processos de soldagem

5/10/2018 processos de soldagem - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processos-de-soldagem 1/52

]JO^MYROKFKM NMKMYFH KM @OJFR LMYFORKmufy{f`mj{d km Mjlmjafyof @m{fh÷ylobf

Rdhkflm` O

Oj{ydk}ìâd fdr Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm`

Uydn* Uf}hd G* @dkmjmroUydn* Uf}hd ^ohhfjo @fyv}mr

Imhd Adyowdj{m( gfjmoyd km 9566



R]@ÆYOD

6 @ï{dkdr km ]joâd kdr @m{for *********************************************************************

9 Kmnojoìâd km Rdhkflm ********************************************************************************

2 Umv}mjd Aor{òyobd kf Rdhkflm` ******************************************************************

; Ndy`fìâd km }`f g}j{f rdhkfkf *****************************************************************

= Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm *******************************************************************************=*6 Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy N}râd *************************************************=*9 Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Uymrrâd !d} udy Kmndy`fìâd/ ************

>* Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm Udy N}râd ****************************************************************>*6 ‒ Rdhkflm f Fybd ****************************************************************************

>*6*6 ‒ Rdhkflm` bd` Mhm{ydkdr Ym~mr{okdr ********************************>*6*9 Rdhkflm` L[F\ **************************************************************>*6*2 Rdhkflm` L@F\ ************************************************************>*6*; Rdhkflm` bd` Fyf`mr [}i}hfymr *************************************>*6*= Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd ********************************************>*6*> Rdhkflm` f Uhfr`f ************************************************************

>*9 Rdhkflm` udy Mhm{ydmrbòyof **********************************************************>*2 Rdhkflm` Dqolær ***************************************************************************>*; Rdhkflm` bd` Nmoqm km Mhï{ydjr *************************************************>*= Rdhkflm` f Hfrmy **************************************************************************>*> ‒ Uydbmrrdr Aàiyokdr km Rdhkflm` **************************************************

< Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm udy Kmndy`fìâd ****************************************************<*6 Rdhkflm` udy Ymror{çjbof ***************************************************************<*9 Rdhkflm` udy Bmj{mhaf`mj{d ********************************************************<*2 Rdhkflm` udy Fh{fnymv}çjbof ********************************************************<*; Rdhkflm` udy Nyobìâd *********************************************************************<*= Rdhkflm` udy Kon}râd ********************************************************************<*> Rdhkflm` udy Mquhdrâd ******************************************************************<*< Rdhkflm` udy Hfòjfìâd ***************************************************************<*1 Rdhkflm` f Nyod ******************************************************************************

<*? Rdhkflm` udy ]h{yfrd` *****************************************************************1 Uydbmrrdr km Iyfrflm ********************************************************************************

? Uydbmrrdr km Bdy{m [ïyòbd *************************************************************************?*6 Bdy{m f Dqolçjod ******************************************************************************?*9 Bdy{m f Uhfr`f *********************************************************************************?*2 Bdy{m f Hfrmy ************************************************************************************

65 Uydbmrrdr km Frumyrâd [ïyòbf *****************************************************************

66 Ioihodlyfnof Bdùhm`mj{fy ************************************************************************



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6

OJ[YDK]ÌÂD FDR UYDBMRRDR KM RDHKFLM@

6 - @ï{dkdr km ]joâd kdr @m{for

Dr `ï{dkdr km }joâd km `m{for udkm` rmy ko~okokdr m` k}fr bf{mldyofr uyojboufor( or{d ï(

fv}mhmr ifrmfkdr jd fufymbo`mj{d km ndyìfr `mbéjobfr `fbydrbòuobfr mj{ym fr ufy{mr f rmym`

}jokfr m fv}mhmr ifrmfkdr m` ndyìfr òbydrbòuobfr !oj{myf{ûòbfr d} oj{my`dhmb}hfymr/* Jd

uyo`moyd bfrd( kd v}fh râd mqmùhdr f ufyfn}rflm` m f ymio{flm`( f ymror{çjbof kf g}j{f ï kfkf

umhf ymror{çjbof fd borfhaf`mj{d kd ufyfn}rd d} ymio{m( `for fr ndyìfr km f{yo{d mj{ym fr

r}umynàbomr m` bdj{f{d* Jd rml}jkd bfrd( f }joâd ï bdjrml}okf umhf fuydqo`fìâd kdr æ{d`dr m

`dhïb}hfr kfr ufy{mr f rmym` }jokfr( d} kmr{fr m }` `f{myofh oj{my`mkoæyod( f{ï kor{éjbofr

r}nobomj{m`mj{m umv}mjfr ufyf f ndy`fìâd km holfìýmr `m{æhobfr m km ^fj kmy \ffhr* Bd`d

mqmùhdr kmr{f bf{mldyof bo{f`rm f rdhkflm`( f iyfrflm` m f bdhflm`*

9 - Kmnojoìâd km Rdhkflm`

]` lyfjkm j÷`myd km konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr }{ohowfkdr jf nfiyobfìâd m ymb}umyfìâd km umìfr(

mv}ouf`mj{dr m mr{y}{}yfr ï fiyfjlokd umhd {my`d RDHKFLM@* Bhfrrobf`mj{m( f rdhkflm` ï

bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` `ï{dkd km }joâd( udyï`( `}o{dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` d} ~fyofìýmr

kmr{mr râd }rfkdr ufyf f kmudroìâd km `f{myofh rdiym }`f r}umynàbom( ~orfjkd f ymb}umyfìâd km

umìfr kmrlfr{fkfr d} ufyf f ndy`fìâd km }` ym~mr{o`mj{d bd` bfyfb{myàr{obfr mrumbofor*

Konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr ymhfbodjfkdr bd` dr km rdhkflm` râd }{ohowfkdr ufyf d bdy{m d} ufyf d

ymbdiyo`mj{d km umìfr* Ko~myrdr frumb{dr kmrrfr dumyfìýmr km ymbdiyo`mj{d m bdy{m râd roòhfymr

å rdhkflm` m( udy orrd( `}o{dr frumb{dr kmr{mr uydbmrrdr râd fidykfkdr g}j{f`mj{m bd` mr{f*

Fhl}`fr kmnojoìýmr km rdhkflm` râd7

)Uydbmrrd km g}jìâd km `m{for udy n}râd)* !Km~mrm ymrrfh{fy v}m jâd rò `m{for râd

rdhkæ~mor m v}m ï udrrà~mh rdhkfy `m{for rm` n}râd/*

)Dumyfìâd v}m ~orf di{my f }joâd km k}fr d} `for umìfr ( frrml}yfjkd( jf g}j{f rdhkfkf( f

bdj{oj}okfkm km uyduyomkfkmr nàrobfr( v}àòbfr m `m{fh÷ylobfr)*

)Dumyfìâd v}m ~orf di{my f bdfhmrbçjbof hdbfhowfkf uydk}wokf umhd fv}mbo`mj{d f{ï }`f

{mùmyf{}yf fkmv}fkf( bd` d} rm` f fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd m km `m{fh km fkoìâd*)!Kmnojoìâd f fkd{fkf umhf F\R F`myobfj \mhkojl Rdbom{/*




‘Uydbmrrd km }joâd km `f{myofor ifrmfkd jd mr{fimhmbo`mj{d( jf ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym dr

`f{myofor rmjkd }jokdr( km ndyìfr km holfìâd v}àòbf km jf{}ymwf roòhfy år f{}fj{mr jd

oj{myody kdr uyòuyodr `f{myofor*‐

2 - Umv}mjd Aor{òyobd kf Rdhkflm`

Mìdyf f rdhkflm`( jf r}f ndy`f f{}fh( rmgf }` uydbmrrd ymbmj{m( bd` bmybf km 655 fjdr( f

iyfrflm` m f rdhkflm` udy ndygf`mj{d {ç` rokd }{ohowfkfr kmrkm ïudbfr ym`d{fr* Mqor{m( udy

mqmùhd( jd @}rm} kd Hd}~ym( }` uojlmj{m km d}yd bd` ojkobfìýmr km {my rokd rdhkfkd m v}m

ndo nfiyobfkd jf Uïyrof( udy ~dh{f km ;555 FB*

D nmyyd( b}gf nfiyobfìâd rm ojobod} m` {dyjd km 6=55 FB( r}ir{o{}o} d bdiym m d iydjwm jf

bdjnmbìâd km ko~myrdr fy{mnf{dr* D nmyyd myf uydk}wokd udy ymk}ìâd koym{ff m bdjndy`fkd udy

`fy{mhf`mj{d jf ndy`f km ihdbdr bd` }` umrd km ud}bdr v}ohdlyf`fr* V}fjkd umìfr `fodymr

myf` jmbmrræyofr( dr ihdbdr myf` rdhkfkdr udy ndygf`mj{d( or{d ï( d `f{myofh myf fv}mbokd fd

y}iyd( bdhdbf~frm fymof mj{ym fr umìfr ufyf mrbdyonobfy où}ymwfr m `fy{mhf~frm f{ï f rdhkflm`*

Bd`d }` mqmùhd kf }{ohowfìâd kmr{m uydbmrrd( bo{frm }` uohfy km bmybf km rm{m `m{ydr km

fh{}yf m `for km bojbd {djmhfkfr mqor{mj{m fojkf adgm jf bokfkm km Kmhao !Àjkof/*

F rdhkflm` ndo }rfkf( jf fj{ol}okfkm m jf okfkm `ïkof( ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km fy`fr m d}{ydr

ojr{y}`mj{dr bdy{fj{mr* Bd`d d nmyyd di{okd udy ymk}ìâd koym{f {m` }` {mdy km bfyidjd `}o{d

ifoqd !ojnmyody f 5(6-/( mr{m jâd udkm rmy mjk}ymbokd udy {çùmyf* Udy d}{yd hfkd( d fìd( bd` }`

{mdy `fody km bfyidjd( myf }` `f{myofh mrbfrrd m km fh{d b}r{d( rmjkd nfiyobfkd umhf bm`mj{fìâd

km {oyfr nojfr km nmyyd* Frro`( nmyyf`mj{fr myf` nfiyobfkfr bd` nmyyd m bd` {oyfr km fìd rdhkfkfr

jdr hdbfor km bdy{m m mjk}ymbokfr udy {çùmyf* Mrufkfr km mhm~fkf ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf m

{mjfbokfkm ndyf` nfiyobfkfr jd dyomj{m `ïkod }{ohowfjkdrm }` uydbmrrd rm`mhafj{m( jd v}fh

{oyfr fh{myjfkfr km fìd m nmyyd myf` rdhkfkfr mj{ym ro m kmndy`fkfr udy bdùymrrâd m {dyìâd* D

ymr}h{fkd myf }`f héòjf bd` }`f nojf fh{myjéjbof km ymloýmr km fh{d m ifoqd {mdy km bfyidjd*

Frro`( f rdhkflm` ndo( k}yfj{m mr{m umyàdkd( }` uydbmrrd oùdy{fj{m jf {mbjdhdlof `m{fh÷ylobf(

uyojboufh`mj{m( km~okd f kdor nf{dymr7 !6/ f mrbfrrmw m d fh{d b}r{d kd fìd m !9/ d {f`fjad

ymk}wokd kdr ihdbdr km nmyyd di{okdr udy ymk}ìâd koym{f*

f Jmr{m uydbmrrd d òjïyod km nmyyd myf òr{}yfkd bd` bfy~âd m` iyfrf m rduyfkd* Kmr{f ndy`f( d òqokd km nmyydmyf ymk}wokd umhd bfyidjd( uydk}wojkdrm nmyyd `m{æhobd rm` f n}râd kd `f{myofh*




Mr{f oùdy{éjbof bd`mìd} f koòj}oy( jdr rïb}hdr QOO m QOOO( bd` d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km

{mbjdhdlof ufyf f di{mjìâd( jd mr{fkd hàv}okd( km lyfjkmr v}fj{okfkmr km nmyyd n}jkokd bd` f

}{ohowfìâd kf mjmylof lmyfkf m` ydkfr k,æl}f m( jdr rïb}hdr QO^ m Q^( bd` d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d

kd fh{d ndyjd* Bd` or{d( f n}jkoìâd {dyjd}rm }` uydbmrrd oùdy{fj{m km nfiyobfìâd( mjv}fj{d f

rdhkflm` udy ndygf`mj{d ndo r}ir{o{}àkf udy d}{ydr uydbmrrdr km }joâd( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m f

ymio{flm` m ufyfn}rflm`( `for fkmv}fkdr ufyf }joâd kfr umìfr uydk}wokfr*

F rdhkflm` umy`fjmbm} bd`d }` uydbmrrd rmb}jkæyod km nfiyobfìâd f{ï d rïb}hd QOQ( v}fjkd

f r}f {mbjdhdlof bd`mìd} f `}kfy yfkobfh`mj{m( uyojboufh`mj{m( f ufy{oy kfr mqumyoçjbofr km Roy

A}ùaym Kf~ !6156615>/ bd` d fybd mhï{yobd( kf kmrbdimy{f kd fbm{ohmjd udy Mk`}jk Kf~

m kd kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km ndj{mr uydk}{dyfr km mjmylof mhï{yobf v}m udrroioho{fyf` d fufymbo`mj{d

kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* Fd `mr`d {mùd( d ojàbod kf nfiyobfìâd m }{ohowfìâd km

fìd jf ndy`f km bafufr {dyjd} jmbmrræyod d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km jd~dr uydbmrrdr km }joâd ufyf f

nfiyobfìâd km mv}ouf`mj{dr m mr{y}{}yfr*

F uyo`moyf uf{mj{m km }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`( di{okf jf Ojlhf{myyf udy Jocdhfr Imyjfkdr m

