emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do ... · emancipação e revolução:...

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Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx 43 Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx ARMANDO BOITO JR. * * Professor do Departamento de Ciência Política da Unicamp. E-mail: [email protected]. Agradeço ao companheiro João Quartim de Moraes pela leitura da versão inicial deste texto. Miolo_Rev_Critica_Marxista-36_(3PROVA).indd 43 02/04/2013 23:33:16

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Page 1: Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do ... · Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 43 Emancipação e ... Emancipação

Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 43

Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx

ARMANDO BOITO JR.*� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # $ % & �# $ % % � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � ) � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � �� � � � � � � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � � � " � � � . � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � . � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � / � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 0 � � � � � � � 1 � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �2 � � � � � � 3 ( � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � � � 4 � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � / � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 7 8 9 : ; * Professor do Departamento de Ciência Política da Unicamp. E-mail: [email protected].

Agradeço ao companheiro João Quartim de Moraes pela leitura da versão inicial deste texto.

Miolo_Rev_Critica_Marxista-36_(3PROVA).indd 43 02/04/2013 23:33:16

Page 2: Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do ... · Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 43 Emancipação e ... Emancipação

44 • Crítica Marxista, n.36, p.43-53, 2013.

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Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 45

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46 • Crítica Marxista, n.36, p.43-53, 2013.

Q � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � R � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4� � + * � � � � � C � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � D � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � 3 ( � � � � � � � � 4 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � �� � # $ % & � � Q � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Q � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � �� � � � D � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 ( � �� � � � � � B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �¬ b ` ­ _ ^ ® ` ¯ ° a e [ e ± a f g ¯ ° a ² ` f e ^ ] g [ ` d e h g i j _ k d e ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º · » ¼ ½ ´ ¾ º ¿ ¸ À Á ¸� � 3 ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4� � � � + � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �  ; p n S 9 à Y S 7 8 W ; Ä Y : 9 ? @ 9H � � � I F # F A � � � # J $ I K � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Å Y S 7 8 W ;Ä Y : 9 ? @ 9 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + * � � � � � � � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � � � G � � � � � � � � � � � �Æ y u � � t s Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ë Ð Ñ Ò È Ó Ï Ô Õ Ö × Õ Ø w s u � � � � w � v � t w � � Ù � � u s Ù � � y � � � � � � � � � � s u � �� � � � � x t � � t u � � s � � u x � � y u � � � y u � � y y � � u w t � � � � s � s � v � t w � y y � � u w t � � � � s � � � � u � Ú� � � t � y t � � � � � y u � � � � � � s � � y � � s u s t u � y � t s � Û x s � � � � � s � x y u � � y u � s x s � � u x s Ø ~y u � � � u � s � � y � � u x � ~ � y � � u w t � � � � s � � � � u � ~ � � y � � � � Ü y ~ � s w s u � � � � t s ~ � u y � � � � sÛ x � � � � s � � t y u � � � s � � � � u � Ø y ~ � s � � � u � s ~ � � s � x y u � � y u � s � � u x � � y u � � � � y u � y u s � sx � � s w t y x � x y � � t u x � � � y t u t w t � � � y u � y u � � y � � t u s � s � t � x s Û � � � � u t � � s � y � � Ø x y� y � y � � � w � ~ � � � � y � � � y � � � � � � t � s � s � t � � s y u � � y s � � y � � � � � x s � x � � y � s � � � � s � � � �� � y � � y x � � y � s � � � � s � s w t � � t � � � Ý x y � � y � s x s ~ y � y w � y � � � s � y � � y u s � � � � � t � x s � � � �� s x y � � y � � y � y � � x � � � � w s u � � � x t � Ü y � t u � y � u � � x � � s w t y x � x y � � � � � y � � � � � � � � w � ~}     ¡ ~ � � z Þ ß � z Þ Þ £� � � � � u � u w t � � � � t ~ w s � � s x � w � � � y à � ~ � w s � � � y y u � � s x y � � y � y � � u w t � � � � s � s � v � t w �� s � � y á � ~ � � y � s � � � � s � � � � � y � � £ w � t � � � y u � � � � � x y � s w � � w t � � s � � � � ~ � � y � � s w � � �� � x t � y t � s � y � t � y � x � x y � � � y u � s � s x y � y � t � � t � � y � � � y u � y u � � s w t y x � x y � � � � � y � � �� � � � � w � ~ }     ¡ ~ � � z Þ â £1 � � � � � � � � � � H I F F l K � ! � � � � � N � � � � ! � � � � � H I F # # � � � ¤ F � ¤ I � ¤ & K � � � � � � � 4� � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � �� � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � �� � � � � � � H � � � � � � � � � � � K � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 ( � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � + * � � � � E � � � � � � � � . � � � G � � � E � � � � � � � � � � � � � � G �Miolo_Rev_Critica_Marxista-36_(3PROVA).indd 46 02/04/2013 23:33:16

