delay.

not replying sooner.

I am sorry that I am not able to help you.

Explaining the reason for writing

I am writing to ask you...

enquire about...

inform you that...

confirm...


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055

Agreeing to requests

I would be Delighted to...

pleased to...

Giving bad news

I am afraid that...

Unfortunately...

Requesting

I would be grateful if you could...

We would appreciate it if you could...

Could you possibly...?

Enclosing documents

I have pleasure in enclosing...

I am enclosing...

I enclose...

Referring to future contact


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056

I look forward to

meeting you next month.

receiving your reply.

hearing from you soon.

Finishing

Please let me know if

Please contact us again if

you have any questions.

we can help in any way.

you would like further information.

Closing

Yours faithfully

sincerely

Best wishes

- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yoursfaithfully.

When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, useYours sincerely.

For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.

American English

This section describes some differences between American andBritish English. The differences are not very great, and they mayvary between regions across the USA.


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057

have/have got

To express possession, British people often say have got.

British British/American

I've got a Germancar.

Have you got a faxmachine?

Yes, Ihave.

No, Ihaven't.

I have an Italiancar.

Do you have anychildren?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is nodifference in other tenses.

When we use the verb have for an action, there is no differencebetween American and British English.

British/American

I have an English lessonevery week.

Do you have coffee forbreakfast?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

Present Perfect/Past Simple

Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American Englishoften uses the Past Simple.

British American


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058

British American

I've just finished thereport.

Have you seen her yet?

I haven't finished the workyet.

We're already met.

I just finished the report.

Did you see her yet?

I didn't finish the work yet.

We already met.

Dates (written)

British American

2.11.94 2 November 1994 11/2/94 November 2 1994

Dates (spoken)

British American

She started work on thesecond of November, nineteenninety-four.

She started work on November second,nineteen ninety-four.

Prepositions

British American


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059

British American

at the weekend

five minutes past two

ten minutes to six

write to me

meet someone

stay at home

Tuesday to Saturday

Visit somebody

on the weekend

five minutes past/after two

ten minutes to/of six

write me

meet with someone

stay home

Tuesday through Saturday

visit with somebody

Vocabulary

British American


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060

British American

Flat

car

taxi

chemist's

lift

autumn

tap

ground floor

motorway

petrol

post

cinema

trousers

wallet

railway

toilet

return ticket

pavement

tube / underground

holiday

Apartment

automobile

cab

drug store

elevator

fall

faucet

first floor

freeway

gas

mail

movie theater

pants

pocketbook

railroad

rest room

round trip ticket

sidewalk

subway

vacation

Mathematical terms

+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight

- 7 1 = 6 Seven minus one is six

/ 20 / 2 =10

Twenty divided by two is ten.

x 3 x 3 = 9 Three times/multiplied by three isnine.


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061

+ 3 + 5 = 8 Three plus five is eight

= 1 + 4 = 5 One plus four is/equals five.

% 75% Seventy five per cent.

1/4 A quarter

1/3 A third

1/2 A half

1 1/2 One and a half

Countries and nationalities

Country Nationality Country Nationality

America (theUSA)

American India Indian

Australia Australian Ireland Irish

Austria Austrian Italy Italian

Belgium Belgian Japan Japanese

Brazil Brazilian TheNetherlands

Dutch

Canada Canadian Norway Norwegian

China Chinese Poland Polish

The Czech

Republic

Czech Portugal Portuguese

Denmark Danish Romania Romanian

Finland Finnish Russia Russian

France French Slovakia Slovak

Germany German Spain Spanish


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062

Country Nationality Country Nationality

Great Britain(UK)

British Sweden Swedish

Greece Greek Switzerland Swiss

Hungary Hungarian Turkey Turkish

Grammar timelines


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063


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064

Phrasal Verbs

Many verbs in English are followed by an adverb or a preposition(also called a particle), and these two-part verbs, also calledphrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particlethat follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb inidiomatic ways:

VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

drop off decline graduallyThe hill dropped off near theriver.

drop off(2) fall asleepWhile doing his homework, hedropped off.

drop off(3)stop and givesomething to someone

Would you drop this off at thepost office?

drop out cease to participateAfter two laps, the runnerdropped out.

Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun andpronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separatedfrom the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaningthey cannot take a direct object.


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065

Separableadd up(meaning: to

add)

Correct: She added up the total on hercalculator.

Correct: She added it up on hercalculator.

Inseparableget around(meaning: toevade)

Correct: She always gets around therules.

Incorrect: She always gets the rules

around (This construction makes nosense in English.)

Intransitivecatch on(meaning: tounderstand)

Correct: After I explained the mathproblem, she began to catch on.

Incorrect: She began to catch on themath problem. (catch on cannot take adirect object in this meaning.)

Correct: She began to catch on to themath problem. (the word to makes themath problem an indirect object, whichis acceptable in this meaning.)