R{fjorhf~ Dhrwm|rc m` 611=( ndo ifrmfkf m` }` fybd mhï{yobd mr{fimhmbokd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd km

bfy~âd m f umìf f rmy rdhkfkf !nol}yf 6/*

Udy ~dh{f km 61?5( J* L* Rhf~ofjdnn( jf Y÷rrof( m Bafyhmr Bdnnoj( jdr Mr{fkdr ]jokdr(

kmrmj~dh~myf` ojkmumjkmj{m`mj{m f rdhkflm` f fybd bd` mhm{ydkd `m{æhobd j}* F{ï d nojfh kd

rïb}hd QOQ( dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof( udy fh}òjd{myòf m f lær ndyf`

kmrmj~dh~okdr* M` 6?5<( Drbfy Cgmhhimyl !R}ïbof/ uf{mj{mof d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f fybd bd`

mhm{ydkd ym~mr{okd* M` r}f ndy`f dyolojfh( mr{m ym~mr{o`mj{d myf bdjr{o{}àkd km }`f bf`fkf km

bfh( b}gf n}jìâd myf }jobf`mj{m mr{fiohowfy d fybd* Kmrmj~dh~o`mj{dr udr{myodymr {dyjfyf` mr{muydbmrrd d `for }{ohowfkd jd `}jkd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;

Nol}yf 6 Ror{m`f ufyf rdhkflm` f fybd bd` mhm{ydkd km bfy~âd km fbdykd bd` fuf{mj{m km Imyjfkdr*

Jmr{f jd~f nfrm( f rdhkflm` {m~m ojobofh`mj{m ud}bf }{ohowfìâd( mr{fjkd ymr{yo{f uyojboufh`mj{m å

mqmb}ìâd km ymufydr km m`mylçjbof f{ï f mbhdrâd kf 6§ lyfjkm l}myyf( v}fjkd f rdhkflm` ufrrd}

f rmy }{ohowfkf `for oj{mjrf`mj{m bd`d }` uydbmrrd km nfiyobfìâd*

F{}fh`mj{m( `for km =5 konmymj{mr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` {ç` fhl}`f }{ohowfìâd ojk}r{yofh m f

rdhkflm` ï d `for oùdy{fj{m `ï{dkd ufyf f }joâd umy`fjmj{m km `m{for* Mr{f oùdy{éjbof ï

fojkf `for m~okmjbofkf umhf uymrmjìf km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` m fnojr jfr `for konmymj{mr

f{o~okfkmr ojk}r{yofor m umhf ojnh}çjbof v}m f jmbmrrokfkm km }`f idf rdhkfiohokfkm {m` jd

kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d km jd~dr {oudr km fìdr m d}{yfr holfr `m{æhobfr*

; - Ndy`fìâd km }`f G}j{f Rdhkfkf

Km }`f ndy`f roùhonobfkf( }`f umìf `m{æhobf ï ndy`fkf udy }` lyfjkm j÷`myd km æ{d`dr

korudr{dr m` }` fyyfjgd mrufbofh bfyfb{myàr{obd !mr{y}{}yf byor{fhojf/* Æ{d`dr hdbfhowfkdr jd

oj{myody kmr{f mr{y}{}yf râd bmybfkdr udy }` j÷`myd km ~owojadr `for uyòqo`dr( udrobodjfkdr f}`f kor{éjbof y5( jf v}fh f mjmylof kd ror{m`f ï `àjo`f( bd`d `dr{yf f nol}yf 9*

Jmr{f ro{}fìâd( bfkf æ{d`d mr{æ m` r}f bdjkoìâd km mjmylof `àjo`f( jâd {mjkmjkd f rm holfy

bd` jmja}` æ{d`d mq{yf* Jf r}umynàbom kd ròhokd( bdj{}kd( mr{f ro{}fìâd jâd rm `fj{ï`( udor dr

æ{d`dr mr{âd holfkdr f `mjdr ~owojadr( udrr}ojkd( udy{fj{d }` `fody jà~mh km mjmylof kd v}m dr

æ{d`dr jd rm} oj{myody* Mr{f mjmylof udkm rm ymk}wokf v}fjkd dr æ{d`dr r}umynobofor rm holf` f

d}{ydr* Frro`( fuydqo`fjkdrm k}fr umìfr `m{æhobfr f }`f kor{éjbof r}nobomj{m`mj{m umv}mjfufyf f ndy`fìâd km }`f holfìâd umy`fjmj{m( }`f rdhkf mj{ym fr umìfr rmyof ndy`fkf( bd`d



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` =

oh}r{yfkd jf nol}yf 2* Mr{m {oud km mnmo{d udkm rmy di{okd( udy mqmùhd( bdhdbfjkdrm m` bdj{f{d

àj{o`d kdor ihdbdr km lmhd*

Mj{ym{fj{d( rfimrm v}m or{d jâd dbdyym ufyf k}fr umìfr `m{æhobfr( mqbm{d m` bdjkoìýmr `}o{d

mrumbofor* F mquhobfìâd ufyf or{d mr{æ jf mqor{çjbof km dir{æb}hdr v}m oùmkm` }`f

fuydqo`fìâd mnm{o~f kfr r}umynàbomr f{ï kor{éjbofr kf dykm` km y5* Mr{mr dir{æb}hdr udkm` rmy km

kdor {oudr iærobdr7

Fr r}umynàbomr `m{æhobfr( `mr`d fr `for udhokfr( fuymrmj{f` }`f lyfjkm y}ldrokfkm m`

mrbfhf òbydrbòuobf m r}iòbydrbòuobf !nol}yf ;/*

@mr`d }`f r}umynàbom bd` }` fbfif`mj{d b}okfkdrd fuymrmj{f oyyml}hfyokfkmr kf dykm`

km =5j` km fh{}yf( bmybf km 955 bf`fkfr f{ûòbfr* Or{d oùmkm }`f fuydqo`fìâd mnm{o~f

kfr r}umynàbomr( d v}m dbdyym fumjfr m` fhl}jr ud}bdr udj{dr km bdj{f{d( km `dkd v}m d

j÷`myd km holfìýmr ndy`fkfr ï ojr}nobomj{m ufyf lfyfj{oy v}fhv}my ymror{çjbof ufyf f g}j{f*

Kor{éjbof

Mjmylof

y d

Nol}yf 9 ^fyofìâd km mjmylof ud{mjbofh ufyf }` ror{m`f bdùdr{d km kdor

æ{d`dr m` n}jìâd kf kor{éjbof km rmufyfìâd mj{ym mhmr*

Rdhkf

Nol}yf 2 Ndy`fìâd {mòyobf km }`f rdhkf umhf fuydqo`fìâd kfr r}umynàbomr kfr umìfr*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` >

955 bf`fkfr

f{ûòbfr d}

=55 éjlr{ydjr

Nol}yf ; Ymuymrmj{fìâd mrv}m`æ{obf kf r}umynàbom `m{æhobf hoùf*

Fr r}umynàbomr `m{æhobfr mr{âd jdy`fh`mj{m ymbdimy{fr udy bf`fkfr km òqokdr( }òkfkm(

ldyk}yf( udmoyf( m{b( d v}m oùmkm }` bdj{f{d ymfh mj{ym fr r}umynàbomr( uym~mjojkd f

ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf* Mr{fr bf`fkfr rm ndy`f` yfuokf`mj{m m ymr}h{f` mqf{f`mj{m kf

mqor{çjbof km holfìýmr v}àòbfr ojbdùhm{fr jf r}umynàbom*

Kdor `ï{dkdr uyojboufor râd }{ohowfkdr ufyf r}umyfy mr{mr dir{æb}hdr( dr v}for dyolojf` dr kdor

lyfjkmr ly}udr km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm`* D uyo`moyd bdjror{m m` kmndy`fy fr r}umynàbomr km

bdj{f{d umyò{ojkd f fuydqo`fìâd kdr æ{d`dr f kor{éjbofr kf dykm` km y5 !nol}yf =/* Fr umìfr

udkm` rmy fv}mbokfr hdbfh`mj{m km `dkd f nfboho{fy f kmndy`fìâd kfr r}umynàbomr km bdj{f{d*

D rml}jkd `ï{dkd rm ifrmof jf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy jf ymloâd km }joâd f{ï f r}f n}râd m

kd `m{fh km fkoìâd !v}fjkd mr{m ï }{ohowfkd/( kmr{y}ojkd fr r}umynàbomr km bdj{f{d m uydk}wojkd f

}joâd umhf rdhokonobfìâd kd `m{fh n}jkokd !nol}yf >/*

Kmr{f ndy`f( }`f ndy`f km bhfrronobfìâd kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` bdjror{m m` fly}uæhdr m`

kdor lyfjkmr ly}udr ifrmfjkdrm jd `ï{dkd kdòjfj{m ufyf uydk}woy f rdhkf7 !f/ uydbmrrdr km

rdhkflm` udy uymrrâd !d} udy kmndy`fìâd/ m !i/ uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` <

Òqokdr

Uymrrâd

Uymrrâd !f/

!i/

Nol}yf = ‒ !f/ Ymuymrmj{fìâd mrv}m`æ{obf kf rdhkflm` udy uymrrâd d} kmndy`fìâd m !i/ umìf

rdhkfkf m `fbydlyfnof km }`f g}j{f !ndj{m7 [yfjr* G\YO( 2< !6/ 9551 6=/*

@m{fh km Fkoìâd Bfhdy

@m{fh km ifrm

Rdhkf

!f/ !i/

Nol}yf > ‒ !f/ Ymuymrmj{fìâd mrv}m`æ{obf kf rdhkflm` udy n}râd* !i/ @fbydlyfnof km }`f g}j{f*




= - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm`

=*6 - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy N}râd

Mqor{m }` lyfjkm j÷`myd km uydbmrrdr udy n}râd v}m udkm` rmy rmufyfkdr m` r}ily}udr( udy

mqmùhd( km fbdykd bd` d {oud km ndj{m km mjmylof }rfkf ufyf n}jkoy fr umìfr* Kmj{ym mr{mr( dr

uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd !ndj{m km mjmylof7 fybd mhï{yobd/ râd dr km `fody oùdy{éjbof

ojk}r{yofh jf f{}fhokfkm* Km~okd å {mjkçjbof km ymfìâd kd `f{myofh n}jkokd bd` dr lfrmr kf

f{`drnmyf( f `fodyof kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd }{ohowf fhl}` `mod km uyd{mìâd ufyf

òjoòwfy mr{fr ymfìýmr* F {fimhf 6 `dr{yf dr uyojboufor uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd m r}fr

bfyfb{myàr{obfr uyojboufor*

[fimhf 6 Uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd*

UYDBMRRD

NDJ[MR KMBFHDY

[OUD KMBDYYMJ[M MUDHFYOKFKM

FLMJ[M UYD[M[DYD] KM BDY[M D][YFR BFYFB[MYÀR[OBFR FUHOBFÌÝMR

Rdhkflm` udymhm{ydmrbòyof

Fv}mbo`mj{dudy ymror{çjbofkf mrbòyofhàv}okf

Bdj{àj}f d}fh{myjfkf

Mrbòyof F}{d`æ{obf$@mbfjowfkf* G}j{f jf~my{obfh* Fyf`m fho`mj{fkd`mbfjobf`mj{m jf udìf km n}râd*Jâd mqor{m fybd

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd( ifoqf m fh{fholf( mrumrr}yf =5 ``* Rdhkflm` kmumìfr km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf( moqdr( m{b*

Rdhkflm` fdFybd

R}i`myrd

Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f d}fh{myjfkf*

Mhm{ydkd #

Mrbòyof m lfrmr lmyfkdr F}{d`æ{obf$`mbfjow* d} rmòf}{d`æ{obf* D fybd fykm rdi }`f

bf`fkf km nh}qd lyfj}hfy

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd( ifoqf m fh{fholf* Mrumrr}yf 65 ``* Udroìâd uhfjf d}

adyowdj{fh km umìfr mr{y}{}yfor( {fjv}mr(~frdr km uymrrâd( m{b*

Rdhkflm`bd` Mhm{ydkdrYm~mr{okdr

Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f d}fh{myjfkf*Mhm{ydkd # d}

Mrbòyof m lfrmr lmyfkdr @fj}fh* ^fym{f `m{æhobf ymbdimy{fudy bf`fkf km nh}qd

Rdhkflm` km v}frm {dkdr dr `m{for( mqbm{dbdiym u}yd( `m{for uymbodrdr( ymf{o~dr m kmifoqd udj{d km n}râd* ]rfkd jf rdhkflm`m` lmyfh*

Rdhkflm`bd` Fyf`m[}i}hfy

Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f*Mhm{ydkd #

Mrbòyof m lfrmr lmyfkdrd} ndyjmbokdr udy ndj{mmq{myjf* M` lmyfh dBD9

D nh}qd mr{æ bdj{okd kmj{yd km }`fyf`m {}i}hfy km umv}mjdkoé`m{yd* F}{d`æ{obd d} rmòf}{d`æ{obd

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd bd` mrumrr}yf 6 ``* Rdhkflm` km bafufr