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Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 47

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refletirmos sobre a teoria do Estado do jovem Marx de 1843, mas não para caracterizar o conceito de Estado do Manifesto do Partido Comunista. Se recorremos a tais termos é apenas para indicar, ainda que de modo impreciso, a distância que separa o conceito de Estado presente na Questão judaica do conceito de Estado do Manifesto. O Estado capitalista não está rigorosamente unido a nenhuma classe social e tampouco separado de qualquer uma delas. O que ele faz é organizar os interesses políticos da burguesia separando-se formalmente da classe burguesa (direito igualitário e burocracia profissional) e negar o interesse político do proletariado, incorporando alguns interesses econômicos dessa classe social. Certo e indubitável é que o Estado capitalista não está separado da sociedade, ao contrário do que pensava o Marx de 1843-1844 com o seu conceito de Estado político. Lukács pode, contudo, fazer a aproximação entre os conceitos de Estado burguês e Estado político pela boa e simples razão que ele próprio concebe o Estado burguês como separado da sociedade, isto é, ele sucumbe à problemática hegeliana – e burguesa – do Estado. Isso não aparece de forma desenvolvida no seu texto, porém inúmeras vezes esse autor afirma que a separação entre sociedade civil e Estado é uma tese hegeliana e marxista (Lukács, 2009, p.153, 154, 165, 167, 171, 175). Outra impropriedade, que está ligada à anterior, consiste em promover uma equivalência entre a análise que o jovem Marx faz do Estado político, como manifestação invertida e falseada da essência humana (= vivência ilusória, por parte dos indivíduos alienados, do congraçamento comunitário no Estado), com a análise marxista e leninista que destaca os aspectos formais da democracia burguesa (Lukács, 2009, p.167).

Miolo_Rev_Critica_Marxista-36_(3PROVA).indd 47 02/04/2013 23:33:16

Page 6: Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do ... · Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 43 Emancipação e ... Emancipação

48 • Crítica Marxista, n.36, p.43-53, 2013.

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50 • Crítica Marxista, n.36, p.43-53, 2013.

� � � � � � A � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � 4� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � �� � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � ¨ 9 U ? © S 7 8 ; � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � �� � � � � � � B � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � / � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � + � �� � � � � / � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � � � � ¨ 9 U ? © S 7 8 ; � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � ì � � � � � � � � � � + � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � R � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � + � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �E � � � ( � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � G " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � � + � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �í ® ` f ` ± [ ` î ` ^ d e ^ ` e a d ` d a e b ® \ [ ^ _ a, � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � + � � K � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � / � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � + � � O � � � � � � " � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 ( � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H ï � � � � � � � � � K � � � � � � � � H ï � � � � � K � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � B � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � H ï � � � � � � � � . � � � � K �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � H ï � � � � � K � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � + * � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � å � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < 9 = 9 m n 9 7 E � � � � � � � � . � � � G � � # $ % & 4 # $ % % �� � � � � � � - � �  ; p n S 9 à Y S 7 8 W ; ã Y : 9 ? @ 9 � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � : 9 : ; S T < > n ? @ ;� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � �� ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � + � � � � � � � � � � H ¦ � � � � � � � � O � � + � K � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 � � 4 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 No terceiro capítulo do Manifesto, intitulado “Literatura socialista e comunista”, que é uma primo-

