projeto de relatório de pes

7/22/2019 Projeto de relatório de PES

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^raikta hk rkfmtðrca hk prítc`m hk kescea supkrvcscaemhm

M oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms `rïtc`ms ea kescea-mprkehczmlko hm Kàeaocm9 uo kstuhakxpfarmtðrca euom turom ha =>.¹ mea

^khra Mzkvkha

=

Ïehc`k

Cetrahuìàa................................................................................................................ :=.=. ‐ Chketcgc`mìàa k kequmhrmoketa ha tkom ..................................................... :=.:. ‐ Ajiktcvas ha kstuha .................................................................................... :=.0. ‐ ]ukstàa hk pmrtchm k pmfmvrms-`bmvk ......................................................... 8=.8. ‐ @mfkehmrczmìàa .......................................................................................... 8=.;. ‐ Oktahafalcm hk cevkstclmìàa ...................................................................... 8

Kequmhrmoketa ùrrcùfmr k hchítcà ........................................................................ <:.=. ‐ Cetrahuìàa .................................................................................................. <:.:. ‐ M khu`mìàa k m oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms ........................................... 3:.0. ‐ A pmpkf hm ksàfm em oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms .................................==:.8. ‐ Oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms hketra hms smfms hk mufm ............................=8:.;. ‐ Kstrmtãlcms hchítc`ms pmrm m oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms .......................=;

@aetkxta ksàfmr .....................................................................................................=<

0.=. ‐ @mopa hk cevkstclmìàa .............................................................................=<

Zkgkrée`cms ............................................................................................................=3





^khra Mzkvkha

:

Cetrahuìàa

=.=. ‐ Chketcgc`mìàa k kequmhrmoketa ha tkom

Ea `keírca hms trmesgaromìûks kxclchms, aehk a `rks`ketk àebk`coketa hmstãèc`ms k prítc`ms vmfarczmo a `mpctmf buomea k prkokcmo ms sums àopktée`cms, alrmu hk àebk`coketa `cketïgcà `mpmz hk mfcoketmr àopktée`cms pragcsscaemcstrmespartm-eas pmrm m prajfkoítc`m has chkmcs khu`mtcvas quk hkvko skràeschkrmhas àoa pkrtceketks k omcs miustmhas îs ek`ksschmhks has mfueas ea

pra`kssa khu`mtcva. Ã saj kstm fcebm hk arcketmìàa, mssketk em oajcfczmìàa hkàopktée`cms, quk sk ceskrk a prksketk praikta hk rkfmtðrca hk prítc`m hk kesceasupkrvcscaemhm quk ce`chcrí m sum meífcsk em fk`caemìàa hm [echmhk ;9 ^rkìas kOkr`mhas, hm hcs`cpfcem hk Kàeaocm M, ha =>.¹ mea fktcva, saj a tkom9Moajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms `rïtc`ms ea kescea-mprkehczmlko hm Kàeaocm9uo kstuha kxpfarmtðrca euom turom ha =>.¹ mea .

=.:. ‐ Ajiktcvas ha kstuha

Xkeha ko àetm as ajiktcvas quk skràa mprksketmhas hk skluchm, copartmrktkr ekstk oaoketa quk, pmrm Pmetas (=332, pp. :>-:=, pmrmgrmskmeha Emlkf, =37=),

TM_s `cée`cms sa`cmcs eàa hcspûko hk tkarcms kxpfc`mtcvms quk fbkspkroctko mjstrmcr ha rkmf pmrm hkpacs jus`mr ekfk, hk oahaoktahafalc`moketk ̀ aetrafmha, m pravm mhkqumhm4 ms `cée`cms sa`cmcs eàapahko kstmjkfk`kr fkcs uecvkrsmcs parquk as gkeðokeas sa`cmcs sàabcstarc`moketk àehc`caemhas k ùfturmfoketk hktkrocemhas4 ms `cée`cms

sa`cmcs eàa pahko prahuzcr prkvcsûks gcívkcs parquk as skrks buomeasoahcgc`mo a sku àopartmoketa ko gueìàa ha àebk`coketa quk sajrkkfk sk mhqucrk4 as gkeðokeas sa`cmcs sàa hk emturkzm sujik`tcvm k àoatmf eàa sk hkcxmo `mptmr pkfm ajik`tcvchmhk ha àopartmoketa4 ms`cée`cms sa`cmcs eàa sàa ajik`tcvms parquk a `cketcstm sa`cmf eàa pahkfcjkrtmr-sk, ea m`ta hk ajskrvmìàa, has vmfarks quk cegaromo m sum prítc`mko lkrmf k, partmeta, tmojão m sum prítc`m hk `cketcstm. (…) Kequmeta,ems `cée`cms emturmcs, a hkskevafvcoketa ha àebk`coketa tareaupassïvkf m garoufmìàa hk uo àeiueta hk prce`ïpcas k hk tkarcms sajrk mkstruturm hm omtãrcm quk sàa m`kctks sko hcsùssàa par tahm màouechmhk `cketïgc`m, àeiueta kssk quk hksclem par pmrmhclom, ems`cée`cms sa`cmcs eàa bí àeskesa pmrmhcloítcà, pkfa quk a hkjmtk tkehkm mtrmvkssmr vkrtc`mfoketk tahm m kspkssurm ha àebk`coketa mhqucrcha.





^khra Mzkvkha

0

Em apcecàa hk Pmetas (=332, p. ::) ‖Tm_ ̀ cée`cm sa`cmf skrí skoprk uom ̀ cée`cm

sujik`tcvm k eàa ajik`tcvmàoa ms `cée`cms emturmcs‟, skeha quk ms `cée`cms sa`cmcs

‖kstuhmo m rkmfchmhk sa`cmf, csta ã, as gkeðokeas sa`cmcs‟ (@mjrcta & Afcvkcrm, =33:,

p. =:). ̂ rasskluko mqukfks mutarks (=33:, p. =:) ma hkgcecr a gkeðokea sa`cmf ̀ aoa‖qumfqukr mspk`ta hm rkmfchm hk sa`cmf ajik`tcvm, csta ã, ha ajik`ta hk kstuha hms@cée`cms Pa`cmcs‟. Mssco,

M àopfkxchmhk k ce`krtkzm quk `mrm`tkrczmo m vcvée`cm sa`cmf ajrclmo-eas m ajskrvmr m rkmfchmhk kxm`tmoketk ekssm pkrspk`tcvm (…) Tpkfa qukm_ pmr ha hkskevafvcoketa hm `cée`cm k hm tkèafalcm cekrketk m taha amvmeìa k pralrkssa hm buomechmhk urlk kequmhrmr tahm m prahuìàatkðrc`m `cketïgc`m ea rkmf sa`cmf. Ã ekstm pkrspk`tcvm quk ms @cée`cms

Pa`cmcs surlko ̀ aoa cestruoketa prk`casa hk cetkrprktmìàa ha rkmf sa`cmf.(@mjrcta & Afcvkcrm, =33:, p. 0>).Xkeha ko fcebm hk àetm as mspktas rkgkrchas ko tarea hms @cée`cms Pa`cmcs,

ã ajiktcva ha rkfmtðrca gcemf hk prítc`m hk kescea supkrvcscaemhm oajcfczmràopktée`cms ea êojcta hm uechmhk fktcvm ;9 ^rkìas k Okr`mhas, hm hcs`cpfcem hkKàeaocm M, mas eïvkcs ̀ cketïgcà, tkèafðlcà k rkfm`caemf.

Ekstm gmsk skràa chketcgc`mhms 0 àopktée`cms (uom hk `mhm eïvkf prapasta)quk skràa ajikta hk meífcsk par pmrtk ha cevkstclmhar ea hkàrrkr ha trmjmfba hk`mopa, tahmvcm, autrms àopktée`cms pahkràa vcr m keàetrmr iustcgc`mìàa hkkxpfarmìàa ea êojcta ha rkfmtðrca gcemf hk prítc`m hk kescea supkrvcscaemhm. Ma eïvkf`cketïgcà, praùrmr-sk-í hkskevafvkr àopktée`cms tkeha ko vcstm a hkskopkeba`rïtcà hk mtas hk tra`m. ]umeta ma eïvkf tkèafðlcà, tkr-sk-í ko mtkeìàa m kfkcìàahk àopktée`cms pmrm m utcfczmìàa hk gkrrmoketms tkèafðlc`ms ko praf hm pksqucsmhk cegaromìàa rkfm`caemhm ào m garomìàa hk prkìas eas okr`mhas. âr ùftcoa, maeïvkf rkfm`caemf, skràa hkskevafvchms kstrmtãlcms hchítc`ms ea sketcha hk praoavkr amutaàebk`coketa k m rkfmìàa ào autra.