Rdhkflm`@OL$@FL

Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f*Mhm{ydkd #

Fylûjod d} Aïhod(Fylûjod # D9( Fylûjod# BD9( BD9

F}{d`æ{obf$`mbfjow* d} rmòf}{d`æ{obf* D fyf`m ï ròhokd

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd( ifoqf m fh{fholf( jâd nmyydrdr( bd` mrumrr}yf 6 ` *Rdhkflm` km {}idr( bafufr( m{b* V}fhv}myudroìâd

Rdhkflm` fUhfr`f

Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f*Mhm{ydkd

Fylûjod( Aïhod d}Fylûjod # Aokydlçjod

@fj}fh d} f}{d`æ{obf* D fyf`m ïfkobodjfkd rmufyfkf`mj{m*

Mhm{ydkd jâd bdjr}`à~mh km{}jlr{çjod* D fybd ï bdjr{yo{d udy}` idbfh

[dkdr dr `m{for oùdy{fj{mr m`mjlmjafyof( mqbm{d Wj( Im m r}fr holfr(

bd` mrumrr}yf km f{ï 6(= ``* Ufrrmr kmyfow

Rdhkflm` [OL Fybd mhï{yobd Bdj{àj}f d}fh{myjfkf*Mhm{ydkd

Fylûjod( Aïhod d}òr{}yfr kmr{mr

@fj}fh d} f}{d`æ{obf* Mhm{ydkdjâd bdjr}`à~mh km {}jlr{çjod* Dfyf`m ï fkobodjfkd rmufyfkf`mj{m*

Rdhkflm` km {dkdr dr `m{for( mqbm{d Wj(Im m r}fr holfr( mrumrr}yf mj{ym 6 m > ``*Rdhkflm` km jâd nmyydrdr m fìdr ojdq*Ufrrm km yfow km rdhkfr m` {}i}hfìýmr

Rdhkflm` udyNmoqmMhm{yûjobd

Nmoqmmhm{yûjobd

Bdj{àj}f*Fh{f [mjrâd*Umìf #

^æb}d !³65;`` Al/ Rdhkflm` f}{d`æ{obf* Jâd aæ{yfjrnmyçjbof km `m{fh* Nmoqm kmmhï{ydjr ndbfhowfkd m` }` umv}mjdudj{d*

Rdhkflm` km {dkdr dr `m{for( mqbm{d jdrbfrdr km m~dh}ìâd km lfrmr d} ~fudyowfìâdmqbmrro~f( f ufy{oy km 9= `` km mrumrr}yf*Ojk÷r{yof j}bhmfy m fmydmrufbofh*

Rdhkflm` fHfrmy

Nmoqm km h}w Fylûjod d} Aïhod Bd`d fbo`f Bd`d fbo`f* Bdy{m km `f{myofor jâd`m{æhobdr

Rdhkflm` fLær

Baf`f dqofbm{ohçjobf

Lær !BD( A9( BD9(A9D/

@fj}fh* Fyf`m fkobodjfkdrmufyfkf`mj{m

Rdhkflm` `fj}fh km fìd bfyidjd( B}( Fh(Wj( Ui m iydjwm* Rdhkflm` km bafufr nojfrm {}idr km umv}mjd koé`m{yd



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ?

=*9 - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Uymrrâd !d} udy Kmndy`fìâd/

Mr{m uyo`moyd ly}ud ojbh}o dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy }h{yfrd`( udy nyobìâd( udy ndygf`mj{d(

udy ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf( udy kon}râd( udy mquhdrâd( mj{ym d}{ydr* Ko~myrdr kmr{mr uydbmrrdr( bd`d

udy mqmùhd( dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof( fuymrmj{f` bfyfb{myàr{obfr oj{my`mkoæyofr

mj{ym dr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd m udy kmndy`fìâd* Ufyf nojr km bhfrronobfìâd( mr{mr

uydbmrrdr rmyâd ojbh}àkdr jmr{m ly}ud*

Fhl}jr kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` m uydbmrrdr bdyymhf{dr km oùdy{éjbof jf ojk÷r{yof rmyâd

korb}{okdr km }`f ndy`f ymk}wokf f rml}oy* Km~mrm bdhdbfy( bdj{}kd( v}m mr{m ï }` {m`f

mq{mjrd m oùdy{fj{m( mqor{ojkd m`f fùhf ioihodlyfnof rdiym d frr}j{d* Ufyf }` mr{}kd

bdùhm`mj{fy( `for fuydn}jkfkd( kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm`( bdjr}h{fy f ioihodlyfnof bo{fkf fd

nojfh kmr{m {mq{d*

>* Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` Udy N}râd7

>*6 Rdhkflm` f Fybd

F rdhkflm` f fybd mjlhdif }` lyfjkm j÷`myd km uydbmrrdr v}m ojbh}m` dr km `fody }{ohowfìâd

ojk}r{yofh* [dkdr mr{mr uydbmrrdr }{ohowf`( bd`d ndj{m km bfhdy ufyf f n}râd hdbfhowfkf( d fybd

v}m ï }`f kmrbfylf mhï{yobf m` }` `mod lfrdrd ufybofh`mj{m odjowfkd* Jf `fodyof kdr bfrdr( d

fybd mhï{yobd ï `fj{okd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd bohàjkyobd m d `m{fh ifrm( mqor{ojkd( bdj{}kd( uydbmrrdr

m` v}m d `m{fh ifrm jâd nfw ufy{m kd boyb}o{d mhï{yobd d} v}m }{ohowf` mhm{ydkdr km konmymj{mr

ndy`fr d} ko~myrdr mhm{ydkdr ro`}h{fjmf`mj{m* M` lmyfh( d mhm{ydkd ï n}jkokd umhd fybd m

ndyjmbm `m{fh km fkoìâd ufyf f rdhkf !rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr bdjr}`à~mor/( mqor{ojkd( udyï`(

uydbmrrdr m` v}m d mhm{ydkd !m` lmyfh( km {}jlr{çjod d} lyfno{m/ jâd rm n}jkm km ndy`ffuymboæ~mh !rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr jâd bdjr}`à~mor/*

Jdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd( f v}fj{okfkm km bfhdy ndyjmbokf å g}j{f m( udy{fj{d( fr

ko`mjrýmr m d ndy`f{d kd bdykâd km rdhkf kmumjkm` kf bdyymj{m m {mjrâd mhï{yobfr ndyjmbokfr fd

fybd m( jf lyfjkm `fodyof kdr uydbmrrdr kf ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` !or{d ï( f ~mhdbokfkm bd` v}m

d fybd ï kmrhdbfkd fd hdjld kf g}j{f/*




F bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` udkm ~fyofy km ~fhdymr ojnmyodymr f 6F !jf rdhkflm` òbyduhfr`f/ f

~fhdymr r}umyodymr f 6555 d} 9555F !m` uydbmrrdr bd`d f rdhkflm` fd fybd r}i`myrd/* Mr{f

~fyoæ~mh fnm{f( km ndy`f oùdy{fj{m( f umjm{yfìâd kd bdykâd m rdhkf m f ~mhdbokfkm km n}râd kd

mhm{ydkd !m( udy{fj{d( f {fqf km kmudroìâd/* F {mjrâd km rdhkflm` ~fyof {ouobf`mj{m km `mjdr km

65^ f ~fhdymr v}m udkm` r}umyfy 655^ !jf rdhkflm` f uhfr`f/* Mr{f( m` lmyfh( bdj{ydhf d

bdùyo`mj{d kd fybd !or{d ï( f rmufyfìâd mj{ym d mhm{ydkd m d `m{fh ifrm d} mj{ym dr mhm{ydkdr

v}m `fj{ç` d fybd/ m f hfyl}yf kd bdykâd km rdhkf* Udy no`( v}fjkd f ndj{m km bfhdy rm kmrhdbf

fd hdjld kf g}j{f( f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` bdj{ydhf f v}fj{okfkm km bfhdy v}m ï ndyjmbokf fd

hdjld kf g}j{f* V}fj{d `fody ndy f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm`( `mjdy rmyæ f v}fj{okfkm km mjmylof

ymbmiokf udy }jokfkm km bdùyo`mj{d kf g}j{f m( m` lmyfh( `mjdymr rmyâd fr ko`mjrýmr kd

bdykâd* Nojfh`mj{m( km~m rm kmoqfy bhfyd v}m( ufyf rm lfyfj{oy }`f mr{fiohokfkm m bdj{ydhm

fkmv}fkdr kd uydbmrrd m rm di{my }` bdykâd km rdhkf bd` }` ndy`f{d fkmv}fkd( jâd rm udkm

rmhmbodjfy ~fhdymr km bdyymj{m( {mjrâd m ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` km ndy`f ojkmumjkmj{m* Fhï`

kor{d( bfkf uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f fybd udrr}o }`f mq{mjrf hor{f km ~fyoæ~mor fkobodjfor v}m

km~m` rmy hm~fkfr m` bdjrokmyfìâd fd rm km{myòjfy fr bdjkoìýmr km rdhkflm` ufyf }`f kfkf

fuhobfìâd* Fhl}`fr kmr{fr ~fyoæ~mor rmyâd fuymrmj{fkfr m korb}{okfr jf kmrbyoìâd r}rbo{f fifoqd

kdr uyojboufor uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd* ]`f korb}rrâd fkobodjfh rdiym mr{m {òuobd rmyæ nmo{f

jd bfuà{}hd km oj{ydk}ìâd å nàrobf kf rdhkflm`*

>*6*6 Rdhkflm` bd` Mhm{ydkdr Ym~mr{okdr

F Rdhkflm` f Fybd bd` Mhm{ydkdr Ym~mr{okdr !Raomhkmk @m{fh Fyb \mhkojl R@F\/ ï }`

uydbmrrd jd v}fh f bdfhmrbçjbof !}joâd/ kdr `m{for ï di{okf umhd fv}mbo`mj{d kmr{mr bd` }`

fybd mr{fimhmbokd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd mrumbofh ym~mr{okd m f umìf* D mhm{ydkd ï ndy`fkd udy }`

j÷bhmd `m{æhobd !)fh`f)/( bd` 9=5 f =55`` km bdùyo`mj{d( ym~mr{okd udy }`f bf`fkf kmòjmyfor !fylohf( nh}dym{dr( bfyidjf{dr( m{b/ m$d} d}{ydr `f{myofor !bmh}hdrm( nmyyd holfr( m{b/( bd`

}` koé`m{yd {d{fh {àuobd mj{ym 9 m 1``* F fh`f kd mhm{ydkd bdjk}w f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf m rmy~m

bd`d `m{fh km fkoìâd* D ym~mr{o`mj{d lmyf mrbòyof m lfrmr v}m uyd{mlm` kf f{`drnmyf f ymloâd

rmjkd rdhkfkf m mr{fiohowf` d fybd* D ym~mr{o`mj{d udkm fojkf bdj{my mhm`mj{dr v}m râd

ojbdyudyfkdr å rdhkf( ojnh}mjbofjkd r}f bdùdroìâd v}àòbf m bfyfb{myàr{obfr `m{fh÷ylobfr* F

nol}yf < oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd*




D rm} mv}ouf`mj{d }r}fh bdjror{m km ndj{m km mjmylof !d} `æv}ojf km rdhkflm`/( udy{fmhm{ydkd

m bfidr( fhï` km mv}ouf`mj{dr km rml}yfjìf ufyf d rdhkfkdy !`ærbfyf( h}~fr( f~mj{fh( m{b*/ m

ufyf f hoùmwf kd bdykâd m ym`dìâd km mrbòyof !uobfkmoyf m mrbd~f km fìd/* Ufyf rdhkflm`( f

ufy{m jâd ym~mr{okf kd mhm{ydkd ï noqfkf jd udy{f mhm{ydkd m d fybd ï ojobofkd {dbfjkdrm

yfuokf`mj{m f udj{f kd mhm{ydkd jf umìf !v}m mr{âd bdjmb{fkdr( udy bfidr( fdr {myòjfor kf

`æv}ojf km rdhkflm`/* D bfhdy kd fybd n}jkm f udj{f kd mhm{ydkd m }` umv}mjd ~dh}`m kd

`m{fh km ifrm ndy`fjkd f udìf km n}râd* F rdhkflm` ï ymfhowfkf `fj}fh`mj{m( bd` d rdhkfkdy

bdj{ydhfjkd d bdùyo`mj{d kd fybd m f udìf km n}râd !umhf `fjou}hfìâd kd mhm{ydkd/ m

kmrhdbfjkd d mhm{ydkd fd hdjld kf g}j{f* V}fjkd d mhm{ydkd ï v}frm {dkd bdjr}òkd( d uydbmrrd

ï oj{myydùokd ufyf {ydbf kd mhm{ydkd m ym`dìâd km mrbòyof kf ymloâd djkm f rdhkflm` rmyæ

bdj{oj}fkf* F nol}yf 1 oh}r{yf d mv}ouf`mj{d m d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` m f {fimhf 9 fuymrmj{f fr

r}fr ~fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor*

Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf@m{fh kmIfrm

Mrbòyof

Mhm{ydkdYm~mr{okd

Fh`f

Ym~mr{o`mj{d

@m{fh kmFkoìâd

Fybd

Nol}yf < ‒ Ymloâd kd fybd jf rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr ym~mr{okdr*