rosa análise do discurso ideológico, Marx e Engels, falando do socialismo alemão, escrevem: “Nas condições alemãs, a literatura [socialista] francesa perdeu toda significação prática imediata e tomou um caráter puramente literário. Aparecia apenas como especulação ociosa sobre a realização da essência humana. [...] Os literatos alemães [...] introduziram suas insanidades filosóficas no original francês. Por exemplo, sob a crítica francesa das funções do dinheiro, escreveram ‘alienação da essência humana’; sob a crítica francesa do Estado burguês, escreveram ‘superação do domínio da universalidade abstrata’, e assim por diante. [...] E como nas mãos dos alemães essa literatura tinha deixado de ser a expressão da luta de uma classe contra a outra, eles se felicitaram [...] por terem [...] defendido [...] não os interesses do proletário, mas os interesses do ser humano, do ho-mem em geral, do homem que não pertence a nenhuma classe nem à realidade alguma e que só existe no céu brumoso da fantasia filosófica” (Marx; Engels, 2005, p.62-63). Essa crítica de Marx e Engels à metafísica humanista é, também, uma autocrítica de suas ideias e textos de juventude.

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Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 51

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52 • Crítica Marxista, n.36, p.43-53, 2013.

ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü û ý þ ø ú ø ÿ � � û ù � ü û � ü � � ÿ û � � û ü � û � � � � ü û � � þ û � � ÿ � ü û � ù � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ù û � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ! " # $ % & # % # & # & ' ( ) * + , - . + / 0 1 ( 2 . 3 , 4 5 , 6 , 7 4 8 + / 0 ( 3 ( 9 , * 0 4 3 ( : ( ; . 7 4 / 0 ,< û ü � � ù ø ù � = � ù � � � ù ÷ û � � � û � ø ù û � > � � û � � ÿ ø � > � ý� ÷ ÿ ø ÷ � � ü û � ÿ ú ø û � û ÷ ÿ ú û � > � ø � � � � ø ?ù û � @ A B û � � � � ý ù � ø ü û ú ù û ü û ý ø� û ü ø C B û ù û � � ú D ÷ ý ø � û ü ÷ E ø � � ?� F � ü � ø � ý þ � � � ø û ü û � � ú ø C ø ý � � ÿ ûü û ý ÷ � � ÿ G ú � û @ H ÿ � I ÿ û � � � � � ü � ø � û ?J ú � ø ù û ý � � ø C B û � ø � I þ � û ú ø C B û � û� � ÿ � ú � û ú ù ø � û ü � � ù ø ù �H � � � ù � � � ù ÷ û � ÿ F ý � � ÷ � � � ÿ � ú � � � � � �� � ÷ � � ø � û ú � � ù � ÿ � ú ý � � ø ù û � þ � � ø � ÷ ø� � � � ú C B û � ø � � ÿ ú ÷ ÿ ÷ ú ø � ü û � K ý � ü ø �� û ü � ø � L ø ú � � ÿ û ü ú ø ÿ ø M � ÷ ù ø � > J ÷ ú � ÷ F � >þ � N ÷ � � û J ÷ ú � ÷ F � > û þ � ú G ú � û O @ P � � � �� B û � � ÿ � ú � � � � � � � ø � û ú � � ù � ü � ø � � � > N ÷ �� � ù ÷ Q � ý ø M û ú ý ø C B û ù � ø � ú ÷ þ ø ý � � ÿ û �ü û � � ÿ � � û � � ý � ÷ ÿ ø R ø � ÷ ÿ ø ù � ü � ø � � � � @S ù û ý � � ø C B û � ø � I þ � û ú ø C B û ù � ü � ø � � �� � ÿ ú ÷ ÿ ÷ ú ø ý ø � û ü � � ù ø ù �P � ÿ ø ù û ý û ù � ú � û P � ÿ ø ù û þ û � � ÿ � ü û T ú � ø � � Q ø C B û � � ÷ � � ?ú � ø ù û D û ý � ý N ÷ � þ ú û E � ÿ ø ø � ÷ ø � � ?