As prapðsctas hkstm cevkstclmìàa mssketmràa ksske`cmfoketk ea quk rkspkctmî oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms par pmrtk has mfueas, ea êojcta hm [echmhk ;9 ^rkìask Okr`mhas, quk passmo skr meàrmhas em rksafuìàa hk sctumìûks k prajfkoms haquatchcmea.





^khra Mzkvkha

8

=.0. ‐ ]ukstàa hk pmrtchm k pmfmvrms-`bmvk

]ukstàa hk pmrtchm9 @aoa pahk skr kxpfarmhm m [echmhk ;9 ^rkìas kOkr`mhas, hm hcs`cpfcem hk Kàeaocm M, vcsmeha m oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms pmrmm ̀ aoprkkesàa has okr`mhas k, àeskquketkoketk, m gcxmìàa has prkìas1

@aoa pmfmvrms-`bmvk sàa mpaetmhms9 Kàeaocm M4 @aopktée`cms4 Kstruturmshk okr`mha4 k Gcxmìàa hk prkìas.

=.8. ‐ @mfkehmrczmìàa

Hk skluchm ã mprksketmha a `raealrmom has trmjmfbas quk pahkrí àebk`krmftkrmìûks quk rksuftko kx`fuscvmoketk hk gmtarks mfbkcas î vaetmhk ha cevkstclmhark/au îs sulkstûks komemhms pkfa arcketmhar ha praikta k, kvketumfoketk, pkfapragkssar ̀ aapkrmetk.

=.;. ‐ Oktahafalcm hk cevkstclmìàa

^rcokcrmoketk, `mjk mprksketmr mfluoms hcgkrke`cmìûks ketrk pksqucsmqumfctmtcvm k pksqucsm qumetctmtcvm k ma rkvcsmr m fctkrmturm sajrk kstms humspkrspktcvms hk cevkstclmìàa, uom prcokcrm hcstceìàa ‖hcz rkspkcta î cetkrmìàahceêoc`m ketrk a pksqucsmhar k a ajikta hk kstuha‟ (Löetbkr, :>>7, p. :>0). ^mrmLöetbkr (:>>7, p. :>0) em cevkstclmìàa qumetctmtcvm eàa sk auvk a pmrtc`cpmetkmqumeha hm àfktm hk hmhas, skeha quk em cevkstclmìàa qumfctmtcvm ã hmha kspmìa





^khra Mzkvkha

;

ma pmrtc`cpmetk pmrm àehc`caemr as rksuftmhas gcemcs. ^rasskluk a mutar (:>>7, p.:>0),

Em pksqucsm qumfctmtcvm bí m`kctmìàa kxpfï`ctm hm cegfuée`cm hk `rkeìms kvmfarks sajrk m tkarcm, sajrk m ksàfbm hk tðpcàs hk pksqucsm, sajrk aoãtaha k sajrk m cetkrprktmìàa hk rksuftmhas. Ií em pksqucsm qumetctmtcvm,`rkeìms k vmfarks pkssamcs eàa sàa àeschkrmhms gaetks hk cegfuée`cm eapra`kssa `cketïgc`ms.

^mrm Xmyfar & Jalhme (=327), eas oãtahas qumfctmtcvas a cevkstclmhar hkvkkstmr àopfktmoketk kevafvcha ea `mopa hk mìàa has cevkstclmhas, uom vkz quk,em sum kssée`cm, kstk oãtaha hk cevkstclmìàa jmskcm-sk prce`cpmfoketk koàevkrsmr, auvcr k pkroctcr m kxprkssàa fcvrk has pmrtc`cpmetks. Em oksom fcebm hk

pkesmoketa, as mutarks mtrís rkgkrchas hczko quk m cevkstclmìàa qumfctmtcvm, parpkroctcr m sujiktcvchmhk ha cevkstclmhar em praùrm ha àebk`coketa, copfc`m qukkxcstm uom omcar hcvkrscgc`mìàa eas pra`khcoketas oktahafðlcàs utcfczmhas emcevkstclmìàa. ]umeta î lkekrmfczmìàa has rksuftmhas hm cevkstclmìàa, Löetbkr(:>>7, p. :>0) mrluoketm,

Î okhchm quk as m`bmhas em pksqucsm qumfctmtcvm sk mpacko ko kstuhahk `msa, kstks hkpkehko hk uom mrluoketmìàa kxpfï`ctm mpaetmehaqumcs lkekrmfczmìûks skrcmo gm`tïvkcs pmrm `crùestêe`cms kspk`ïgc`ms. Ea`msa hm pksqucsm qumetctmtcvm, uom moastrm rkprksketmtcvm mssklurmrcm mpasscjcfchmhk hk uom lkekrmfczmìàa has rksuftmhas.

Kstm cevkstclmìàa àestctuc uo kstuha hk `msa qumfctmtcva em okhchm ko qukhkàrrkrí ko mojcketk emturmf (Ksàfm Pkùehírcm hk Pàa Iaàa ha Kstarcf), ào uoeùokra rkhuzcha hk suikctas, au skim, 0: mfueas hm turom ha =>.¹ C, aehk sk críkstuhmr àopartmoketas hk pkssams ào rkùrsa m ketrkvcstms, qukstcaeírcas kajskrvmìûks hcrktms. ̂ ar autra fmha, eàa sk pahk hksùrmr a gm`ta hk quk m pksqucsmqumfctmtcvm ã ksske`cmfoketk mqukfm omcs utcfczmhm em írkm hm Khu`mìàa, vcsta quk‖Tb_í `kr`m hk trés hã`mhms mtrís m cevkstclmìàa vkca, prk`csmoketk, `bmomr m

mtkeìàa pmrm m kxcstée`cm hk kgkctas hk ksàfm ea hkskopkeba has mfueas. Hkshkketàa, uo àeiueta hk gm`tarks téo vceha m àetrcjucr pmrm hmr vcscjcfchmhk `rks`ketkmas àe tkxtas ksàfmrks‟ (Hcala, :>=>, p. 8:;).

^mrm Jalhme & Jcdfke (=338), m cevkstclmìàa qumfctmtcvm surlcu em trmescìàaha sãùfa RCR k ceï`ca ha sãùfa RR k a sku mulk rkpartm îs hã`mhms hk =37> k =3<>k ems pmfmvrms hk Fuhdk & Mehrã (=327), ào m sum m`kctmìàa ea oueha m`mhãocà,m pksqucsm qumfctmtcvm tko mssuocha vírcms garoms, skeha quk m pksqucsm ktealrígc`mk a kstuha hk `msa téo rklcstmha uom omcar m`kctmìàa k `rkhcjcfchmhk ea quk sk

rkgkrk î cevkstclmìàa ko àetkxta ksàfmr.





^khra Mzkvkha

7

^mrk`k ðjvcm m àeschkrmìàa hkstk trmjmfba hk `mrcz qumfctmtcva, àoa skehauo kstuha hk `msa, tmojão hksclemha par trmjmfba hk `mopa, mtkehkeha î hkgcecìàampaetmhm par âetk (=338, p. 0) quk rkgkrk,

[o kstuha hk `msa pahk skr `mrm`tkrczmha àoa uo kstuha hk uomketchmhk jko hkgcechm àoa uo pralrmom, uom cestctucìàa, uo scstkomkhu`mtcva, uom pkssam au uom uechmhk sa`cmf. Wcsm àebk`kr kopraguehchmhk a sku ‖àoa‟ k as skus ‖parqués‟ kvchke`cmeha m su muechmhk k chketchmhk prðprcms. Ã uom cevkstclmìàa quk sk mssuok àoapmrtcùfmrcstm, csta ã, hkjruìm-sk hkfcjkrmhmoketk sajrk uom sctumìàakspk`ïgc`m quk sk supûk skr ùec`m ko ouctas mspk`tas, praùrmehahksàjrcr a quk bí ekfm hk omcs ksske`cmf k `mrm`tkrïstcà.

^mrm Gkremehks (=33=, p. 7;), ‖Ta_ gaà hm cevkstclmìàa qumfctmtcvm ã m

àoprkkesàa omcs praguehm has prajfkoms, ã cevkstclmr a quk kstí par trís hk `krtasàopartmoketas, mtctuhks au àevc`ìûks. Eàa bí, ko lkrmf, qumfqukr prkaùpmìàaào m hcoke sàa hms moastrms eko àom lkekrmfczmìàa hk rksuftmhas‟. ]umeta îvmfchmhk hms cevkstclmìûks qumfctmtcvms tarem-sk kvchketk quk as rksuftmhas, hkstmspksqucsms, skimo omcs mjkrtas, pacs kxcstk uom omcar prapkesàa pmrm as rksuftmhasskrko hcsùtchas k, oksoa mssco, eue`m hmr par àe`fuïhm m cevkstclmìàa qukpahkrí àebk`kr eavas cetkrkssks hk pksqucsm.