Nol}yf 1 Mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf rdhkflm` R@F\*




[fimhf 9 ^fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd R@F\

^fj{flmjr m hoò{fìýmr Fuhobfìýmr

Mv}ouf`mj{d roùhmr( udy{æ{oh m ifyf{d* Jâd jmbmrro{f nh}qdr d} lfrmr mq{myjdr* Ud}bd rmjrà~mh å uymrmjìf km bdyymj{mr km fy

!{yfifhad jd bfùd/* Uydbmrrd `}o{d ~myræ{oh m` {my`dr km

`f{myofor rdhkæ~mor* Nfbohokfkm ufyf f{ojloy æymfr km fbmrrd ymr{yo{d* Fuhobfìâd konàboh ufyf `f{myofor ymf{o~dr* Uydk}{o~okfkm ymhf{o~f`mj{m ifoqf* Mqolm hoùmwf fuòr bfkf ufrrm*

Rdhkflm` km uydk}ìâd( `fj}{mjìâd mm` `dj{flmjr jd bfùd*

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd m holfkd* Rdhkflm` km nmyyd n}jkokd* Rdhkflm` km fh}`àjod( jàv}mh m r}fr

holfr*

Jd Iyfroh( jdy`fr kf F\R râd fùhf`mj{m }{ohowfkfr ufyf f mrumbonobfìâd km bdjr}`à~mor km

rdhkflm`* Mhm{ydkdr ufyf f rdhkflm` km fìdr km ifoqd bfyidjd râd( m` lmyfh( mrumbonobfkdr bd`

ifrm jfr uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr kd `m{fh kmudro{fkd( jd {oud km ym~mr{o`mj{d m m` r}fr

bfyfb{myàr{obfr dumyfbodjfor* F mrumbonobfìâd kf F\R ufyf mr{mr fìdr ï nmo{f f{yf~ïr km }`

bdjg}j{d km hm{yfr m kàlo{dr !nol}yf ?/* Udy mqmùhd( km fbdykd bd` f jdy`f F\R F=*6( }`f

bhfrronobfìâd kd {oud M>565 ojkobf }` mhm{ydkd bfufw km kmudro{fy `f{myofh bd` }` hoò{m km

ymror{çjbof km >5*555uro !;95 @Uf/ m v}m udrr}o }` ym~mr{o`mj{d bmh}hòrobd( bd` holfj{m f ifrm

km rohobf{d km ròkod( ojkobfkd ufyf rdhkflm` m` {dkfr fr udroìýmr bd` bdyymj{m bdj{àj}f m d

mhm{ydkd jd udhd udro{o~d* Ufyf dr fìdr bfyidjd( dr mhm{ydkdr udkm` rmy rmufyfkdr m` konmymj{mr

{oudr m` n}jìâd kfr bfyfb{myàr{obfr km rm} ym~mr{o`mj{d( kmr{fbfjkdrm7

Mhm{ydkdr Bmh}hòrobdr !MQQ65 m MQQQ6/7 Udrr}m` mhm~fkf v}fj{okfkm km `f{myofh dyléjobd

!bmh}hdrm/ jd ym~mr{o`mj{d( b}gf kmbdùdroìâd umhd fybd lmyf lfrmr v}m uyd{mlm` d `m{fh

hàv}okd* F v}fj{okfkm km mrbòyof uydk}wokf ï umv}mjf( d fybd ï `}o{d ~odhmj{d( bf}rfjkd

lyfjkm ~dh}`m km ymruojldr m fh{f umjm{yfìâd m` bdùfyfìâd bd` d}{ydr {oudr km mhm{ydkd* D

bdykâd {mjkm f fuymrmj{fy mrbf`fr oyyml}hfymr* F rdhkf fuymrmj{f uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr

fkmv}fkfr ufyf ~æyofr fuhobfìýmr( bdj{}kd( jâd km~m` rmy }rfkdr jf rdhkflm` km fìdr km {mdy

mhm~fkd km bfyidjd( km fìdr holfkdr m jf rdhkflm` km umìfr km `fody mrumrr}yf km~okd å

udrroiohokfkm km nyflohowfìâd umhd aokydlçjod uyd~mjomj{m kd ym~mr{o`mj{d* Râd

ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m fkmv}fkdr ufyf rdhkflm` ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf( {mjkd lyfjkm fuhobfìâd jf

rdhkflm` boyb}jnmymjbofh km {}i}hfìýmr m jf mqmb}ìâd km ufrrmr km yfow m` lmyfh* Km~okd å

r}f lyfjkm umjm{yfìâd m umykf udy ymruojldr jâd râd fkmv}fkdr ufyf d mjbao`mj{d kmbafjnydr*




Mhm{ydkdr Y}{àhobdr !MQQQ9( MQQQ2 m MQQQ;/7 Bdj{ï` v}fj{okfkmr roljonobf{o~fr km

y}{ohd ![oD9/ jd ym~mr{o`mj{d m uydk}w }`f mrbòyof fi}jkfj{m( kmjrf m km næboh

kmr{fbfiohokfkm* Râd mhm{ydkdr km næboh }rd( v}m udkm` rmy }rfkdr m` v}fhv}my udroìâd mqbm{d

v}fjkd {ç` }`f mhm~fkf v}fj{okfkm km uò km nmyyd jd ym~mr{o`mj{d !ufyf f}`mj{fy f

uydk}{o~okfkm/* Udkm` dumyfy {fj{d m` BF bd`d m` BB m uydk}wm` }` bdykâd bd` id`

frumb{d ~or}fh m km umjm{yfìâd ifoqf d} `ïkof* R}f ymror{çjbof å ndy`fìâd km {yojbfr jf

rdhokonobfìâd kf udìf km n}râd ï ymhf{o~f`mj{m umv}mjf d v}m udkm rmy }` uydihm`f jf

rdhkflm` km umìf bdj{fòjfkfr bd` òhmd* Râd mhm{ydkdr km lyfjkm ~myrf{ohokfkm m km }rd

lmyfh*

Mhm{ydkdr Iærobdr !MQQQ=( MQQQ> m MQQQ1/7 Udrr}m` v}fj{okfkmr fuymboæ~mor km

bfyidjf{dr !km bæhbod m km d}{ydr mhm`mj{dr/ m km nh}dyo{f( ndy`f` }`f mrbòyof iærobf v}m(

g}j{f`mj{m bd` d BD9 lmyfkd kf kmbdùdroìâd kdr bfyidjf{dr( uyd{mlm d `m{fh hàv}okd* Mr{f

mrbòyof mqmybm }`f fìâd `m{fh÷ylobf imjïnobf rdiym f rdhkf( kmrr}hn}yfjkdf m ymk}wojkd d

yorbd km ndy`fìâd km {yojbfr km rdhokonobfìâd* Jâd udrr}o r}ir{éjbofr dyléjobfr m` r}f

ndy`}hfìâd m( rm `fj}rmfkd bdyym{f`mj{m( uydk}w rdhkfr bd` ifoqd {mdy km aokydlçjod(

òjoòwfjkd dr yorbdr km nyflohowfìâd m norr}yfìâd udy mr{m mhm`mj{d* F umjm{yfìâd ï `ïkof m

d bdykâd fuymrmj{f idfr uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m v}fj{d å {mjfbokfkm* Ï

ojkobfkd ufyf fuhobfìýmr km lyfjkm ymrudjrfiohokfkm( jf rdhkflm` km g}j{fr km lyfjkm

mrumrr}yf d} km lyfjkm yolokmw m jf rdhkflm` km fìdr km `fody {mdy km bfyidjd( km fìdr km

`fody ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf m km fìdr km bdùdroìâd v}àòbf kmrbdjambokf* Mr{m {oud km

mhm{ydkd ï fh{f`mj{m aokydrbòuobd( ymv}mymjkd b}okfkdr mrumbofor jf r}f fy`fwmjflm`*

Mhm{ydkdr Dqokfj{mr !MQQ95 m MQQ9</7 Udrr}m` ym~mr{o`mj{d bdjr{o{}àkd uyojboufh`mj{m

km òqokdr km nmyyd m `fjlfjçr v}m uydk}w mrbòyof dqokfj{m( fi}jkfj{m m km næboh

kmr{fbf`mj{d* D `m{fh kmudro{fkd udrr}o ifoqdr {mdymr km bfyidjd m `fjlfjçr m lyfjkm

v}fj{okfkm km ojbh}rýmr* Mr{m {oud km mhm{ydkd ï ud}bd }{ohowfkd f{}fh`mj{m( mìdyf mqor{f m`

bmy{d oj{mymrrm jf r}f }{ohowfìâd bd`d mhm{ydkd ufyf f rdhkflm` r}ifv}æ{obf*

D uydbmrrd ï fkmv}fkd ufyf }joy `f{myofor m` }`f fùhf nfoqf km mrumrr}yf( rmjkd `for

}{ohowfkd ufyf g}j{fr km 2 f 95``* Mjbdj{yf( {fìï`( lyfjkm fuhobfìâd m` g}j{fr km `fody

mrumrr}yf( v}fjkd f rdhkflm` uymborf rmy ymfhowfkf ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m ufyf f

rdhkflm` jd bfùd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6;

[yfifhaf( {ouobf`mj{m( bd` }`f bdyymj{m mj{ym =5 m >55F !dr `fodymr ~fhdymr rmjkd }rfkdr bd`

mhm{ydkdr km `fody koé`m{yd/( ymr}h{fjkd m` }`f {fqf km kmudroìâd !km `m{fh km fkoìâd/ km 6 f

1cl$a* Ufyf f rdhkflm` km umìfr nojfr d} ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf ï jmbmrræyod }rfy mhm{ydkdr km

`mjdy koé`m{yd( bdyymj{m ifoqf m( frro`( }`f ifoqf {fqf km kmudroìâd* Fojkf( f jmbmrrokfkm km

oj{myy}uìâd umyoòkobf kd fybd ufyf f {ydbf km mhm{ydkd m ym`dìâd km mrbòyof( nfw bd` v}m( jmr{m

uydbmrrd( f uydudyìâd kd {mùd lfr{d umhd rdhkfkdy mnm{o~f`mj{m rdhkfjkd !nf{dy km db}ufìâd/

rmgf( m` lmyfh( ojnmyody f d}{ydr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd* Frro`( d uydbmrrd R@F\ {mjkm

fuymrmj{fy }`f `mjdy uydk}{o~okfkm m }`f `fody kmumjkçjbof km `âd km diyf v}m d}{ydr

uydbmrrdr f fybd* Mr{mr nf{dymr {ç` hm~fkd f }`f r}ir{o{}oìâd kmrrm uydbmrrd udy d}{ydr m`

`}o{fr fuhobfìýmr( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m jdr ufàrmr `for kmrmj~dh~okdr*

F\R M QQ_W

Mhm{ydkd ufyf rdhkflm` f fybd

Bdjg}j{d km 9 d} 2 kàlo{dr( v}m ojkobf` dhoò{m km ymror{çjbof `àjo`d kd `m{fhkmudro{fkd !m` 6555 uro/

6 kàlo{d v}m ojndy`f fr udroìýmr kmrdhkflm` ymbd`mjkfkfr !6( 9 d} ;/

6 kàlo{d !5 f 1/ v}m ojkobf d {oud kmkm ym~mr{o`mj{d m fr bfyfb{myàr{obfrdumyfbodjfor kd mhm{ydkd

Nol}yf ? Mrv}m`f km bhfrronobfìâd km mhm{ydkdr km fìdr bfyidjd km fbdykd bd` f F\R*

>*6*9 - Rdhkflm` L[F\

F Rdhkflm` f Fybd Lær[}jlr{çjod !Lfr [}jlr{mj Fyb \mhkojl L[F\/ d}( bd`d ï `for

bdjambokf jd Iyfroh( [OL ![}jlr{mj Ojmy{ Lfr/ ï }` uydbmrrd jd v}fh f }joâd ï di{okf umhd

fv}mbo`mj{d kdr `f{myofor udy }` fybd mr{fimhmbokd mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd jâd bdjr}`à~mh km

{}jlr{çjod m f umìf* F uyd{mìâd kd mhm{ydkd m kf wdjf kf rdhkf ï nmo{f udy }` lær ojmy{m(

jdy`fh`mj{m d fylûjod( d} òr{}yf km lfrmr ojmy{mr !Fy m Am/* @m{fh km fkoìâd udkm rmy }{ohowfkd

d} jâd* F nol}yf 65 `dr{yf mrv}m`f{obf`mj{m d uydbmrrd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6=

Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf

@m{fh kmIfrm

[dbaf

@m{fh kmFkoìâd

Lær kmUyd{mìâd

Mhm{ydkd km \

Ndj{m

Oljo{dy

Lær

[dbaf

Umìf

FybdLær

!f/ !i/

Nol}yf 65 Rdhkflm` L[F\7 !f/ Km{fham kf ymloâd kd fybd( !i/ `dj{flm` }r}fh*

F rdhkflm` L[F\ udkm rmy }rfkf jf ndy`f `fj}fh d} `mbfjowfkf m ï bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }`kdr uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd v}m umyò{m }` `mhady bdj{ydhm kfr bdjkoìýmr dumyfbodjfor*

Umyò{m f mqmb}ìâd km rdhkfr km fh{f v}fhokfkm m mqbmhmj{m fbfif`mj{d( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m m`

g}j{fr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !ojnmyody f 65 `` m `for bd`}`mj{m mj{ym 5(9 m 2 ``/* Rmìýmr km