� F � ü � ø � ø ü û ý ÷ � � ù ø ù � � ý ø � � � G ú � øù û � ü � ù ø ù B û � ü ú � ø ù ø þ � � û þ ú � þ ú � ûP � ÿ ø ù û @ P � ÿ ø ù û J ÷ ú � ÷ F � T ü û ý � ÿ F N ÷ � û ú � ø � � Q øû � � � ÿ � ú � � � � � ü û ý ÷ � � ù ø J ÷ ú � ÷ � � � ø �ù � � û ú � ø � � Q ø ø ü � ø � � � û þ � ú G ú � øU û � ÿ ú ø ù � C B û P � � F � ü � ø D ÷ ý ø � ø V � I � � ÿ F � ü � ø D ÷ ?ý ø � ø W � û ü � � ù ø ù � ü � � � � V P � ÿ ø ù ûþ û � � ÿ � ü û X � � � � � û � � � ý � � ÿ û ù ø � M û ú C ø � þ ú û ù ÷ ÿ � ?� ø � V ú � � ø C Y � � ù � þ ú û ù ÷ C B û W J ÷ ú � ÷ � ?� � ø V þ ú û � � ÿ ø ú � ø ù ûS ÿ � ÿ ÷ ù � � � ÿ � � � ü ÿ ÷ ø � U ú � ÿ � ü ø M � � û � � M � ü ø � ý û ú ø � T þ ú � � � � C ø� ý þ � � ü � ÿ ø > ý ø � ø ÿ � � ø > ù û D ÷ ý ø � � � ?ý û M � ÷ � ú J ø ü D � ø � û L û D û ý � ý ø � þ � ?ú ø ø û ü û � � ú ø C ø ý � � ÿ û ü û ý ÷ � � ÿ G ú � û O U ú � ÿ � ü ø � û ü � ø � � û ú � ø � � Q ø C B û ú � � û � ÷ ?ü � û � G ú � ø ù ø ü � ø � � � û þ � ú G ú � øZ � � ø C B û P � ÿ ø ù û W� û ü � � ù ø ù � P � ÿ ø ù û � � þ ø ú ø ù û L M û ú ý ø � � ú � ø � ?ý � � ÿ � O ù ø � û ü � � ù ø ù � P � ÿ ø ù û [ ÷ � � ù û \ ü û ý þ ø ú ÿ � ù ø � û ?ü � � ù ø ù � L ü û ý ø ü � ø � � � ù û ý � � ø � ÿ � O �[ � � þ ø ú ø ù û \ ù � û ÷ ÿ ú ø þ ø ú ÿ � L ù ø ü � ø � � �ù û ý � � ø ù ø OZ � þ ú � � � � ÿ ø C Y � � = � ÷ � Y � � ø � � � � ø � ÿ � � ù û � � � ù � � � ù ÷ û � Rú � � � � � B û > P � ÿ ø ù û > ü � ù ø ù ø � � ø = ù � û � û � � ø ù ø ü � ø � � � ù û ý � � ø � ÿ � J ÷ ú ?� ÷ � � ø] ÷ ù ø � C ø � û ü � ø �ù û � ^ ü ÷ � û _ ` = = = P ý ø � ü � þ ø C B û þ û � � ÿ � ü ø ü û ý ø ü ú � ø ?C B û ù û P � ÿ ø ù û þ û � � ÿ � ü û Z � � û � ÷ C B û J ÷ ú � ÷ � � ø � � ÷ ú � � ý � � ÿ û ù ûü ø þ � ÿ ø � � � ý û] ÷ ù ø � C ø � û ü � ø �ù û � ^ ü ÷ � û _ = _ P ý ø � ü � þ ø C B û D ÷ ý ø � ø T ú � ü ÷ þ � ú ø ?C B û ù ø � � � F � ü � ø D ÷ ý ø � ø ø � � � � ø ù ø� ø � I � � ÿ F � ü � ø @ a � ý ù ø � ÷ ÿ ø ù � ÿ û ù û �ü û � ÿ ú ø ÿ û ù û � � ú � ø � � Q ø C B û ù û ü û � ?� ú ø C ø ý � � ÿ û ü û ý ÷ � � ÿ G ú � û Z � � û � ÷ C B û þ ú û � � ÿ G ú � ø T � û ü � � ù ø ù � ü û ?ý ÷ � � � ÿ ø @P � � ý � � ø C B û ù ø þ ú û þ ú � � ù ø ù � þ ú � � ø ù ø >� ý þ � ø � ÿ ø C B û ù ø þ ú û þ ú � � ù ø ù � ü û � � ÿ � � øù û � ý � � û � ù � þ ú û ù ÷ C B û > � � J � ú ø C B û ù ûù � � � � � û � � � ý � � ÿ û ù ø � M û ú C ø � þ ú û ù ÷ ÿ � ?� ø � > M � ý ù ø � ü ú � � � � � ü û � K ý � ü ø � � � � � � ø ?C B û ù û þ ø ù ú B û ù � � � ù ø ù û þ ú û � � ÿ ø ú � ø ù ûS � � � ÿ � � ù øý ÷ ù ø � C ø � û ü � ø �ù û � � ^ ü ÷ � û � _ ` = = =� _ = _ P � ÿ G � ÷ þ û � ÿ û N ÷ � ^ ø M � � û � û M � ø � W û ÷û � M � � � � û M û � P � ÿ G � I þ � � ü � ÿ ø � ù � � � � � û � � � ù ø ø � ù � � øù � N ÷ � � B û ø � ü � ø � � � � � û ü � ø � � L þ ú � ý � � ú ûø J ÷ ú � ÷ � � � ø � > ù � þ û � � > û þ ú û � � ÿ ø ú � ø ù ûM ø J ú � � O b c d e f d g h