Gkremehks (=33=, p. 77) mrluoketm quk,

T[_om hms vmetmlkes hm cevkstclmìàa hk emturkzm qumfctmtcvm rkfm`caem-skào m passcjcfchmhk quk mjrk jams bcpðtksks hk cevkstclmìàa. Csta hkrcvmha gm`ta hk sk utcfczmrko tãèc`ms tmcs àoa ketrkvcstms hktmfbmhms kpraguehms ào suikctas saj cevkstclmìàa, ajskrvmìûks oceu`casms kprafaelmhms hms sums m`tcvchmhks k/au àopartmoketas k meífcsk hkprahutas ks`rctas.





^khra Mzkvkha

<

Kequmhrmoketa ùrrcùfmr k hchítcà

:.=. ‐ Cetrahuìàa

Copartm gmzkr uo kequmhrmoketa hm hcs`cpfcem hk Kàeaocm M, àokìmehapar sk oke`caemr quk kstm ‖cetklrm-sk ea traeà àouo hm @aopaeketk hkGaromìàa Kspk`ïgc`m ha @ursa Lkrmf hk @cée`cms Pð`ca-Kàeðoc`ms, ào m `mrlmbarírcm skomemf hk 8,; barms, tmeta ea =>.¹ mea àoa ea ==.¹ mea‟ (^mstarceba, Pcfvm,

Fapks, Pcfvkstrk & Oacebas, :>>=, p. 0), pralrmom hm hcs`cpfcem baoafalmha ko :>>=

pmrm a =>.¹ mea k ko :>>: pmrm a ==.¹ mea, keàetrmeha-sk hcspaeïvkf ea sïtca hmcetkrekt ha Ocecstãrca hm Khu`mìàa. M rkgkrcr mcehmquk ‖Tm_ cec`cmìàa ma kstuha hmKàeaocm ã baik, ea ceï`ca ha sãùfa RRC, cehcspkesívkf î garomìàa lkrmf ha ̀ chmhàapartulués k hm [ecàa Kurapkcm, qumfqukr quk skim a pkrùrsa m`mhãocà quk kstkvkebm m sklucr‟ (^mstarcebakt mf., :>>=, p. 8). ^rasskluko mqukfks mutarks (:>>=,p. 8) mgcromeha quk a kstuha hm Kàeaocm pkroctk m mqucscìàa hk cestruoketasguehmoketmcs pmrm àoprkkehkr m hcokesàa kàeðoc`m kevafvketk, par autra fmha,àetrcjuï pmrm m hksàhcgc`mìàa k scstkomtczmìàa hm tkroceafalcm kàeðoc`m,

passcjcfctmeha mcehm a hkskevafvcoketa hm `mpm`chmhk hk cetkrvkeìàa àestrutcvmeuo oueha ko ouhmeìm.

@aoa prce`cpmcs gcemfchmhks hm hcs`cpfcem, m hkstm`mr, m pkrspktcvmìàa hmkàeaocm ea àeiueta hms `cée`cms sa`cmcs4 m praoaìàa hm àoprkkesàa has gm`tashk emturkzm kàeðoc`m, cetklrmeha-as ea sku àetkxta sa`cmf omcs mopfa4 aàetrcjuta pmrm m àoprkkesàa hk lrmehks prajfkoms ha oueha mtumf, m hcgkrketkseïvkcs hk meífcsk4 m praoaìàa ha rclar `cketïgcà k a hkskevafvcoketa ha rm`ca`ïeca,ha kspïrcta `rïtcà k hm `mpm`chmhk hk cetkrvkeìàa, eaokmhmoketk em rksafuìàa hkprajfkoms4 a àetrcjuta pmrm m garomìàa ha `chmhàa, khu`meha pmrm m `chmhmecm,pmrm m ouhmeìm k pmrm a hkskevafvcoketa, ea rkspkcta pkfas hcrkctas buomeas, ketrkautrms àesmlrmhms ea pralrmom hm hcs`cpfcem (^mstarcebakt mf., :>>=, pp. 8-;).

Mcehm emqukfk haùoketa agc`cmf kstàa àetkopfmhms ms àopktée`cms mhkskevafvkr pkfas mfueas, pkfa quk, mquc sàa hkstm`mhms mfluoms tchms àoa omcspkrtceketks ea êojcta hkstk trmjmfba, m smjkr9 hkskevafvcoketa hk bíjctas k oãtahashk kstuha4 pksqucsm hk cegaromìàa ko hcgkrketks gaetks, eaokmhmoketk ào mutcfczmìàa hms eavms tkèafalcms hm cegaromìàa4 meífcsk hk haùoketas hk hcvkrsas





^khra Mzkvkha

2

tcpas ‐ tkxtas hk mutar, eatï`cms hm coprkesm, hmhas kstmtïstcàs, haùoketasmuhcavcsumcs4 cetkrprktmìàa hk qumhras k lrígcàs4 utcfczmìàa hk tãèc`ms hkrkprksketmìàa hm rkmfchmhk àoa ksqukoms-sïetksk, qumhras hk hmhas k lrígcàs4hkskevafvcoketa ha kspïrcta `rcmtcva k hk mjkrturm î ceavmìàa4 k, hkskevafvcoketa hm`mpm`chmhk hk cetkrvkeìàa hk garom àestrutcvm (^mstarcebakt mf., :>>=, p. ;).

Xkeha ko àeschkrmìàa ms gcemfchmhks k as ajiktcvas mprksketmhas, rkssmftmm copartêe`cm hk ‖uo pra`kss a hk kescea-mprkehczmlko `ketrmha ea mfuea4 uopra`kssa m`tcva quk praoavm m mqucscìàa rclarasm hk àebk`coketas, ce`ketcvk ahkskevafvcoketa hk àopktée`cms k hk mtctuhks sa`cmfoketk ùtkcs k quk gaoketk m

mutaeaocm‟ (^mstarceba kt mf., :>>=, p. 2). @aoa smfvmlumrhm hm ajskrvmìàa hkstksprce`ïpcas, tarem-sk prkoketk, ko tkroas oktahafðlcàs, m ‖utcfczmìàa hk kstrmtãlcms

hcvkrscgc`mhms, em okhchm ha passïvkf mhkqumhms î hcvkrschmhk hms ek`ksschmhks khms kspk`cgc`chmhks has mfueas, skoprk ào rkùrsa m oktahafalcms m`tcvms‟

(^mstarceba kt mf., :>>=, p. 2). Eàa pahk skr hksùrmha a hkskevafvcoketa hktãèc`ms hk pksqucsm, hk trmtmoketa k hk mprksketmìàa hm cegaromìàa quk mfcmhms îutcfczmìàa hms eavms tkèafalcms hm cegaromìàa quk àetrcjucràa pmrm a pra`kssa hkkescea-mprkehczmlko ha mfuea (^mstarcebakt mf., :>>=, p. 2).

Mtkehkeha mlarm ma kequmhrmoketa hm uechmhk fktcvm prapastm ea êojctahkstk praikta, m rkgkrcr quk kstm kstí hcvchchm ko 0 tkoítc`ms/sujuechmhks, m smjkr9Okr`mha ‐ eaìàa k kxkopfas hk okr`mhas4 a ok`mecsoa hk okr`mha4 k, par ùftcoa,kstruturm has okr`mhas. @aevão rkssmfvmr quk, kstms tkoítc`ms skràa trmtmhms kmprksketmhms eas tkroas hk uom prapastm hk kescea-mprkehczmlko quk eàa skkslatm eas oafhks quk vkebmo m skr mhatmhas ea êojcta ha rkfmtðrca gcemf hk prítc`mhk kescea supkrvcscaemhm quk vkebm m skr prahuzcha.

@aoa ajiktcvas pmrm kstm uechmhk fktcvm, a ^ralrmom hk Kàeaocm M mpaetmpmrm m àoprkkesàa ha ok`mecsoa ha okr`mha4 m chketcgc`mìàa hms `mrmtkrïstc`msguehmoketmcs hm praùrm k hm agkrtm4 k, a ketkehcoketa ha gue`caemoketa hkhcgkrketks tcpas hk okr`mha. Em vkrhmhk, pmrm ^mstarcebakt mf. (:>>=, p. 00) ‖ào

kstm uechmhk prktkehk-sk quk as mfueas àoprkkehmo a àe`kcta kàeðocà hkokr`mha, jko àoa a sku gue`caemoketa, a qumf rksuftm hm cetkrm`ìàa quk skkstmjkfk`k ketrk as àoprmharks ‐ praùrm ‐ k as vkehkharks ‐ agkrtm‟.