`fody mrumrr}yf udkm` rmy rdhkfkfr( `fr( jmr{m bfrd( bdjrokmyfìýmr mbdjûòbfr {mjkm` f

nf~dymbmy uydbmrrdr bd` mhm{ydkd bdjr}`à~mh* F rdhkflm` L[F\ ï `for }{ohowfkf ufyf fìdr

holfkdr( fìdr ojdqokæ~mor m holfr jâd nmyydrfr* ]` }rd bd`}`( ufyf fìdr mr{y}{}yfor( ï f

mqmb}ìâd km ufrrmr km yfow jf rdhkflm` km {}i}hfìýmr( bd` dr d}{ydr ufrrmr rmjkd ymfhowfkdrbd` d}{yd uydbmrrd !R@F\ d} L@F\/* F {fimhf 2 fuymrmj{f fr ~fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m

fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kf rdhkflm` L[F\*

D rm} mv}ouf`mj{d iærobd bdjror{m km }`f ndj{m km mjmylof !BB m$d} BF/( {dbaf bd` mhm{ydkd

km {}jlr{çjod( ndj{m km lær km uyd{mìâd !Fy d} Am/ m }` ror{m`f ufyf f fimy{}yf kd fybd

!lmyfh`mj{m }` oljo{dy km fh{f nymv}çjbof/* Mr{m oljo{dy odjowf d `mod lfrdrd( korumjrfjkd f

jmbmrrokfkm km {dbfy d mhm{ydkd jf umìf ufyf f fimy{}yf kd fybd !d v}m udkm bf}rfy f `÷{}fbdj{fòjfìâd kd mhm{ydkd m kd `m{fh ifrm/* D mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf L[F\ ï `for bfyd m

bdùhobfkd kd v}m d }rfkd jf rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr ym~mr{okdr !R@F\/*

F ndj{m km mjmylof ï roòhfy å }{ohowfkf m` R@F\( `fr( km~okd år bfyfb{myàr{obfr kd uydbmrrd

L[F\( km~m fuymrmj{fy }`f `mhady uymborâd jd fg}r{m kf bdyymj{m m umyò{oy f rdhkflm` bd`

`mjdymr jà~mor km bdyymj{m !f{ï bmybf km = F/* D uydbmrrd ï `for }{ohowfkd bd` bdyymj{m bdj{àj}f

m d mhm{ydkd km \ jd udhd jmlf{o~d !BB/* Mr{f bdjnol}yfìâd lfyfj{m }`f n}râd `for mnobomj{m

kd `m{fh ifrm m }` `mjdy fv}mbo`mj{d kd mhm{ydkd* Bdj{}kd( jf rdhkflm` km holfr km fh}`àjod



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6>

m km `fljïrod( v}m râd ymbdimy{dr udy }`f bf`fkf km òqokd km mhm~fkd udj{d km n}râd( ï

oùdy{fj{m v}m d `m{fh ifrm mr{mgf holfkd fd udhd jmlf{o~d kf `æv}ojf( udor( jmr{f udhfyokfkm( f

mòrrâd km mhï{ydjr kf umìf ufyf d fybd umyò{m f v}miyf m ym`dìâd kf bf`fkf km òqokd* Ufyf

lfyfj{oy mr{m mnmo{d rm` fv}mbmy mqbmrro~f`mj{m d mhm{ydkd( ï bd`}` rm {yfifhafy bd` BF jf

rdhkflm` kmrrmr `f{myofor* Jmr{m bfrd( bd`d d fybd {mjkm f rm fuflfy f bfkf oj~myrâd km

udhfyokfkm km bdyymj{m( d oljo{dy km fh{f nymv}çjbof km~m dumyfy bdj{oj}f`mj{m ufyf `fj{my d

fybd fbmrd*

[fimhf 2 ^fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd L[F\*


Mqbmhmj{m bdj{ydhm kf udìf km n}râd* Umyò{m rdhkflm` rm` d }rd km `m{fh km

fkoìâd* Umyò{m `mbfjowfìâd m f}{d`fìâd kd

uydbmrrd* ]rfkd ufyf rdhkfy f `fodyof kdr `m{for* Uydk}w rdhkfr km fh{f v}fhokfkm m mqbmhmj{m

fbfif`mj{d* Lmyf ud}bd d} jmja}` ymruojld* Mqolm ud}bf d} jmja}`f hoùmwf fuòr f

rdhkflm`*

Umyò{m f rdhkflm` m` v}fhv}my udroìâd* Uydk}{o~okfkm ymhf{o~f`mj{m ifoqf* B}r{d km bdjr}`à~mor m mv}ouf`mj{d ï

ymhf{o~f`mj{m mhm~fkd*

Rdhkflm` km uymborâd d} km mhm~fkf

v}fhokfkm* Rdhkflm` km umìfr km umv}mjf

mrumrr}yf m {}i}hfìýmr km umv}mjdkoé`m{yd*

Mqmb}ìâd kd ufrrm km yfow m`{}i}hfìýmr*

Rdhkflm` km holfr mrumbofor( jâdnmyydrfr m `f{myofor mqò{obdr*

Mv}ouf`mj{dr `dkmyjdr km rdhkflm` L[F\ fuymrmj{f` ymb}yrdr bd`d d }rd km bdyymj{m

bdj{àj}f u}hrfkf m km bdyymj{m fh{myjfkf bd` djkf ym{fjl}hfy !jâd rmjdokfh/* Jf uyo`moyf

{ïbjobf( f bfkf u}hrd km bdyymj{m( f udìf km n}râd bymrbm ufyf fr r}fr ko`mjrýmr mrumyfkfr m rm

bdj{yfo fd nojfh kd u}hrd* Mr{m mnmo{d umyò{m }` `mhady bdj{ydhm kf udìf km n}râd jf rdhkflm`

km umìfr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf d} ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf* F rml}jkf {ïbjobf ï }rfkf jf rdhkflm`

km holfr km Fh d} km @l m korumjrf f jmbmrrokfkm km rm `fj{my d oljo{dy km fh{f nymv}çjbof

dumyfjkd bdj{oj}f`mj{m ufyf `fj{my d fybd n}jbodjfjkd f bfkf oj~myrâd km udhfyokfkm*

Dr mhm{ydkdr râd ~fym{fr km \ roj{myowfkd u}yd d} bd` fkoìýmr km òqokd km [a( Wy d} km d}{ydr

`m{for* F nfoqf km bdyymj{m }{ohowæ~mh ufyf }` mhm{ydkd kmumjkm km rm} {oud m koé`m{yd m(

{fìï`( kd {oud m udhfyokfkm kf bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` !{fimhf ;/*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6<

Mhm{ydkdr ‘{dyojfkdr‐( or{d ï( bd` fkoìýmr km òqokd km {òyod( udkm` bdjk}woy }`f `fody bdyymj{m

rm` n}jkoy ufybofh`mj{m f r}f udj{f bd`d dbdyym bd` dr km \ u}yd m {mjkm` f fuymrmj{fy }`

`mjdy kmrlfr{m kd v}m mr{mr* F mq{ymòkfkm kmrrmr mhm{ydkdr udkm rmy fudj{fkf bd` }` mr`myoh(

dbfrodjfjkd }` fybd `for mr{æ~mh m yàlokd v}fjkd rm {yfifhaf bd` `mjdymr kmjrokfkmr km

bdyymj{m* F mq{ymòkfkm km mhm{ydkdr km \ u}yd {mjkm f rm n}jkoy rm {dyjfjkd amòrnïyobf( jâd

rmjkd mr{mr( m` lmyfh( fudj{fkdr* Dr mhm{ydkdr km {}jlr{çjod u}yd râd }rfkdr uyojboufh`mj{m jf

rdhkflm` km fh}`àjod bd` bdyymj{m fh{myjfkf* F ndy`f kf udj{f kd mhm{ydkd( frro` bd`d d rm}

koé`m{yd( ojnh}mjbof d ndy`f{d kd bdykâd km rdhkf( rmjkd( udy{fj{d( }`f ~fyoæ~mh kd uydbmrrd(

ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m oùdy{fj{m jf rdhkflm` `mbfjowfkf d} f}{d`æ{obf*

[fimhf ; Nfoqfr km bdyymj{m m idbfor ufyf f rdhkflm` L[F\*

Koé`m{yd kd Koé`m{yd kd Bdyymj{m km Rdhkflm` !F/Mhm{ydkd !``/ Idbfh !``/ BB !f$i/ BB# !f$i/ BF !f/ BF !i/

5(=6(56(>9(;2(9;(5;(1>(;

>(;>(;?(=?(=69(=69(=6>(56?(5

= 956= 15<5 6=5

6=5 9=59=5 ;55;55 =55=55 <=5<=5 6555

65 956= 259= ;5;5 ==== 1515 69=

=956=15<56=56;592=99=29=255;55;55=55=55>25

=6=65>5

=56556556>56=59659559<=9=52=529=;=5

Mhm{ydkdr7 !f/ M\[a9 !\9-[aD9

!i/ M\U ![}jlr{çjod u}yd/

>*6*2 - Rdhkflm` L@F\ !@OL$@FL/

F Rdhkflm` f Fybd Lær@m{fh !Lfr @m{fh Fyb \mhkojl L@F\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`

f fybd v}m uydk}w f }joâd kdr `m{for umhd rm} fv}mbo`mj{d bd` }` fybd mhï{yobd mr{fimhmbokd

mj{ym }` mhm{ydkd `m{æhobd bdj{àj}d !m bdjr}`à~mh/ m f umìf !nol}yf 66/*

F uyd{mìâd kd fybd m udìf km n}râd ï di{okf udy }` lær d} òr{}yf km lfrmr* Rm mr{m lær ï ojmy{m

!Fy$Am/( d uydbmrrd ï {fìï` baf`fkd @OL !@m{fh Ojmy{ Lfr/* Udy d}{yd hfkd( rm d lær ndy

f{o~d !BD9 d} òr{}yfr Fy$D9 $BD9/( d uydbmrrd ï baf`fkd @FL !@m{fh Fb{o~m Lfr/* Lfrmr

ojmy{mr u}ydr râd( m` lmyfh( }rfkdr jf rdhkflm` km `m{for m holfr jâd nmyydrfr( òr{}yfr km lfrmr

ojmy{mr bd` umv}mjfr v}fj{okfkmr km lfrmr f{o~dr râd }rfkfr( m` lmyfh( bd` fìdr holfkdr(

mjv}fj{d v}m òr{}yfr `for yobfr m` lfrmr f{o~dr d} BD9 u}yd râd }rfkdr jf rdhkflm` km fìdr

bfyidjd*




Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf@m{fh kmIfrm

[dbaf

Lær kmUyd{mìâd Mhm{ydkd

Nol}yf 66 Rdhkflm` L@F\ !mrv}m`æ{obf/*

D uydbmrrd ï jdy`fh`mj{m dumyfkd km ndy`f rmòf}{d`æ{obf( udkmjkd rmy( {fìï`(

`mbfjowfkd d} f}{d`f{owfkd* Ï d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f fybd `for }rfkd bd` ydiûr

ojk}r{yofor* Bd`d {yfifhaf bd` }` !d} `for/ fyf`m!r/ bdj{àj}d!r/( d v}m umyò{m }` fh{d nf{dy

km db}ufìâd( bd` mhm~fkfr kmjrokfkmr km bdyymj{m jd mhm{ydkd !mhm~fkf {fqf km kmudroìâd/ m(

frro`( {mjkm f fuymrmj{fy }`f mhm~fkf uydk}{o~okfkm* Mr{mr frumb{dr {ç` hm~fkd f }`f }{ohowfìâd

bymrbmj{m kmr{m uydbmrrd !m kf rdhkflm` bd` fyf`mr {}i}hfymr/ m` ufàrmr kmrmj~dh~okdr( djkm d

kmbyïrbo`d kd j÷`myd km rdhkfkdymr m f jmbmrrokfkm km `fody uydk}{o~okfkm bf}rfyf` f

r}ir{o{}oìâd kf rdhkflm` bd` mhm{ydkdr ym~mr{okdr m` ~æyofr fuhobfìýmr* F {fimhf = fuymrmj{f fr

uyojboufor ~fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr kd uydbmrrd L@F\*

D mv}ouf`mj{d iærobd ufyf f rdhkflm` L@F\ bdjror{m km ndj{m km mjmylof( {dbaf km rdhkflm`(

ndj{m km lær m fho`mj{fkdy km fyf`m !nol}yf 69/* F ndj{m km mjmylof {m`( m` lmyfh( }`f rfàkf km

{mjrâd bdjr{fj{m( yml}hæ~mh mj{ym 6= m =5^( v}m ï }rfkf m` bdjg}j{d bd` }` fho`mj{fkdy km

fyf`m km ~mhdbokfkm yml}hæ~mh mj{ym bmybf km 6 m 95 `$òj* Mr{m ror{m`f fg}r{f f}{d`f{obf`mj{m

d bdùyo`mj{d kd fybd f{yf~ïr km ~fyofìýmr kf bdyymj{m( rmjkd `for roùhmr kd v}m ror{m`fr

fh{myjf{o~dr* Jf rdhkflm` L@F\( }{ohowfrm( m` uyf{obf`mj{m {dkfr fr fuhobfìýmr( bdyymj{m

bdj{àj}f bd` d mhm{ydkd holfkd fd udhd udro{o~d !BB#/* Ymbmj{m`mj{m( d uydbmrrd {m` rokd

}{ohowfkd bd` bdyymj{m fh{myjfkf !BF/ ufyf f rdhkflm` km g}j{fr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf

uyojboufh`mj{m km fh}`àjod*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` 6?