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Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx • 53

� ! " # $ % & # % # & # & ' ( ) * + , - . + / 0 1 ( 2 . 3 , 4 5 , 6 , 7 4 8 + / 0 ( 3 ( 9 , * 0 4 3 ( : ( ; . 7 4 / 0 ,] � � û ù ø ý ÷ ù ø � C ø� û ü � ø � ù û � ^ ü ÷ � û_ = _ S C B û ù û � M � � � � û M û � þ ø ú ø ú � M û ú ý ø úø � ü û � � ü � F � ü � ø � � � � ÿ G � ÷ � � ú � ù ø ø� ÷ þ ú � � � B û ù û P � ÿ ø ù û H ú � ø � � Q ø C B û ù û þ ú û � � ÿ ø ú � ø ù û þ ø ú ø ø� ÷ ÿ ø ù � ü � ø � � � � ü û � N ÷ � � ÿ ø ù û þ û ù � ú ù �P � ÿ ø ù ûU û � ü � þ C B û ù �D � � ÿ � ú � ø U � ú ü ÷ � ø ú T ø � ý ø � ü � þ ø C B û D ÷ ý ø � ø� � � ø i ú � ü ÷ þ � ú ø C B û ù ø � � � F � ü � øþ ú � � � ø ý � � ÿ � � I � � ÿ � � ÿ � > ý ø � N ÷ � � �� � ü û � ÿ ú ø � ø ø � � � � ø ù ø ] û � � ý � � ÿ û ø � ü � � ù � � ÿ � � ý � � þ � ú ø � Rù � � � � � û � � � ý � � ÿ û ù ø � M û ú C ø � þ ú û ù ÷ ÿ � ?� ø � > � ÷ ü � � � B û ù � ù � M � ú � � ÿ � � M û ú ý ø � ù �û ú � ø � � Q ø C B û � û ü � ø �H � D ø ú ú � ÿ ú û � þ � ü ÿ � ?� û ù û ø ÷ ÿ û ú R R R S � � � F � ü � ø D ÷ ý ø � ø > û D û ý � ý � ý � � ?ú ø � � ø ø � � � � ø C B û � B û ü ú � ÿ � ü ø ù û � ü û ý ûM ø � ÿ ø � � ø � M � � û � � M � ü ø � N ÷ � ù � � � � ø ý û �� û ü � ø � � � ÿ ø � ù ø ÿ ø ú � M ø ù � û ú � ø � � Q ø ú øü � ø � � � û þ � ú G ú � øj ú û J � � ý G ÿ � ü ø j � ú � ÷ � ÿ ø ý ø � � � � ú ø � T û N ÷ � ^ û D û ?ý � ý k X � � þ û � � ÿ � � û ü û � ü � � ÿ ÷ ø � T � � ?� F � ü � ø D ÷ ý ø � ø > ø � � � � ø C B û � � ý ø � ?ü � þ ø C B û D ÷ ý ø � ø j � ú � ÷ � ÿ ø ý ø � � � � ú ø � T û N ÷ � ^ ø D � � ÿ � ?ú � ø k X � � þ û � � ÿ � � û ü û � ü � � ÿ ÷ ø � T ø � ÷ ü � � ?� B û ù � ý û ù û � ù � þ ú û ù ÷ C B û þ ú û þ � ü � ø ù øþ � � û ù � � � � � û � � � ý � � ÿ û ù ø � M û ú C ø � þ ú û ?ù ÷ ÿ � � ø � � þ � � ø � ÷ ÿ ø ù � ü � ø � � � �l e õ e [ m ­ _ ^ ` k n ^ n f ^ a o [ j õ ^ _ ` k� � p � q r r s t ~ � s � t � � u È Ï Ê v Õ Ê w � x � � t � Ú � � � u � s t � ~ z ¡ Þ ß �y Æ t r q ~ � � � � � � y � z Õ Ê { v Õ Ê w Ë Ñ | Ê Ö Ë Ô Ê Ö × } ~ � � Ë { Ð � p s � y � � � � � � t � � � � � t � � y x � � s w � � �� t � � y � � w s � � � u t � � y � � � Û � Õ � Ë Ñ Ñ Ë � } � � Õ � Ë