Xkeha àoa prkocssm kstks ajiktcvas, `mjk ma pragkssar, mpacmha emsarcketmìûks ha Ocecstãrca hm Khu`mìàa k @cée`cm (OK@), m okhcmìàa hk





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àebk`coketas àehu`ketks î kxpfc`mìàa has gkeðokeas aàrrchas em rkmfchmhkkàeðoc`m, eaokmhmoketk, kxpfmemeha a paeta hk kqucfïjrca àoa rksuftmha hmcetkrskìàa ketrk ms ùrvms hm praùrm k hm agkrtm k a fa`mf aehk àesuocharks kprahutarks kstàa ko màrha qumeta îs qumetchmhks k prkìa hk trmesmìàa. Copartmrkssmfvmr quk, ‖ems kàeaocms rkmcs, as okr`mhas eàa gue`caemo hkstm garom4 cst aã, eàa kxcstk uom sctumìàa hk àeàrrée`cm pkrgkctm‟ (^mstarceba kt mf., :>>=, p. 00),rmzàa pkfm qumf as mfueas hkvkràa àebk`kr k àoprkkehkr a gue`caemoketa hkautras tcpas hk okr`mhas, eaokmhmoketk, oaeapðfca, afclapðfca k àeàrrée`cmoaeapafïstc`m, quk hczko rkspkcta îs sctumìûks hk àeàrrée`cm copkrgkctm.

:.:. ‐ M khu`mìàa k m oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms

Mlarm copartm mprksketmr m rkvcsàa hm fctkrmturm àeschkrmhm mtã î prksketkhmtm quk praùrmrí iustcgc`mr a tkom prapasta, jko àoa, m sum pkrtceée`cm ea êojctahm uechmhk ;9 ^rkìas k Okr`mhas, hm hcs`cpfcem hk Kàeaocm M.

@aokìmr par rkgkrcr quk `mjk î Khu`mìàa uo pmpkf guf`rmf k cehcspkesívkf

pmrm passcjcfctmr uom àetïeum mqucscìàa k hkskevafvcoketa hk àebk`coketas kàopktée`cms, gaoketmeha, ko scouftêeka, m ce`fusàa hk tahas as cehcvïhuas emsa`ckhmhk. ^mrm Fkelrmeh (=32=, pp. =><-=>2) m khu`mìàa hkvk gmvark`kr mhktkrocemìàa hk kstruturms sðfchms àopartmoketmcs quk miuhko a skr buomea, mafaela hk tahm m sum kxcstée`cm, m àesafchmr mprkehczmlkes quk sk oastrko kgc`mzkspmrm a sku prðprca hkskevafvcoketa. Ea rkfmtðrca kfmjarmha pmrm m [EKP@A, m@aocssàa Cetkrem`caemf sajrk m Khu`mìàa pmrm a Pãùfa RRC, ke`mjkìmhm parIm`quks Hkfars kt mf. (:>>>, p. ==), àeschkrm ‖ms pafïtc`ms khu`mtcvms uo pra`kssa

pkromeketk hk kercquk`coketa has àebk`coketas, ha smjkr gmzkr, oms tmojão ktmfvkz ko prcokcra fulmr, àoa uom vcm prcvcfklcmhm hk àestruìàa hm prðprcm pkssam,hms rkfmìûks ketrk cehcvïhuas kemìûks‟.

Ekstks tkroas, àoprkkehkr a àe`kcta hk khu`mìàa ke`krrm uom írhumhkgcecìàa hmhm m sum àopfkxchmhk cetrïesk`m, tahmvcm, a oksoa eàa màetk`kqumeta ma mta mtrmvãs ha qumf sk arlmeczm m khu`mìàa vcsta quk ‖a pra`kssa

khu`mtcva ã uo pra`kssa koceketkoketk rkfm`caemf k hceêocà Tpacs kstk_ àescstk,hk gm`ta, euom rkfmìàa ketrk uo suikcta khu`mtcva k uo mlketk khu`mtcva‟ (^mtrï`ca,





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=320, p. 7=). Ã m`kctmeha kstm àehcìàa hm khu`mìàa quk m Fkc e.¹ 83/:>>;, hk 0= hk Mlasta ‐ Fkc hk Jmsks ha Pcstkom Khu`mtcva ‐ mpaetm `fmrmoketk pmrm mcopfkoketmìàa hk àetkxtas khu`mtcvas quk gaoketko mprkehczmlkes sclecgc`mtcvmsk ùfturmfoketk rkgkrke`cmhms, prcvcfklcmeha-sk m mqucscìàa hk àopktée`cms ma eïvkfha smjkr-kstmr/skr, smjkr-gmzkr k smjkr-smjkr, skeha `krta quk kstm prkocssm hczrkspkcta, qukr m pragkssarks, qukr mcehm m mfueas.

Copartm mgcromr quk, ketrk autrms quk passmo skr mpaetmhms àoa sumsgueìûks, ̀ mjk ma pragkssar m gueìàa prcoarhcmf hk kescemr. Hk rkgkrcr mcehm quk, pmrmZafhàa (:>>3, p. ;;), kescemr àrrkspaehk î mìàa kspk`cmfczmhm quk praoavk

cetke`caemfoketk m mprkehczmlko par pmrtk hk mfluão hktketar hk àebk`coketas`cketïgcàs pmrm autrko `mrketk hk smjkrks ea haoïeca hk uom hktkrocemhm írkmkspk`cmfczmhm hk àebk`coketa. Ã ekstks tkroas quk m mtumìàa ha pragkssar hkvkríprapar`caemr ma mfuea ‖kxpkrcée`cms quk àetrcjumo pmrm uo mfmrlmoketa hk

barczaetks k uo qukstcaemoketa hms safuìûks keàetrmhms, hk garom m quk kfk smcjmoavcoketmr-sk ea kspmìa aùpmha pkfm cestctucìàa ksàfmr k ea àetkxta omcsmfmrlmha hm vchm sa`cmf‟ (@mjrcta & Afcvkcrm, =33:, p. 0=).

Mssco skeha, hkeatm-sk uom prkaùpmìàa sa`cmf em khu`mìàa hms pkssams,

aehk m arcketmìàa hm khu`mìàa, pkfa jko àouo ko hktrcoketa has cetkrksskscehcvchumcs, hkvkrí skr uom rkspaesmjcfchmhk ha pragkssar ma àehuzcr as mfueaspmrm uom pasturm vcrtuasm k m sum ce`fusàa em sa`ckhmhk (Gfc`dcelkr, :>==, p. =;:),au skim, m khu`mìàa ksàfmr hkvk gmvark`kr kstruturms sðfchms ma eïvkfàopartmoketmf quk miuhko as mfueas m àesafchmr mprkehczmlkes k àopktée`cms.

Ã mtkehkeha îs àeschkrmìûks mpaetmhms quk ms pafïtc`ms khu`mtcvms hkvkomssketmr euo pra`kssa hk pkromeketk kercquk`coketa hms mprkehczmlkes k hmsàopktée`cms ha smjkr-smjkr k smjkr-gmzkr, oms tmojão, k qucìí a omcs copartmetk,em àestruìàa hm prðprcm pkrsaemfchmhk has mfueas kequmeta mlketks hksa`cmfczmìàa k hkstk oaha ha smjkr-kstmr/skr.





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:.0. ‐ A pmpkf hm ksàfm em oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms

Ea quk àe`krek ma pmpkf hm ksàfm, ^krrkeauh (=333, p. <) qukstcaem‖Tm_gcemf, vmc-sk î ksàfm pmrm mhqucrcr àebk`coketas, au pmrm hkskevafvkràopktée`cms1‟.

Metks hk skr mprksketmhm qumfqukr rkspastm îqukfm qukstàa, pmrm Jkssm(:>>2, p. =;>) ‖Ta_ àe`kcta hk àopktée`cm eàa ã eava Toms kstk_ àokìau m skr

hcsùtcha omcs mopfmoketk em írkm pkhmlðlc`m m pmrtcr hm hã`mhm hk =33>‟ k copartm

rkgkrcr quk ‖Te_àa kxcstk uom hkgcecìàa `fmrm k pmrtcfbmhm hms àopktée`cms. M pmfmvrm

tko ouctas sclecgc`mhas, k eceluão pahk prktkehkr hmr m hkgcecìàa‟ (^krrkeauh,=333, p. =3). Pklueha ^krrkeauh ã àouo keàetrmr em fctkrmturm trés eaìûks hkàopktée`cms, tahmvcm, pmrm a mutar eàa pmssmo hk okrms tketmtcvms quk ‖eàa

m`rks`ketmo oucta pmrm m àoprkkesàa has prajfkoms‟ (=333, p. =3).