[fimhf = ^fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd L@F\*


Uydbmrrd bd` mhm{ydkd bdj{àj}d* Umyò{m rdhkflm` m` v}fhv}my udroìâd* Mhm~fkf {fqf km kmudroìâd km `m{fh* Mhm~fkf umjm{yfìâd* Udkm rdhkfy konmymj{mr holfr `m{æhobfr* Mqolm ud}bf hoùmwf fuòr rdhkflm`* Mv}ouf`mj{d ymhf{o~f`mj{m bfyd m bdùhmqd* Udkm fuymrmj{fy konob}hkfkm ufyf rdhkfy g}j{fr

km fbmrrd ymr{yo{d* Uyd{mìâd kd fybd ï rmjrà~mh f bdyymj{mr km fy* Udkm lmyfy mhm~fkf v}fj{okfkm km ymruojldr*

Rdhkflm` km holfr nmyydrfr m jâdnmyydrfr*

Rdhkflm` km bfyydbmyofr m mr{y}{}yfr km~màb}hdr*

Rdhkflm` km {}i}hfìýmr( m{b*

F {dbaf udrr}o }` bdj{f{d mhï{yobd kmrhowfj{m !iobd km bdj{f{d/( v}m {yfjrò{m f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf

fd fyf`m( dyonàbodr ufyf ufrrflm` km lær km uyd{mìâd( idbfh ufyf koyoloy d nh}qd km lær m

oj{myy}u{dy ufyf fbodjf`mj{d kd uydbmrrd* D fho`mj{fkdy km fyf`m ï bdùdr{d ifrobf`mj{m km

}` `d{dy( ror{m`f km bdj{ydhm kf ~mhdbokfkm kd `d{dy m ydhdr ufyf où}hrâd kd fyf`m*

Lær

Ndj{m km

Mjmylof

[dbaf

!-/

!#/

Fyf`m

Fho`mj{fkdy

km Fyf`m

BfidrUmìf

Nol}yf 69 Mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf f rdhkflm` L@F\*

Jmr{m uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`( `for kd v}m m` v}fhv}my d}{yd( f ndy`f bd`d d `m{fh km fkoìâd rm

{yfjrnmym kd mhm{ydkd ufyf f udìf km n}râd udkm rmy bdj{ydhfkf f{yf~ïr kd fg}r{m kdr ufyé`m{ydr

km rdhkflm` m km{myòjf ~æyofr km r}fr bfyfb{myàr{obfr dumyfbodjfor* F {yfjrnmyçjbof km `m{fh

f{yf~ïr kd fybd rm kæ( ifrobf`mj{m( udy {yçr `mbfjor`dr7 fmydrrdh !ruyf d} ld{ob}hfy/( lhdi}hfy m

b}y{dboyb}o{d( kmumjkmjkd kd fg}r{m kdr ufyé`m{ydr dumyfbodjfor( {for bd`d d jà~mh km bdyymj{m(

r}f udhfyokfkm( koé`m{yd m bdùdroìâd kd mhm{ydkd m f bdùdroìâd kd lær km uyd{mìâd* ]`fv}fy{f ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof !u}hrfkf/ ï udrrà~mh bd` mv}ouf`mj{dr mrumbofor*




Jf {yfjrnmyçjbof udy ruyf( d `m{fh rm {yfjrnmym bd`d nojfr ld{fr rdi f fìâd km ndyìfr

mhm{yd`fljï{obfr kd fybd m ojkmumjkmj{m`mj{m kf fìâd kf lyf~okfkm* Mr{f ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof

dbdyym jf rdhkflm` m` BB# bd` òr{}yfr km uyd{mìâd yobfr m` fylûjod m bd` ~fhdymr mhm~fkdr

km bdyymj{m* Mhf ï `}o{d mr{æ~mh m ho~ym km ymruojldr* Ojnmhow`mj{m( f jmbmrrokfkm km bdyymj{mr

mhm~fkfr {dyjf konàboh( d} oùdrrà~mh( f r}f fuhobfìâd jf rdhkflm` ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf !f udìf

km n}râd {mjkm f rmy `}o{d lyfjkm m km konàboh bdj{ydhm/ d} km umìfr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf

!mqbmrrd km umjm{yfìâd/*

Jf {yfjrnmyçjbof lhdi}hfy( d `m{fh km fkoìâd rm kmr{fbf kd mhm{ydkd ifrobf`mj{m udy fìâd km rm}

umrd !lyf~okfkm/( rmjkd( udy{fj{d( roòhfy f }`f {dyjmoyf ld{mgfjkd* Ï {àuobf kf rdhkflm` bd`

uyd{mìâd km BD9 ufyf {mjrýmr `for mhm~fkfr m }`f fùhf nfoqf km bdyymj{mr* Jf rdhkflm` bd`

òr{}yfr yobfr m` Fy( f {yfjrnmyçjbof lhdi}hfy dbdyym bd` bdyymj{m ifoqf m {mjrâd mhm~fkf* Bd`

mr{f ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof( }` mhm~fkd jà~mh km ymruojldr m lyfjkm nh}{}fìâd kf bdyymj{m m

{mjrâd km rdhkflm` râd bd`}jr m f dumyfìâd mr{æ ymr{yo{f å udroìâd uhfjf*

Jf {yfjrnmyçjbof udy b}y{d boyb}o{d( d mhm{ydkd {dbf f udìf km n}râd umyodkobf`mj{m !km 95 f 955

~mwmr udy rml}jkd/( dbdyymjkd f {yfjrnmyçjbof km `m{fh km fkoìâd k}yfj{m mr{mr b}y{dr udy fìâd

kf {mjrâd r}umynobofh m kfr ndyìfr mhm{yd`fljï{obfr* Ï f ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof `for }rfkf jf

rdhkflm` km fìdr !ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m bd` uyd{mìâd km BD9/ ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf m km umìfr km

umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !f{ï > ``/ km~okd år umv}mjfr bdyymj{mr km dumyfìâd m å r}f ojkmumjkçjbof

kf fìâd kf lyf~okfkm* Mhm~fkd jà~mh km ymruojldr m }`f {mjkçjbof å nfh{f km n}râd kf g}j{f

!uyojboufh`mj{m ufyf g}j{fr km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf/ râd uydihm`fr {àuobdr kmr{f ndy`f km dumyfìâd*

F {yfjrnmyçjbof u}hrfkf ï bdjrml}okf bd` ndj{mr mrumbofor v}m oùým` }`f ndy`f mrumbofh å

bdyymj{m km rdhkflm`( bfyfb{myowfkf udy u}hrdr umyoòkobdr km fh{f bdyymj{m* Mr{f u}hrfìâd umyò{m}`f {yfjrnmyçjbof ruyf bd` ~fhdymr `ïkodr km bdyymj{m ojnmyodymr fdr ~fhdymr jdr v}for mr{f

ndy`f km {yfjrnmyçjbof dbdyym jdy`fh`mj{m* Frro`( di{ç`rm fr ~fj{flmjr kmr{f {yfjrnmyçjbof

bd` ifoqdr ~fhdymr `ïkodr km bdyymj{m d v}m umyò{m f r}f fuhobfìâd jf rdhkflm` km g}j{fr km

umv}mjf mrumrr}yf m( {fìï`( ndyf kf udroìâd uhfjf* Fr `fodymr hoò{fìýmr kmr{f ndy`f km

dumyfìâd râd f r}f `fody bdùhmqokfkm km dumyfìâd m f jmbmrrokfkm km mv}ouf`mj{dr mrumbofor

!km `fody b}r{d m `for bdùhmqdr/*




>*6*; - Rdhkflm` bd` Fyf`m [}i}hfy

F Rdhkflm` f Fybd bd` Mhm{ydkd [}i}hfy !Nh}q Bdymk Fyb \mhkojl NBF\/ ï }` uydbmrrd

jd v}fh f bdfhmrbçjbof kdr `m{for ï di{okf umhd fv}mbo`mj{d kmr{mr udy }` fybd mj{ym }`

mhm{ydkd {}i}hfy bdj{àj}d m f umìf* D mhm{ydkd {}i}hfy fuymrmj{f oj{myjf`mj{m }` nh}qd v}m

kmrmùmjaf n}jìýmr roòhfymr fd ym~mr{o`mj{d kd mhm{ydkd jd uydbmrrd R@F\( or{d ï(

mr{fiohowfìâd kd fybd( fg}r{m km bdùdroìâd v}àòbf kf rdhkf( uyd{mìâd( m{b* F nol}yf 62 `dr{yf f

rmìâd {yfjr~myrfh km }` fyf`m {}i}hfy dirmy~fkf jd òbydrbòuod mhm{yûjobd km ~fyymk}yf*

D uydbmrrd fuymrmj{f k}fr ~fyofìýmr uyojboufor7 rdhkflm` f}{duyd{mlokf !ojjmyraomhk /( m` v}m d

nh}qd ndyjmbm {dkf f uyd{mìâd jmbmrræyof jf ymloâd kd fybd( m rdhkflm` bd` uyd{mìâd lfrdrf

!k}fh raomhk /( m` v}m ufy{m kf uyd{mìâd ï ndyjmbokf udy }` lær( km ndy`f rm`mhafj{m fd uydbmrrd

L@F\* M` fìfr fr ndy`fr( mhm ï dumyfkd( jf `fodyof kfr fuhobfìýmr( jf ndy`f rmò

f}{d`æ{obf( }{ohowfjkd ifrobf`mj{m d `mr`d mv}ouf`mj{d kd uydbmrrd L@F\ !nol}yf 69/* F

{fimhf > `dr{yf fr uyojboufor ~fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr kd uydbmrrd NBF\*

!f/ !i/

Nol}yf 62 ‒ Rmìâd {yfjr~myrfh km }` fyf`m {}i}hfy* Dirmy~fy d nh}qd oj{myjd bdj{mjkd konmymj{mr

`f{myofor ojbh}ro~m fkoìýmr `m{æhobfr !ufy{àb}hfr bhfyfr/* @M^*

[fimhf > ^fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd NBF\*


Mhm~fkf uydk}{o~okfkm m mnoboçjbof* Rdhkflm` m` {dkfr fr udroìýmr* B}r{d ymhf{o~f`mj{m ifoqd* Uydk}w rdhkfr km idf v}fhokfkm m fufyçjbof* Mv}ouf`mj{d ymhf{o~f`mj{m bfyd* Udkm lmyfy mhm~fkf v}fj{okfkm km n}`dr* Jmbmrro{f hoùmwf fuòr rdhkflm`*

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd m holfkdr* Rdhkflm` m` nfiyobfìâd( `fj}{mjìâd m

m` `dj{flm` jd bfùd* Rdhkflm` km ufy{mr km ~màb}hdr*

@m{fh

Nh}qd




>*6*= - Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd

F Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd !R}i`mylmk Fyb \mhkojl( RF\/ ï }` uydbmrrd jd v}fh f

bdfhmrbçjbof kdr `m{for ï uydk}wokf umhd fv}mbo`mj{d kmr{mr bd` }` fybd mr{fimhmbokd mj{ym }`

mhm{ydkd `m{æhobd bdj{àj}d m f umìf* D fybd ï uyd{mlokd udy }`f bf`fkf km `f{myofh n}rà~mh

lyfj}hfkd !nh}qd/ v}m ï bdhdbfkd rdiym f umìf mjv}fj{d d mhm{ydkd( jf ndy`f km fyf`m( ï

fho`mj{fkd bdj{oj}f`mj{m* D nh}qd jf ymloâd uyòqo`f fd fybd ï n}jkokd( uyd{mlmjkd d fybd m f

udìf km n}râd m ndy`fjkd( udr{myody`mj{m( }`f bf`fkf ròhokf km mrbòyof rdiym d bdykâd* Mr{m

`f{myofh udkm {fìï` fg}kfy f mr{fiohowfy d fybd m kmrmùmjafy }`f n}jìâd u}yonobfkdyf rdiym d

`m{fh n}jkokd* Bd`d d fybd dbdyym rdi f bf`fkf km nh}qd( mhm jâd ï ~orà~mh( kfà d jd`m kd

uydbmrrd* F nol}yf 6; oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd*

Mr{m uydbmrrd ï `}o{d }rfkd jf rdhkflm` km mr{y}{}yfr km fìd( jf nfiyobfìâd km {}i}hfìýmr m jf

kmudroìâd km bf`fkfr km ym~mr{o`mj{d {fj{d jf nfiyobfìâd bd`d jf ymb}umyfìâd km umìfr

kmrlfr{fkfr* [yfifhaf nymv}mj{m`mj{m bd` bdyymj{mr km rdhkflm` mhm~fkfr( v}m udkm` rmy

r}umyodymr f 6555F( d v}m udkm hm~fy f {fqfr km kmudroìâd km f{ï ;=cl$a* R}f `fody }{ohowfìâd ï

jf ndy`f `mbfjowfkf d} f}{d`æ{obf( mqor{ojkd mv}ouf`mj{dr ufyf rdhkflm` rmòf}{d`æ{obf*