Unfortunately, there is usually no indicator whether an idiomaticphrase is separable, inseparable, or intransitive. In most casesthe phrases must simply be memorized. Below is a partial list of

each kind of phrase.

Separable

add up - addback up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause toexplode; destroy by explosives


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066

break down - analyze; list the parts of separatelybreak into - go into a house or room forcibly; suddenly; begin;bring about - cause to happenbring off - accomplish

bring on - causebring out - publish; emphasizebring over - bringbring to - revivebring up - raise; care for from childhoodbrush out - brush the inside ofburn down - destroy by burningburn up - consume by firebuy out - by the other person's share of a businessbuy up - buy the whole supply ofcall off - cancel; order away

call up - telephone; summon for military servicecalm down - become calmcarry on - continuecarry out - fulfill; complete; accomplish; performcarry over - carry; continue at another time or placecheer up - cause to become cheerfulchew up - chew thoroughlychop up - chop into small piecesclean off - clean the surface ofclean out - clean the inside ofclean up - clarify; tidy

clear out - clear the surface ofclear up - clear the inside ofclose down - close permanentlyclose up - close temporarilycount in - includecount out - excludecount up - calculate; count; add to a totalcross out - eliminatecut off - interrupt; sever; amputatecut out - eliminate; deletecut down - reduce in quantity

draw up - write; compose (a document)dress up - put clothes on; adorndust out - dust the inside ofeat up - eat completelyfigure out - interpret; understandfigure up - computefill in - complete (a printed form)fill out - complete (a printed form)fill up - fill completely (a container)find out - discover


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067

fix up - repair; arrange in a suitable mannerget across - cause to be understoodgive back - returngive out - distribute; announce

give up - surrender somethinghand down - deliver; pronounce formally; leave as an inheritancehand over - yield control ofhang up - suspendhave on - be dressed inhave over - entertain someone informally at one's homehold off - delay; restrainhold up - delay; rob; threaten with a weaponkeep up - continue; keep the same paceleave out - omitlet down - disappoint

let out - release from confinement; make larger (in sewing)light up - light; illuminate thoroughlylive down - live in such a way as to cause something to beforgottenmake over - remakemove over - move to the sidepass out - distributepass up - not take advantage of (as an opportunity)pass on - transmitpay back - repaypay off - discharge a debt completely; give someone his final pay

pick up - come to meet an escort; lift with hands or fingers;learn casually;initiate an association publiclyplay down - minimizeplay up - emphasizepoint out - indicatepull down - pull in a downward direction; razepush across - cause to be understood or acceptedput off - postponeput on - dress in; deceive or foolput up - preserve (food); receive as an overnight guest

quiet down - be quietring up - the telephonerinse off - rinse the surface ofrinse out - rinse the inside ofrule out - eliminaterun down - trace; disparage; hit with a vehiclerun off - cause to depart; reproduce mechanicallysave up - accumulatesee through - complete; in spite of difficultiessee off - accompany someone to the beginning of a trip


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068

send back - send to a place where formerly locatedsend over - send to where someone isset up - arrangeshow off - exhibit ostentatiously

shut off - cause to cease functioningslow up - cause to move more slowlyspell out - enumerate; state in detailstand up - fail to keep an appointment withsweep out - sweep the inside oftake back - return; retract a statementtake down - remove from a high position; write from dictationtake in - understood; fool; deceive; make smaller (in sewing)take over - take; assume command oftear down - destroytear up - tear into small pieces

tell off - scold; reprimandthink over - considerthink through - consider from beginning to endthink up - create; inventthrow away - discardthrow over - rejecttie up - tie securely or tighttire out - cause to be exhaustedtouch up - repairtry on - put on a garment to verify the fittry out - test

turn down - refuse; lower the volumeturn out - produce; force into exile, extinguish (a light)wash off - wash the surface ofwash out - wash the inside ofwear out - use until no longer usable; tire greatlywind up - finish, tighten the spring of a watch or machinewipe off - wipe the surface ofwipe out - wipe the inside of; decimatework out - solvewrite down - recordwrite out - write down every detail; spell out

write up - compose; prepare (a document)

Inseparable

back out of - desert; fail to keep a promisebear down on - lean on; browbeatbear on - have to do with


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069

bear up under - endurebreak in on - interruptbreak into - interruptcall for - come to get; require

care for - like; guard; supervise; maintaincarry on with - continuecatch up with - cover the distance between oneself andcheck up on - examine; verifycome across - find accidentallycome along with - accompany; make progresscome by - find accidentallycome down with - become ill withcome out with - utter; producecome up with - utter; producecount on - rely on

cut in on - interruptdisagree with - cause illness or discomfort todo away with - abolishdo without - deprive oneself ofdrop in at/on - visit casually without planningdrop out of - leave; quitface up to - acknowledgefall behind in - lag; not progress at required pacefall back on - use for emergency purposefall out with - quarrel withfill in for - substitute for

get ahead of - surpass; beatget around - evade; avoidget away with - do without being caught or punishedget by with - manage with a minimum of effortget down to - become serious about; considerget in - enter (a vehicle)get off - descend from; leaveget on - enter (a vehicle); mountget on with - proceed withget through with - terminate, finishgo back on - desert; fail to keep (a promise)

go for - like a great dealgo in for - be interested in; participate ingo on with - continuego over - reviewgo with - harmonize with; look pleasing togethergo without - abstain fromhang around - remain idly in the vicinity ofhear from - receive a communication fromhear of - learn about (sometimes accidentally)hit on - discover accidentally