Copartm, ketàa, `fmrcgc`mr, sklueha m pkrspktcvm hmqukfk mutar, mqukfmseaìûks hk àopktée`cms. Ko prcokcra fulmr, ‖Tg_mfm-sk, îs vkzks, ko àopktée`cmsmpkems pmrm cescstcr em ek`ksschmhk hk kxprkssmr asajiktcvas hk uo kescea kotkroas hk àehutms au prítc`ms ajskrvívkcs ‟ (^krrkeauh, =333, p. =3), tahmvcm, ã

passïvkf kescemr par ajiktcvas sko m ek`ksschmhk hk oajcfczmìàa hk àebk`coketashcmetk hk sctumìûks àopfkxms, hmï quk krrmhmoketk, ‖`mhm mqucscìàa ksàfmr

vkrcgc`ívkf ã uom àopktée`cm‟ (^krrkeauh, =333, p. =3). ^mrm ^krrkeauh, autrasclecgc`mha‖ã m apascìàa kxcstketk ketrk m eaìàa hk àopktée`cm k hk hkskopkeba9a hkskopkeba ajskrvmha skrcm uo cehc`mhar omcs au okeas àegcívkf hk uomàopktée`cm, supastmoketk omcs kstívkf, quk ã okhcha cehcrktmoketk‟ (=333, pp.

=3-:>), pacs skeha m àopktée`cm mfla cevcsïvkf k a hkskopkeba mfla ajskrvívkf,pmrk`k hk taha bmvkr uo hkskqucfïjrca hk okhchm, eàa sk hks`mrtmeha m bcpðtksk hk

‖hks`rkvkr uo àeiueta hk mìûks quk rkoktkssko pmrm m àopktée`cm sujim`ketk‟

(^krrkeauh, =333, p. :>), a quk copfc`mrcm m utcfczmìàa ha vkrja «smjkr´àeiuetmoketk ào uo vkrja hk mìàa quk mpaetk `fmrmoketk ekssk sketcha. Ea qukàe`krek î tkr`kcrm àe`kìàa quk àeschkrm m àopktée`cm àoa skeha uomgmùfhmhk lkeãrc`m, au skim, uom patke`cmfchmhk hk qumfqukr skr buomea, m smfcketmrquk ‖Te_kebuom àopktée`cm ã kstcoufmhm hkshk a ceï`ca. Ms patke`cmfchmhks hasuikcta sð sk trmesgaromo ko àopktée`cms kgktcvms par okca hk mprkehczmhas qukeàa cetkrvéo kspaetmekmoketk ‟ (^krrkeauh, =333, p. :>).





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Mlarm, praùrmeha hmr rkspastm î qukstàa cec`cmfoketk mpaetmhm par^krrkeauh, em vkrhmhk, uom àcsm eàa cevmfchm m autrm, au skim, vmc-sk î ksàfm pmrmmhqucrcr àebk`coketas k pmrm hkskevafvkr àopktée`cms. Csta parquk, m hkgcecìàahk àopktée`cm àelrklm tahms ms `mpm`chmhks hk mlcr ào kgc`cée`cm euomhktkrocemhm sctumìàa, taremeha-sk ek`kssírca m`caemr rkùrsas àlectcvasmhqucrchas ma faela hm garomìàa k kxpkrcée`cm cehcvchumf, au skim, m ksàfm patke`cmm mqucscìàa hk àebk`coketas quk pkroctko oajcfczmr k hkskevafvkr àopktée`cms.

Mtkehkeha î àetkxtumfczmìàa hms àopktée`cms, kstms pahko skr hkgcechmsàoa «uo smjkr ko usa´ (Zafhàa, :>>2, p. :>, `ctmeha ^krrkeauh, =33;), pkfa quk,

kssk oksoa smjkr ‖pahk mssuocr -sk àoa apasta hk «smjkr cekrtk´‟, skeha qukkstk ùftcoa ã pmssïvkf hk sk pkrhkr (ksquk`kr) ma faela ha tkopa vcsta quk ãmhqucrcha àoa okrm ratcem pmrm hmr smtcsgmìàa m qumcsqukr ek`ksschmhksoaoketêekms (Zafhàa, :>>2, p. :=). Em vkrhmhk, pmrm mqukfm mutarm (:>>2, p. :>),

TM_a gmfmroas hk àopktée`cm rkgkrcoa-eas ma smjkr quk sk trmhuz em`mpm`chmhk kgk`tcvm hk utcfczmìàa k omekia (…) k eàa m àetkùhasmùoufmhas ào as qumcs eàa smjkoas eko mlcr ea àe`rkta, eko gmzkrqumfqukr apkrmìàa oketmf au rksafvkr qumfqukr sctumìàa, eko pkesmr ̀ aokfks.

^rasskluk m mutarm (:>>2, p. :=), mgcromeha quk as smjkrks mhqucrchas ma

faela hm vchm hkstcemo-sk m taremr a cehcvïhua omcs `mpmz hk kxkr`kr àopktée`cmsquk, uom vkz mhqucrchms, ‖eàa sk ksquk`kTo_ eko sk pkrhkTo_‟. Zafhàa (:>>2, p.:>) mrluoketm mcehm quk,

TK_xcstk àopktée`cm (au àopktée`cms) qumeha, pkrmetk uom sctumìàa,sk ã `mpmz hk oajcfczmr mhkqumhmoketk hcvkrsas àebk`coketas prãvcas,skfk``caeí-fas k cetklrí-fas mhkqumhmoketk pkrmetk mqukfm sctumìàa (auprajfkom, au qukstàa, au ajik`ta àlectcva au kstãtcà, kt`.) .

Copartm mfkrtmr pmrm a gm`ta hk quk àopktée`cm hcgkrk hk ajiktcva, emspmfmvrms hk Zafhàa (:>>2, p. :=-::), ajiktcva rkgkrk-sk ma quk ã prktkehcha ko

rkfmìàa î mprkehczmlko hk hktkrocemha àetkùha au àebk`coketa, pkfa quk‖qumfqukr gcemfchmhk quk sk vcsk cetke`caemfoketk ã uo ajik`tcva, oms eko tahas as

ajik`tcvas sk arcketmo pmrm m àestruìàa hk uom àopktée` cm‟.

M copartêe`cm hm oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms em ksàfm mssuok pmrtcùfmrcetkrkssk tkeha ko àeschkrmìàa a mrtcla 3.¹ hm Fkc hk Jmsks ha Pcstkom Khu`mtcvaquk kfke`m uom sãrck hk ajiktcvas quk, em vkrhmhk, àrrkspaehko m àopktée`cmsm skrko prapar`caemhms mas mfueas. Mqukfk mrtcla mpaetm pmrm a hkskevafvcoketahk mìûks hk mprkehczmlko quk mssklurko m kvafuìàa ha rm`ca`ïeca k gmùftko





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àebk`coketas ek`kssírcas î àoprkkesàa, par autra fmha, ms mìûks hkvkopraoavkr m garomìàa has iavkes cetkrkssmhas em rksafuìàa hk prajfkoms,eaokmhmoketk, prapar`caemeha m arcketmìàa, m garomìàa pragcsscaemf, a àetm`ta kms kxpkrcée`cms ào a oueha ha trmjmfba. Mcehm, sk kstmjkfk`k àoa pmpkf hmksàfm, m `rcmìàa hk bíjctas hk trmjmfba cehcvchumf k hk lrupa.

Ouctas sàa as prk`kctas ko tarea hms àopktée`cms oms, pmrm Jkssm (:>>2,p. =;=), ‖Tp_mrtceha ha prce`ïpca hk quk as skrks buomeas sk hkskevafvko pkfms

rkfmìûks quk kstmjkfk`ko ào a sku okca, ^krrkeauh vé ms àopktée`cms eàa àoauo `moceba, oms àoa uo kgkcta mhmptmtcva ha baoko îs sums àehcìûks hk

kxcstée`cm‟, hmï quk àopktée`cms eàa skimo ek`kssmrcmoketk hkskevafvchmsmtrmvãs hm mprkehczmlko garomf, pacs ms vcvée`cms hms rkfmìûks sa`cmcs k msàehcìûks hk kxcstée`cm tmojão kxclko m mqucscìàa k hkskevafvcoketa hkàopktée`cms quk, pmrm ^krrkeauh, ‖rkgkrko -sk ma haoïeca prítcà hk uo tcpa hktmrkgms k hk sctumìûks‟ (Jkssm, :>>2, p. =;:).