Ø y � � y � Û Í � � Õ { Ë Ð | Ê Õ � × È � Í { { Ë � Õ � Ô Ë Ð Ø� z { | } � z { | | � x � � t � Ú x � y � � y � q u t � y � � t � � t � y � x y � � � u w y ~ z ¡ ß { �y Æ q p � r � Æ ~ y � � � s � r y � � s u � � Ë � È Ï Ð Ð Ë Õ Ï Õ � Ê Õ � Ð × Ö � r � s x � � � s Ú Ù s t � y � � s ~ }   z z �� s q s t Ù � y � ~ � � x � t � � Í Ë Ð Ð � � × Ö Õ Ô È × Ê Ö Ð Ñ Ö Õ � Ö Ð � È � } � y x � y � � � t u � � Ú x � � t � � � ~ z ¡ ¡ â �� s r r � ~ r y � � t s � � y � � u w t � � � � s � s � v � t w � y � x y � y � � x y x t � y t � s � � � Ë � Ö Ð Ñ Õ Ç Ë Ê � Ö � È Ç È × Ö Õ { ËÇ È × Ö Ë Ô Õ Ô Ë ~ r � s x � � � s ~ y s � � y à ~ á � u � }     â �� q � � y r ~ � y s � � � Æ á s � y � � � � � � r � � y � s � � � � s � t � s � � � t w � x y z { |   � z { | | � � u Ú � �Ó È � Ë � v Õ Ê w Ë È Ï Ñ Ê È Ð Ë Ð × Ê Ö Ñ È Ð Ô Ë � Ö { È Ð È � Ö Õ � } � y x � t t s x y � � u y t � s Ú s x t � s � � q � t � ~ }     ¡ ~� � z } z � }   } �� q � � y r ~ � y s � � � � Ë Ó Ë Ï � Ë v Õ Ê w � x � � t � Ú s x t � t s u x y � � x � � � t s u ~ }     } �� � t � ~ � � � � Ý s r � s � r ~ � � t y x � t w � � v Õ � Ö � Ë Ð Ñ È × È � Ï � Ö Ð Ñ Õ � p � � x � � � s x y � � � � � s x t u � � r � sx � � � s Ú Ù s t � y � � s ~ z ¡ ¡ { �� � t � ~ � � � � � r s � � y � � w � y � � t � u á � x v � � � u Ú � � É Ê Õ Ð � Ï � Ô Õ � Ë � Ñ Õ { Ë Ð � � � � � ~ y � w � t � s �x y á � � y u � � x � � � � t w s Ú � s u x s x y y � � � � � � s w s u � � t w � ~ z ¡ { } ~ � � | Þ z � | ¡ z� � t � ~ � � � � � Ç È É Ê Ë Õ Î Ï Ë Ð Ñ Ò È Ó Ï Ô Õ Ö × Õ � r � s x � � � s Ú Ù s t � y � � s ~ }   z   �� Æ r � � ~ � � � � y � � r y � � y u � � t w s ~ y � y u w t � � y u � � t w � y u y � á s � y u � � � � � � Ê � Ñ Ö × Õ v Õ Ê w Ö Ð Ñ Õ ~ r � sx � � � s ~ u � z Þ ~ }     ¢ �r � s r ~ � � w t s � � s � � � � x y z { | ¢ � z { | | � s � � � � x � � s � � � � � t � � � � t w � � Ú x � � � w s u w y � � Ü y �x t � � t u � � � x y s � � � x s � � u Ú � ~ Ð Ñ Õ Ô È Ë Ô Ë � È × Ê Õ × Ö Õ � y u � � t s � � y � � t w s � � } � y x � y � � � t u � � Ús x t � Ü y � � � y � ~ z ¡ ¡ { � y s � y � � s p � � á y � � � t � �

b c d e f d g h � � c

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196 • Crítica Marxista, n.36