Km~okd å bf`fkf km nh}qd m år mhm~fkfr bdyymj{mr km rdhkflm`( mr{m uydbmrrd {m` km rmy

}{ohowfkd jf udroìâd uhfjf d} adyowdj{fh !ufyf rdhkfr km nohm{m/( d v}m {dyjf oùdy{fj{m d rm} }rd

bdjg}j{d bd` korudro{o~dr ufyf d kmrhdbf`mj{d m udrobodjf`mj{d kfr umìfr* F {fimhf < fuymrmj{f

fr uyojboufor ~fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr kd uydbmrrd RF\*

Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf

@m{fh kmIfrm

MrbòyofNh}qd Mhm{ydkd

Nol}yf 6; Rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd !mrv}m`æ{obf/*




D mv}ouf`mj{d jmbmrræyod bdjror{m jdy`fh`mj{m km ndj{m km mjmylof kd {oud {mjrâd bdjr{fj{m(

fho`mj{fkdy km fyf`m m ror{m`f km bdj{ydhm( {dbaf km rdhkflm`( udy{f nh}qd m ror{m`f km

kmrhdbf`mj{d kf {dbaf !nol}yf 6=/*

[fimhf < ^fj{flmjr( hoò{fìýmr m fuhobfìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd RF\*


Fh{fr ~mhdbokfkmr km rdhkflm` m {fqfr kmkmudroìâd*

Uydk}w rdhkfr }jondy`mr m km id` fbfif`mj{dr}umynobofh*

F}rçjbof km ymruojldr m n}`dr*

Korumjrf uyd{mìâd bdj{yf yfkofìâd km~okd fdfybd jâd ~orà~mh* Nfboh`mj{m `mbfjowfkd* Mhm~fkf uydk}{o~okfkm* Rdhkflm` hoò{fkf år udroìýmr uhfjf m nohm{m

adyowdj{fh* Fudy{m {ïyòbd mhm~fkd udkm uymg}kobfy

uyduyomkfkmr kf g}j{f m` fhl}jr bfrdr* Jmbmrræyod ym{oyfy f mrbòyof mj{ym ufrrmr*

Rdhkflm` km fìdr bfyidjd m holfkdr* Rdhkflm` km jàv}mh m r}fr holfr* Rdhkflm` km `mìydr mr{y}{}yfor m

{}idr km lyfjkm koé`m{yd* Rdhkflm` m` nfiyobfìâd km umìfr

umrfkfr km fìd* Ymbdiyo`mj{d( `fj}{mjìâd m ymufyd*

[yf{dy

Umìf

Udy{fNh}qd

Fyf`m

Bdj{ydhm

Ndj{m

Bfid km bdj{ydhm

Nol}yf 6= ‒ Mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf f rdhkflm` fd Fybd R}i`myrd*

>*6*> - Rdhkflm` f Uhfr`f

F rdhkflm` f uhfr`f !UF\ Uhfr`f Fyb \mhkojl/ ï }` uydbmrrd v}m }{ohowf d fybd dumyfjkd

m` bdjkoìýmr mrumbofor v}m f{}f bd`d }`f ndj{m mq{ym`f`mj{m mr{æ~mh km bfhdy v}m umyò{m frdhkflm` kf `fodyof kdr `m{for bd` mrumrr}yfr km 5(59 f > `` d} `for* Mr{f ndj{m mrumbofh km




bfhdy lfyfj{m `fody bdjbmj{yfìâd km mjmylof( `fody mr{fiohokfkm m `fody bfufbokfkm km

umjm{yfìâd kd v}m dr uydbmrrdr L[F\( R@F\ m L@F\* Mrrm uydbmrrd ï ifrmfkd jd

uydbmrrd L[F\( fuymrmj{fjkd( bd`d konmymjìf n}jkf`mj{fh( f }{ohowfìâd km }` idbfh mq{yf

!idbfh bdjr{yo{dy/ v}m bf}rf f bdjbmj{yfìâd !bdjr{yoìâd/ kd fybd mhï{yobd* F nol}yf 6> oh}r{yf d

uyojbàuod km dumyfìâd kd uydbmrrd UF\*

D lær km uhfr`f !lmyfh`mj{m fylûjod/ ï fho`mj{fkd bd` }`f umv}mjf ~fwâd mj{ym d mhm{ydkd m d

idbfh bdjr{yo{dy rfojkd umhd dyonàbod kmr{m ufyf ndy`fy f baf`f km uhfr`f !nol}yf 6>/* F uyd{mìâd

kd uhfr`f m kf udìf km n}râd ï nmo{f udy }` lær !jdy`fh`mj{m fylûjod d} aïhod/ ndyjmbokd umhd

idbfh mq{myjd* D fybd km rdhkflm` ï ojobofkd bd` d f}qàhod km }` fybd uohd{d km ifoqf bdyymj{m

`fj{okd mj{ym d mhm{ydkd m d idbfh* V}fjkd f umìf ï ufy{m kd boyb}o{d mhï{yobd km rdhkflm`( d

uydbmrrd ï kmjd ojfkd km uhfr`f ‘{yfjrnmyokd‐3 v}fjkd f umìf jâd nfw ufy{m kd boyb}o{d

mhï{yobd !d fybd ï `fj{okd mj{ym d mhm{ydkd m d idbfh/ {m`rm uhfr`f ‘jâd {yfjrnmyokd‐* Mr{m

÷h{o`d umyò{m udkm rmy fuhobfkd m` `f{myofor jâd bdjk}{dymr km mhm{yobokfkm* Jd uydbmrrd

UF\( `m{fh km fkoìâd( v}fjkd }{ohowfkd( ï ndyjmbokd km ndy`f roòhfy fd uydbmrrd L[F\*

K}fr ndy`fr km dumyfìâd râd }rfkfr jf rdhkflm` UF\( f dumyfìâd bdj~mjbodjfh !‘`mh{oj‐/ m f

dumyfìâd m` ‘cmadhm‐* F dumyfìâd bdj~mjbodjfh ï jdy`fh`mj{m }rfkf jf rdhkflm` km g}j{fr

km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !5(59 f 2 ``/ bd` bdyymj{mr( m` lmyfh( ojnmyodymr f 655 F* Ufyf f

rdhkflm` kfr `mjdymr mrumrr}yfr( bd` bdyymj{mr km bmybf km 6F( d uydbmrrd ï bd`}`mj{m

kmjdòjfkd km rdhkflm` ‘@obyduhfr`f‐*

Mhm{ydkd Idbfh Bdjr{yo{dy

Idbfh km Uyd{mìâd

@m{fh km Fkoìâd

Udìf km N}râd @m{fh km Ifrm

Rdhkf

Nol}yf 6> Uydbmrrd UF\ dumyfjkd jd dkd ‘cmadhm‐*




F dumyfìâd m` cmadhm ï bfyfb{myowfkf umhf ndy`fìâd km }` n}yd v}m f{yf~mrrf f udìf km n}râd

!nol}yf 6=/* D `m{fh hàv}okd mrbdf m` {dyjd kmr{m n}yd m rdhokonobf jf ufy{m udr{myody kf udìf km

n}râd* Rdhkfr di{okfr bd` mr{f ndy`f km dumyfìâd {ç` umjm{yfìâd {d{fh jf mrumrr}yf kf g}j{f m

fuymrmj{f` }`f mhm~fkf ymhfìâd umjm{yfìâd$hfyl}yf d v}m ymk}w uydihm`fr km kor{dyìâd* Mr{f

ndy`f km dumyfìâd umyò{m rdhkfy( m` }` ÷jobd ufrrm( g}j{fr km f{ï 65``( d} `mr`d `for*

F rdhkflm` f uhfr`f ï fuhobæ~mh å `fodyof kdr `m{for m f `}o{dr `f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr*

Mj{ym{fj{d( rm} b}r{d ymhf{o~f`mj{m mhm~fkd m f `fody bdùhmqokfkm kd uydbmrrd !m`

bdùfyfìâd bd` L[F\/ hoò{f` d rm} }rd uyojboufh`mj{m ufyf fuhobfìýmr byà{obfr m`

ojk÷r{yofr km fh{f {mbjdhdlof !ojk÷r{yof fmydjæ}{obf m fmydmrufbofh( udy mqmùhd/ ufyf fr v}for f

}{ohowfìâd kd uydbmrrd ï g}r{onobæ~mh* Udy d}{yd hfkd mv}ouf`mj{dr km uhfr`f kmrmj~dh~okdr ufyf

d bdy{m km `f{myofor mr{âd rm {dyjfjkd bfkf ~mw `for }rfkdr ojk}r{yofh`mj{m !~my o{m` O^/*

>*9 - Rdhkflm` udy Mhm{ydmrbòyof

F rdhkflm` udy mhm{ydmrbòyof !Mhm{ydrhfl \mhkojl( MR\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy n}râd

v}m }{ohowf f ufrrflm` km }`f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf f{yf~ïr km }`f mrbòyof bdjk}{dyf n}jkokf ufyf

lmyfy d bfhdy jmbmrræyod å n}râd hdbfhowfkf kf g}j{f m kd `m{fh km fkoìâd* Mr{f mrbòyof {fìï`

uyd{mlm f udìf km n}râd m d `m{fh km fkoìâd kf bdj{fòjfìâd umhd fìomj{m* D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd

uyo`fyof`mj{m ufyf f }joâd km k}fr d} `for umìfr !m` lmyfh( km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf/ m` }` ÷jobd

ufrrm bd` f rdhkflm` rmjkd nmo{f jf udroìâd ~my{obfh frbmjkmj{m* D `m{fh m f mrbòyof n}jkokdr

râd `fj{okdr m` udroìâd bd` d f}qàhod km rfuf{fr( m` lmyfh km bdiym m ymnyolmyfkfr f æl}f* F

nol}yf 6< oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` MR\*

Mqor{m` k}fr ~fyofìýmr iærobfr kd uydbmrrd7 d `ï{dkd {yfkobodjfh v}m }{ohowf }` {}id l}of jâdbdjr}`à~mh m d rml}jkd `ï{dkd jd v}fh d {}id l}of ï bdjr}òkd g}j{f`mj{m bd` d fyf`m* Jd

uyo`moyd bfrd( d bfimìd{m `d~mrm uydlymrro~f`mj{m k}yfj{m d uydbmrrd( `fj{mjkd }`f

kor{éjbof bdjr{fj{m å udìf km n}râd* Jf rdhkflm` MR\ bd` l}of bdjr}`à~mh( d bfimìd{m

umy`fjmbm mr{fbodjæyod jd fh{d kf g}j{f* Frro`( d {}id l}of( nmo{d km }` `f{myofh bdùf{à~mh

bd` d `m{fh km fkoìâd( ï uydlymrro~f`mj{m n}jkokd bd` d fyf`m å `mkokf v}m f rdhkf ï

kmudro{fkf* Mrrf bdjnol}yfìâd ï `for roùhmr korumjrfjkd d }rd km korudro{o~dr ufyf f

`d~o`mj{fìâd kd bfimìd{m* Ufyf g}j{fr km lyfjkm mrumrr}yf( ï bd`}` f }{ohowfìâd( ufyf fìdrdr uydbmrrdr( km ror{m`fr km `÷h{ouhdr fyf`mr udkm` rmy }rfkdr m( jd bfrd kf rdhkflm` MR\




bd` l}of jâd bdjr}`à~mh( dr mhm{ydkdr udkm` rdnymy }` `d~o`mj{d km drbohfìâd fd hdjld kf

g}j{f ufyf lfyfj{oy }`f kor{yoi}oìâd for }jondy`m km {mùmyf{}yfr jf g}j{f* [fqfr km kmudroìâd

km f{ï 62cl$a udy mhm{ydkd udkm` rmy bdjrml}okfr bd` mr{m uydbmrrd*

F rdhkflm` MR\ ï }rfkf jf nfiyobfìâd km umìfr umrfkfr( uyojboufh`mj{m km fìd mr{y}{}yfh* D

uydbmrrd ï }rfkd {ouobf`mj{m m` g}j{fr km 62 f =55 `` km mrumrr}yf( bdùm{ojkd km ndy`f

nf~dyæ~mh bd` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` f fybd v}fj{d `fody ndy f mrumrr}yf kf g}j{f* Mj{ym{fj{d(

bd`d f ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` kmr{m uydbmrrd {mjkm f rmy `}o{d ifoqf !bmybf km 5(= ``$r/( f

rdhkf m ymloýmr kd `m{fh km ifrm fkgfbmj{mr râd fv}mbokfr f {mùmyf{}yfr `}o{d mhm~fkfr udy

umyàdkdr km {mùdr ymhf{o~f`mj{m hdjldr m ymrnyofkfr hmj{f`mj{m* Frro`( f rdhkf m d `m{fh km

ifrm fkgfbmj{m {mjkm` f fuymrmj{fy }`f mr{y}{}yf km lyfj}hfìâd lydrrmoyf m km {mjfbokfkm ifoqf(

mqolojkd( ufyf fhl}`fr fuhobfìýmr( }` {yf{f`mj{d {ïyòbd km jdy`fhowfìâd fuòr f rdhkflm`(

ufyf d ymnojd kf mr{y}{}yf* ]`f ~mw ojobofkd( d uydbmrrd jâd km~m rmy oj{myydùokd f{ï d {ïyòjd

kf rdhkflm`( udor d ymojàbod kmr{m uydbmrrd rdiym }`f rdhkf oj{myydùokf ï konàboh m ymr}h{f( m`

lmyfh( m` lyfjkmr kmrbdj{oj}okfkmr jf rdhkf*

Mhm{ydkd

Ydhm{mr km fho`mj{fìâd

[}id-l}of

Mrbòyof n}jkokf

Rfuf{f km bdiymymrnyofkf f æl}f

Rdhkf

Udìf km n}râd

@m{fhkm Ifrm

!f/ !i/

Udìf km n}râd

Mhm{ydkd

Mrbòyof n}jkokf

Rdhkf

@m{fh km Ifrm

Nol}yf 6< Rdhkflm` MR\7 !f/ Mrv}m`f lmyfh kd uydbmrrd m!i/ km{fham kf ymloâd kf udìf km n}râd*