^mrm Om`bmha & Laeìmfvks (=33=), euom mfusàa hcrktm î copartêe`cm haùrrïùfa aùfta k cegaromf, mrluoketmo quk,

Em ksàfm mprkehk-sk oucta omcs ha quk ã ajik`ta hk trmesocssàa garomfau cegaromf has pragkssarks. M prðprcm kstruturm hm ksàfm trmesoctkokesmlkes ‐ par kxkopfa, mtrmvãs hkfm mprkehk-sk quk ms arlmeczmìûksk m sa`ckhmhk kstàa bckrmrquczmhms, quk ã prk`csa ke`mocebmr asprajfkoms pkfas `memcs prðprcas, quk as hcvkrsas lrupas téo pahkrkshcgkrketks, kt`. (p. 88)

Ekstk àetkxta, copartm ‖rkgfktcr sajrk m copartêe`cm k a sclecgc`mha Tha_

pra`kssa hk kescea-mprkehczmlko hm rkmfchmhk sa`cmf ea qumf mfueas k pragkssarkskstàa kopkebmhas‟ (@mjrcta & Afcvkcrm, =33:, p. 0>). Xkeha ko àeschkrmìàa tuhaqumeta gcàu rklcstmha metkrcaroketk,

M ksàfm hkvk prapar`caemr kxpkrcée`cms patke`cmfoketk rc`ms (…) quk sð

surtcràa a kgkcta hkskimha sk sk mhkqumrko mas àetkùhas k garkopkrgkctmoketk vcvchms k m`kctks pkfas mfueas (…) Tqukstcaemeha -sk_ apmpkf ha pragkssar ko taha kstk pra`kssa, ií quk fbk `mjk lkrcr a rkmfpkhmlðlcà (cehcsùtcvkfoketk uo sujscstkom ha rkmf sa`cmf), hk pmr`krcmào as rkstmetks cetkrvkecketks ea m`ta pkhmlðlcà. (p. 0=)TA_ pragkssar eàa pahk rkùsmr ms kxpkrcée`cms k mprkehczmlkes hk qukas skus mfueas ií sk mpraprcmrmo, eàa pahk eko hkvk rkùsmr as scstkomseàa garomcs hk kescea (…) Tm_a cevãs hk rkùsmr kssms mprkehczmlkes, apragkssar hkvkrí sus`ctmr a hkjmtk ko tarea hk chkcms, par vkzks mpkemscetuïhms k hk gm`tas quk àevufscaemo a rkmf k àeguehko a mfuea, pacssð ha àegraeta hk garoms hcvkrsms hk fkr a rkmf sa`cmf a mfuea pahkrí, komutaeaocm, àestrucr a sku smjkr k, mssco, hk`chcr hk garom `rïtc`m kàes`cketk sajrk m sum cetkrvkeìàa ekssk rkmf. (@mjrcta & Afcvckrm, =33:,

p. 00)





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Mfão hm trmesocssàa hk àe`kctas k tkarcms, ems pmfmvrms hk @mjrcta &Afcvkcrm (=33:, p. 08), `mjk ma pragkssar

TP_us`ctmr m ùrcaschmhk cetkfk`tumf k a lasta pkfm pksqucsm, ea sketcha hafkvmetmoketa hk prajfkoms k hm garoufmìàa hk bcpðtksks,prapar`caemeha a hkskevafvcoketa hk mtctuhks rkspkctmharms hmshcgkrkeìms hkàrrketks ha rkàebk`coketa hm rkfmtcvchmhk ha sa`cmfoketkkstmjkfk`cha.

âr autra fmha, pmrm Mjrmetks (:>>=, p. 2),

TM_ ksàfm eàa ã uom saom hk mufms hk vírcms hcs`cpfcems tatmfoketkskpmrmhms uoms hms autrms oms sco uo kspmìa hk khu`mìàa pmrm m`chmhmecm, k quk a ùrrïùfa eàa ã uom saom hk omtãrcms m kescemr omssco uo praik`ta hk rkmfczmìàa hk mprkehczmlko k hk hkskevafvcoketa hkàopktée`cms quk hkvk prapar`caemr mas mfueas kxpkrcée`cmssclecgc`mtcvms hk uo oaha àkrketk mrtcùfmha ketrk ms sums hcvkrsmsàopaeketks.

^mrm @asok & Xrcehmhk (:>=>, p. 02), copartm àeschkrmr‖qukr a pmpkf has

pragkssarks àoa rkspaesívkcs pkfa hkskevafvcoketa hk cec`cmtcvms rkfm`caemhmsào m praoaìàa hk àopktée`cms k kstrmtãlcms hk mutamprkehczmlko has mfueas,qukr ms prðprcms hcokesûks kstruturmetks sujim`ketks m tmcs cec`cmtcvms‟.

:.8. ‐ Oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms hketra hms smfms hk mufm

@ketrmeha m mtkeìàa ems àopktée`cms ma eïvkf hm hchítc`m quk,cekvctmvkfoketk, àehuzcrí îs kstrmtãlcms hchítc`ms m utcfczmr ea pra`kssa hk kescea-mprkehczmlko, ^krrkeauh (:>>>) mprksketm uom fcstm hk hkz àopktée`cmsek`kssírcms pmrm m prítc`m fktcvm, m smjkr9 arlmeczmr k hcrclcr sctumìûks hkmprkehczmlko4 mhocecstrmr m pralrkssàa hms mprkehczmlkes4 àe`kjkr k gmzkr kvafucrhcspasctcvas hk hcgkrke`cmìàa4 kevafvkr as mfueas ems sums mprkehczmlkes k eas skus

trmjmfbas4 trmjmfbmr ko kqucpm4 pmrtc`cpmr em mhocecstrmìàa ksàfmr4 cegaromr kkevafvkr as pmcs4 utcfczmr ms eavms tkèafalcms4 kegrketmr as hkvkrks k as hcfkomsãtcàs hm pragcssàa4 k, mhocecstrmr m prðprcm garomìàa àetïeum. Omcs tmrhk surlk m‖ek`ksschmhk hk sk hkskevafvkr uom hã`com prcokcrm àopktée`cm fclmhm ma

trmjmfba ha`ketk, quk kstí rkfm`caemhm î mìàa ha pragkssar kequmeta uo mtar àfktcvaea scstkom hk kescea hm pragcsscaemfczmìàa k hm prítc`m rkgfkxcvm sajrk sku prðprcagmzkr‟ (Jkssm, :>>2, p. =;0).





^khra Mzkvkha

=;

Mtkehkeha îqukfks prk`kctas ea quk sk rkgkrk ma kescea hm Kàeaocm, emspmfmvrms hk Zahrïlukz (:>==, p. =8), qumeha as pragcsscaemcs hms @cée`cmsKàeðoc`ms k Pa`cmcs arcketmo m sum va`mìàa pmrm a kescea, m`mjmo par hksàjrcrquk ‖fm àopfkiczm`cðe `rk`cketk hkf prajfkom khu`mtcva hkomehm uem garom`cðe

mhc`caemf hk arhke pkhmlðlcà, m fas kgk`tas hk pahkr mjarhmr mhkùmhmoketk fashksmgïas quk àtchcmemoketk sk prksketme‟ =. K ã tkeha ko àetm a tkom prapastapmrm m rkmfczmìàa ha rkfmtðrca hk prítc`m hk kescea supkrvcscaemhm, quk copartmàetkxtumfczmr a kescea hms `cée`cms sa`cmcs ea scstkom khu`mtcva, csta parquk, ‖Tf_as

tckopas rk`cketks sk bme `mrm`tkrczmha par uem skrck hk `mojcas ke fm pafïtc`mkhu`mtcvm4 ke rkfmtcvmoketk paà tckopa sk pmsa hk ue oahkfa hk keskýmezm jmsmhake fas ajiktcvas m atra ùya sustketa ks fm garom`cðe hk àopktke`cms‟ : (Zahrïlukz,:>==, p. :8). Mssco, mtumfoketk àestmtmo-sk

TE_ukvms àe`kp`caeks hchí`tc`ms, àe ãegmscs ke kf ecvkf okhca ke fmgarom`cðe hk àopktke`cms, fms quk pukhke ketkehkrsk àoa9`mpm`chmhks àopfkims cetklrmhms quk sk omtkrcmfczme ke uem hcokescðeprmloítc`m4 ks hk`cr, sk prktkehk fm garom`cðe hk suiktas rkgfkxcvas,rkspaesmjfks hk sus m`tas y àopraoktchas sa`cmfoketk, quk apkrke àe`rkmtcvchmh ke fas hcgkrketks íojctas hk su m`tcvchmhk.0 (Zahrïlukz, :>==,p. :8)

:.;. ‐ Kstrmtãlcms hchítc`ms pmrm m oajcfczmìàa hk àopktée`cms

Xarem-sk kvchketk quk pmrm hmr ùoprcoketa îs prkocssms mpaetmhmsmetkrcaroketk ã ek`kssírcm m copfkoketmìàa hk kstrmtãlc`ms hchítc`ms `mpmzks hklmrmetcr a su`kssa hms mprkehczmlkes, pkfa quk, pmrm Zafhàa (:>>3, p. ;7) mkstrmtãlcm hk kescemr ‖trmtm hk praùrmr m okfbar k omcs kgc`mz vcm pmrm as

mprkehketks, ea sku àei ueta k em cehcvchumfchmhk hk `mhm uo‟.