Benjamin leitor de Marx: na senda de Das Passagen-Werk

ANITA HELENA SCHLESENER

Resumo: O presente artigo traz reflexões acerca das citações de Benjamin apresentadas em Das Passagen-Werk a propósito dos escritos de Marx. As anotações explicitam o conceito de trabalho e o processo de autoalienação do trabalhador na análise do modo como se organizam as relações de trabalho e se produzem os valores (de uso e de troca) na sociedade capitalista a fim de explicitar a psicologia burguesa e a alienação como um processo extensivo a todas as situações da vida. Benjamin pretende entender como a economia encontra expressão na cultura, materializada na arquitetura de Das Passagen--Werk, no século XIX.Palavras-chave: trabalho, alienação, fetiche, inconsciente, encantamento.Abstract: This paper proposes some reflections on Walter Benjamin’s quotations on Marx in Das Passagen-Werk. These notes explain the concept of work and the process of self--alienation of the worker as it analysis how labor relations are organized and how they produce values (use and exchange) in capitalist society. The aim is to explain the bourgeois psychology and alienation as a process extensive to all situations in life. Benjamin intends to understand how the economy finds expression in culture embodied in the architecture of Das Passagen-Werk, in the nineteenth century.Keywords: work, alienation, fetish, unconscious, enchantment.

Emancipação e revolução: crítica à leitura lukacsiana do jovem Marx

ARMANDO BOITO JR.

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a incompatibilidade entre o par de conceitos emancipação política/emancipação humana, presente nos escritos de juventude de Marx, e o par revo-lução burguesa/revolução socialista, presente na sua obra de maturidade. Critica a tese de Georg Lukács e de autores brasileiros que sustentam haver uma equivalência entre esses dois pares conceituais.Palavras chave: Marx, humanismo, emancipação, revolução, Lukács.Abstract: This article shows the incompatibility between the conceptual pair “emancipation policy /human emancipation”, present in Marx’s early writings, and the pair “bourgeois revolution/socialist revolution” present in his mature work. It criticizes the thesis of

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Crítica Marxista, n.36 • 197

Georg Lukács and some Brazilian authors who claim an equivalence between these two conceptual pairs.Keywords: Marx, humanism, emancipation, revolution, Lukács.

Problemas fundamentais da “segunda servidão” na Europa Central e Oriental

SERGEY D. SKAZKINE

Resumo: A segunda servidão na Europa Central e Oriental caracterizou-se pelo surgimento nessas regiões, a partir do século XV, de grandes domínios baseados na corveia e produ-zindo para a exportação. A linha traçada pelo Rio Elba separava as áreas onde, na Baixa Idade Média, predominaram o Gutsherrschaft (economia dominial baseada na corveia) e o Grundherrschaft (senhorio sobre posse camponesa). Embora retomando o Gutsherrs-chaft da Alta Idade Média, a segunda servidão resultou de fatores distintos: de um lado, a importância assumida pela exportação de grãos para os mercados abertos pelos países comerciais e industriais mais desenvolvidos do Oeste e, por outro, da fraqueza das cidades e dos citadinos no Leste. Diante de uma nobreza forte e sem apoio nas demais classes, os camponeses foram incapazes de resistir à pressão dos senhores feudais ávidos por au-mentarem seus rendimentos e sucumbiram às mais duras formas de dependência feudal.Palavras-chave: servidão, senhorio dominial, Junkers, corveia.Abstract: The second serfdom in Central and Eastern Europe distinguished itself by the rise in these regions from the fifteenth century onward of large dominions, based on corvée and producing for export. The line drawn by the Elbe River separates areas where, in the Low Middle Ages prevailed the Gutsherrschaft (dominion economy based on corvée) and Grundherrschaft (manoir and peasant tenure). The Gutsherrschaft borrowed its form from the High Middle Ages, but occurred for different reasons: first, one must take in account the importance assumed by the export of grains to the markets of the commercial and industrial countries developed in the West; secondly, the cities and the city dwellers in the East were too weak to help the peasants face the demands of a strong nobility. Without support in the other classes, the peasants were unable to resist the pressure of feudal lords eager to boost their yields and succumbed to the harshest forms of feudal dependence.Keywords: Junkers, dominion economy, serfdom, corvée.

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