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070

hold on to - grasp tightlyhold out against - resistkeep at - persevere atkeep to - persist in; continue

keep up with - maintain the pace oflie down on - evade; fail to dolive on - support or sustain oneself by means oflive up to - maintain the standard demanded oflook after - take care oflook back on - remember nostalgicallylook down on - feel superior tolook forward to - anticipatelook up to - respect; admiremake up for - compensate forpass on - transmit

pick on - tease; bullyplay up to - flatter for personal advantageput up with - tolerateread up on - search out information onrun against - compete against in an electionrun away with - leave; escape fromrun for - campaign forsee about - consider; arrangesee to - arrange; supervisesettle on - decide on; choosestand for - represent; permit

stand up for - support; demandstand up to - resiststick to - persiststick up for - support; defendtake after - resembletalk back to - answer impolitelytalk over - discusstell on - report misbehavior to authoritytouch on - mention brieflyturn into - becomewait on - serve

wait up for - not go to bed while waiting forwatch out for - be careful for

Intransitive

back down - retreat from a position in an argumentback out - desert; fail to keep a promiseback up - move backwardsbear up - endureblow in - drop in to visit unexpectedlyblow over - pass without doing harm


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071

blow up - explode; lose one's tempercall up - telephonecalm down - become calmcarry on - continue as before; misbehave

catch on - understandcatch up - cover the distance between oneself and a moving goalcheck up - investigatecheck out - leave; pay one's billcheer up - become cheerfulclear out - leaveclear up - become clearclose down - close permanentlyclose up - close temporarilycame about - happencome along - accompany; make progress

come back - returncome by - visit someone in his homecome out - appear; make a social debutcome over - come to someone's house, to where someone iscome through - succeedcome to - regain consciousnesscut in - interruptdie away - fade; diminishdie down - fade; diminishdie off/out - disappear; become extinctdress up - don fancy or unusual clothes

drive back - return by cardrop in - visit someone casually without planningdrop out - abandon some organized activity; leave; quitdrop over - visit someone casuallyfall behind - not progress at required pacefall off - decrease; lose weightfall through - fail; not be accomplishedfill in - substitutefind out - learnfly back - return by airfly over - fly to where someone is

get ahead - make progressget along - have a friendly relationshipget around - circulate; move aboutget away - escapeget by - manage; either just barely or with a minimum of effortget in - enterget off - descend from leaveget on - enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.)get on/along - progress; be compatibleget up - rise


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072

get through - finishgive out - become exhaustedgive up - surrender; fail to finishgo back - return

go off - explodego on - happen; continuego out - stop burning; leave one's residencego over - go; succeedgrow up - maturehang around - remain idly; dawdlehang up - replace a telephone receive on its hookhold on - grasp tightly; persevere; wait while telephoninghold out - continue to resist; persevere; persistkeep on - continuekeep up - maintain the required pace or standard; continue

let up - diminish in intensitylie down - reclinelook on - be a spectatormake out - progress; succeedmake up - become reconciledmove over - move to the sidepan out - turn out well; be successfulpass out - become unconsciouspass on - diepick up - grow; increasepull in - arrive

pull out - deportpull through - survive (barely)ride over - ride to where someone isrun away - escape; leave; leave quickly without permissionrun down - slowly lose power so as to stop functioningrun off - depart running; drainsell out - sell the ownership or responsibilitysettle up - pay one's bills or debtsshow off - boast by words or actionsshow up - arrive; appear unexpectedlyshut up - stop talking

slow up - reduce speedstand by - wait; be prepared to assiststand up - stand; rise from sitting; last; endurestay over - remain at someone's house overnight or longerstep aside - move to one sidetake off - leave the groundtake over - assume commandtalk back - answer impolitelythrow up - vomitturn around - turn so that one is facing another direction


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turn in - go to bedturn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meetingturn up - arrive; be found unexpectedlywait up - remain awake in anticipation

wake up - awakenwalk back - return on foot to where one waswalk over - walk to where someone iswash out - fade or disappear from washingwatch out - be carefulwear off - fade; disappear through use or timewear out - become unusable through use; become used upwork out - be successful

The Lords prayer

Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdomcome.

Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day,our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them thattrespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver usfrom evil. Amen

resumo de todo um curso de ingles

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