Mrluoketm mcehm mqukfm mutarm (:>>3, p. ;2) quk, m kstrmtãlcm hk kesceamssketm ko trés prkssupastas `ru`cmcs, m smjkr9 chketcgc`mìàa hm kstrmtãlcm àoa

= Xrmhuìàa fcvrk9 M àopfkxchmhk `rks`ketk ha prajfkom hm khu`mìàa kxclk uom garomìàa mhc`caemf hk arhkopkhmlðlc`m, m gco hk mjarhmrko mhkqumhmoketk as hksmgcas quk quatchcmemoketk sk mprksketmo

: Xrmhuìàa fcvrk9 As ùftcoas tkopas téo-sk `mrmtkrczmha par uom sãrck hk ouhmeìms em pafïtc`m khu`mtcvm9 korkfmtcvmoketk pauà tkopa pmssau-sk hk uo oahkfa hk kescea jmskmha eas ajiktcvas m autra sustketmha emgaromìàa hk àopktée`cms 0 Xrmhuìàa fcvrk9 Eavms ̀ ae`kìûks hchítc`ms, ̀ ao kegmsk ea eïvkf oãhca hk garomìàa hk ̀ aopktée`cms, a quk pahkskr ketkehcha àoa9 àopfkxms `mpm`chmhks cetklrmhms quk sk omtkrcmfczmo euom hcokesàa prmloítc`m, au skim,prktkehk-sk m garomìàa hk suikctas rkgfkxcvas, rkspaesívkcs pkfas skus mtas k àopraoktchas sa`cmfoketk, qukmtuko ̀ ao ̀ rcmtcvchmhk eas hcgkrketks êojctas hm sum mtcvchmhk





^khra Mzkvkha

=7

àe`kìàa lfajmf par garom m rkuecr cegaromìàa pkrtceketk, rkàrrkeha maqukstcaemoketa memfïtcà sajrk ms tkoítc`ms, hkjmtks hk paetas hk vcstm hk oaha mmpurmr ms gcemfchmhks k prcvcfãlcas pmrm as mfueas4 chketcgc`mìàa has okcas k hasoahas ksàfbchas, eaokmhmoketk, ms tmrkgms, ms mtcvchmhks k ms tãèc`mscopfc`mhms4 par ùftcoa, mtkehkr mas oahas hk mvmfcmìàa quk gmzko sketcha emkstrmtãlcm copfkoketmhm. Mssco, pmrm m mutarm (:>>3, pp. ;2-7>), m kstrmtãlcm hkkescea prkssupûk a pfmekmoketa hk mìûks kgc`mzks, a quk copfc`m mssuocr uom

pasturm kstrmtãlc`m par garom m `rcmr uo pkrùrsa arcketmha k ào uom gcemfchmhkhkvchmoketk trmìmhm quk prapar`caek m mprkehczmlko hk àe`kctas k passcjcfctk mmqucscìàa hk àopktée`cms par uo àeiueta hcvkrscgc`mha hk mfueas.

Em vkrhmhk, uo oksoa àeiueta hk mtcvchmhks au tmrkgms pahk skrarlmeczmha sklueha kstrmtãlcms hcgkrketks hkpkehkeha hm àe`kìàa k gcemfchmhkquk sk prktkehk mf`meìmr, par autra fmha, pmrm uom oksom kstrmtãlcm pahkràa skrtmojão àeschkrmhms tãèc`ms hcgkrke`cmhms. Emturmfoketk quk, a sketcha hmàe`kìàa k pfmekmoketa hk uo àeiueta hk mìûks hkvkrí tkr ko fcebm hk àetm majtkeìàa au omxcoczmìàa ha rksuftmha prktkehcha. Mfão hm kstrmtãlcm hk kescea, asajiktcvas khu`m`caemcs hkvko skr hks`rctas ma faela ha pra`kssa hk kescea-

mprkehczmlko, pmrm Lcf (:>>2, p. ==<),^mrm quk uo ajiktcva skim `fmra k prk`csa, ã ek`kssírca quk skim kxpfï`cta. Mssco, as ajiktcvas hkvko skr kfmjarmhas hk garom tmf quk pkroctmo mhks`rcìàa ha quk a kstuhmetk kstmrí mpta m gmzkr ko àeskqöée`cm hmcestruìàa rk`kjchm. ^mrm tmeta, àevão quk skimo kxprkssas okhcmetk mutcfczmìàa hk vkrjas hk mìàa, csta ã, quk kxprkssko àopartmoketasajskrvívkcs. Wkrjas àoa smjkr, ketkehkr k àoprkkehkr, eàaks`fmrk`ko a quk sk prktkehk ha kstuhmetk. Ií as vkrjas hkgcecr,chketcgc`mr, hkskebmr k ks`rkvkr , par sus`ctmrko pau`ms cetkrprktmìûks,taremo as ajiktcvas `fmras k prk`csas.

Ã hk taha rkfkvmetk tkr prksketk m copartêe`cm ha pmpkf has pragkssarks quk

‖téo hk ceavmr k okfbarmr ea `mopa hms kxpkrcée`cms, ií quk ã ðjvca quk uo `klaeàa pahk kspkrmr lucmr autra `kla‟ (Om`bmha & Laeìmfvks, =33=, p. 8;).





^khra Mzkvkha

=<

@aetkxta ksàfmr

0.=. ‐ @mopa hk cevkstclmìàa

@aoa jrkvk kequmhrmoketa àetkxtumf ma eïvkf lkalrígcà, copartm rkgkrcrquk a trmjmfba hk `mopa skrí rkmfczmha ea àe`kfba hk @ms`mcs, sctumha m a`chketkha kstuírca ha Xkia, ketrk m skrrm hk Pcetrm k a a`kmea Mtfêetcà, quk àegraetm meartk ào a àe`kfba hk Pcetrm, m suf k m a`chketk ào a a`kmea k m arcketk ào aàe`kfba hk Akcrms, tkeha uom írkm hk 33,>< do : k rklcstm :>7 8:3 bmjctmetks,

sklueha as @kesas hk :>== ha Cestctuta Em`caemf hk Kstmtïstc`m. Mcehm hk màrhaào as @kesas :>==, hk kspk`cmf rkmf`k a gm`ta hk m papufmìàa ha àe`kfba hk@ms`mcs mprksketmr eïvkcs hk cestruìàa supkrcarks î oãhcm em`caemf, aehk `kr`m hk::% hm papufmìàa passuc uo ùrsa supkrcar quk, àopmrmtcvmoketk àoa aàe`kfba hk Fcsjam, ã supkrcar ;%. M lrmehk omcarcm hms pkssams fc`ke`cmhms sàaoufbkrks (;<%), tahmvcm, kstk rksuftmha oastrm-sk cegkrcar î pkr`ketmlko em`caemfquk raehm 7=% hk oufbkrks ào fc`ke`cmturm.

Em fa`mfchmhk ha Kstarcf, ào 2,<3 do: k :7 03< bmjctmetks, sctum-sk a

Mlrupmoketa hk Ksàfms hk Pàa Iaàa ha Kstarcf, oms àe`rktmoketk em sum skhk,aehk skrí hkskevafvcha a trmjmfba hk `mopa quk, mcehm oucta rk`ketkoketk,mhatmvm a eaok hk Ksàfm Pkùehírcm hk Pàa Iaàa ha Kstarcf. Pajrk kstm ksàfmskrí pkrtceketk rkgkrcr quk, par garìm ha Hk`rkta-Fkc e.¹ 8; 707 hmtmha hk 0= hk Omrìahk =378, surlcu a Fc`ku em`caemf hk @ms`mcs quk garm cemulurmha m :< hk Eavkojrahk =372, pmssmeha m hksclemr-sk par Fc`ku Em`caemf hk Pàa Iaàa ha Kstarcf ea meahk =3<8 skeha quk, ko vcrtuhk hm uecgc`mìàa has kesceas fc`kmf k tãècà, ko =3<2mftkrm a eaok pmrm Ksàfm Pkùehírcm hk Pàa Iaàa ha Kstarcf (KPPIK) quk, ko :>=:,pmssau m skr skhk hk mlrupmoketa ‖aehk pahko hcstcelucr -sk vírcms rkmfchmhkssa`cakàeðoc`ms k urjmeïstc`ms, bmjctmhms par papufmìûks hcgkrke`cmhms‟

(Zklufmoketa Cetkrea, :>==).

A trmjmfba hk `mopa skrí kgktumha em turom ha =>.¹ C ha @ursa hk @cée`cmsPa`cakàeðoc`ms, ào 0: mfueas (=7 rmpmzks k =; rmpmrclms) ces`rctas ea prksketkmea fktcva hk :>=0/:>=8, ào m oãhcm hk chmhks hk =; meas. A pragkssar àapkrmetk

‐ ̂ rag. Fu`cmea ̂ krkcrm ‐ rklcstm :3 meas hk kxkr`ï`ca hk gueìûks ha`ketks ea Lrupahk Zk`rutmoketa 80> ‐ Kàeaocm k @aetmjcfchmhk. ]umeta î hcs`cpfcem, m oke`caemr





^khra Mzkvkha

=2

quk skrí m hcs`cpfcem hk Kàeaocm M, aehk hkàrrkràa ms ajskrvmìûks hk mufms k mprítc`m hk kescea supkrvcscaemhm.

0.:. ‐ Kstrmtãlcms hk kescea ea êojcta hm cevkstclmìàa

@aoa jrkvk kequmhrmoketa àetkxtumf ma eïvkf lkalrígcà, copartm rkgkrcr





^khra Mzkvkha

=3

Zkgkrée`cms

MJZMEXKP, ^. (:>>=). @urrïùfa Em`caemf ha Kescea Jíscà9 @aopktée`cms

Ksske`cmcs . Fcsjam9 Ocecstãrca hm Khu`mìàa, Hkpmrtmoketa hm Khu`mìàa Jísc`m.

JKPPM, W. (:>>2).Xkarcms hm Mprkehczmlko . @urctcjm9 CKPHK Jrmscf.

JALHME, Z. & JCDFKE, P. (=338).Cevkstclmìàa qumfctmtcvm ko khu`mìàa. [om

cetrahuìàa î tkarcm k mas oãtahas . ârta9 ârta Khctarm.

@MJZCXA, J. & AFCWKCZM, O. (=33:).Hchí`tc`m hms @cée`cms Kàeðocà-Pa`cmcs . Mpaetmoketas ‐ [ecvkrschmhk Mjkrtm (eàa pujfc`mha). Fcsjam.

@APOK, M. & XZCEHMHK, Z. (:>=>).Khu`mr k mprkehkr em ksàfm9 qukstûks,

hksmgcas k rkspastms pkhmlðlc`ms . Wcfm Eavm hk Lmcm9 Guehmìàa Omeukf Fkàa.

HKFAZP, I. kt mf. (=337). Khu`mìàa9 uo tksaura par hksàjrcr. Zkfmtðrca pmrm m

[EKP@A hm @aocssàa Cetkrem`caemf sajrk Khu`mìàa pmrm a sãùfa RRC . (2.ª kh.).ârta9 Khcìûks MPM.

HCALA, M. (:>=>). Kstrmtãlcms hk gmoïfcms k ksàfms.Pa`cafalcm . Waf. :>, pp. 8:;-88:.





^khra Mzkvkha

:>

GKZEMEHKP, H. (=33=). Eatms sajrk as pmrmhcloms hk cevkstclmìàa ko khu`mìàa.Zkvcstm Eakscs . Waf. =2, pp. 78-77.

GFC@DCELKZ, B. (:>==). Bkrmeìm k gutura ha àe`kcta hk garomìàa.Khu`mìàa &

Pa`ckhmhk . Waf. 0: (==8), pp. =;=-=7<.

LCF, M. (:>>2).Hchítc`m ha Kescea Pupkrcar . Pàa ^mufa9 Mtfms.

LÖEXBKZ, B. (:>>7). ^ksqucsm qumfctmtcvm vkrsus pksqucsm qumetctmtcvm9 kstm ã mqukstàa1 ^scàfalcm9 Xkarcm k ^ksqucsm . Waf. :: (:), pp. :>=-:=>.

CEPXCX[XA EM@CAEMF HK KPXMXÏPXC@M (CEK). Zksuftmhas has @kesas :>==. M`khcha ko >2 hk Imekcra hk :>=8 mtrmvãs hk9

bttp9//`kesas.cek.pt/xpartmf/xomce1xpch?@KEPAP&xplch?`kesas:>==Qmprksketm`ma

FKC E.¹ 83/:>>;, hk 0= hk Mlasta.Hcírca hm Zkpùjfc`m e.¹ =77, Pãrck C-M . Msskojfkcmhm Zkpùjfc`m. Fcsjam.

FKELZME, ^. (=32=). Cetrahuìàa î khu`mìàa pkromeketk . (:.ª Kh.). Fcsjam9Barczaetk.

F[HDK, O. & MEHZÃ, O. (=327).̂ksqucsm ko Khu`mìàa9 Mjarhmlkes ]umfctmtcvms .Pàa ^mufa9 Khctarm ^khmlðlc`m k [ecvkrsctírcm Fthm.

OM@BMHA, G. & LAEÌMFWKP, O. (=33=).@urrïùfa k hkskevafvcoketa ùrrcùfmr9

^rajfkoms k pkrspk`tcvms . ârta9 Khcìûks MPM.

http://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=censos2011_apresentacao









^khra Mzkvkha

:=

^MPXAZCEBA, M.4 PCFWM, K.4 FA^KP, F.4 PCFWKPXZK, O. & OACEBAP, Z. (:>>=).^ralrmom hk Kàeaocm M . Ocecstãrca hk Khu`mìàa ‐ Hkpmrtmoketa ha KesceaPkùehírca, :>>=/:>>:. Fcsjam.

^MXZÏ@CA, O. (=320).Xkarcm hm Khu`mìàa . [ecvkrschmhk hk Ãvarm.

^KZZKEA[H, ^. (=333). @aestrucr àopktée`cms hkshk m ksàfm . ârta Mfklrk9 Mrtks Oãhc`ms Puf.

^KZZKEA[H, ^. (:>>>). => Eavms àopktée`cms pmrm kescemr . ârta Mfklrk9 MrtksOãhc`ms Puf.

ÂEXK, I. (=338). A ^raik`ta Ocekrvm ‐ Cetrahuzceha ms EXC em Khu`mìàa ko

ârtulmf . Fcsjam9 Hkpmrtmoketa hk ^ralrmomìàa k Lkstàa Gceme`kcrm ha Ocecstãrcahm Khu`mìàa. Fcsjam.

ZAHZÏL[KY, @. (:>==). [em rkgfkxcðe oktahafðlc`m sajrk su keskýmezm . M`khchako >0 hk Imekcra hk :>=8 mtrmvãs hk9

bttp9//www.kuokh.ekt/fcjras-lrmtcs/:>==h/=>78/pmrmhclom.btof

ZAFHÀA, O. (:>>3). Kstrmtãlcms hk kescea ‐ a smjkr k a mlcr ha pragkssar . ârta9Guehmìàa Omeukf Fkàa.

ZAFHÀA, O. (:>>2). Lkstàa ha ùrrïùfa k mvmfcmìàa hk àopktée`cms . Fcsjam9Khctarcmf ̂ rkskeìm.

PMEXAP, J. (=332). [o hcsùrsa sajrk ms @cée`cms . ârta9 Mgraetmoketa.

http://www.eumed.net/libros-gratis/2011d/1064/paradigma.html







^khra Mzkvkha

::

PCXK HM KP@AFM PK@[EHÍZCM HK PÀA IAÀA HA KPXAZCF (KPPIP).Zklufmoketa cetkrea. M`khcha ko >2 hk Imekcra hk :>=8 mtrmvãs hk9

bttp9//mksik.pt/KPPIK/Ha`uoketas/ZklufmoketaQCetkrea/ZklufQCetkrea.phg

XMSFAZ, P. & JALHME, Z. (=327).Cetrahu``cae m fas oãtahas `umfctmtcvas hk

cevkstclm`cðe . Jmr`kfaem9 ^mchðs.

http://aesje.pt/ESSJE/Documentos/Regulamento_Interno/Regul_Interno.pdf



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