>*2 - Rdhkflm` Dqo-Lær

F rdhkflm` dqolær !Dqon }mh \mhkojl( DN\/ bdùymmjkm }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm`

v}m }{ohowf` d bfhdy uydk}wokd udy }`f baf`f km bdì}r{à~mh lfrdrd m dqolçjod ufyf n}jkoy d

`m{fh km ifrm m( rm }rfkd( d `m{fh km fkoìâd* D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd uyojboufh`mj{m jf ndy`f

`fj}fh( `fr mqor{m` fuhobfìýmr `mbfjowfkfr( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m v}fjkd d uydbmrrd ï }{ohowfkd

bd` f fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd( rmjkd( jmr{m bfrd( kmjdòjfkd km rdhkflm` f lær udy uymrrâd

!Uymrr}ym Lær \mhkojl( UL\/*

Konmymj{mr lfrmr bdì}r{à~mor udkm` }{ohowfkdr( `fr d `for bd`}` ufyf f rdhkflm` kdr fìdr m

km d}{yfr holfr `m{æhobfr ï d fbm{ohmjd !B9A9/* K}yfj{m f dumyfìâd( f baf`f ymr}h{fj{m kf òr{}yf

lærdqolçjod jf udj{f kd `fìfyobd ï }rfkf ufyf f n}râd hdbfhowfkf kd `m{fh km ifrm m f ndy`fìâd

kf udìf km n}râd* D rdhkfkdy `d~o`mj{f f {dbaf fd hdjld kf g}j{f ufyf bdjrml}oy f r}f n}râd

}jondy`m m uydlymrro~f( fkobodjfjkd( rm ndy d bfrd( `m{fh km fkoìâd* F nol}yf 61 oh}r{yf d

uydbmrrd* Mr{m uydbmrrd ï `for }rfkd jf rdhkflm` km bafufr nojfr !m` lmyfh( bd` }`f mrumrr}yf

ojnmyody f >``/ m km {}idr km umv}mjd koé`m{yd m jf rdhkflm` km ymufyd( udkmjkd rmy }rfkd

ufyf fìdr( m` ufy{ob}hfy fìdr bfyidjd( m ufyf holfr jâd nmyydrfr* Kmumjkmjkd kd `f{myofh f rmy

rdhkfkd( ï uymbord }rfy }` nh}qd ufyf lfyfj{oy f mrbdyonobfìâd km où}ymwfr* F v}fhokfkm kf

rdhkf {mjkm f rmy ojnmyody å kf rdhkflm` f fybd km~okd å `mjdy mnoboçjbof kf uyd{mìâd*

D mv}ouf`mj{d iærobd ufyf rdhkflm` `fj}fh bdjror{m km ndj{mr km dqolçjod m lær bdì}r{à~mh(

yml}hfkdymr km ~fwâd( `fjl}moyfr m kd `fìfyobd* D dqolçjod ï( m` lmyfh( ndyjmbokd m` bohojkydr

km lær bdùyoòkd !955f{`/* M` hdbfor djkm mr{m lær ï `}o{d }{ohowfkd( mhm udkm rmy ndyjmbokd f

ufy{oy km ojr{fhfìýmr bmj{yfhowfkfr* D fbm{ohmjd ï ndyjmbokd m` lmyfh korrdh~okd m` fbm{djf kmj{yd

km bohojkydr uyòuyodr* Lmyfkdymr km fbm{ohmjd( djkm mr{m ï uydk}wokd umhf ymfìâd km bfyi}ym{d km

bæhbod m æl}f {fìï` udkm` rmy }rfkdr* Dr `fìfyobdr râd korudro{o~dr v}m ymbmim` d dqolçjodm d lær bdì}r{à~mh( nfwm` f r}f òr{}yf jf uydudyìâd bdyym{f m hoimyf` mr{f òr{}yf( jd rm}

iobd( bd` }`f ~mhdbokfkm fkmv}fkf ufyf f r}f v}mo`f* D mv}ouf`mj{d ufyf rdhkflm` DN\ ï

`}o{d ~myræ{oh( udkmjkd rmy }{ohowfkd( f{yf~ïr km `}kfjìfr km yml}hflm` d} {ydbf km iobdr kd

`fìfyobd( ufyf bdy{m f dqolçjod( {yf{f`mj{d {ïyòbd km umv}mjfr umìfr m ufyf iyfrflm`*




Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf

@m{fh kmIfrm

@fìfyobd

@m{fh kmFkoìâd

Dqolçjod #Lær bdì}r{à~mh

Baf`f

Bdjm oj{myjd

Nol}yf 61 Rdhkflm` DN\

Uyojboufor bfyfb{myàr{obfr m fuhobfìýmr kmr{m uydbmrrd râd7

Mv}ouf`mj{d udy{æ{oh m `}o{d ~myræ{oh(

Ifoqd b}r{d(

Ifoqf oj{mjrokfkm kd bfhdy {yfjrnmyokd å umìf oùhobf m` ifoqf ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm`(

Jmbmrro{f km nh}qd ufyf f rdhkflm` km fhl}jr `m{for(

]rfkd m` fj}{mjìâd m ymufyd(

]rfkd jf rdhkflm` km umìfr nojfr( {}idr km umv}mjd koé`m{yd*

>*; - Rdhkflm` bd` Nmoqm km Mhï{ydjr

F rdhkflm` bd` nmoqm km mhï{ydjr !Mhmb{ydj Imf` \mhkojl( MI\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd

ifrmfkd jf n}râd hdbfhowfkf kf g}j{f f{yf~ïr km rm} idìfykmf`mj{d udy }` nmoqm km mhï{ydjr km

fh{f ~mhdbokfkm* D nmoqm km mhï{ydjr ï mò{okd udy }` bfjaâd mhm{yûjobd m ndbfhowfkd( f{yf~ïr kmhmj{mr mhm{yd`fljï{obfr( m` }`f ymloâd `}o{d umv}mjf kf g}j{f !koé`m{yd kf dykm` km 656 ``/

d v}m umyò{m }`f mhm~fkf bdjbmj{yfìâd km mjmylof* K}yfj{m d idìfykmf`mj{d( ufy{m kf

mjmylof bojï{obf kdr mhï{ydjr ï bdj~my{okf m` bfhdy( n}jkojkd m ~fudyowfjkd ufy{m kd `f{myofh kf

g}j{f m byofjkd }` n}yd !cmadhm/ f{yf~ïr kd `f{myofh* V}fjkd mr{m n}yd ï `d~okd fd hdjld kf

g}j{f( d `f{myofh hàv}okd nh}o m` {dyjd kd `mr`d m rm rdhokonobf jf ufy{m udr{myody kf udìf

ndy`fjkd f rdhkf* Mr{f ndy`f km dumyfìâd umyò{m di{my bdykýmr km rdhkf bd` }`f mhm~fkf

yfwâd umjm{yfìâd$hfyl}yf !km f{ï 2576/ m bd` ~mhdbokfkmr km f{ï 955 ``$r* F ifoqf mjmylof kmrdhkflm` ymr}h{fj{m( òjoòwf uydihm`fr km kor{dyìâd m bdj{yfìâd kf g}j{f m umyò{m {yfifhafy




bd` umìfr gæ }rojfkfr* Umyò{m {fìï` rdhkfy `for nfboh`mj{m `m{for korroòhfymr km

bdjk}{o~okfkm {ïyòbf konmymj{m kmrkm v}m mr{mr {mjaf` bdùf{oiohokfkm `m{fh÷ylobf* D nmoqm km

mhï{ydjr udkm f{yf~mrrfy }`f g}j{f km `mjdy mrumrr}yf( rdhkfjkdf m( fojkf( f{ojloy }`f d}{yf

g}j{f fifoqd kf uyo moyf( umy o{ojkd( frro ( f rdhkflm km g}j{fr jâd fbmrrà~mor udy d}{ydr

uydbmrrdr* Bd` }` nmoqm `mjdr ndbfhowfkd udkmrm di{my `mjdy bdjbmj{yfìâd km mjmylof m

dumyfy d uydbmrrd km ndy`f roòhfy å rdhkflm` f fybd*

F rdhkflm` MI\ ï lmyfh`mj{m nmo{f m` fh{d ~æb}d !5(62 f 622` Uf/( mìdyf mqor{f` ~fyofìýmr

kd uydbmrrd( v}m {yfifhaf` bd` `mjdymr umjm{yfìýmr( v}m udkm` dumyfy bd` }` ~æb}d `ïkod

!5(62 f 2555Uf/ d} å uymrrâd fìomj{m* ]` mv}ouf`mj{d {àuobd ufyf f rdhkflm` MI\ ojbh}o f

bé`fyf km ~æb}d( }`f ndj{m km mjmylof m bfjaâd mhm{yûjobd !dumyfjkd {ouobf`mj{m bd` 25 f

6<=c^ m =5 f 6555 `F/( korudro{o~dr km ndbfhowfìâd kd nmoqm( }` ror{m`f ufyf dirmy~fìâd d}

yfr{ymf`mj{d kd nmoqm m }` ror{m`f ufyf `fjou}hfìâd kf umìf m$d} kd bfjaâd mhm{yûjobd*

F mv}ouf`mj{d km rdhkflm` MI\ ï ymhf{o~f`mj{m bfyd !udkm b}r{fy `for km ]R+ 6*555*555/ m

bdùhmqd* D uydbmrrd ï mq{ym`f`mj{m yæuokd m udkm rdhkfy( m` }` ÷jobd ufrrm( umìfr km lyfjkm

mrumrr}yf !fìd( f{ï 655 ``( m fh}`àjod( f{ï 6=5 ``/* Udy d}{yd hfkd( f jmbmrrokfkm km }` fh{d

~æb}d( ymk}w f uydk}{o~okfkm kd uydbmrrd* Mr{m uydihm`f udkm rmy ymk}wokd umhd }rd km bé`fyfr

f}qohofymr ufyf d mr{fimhmbo`mj{d km }` uyï~æb}d jfr umìfr fj{mr km r}f rdhkflm` d} umhd }rd

km mv}ouf`mj{dr v}m {yfifhaf` bd` `mjdy ~æb}d* F kmrfbmhmyfìâd km mhï{ydjr jf umìf lmyf

yfkofìâd umjm{yfj{m !yfodr Q/ d v}m oùhobf m` b}okfkdr mrumbofor ufyf f uyd{mìâd km umrrdfh* D

bdykâd mr{ymo{d m km mhm~fkf umjm{yfìâd mqolm }` fg}r{m umynmo{d kdr bdùdjmj{mr rmjkd

rdhkfkdr !fimy{}yf km g}j{f ojnmyody f 5(62``/ d v}m jmbmrræyof f }rojflm` b}okfkdrf kdr

bdùdjmj{mr* F rdhkflm` ï ifrobf`mj{m hoò{fkf f g}j{fr km {dud m rdiymudr{fr*

>*= - Rdhkflm` f Hfrmy

F rdhkflm` f hfrmy !Hfrmy Imf` \mhkojl( HI\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd ifrmfkd jf n}râd

hdbfhowfkf kf g}j{f f{yf~ïr km rm} idìfykmf`mj{d udy }` nmoqm km h}w bdjbmj{yfkf bdmymj{m m

`djdbyd`æ{obf km fh{f oj{mjrokfkm* Km ndy`f roòhfy å rdhkflm` MI\( mr{m nmoqm km fh{f

oj{mjrokfkm ï r}nobomj{m ufyf n}jkoy m ~fudyowfy ufy{m kd `f{myofh kf g}j{f jd udj{d km mj{yfkf kd

nmoqm jd `f{myofh( bf}rfjkd }` n}yd !cmadhm/ v}m umjm{yf uydn}jkf`mj{m jd `m{fh km ifrm* F

nol}yf 6? oh}r{yf km ndy`f mrv}m`æ{obf km }` ror{m`f ufyf f rdhkflm` HI\*




Ndj{m km Hfrmy

Ndj{m km mjmylofm bdj{ydhmr

Mrumhad

Hmj{m kmNdbfhowfìâd

Umìf

Rdhkf

Hfrmy

Nol}yf 6? Mhm`mj{dr km }` ror{m`f {àuobd ufyf rdhkflm` f hfrmy*

Ufyf f uydk}ìâd kd hfrmy udkm` rmy }rfkfr ndj{mr bdj{àj}fr f koòqokd km bfyidjd( bfufwmr km

uydk}woy hfrmy km ojnyf~my`mhad m kmjrokfkmr km mjmylof m` {dyjd km 6q6565 \$`9( d} ndj{mr

u}hrfkfr km _FL !_{yo}` fh}òj}` lfyjm{/ jd mr{fkd ròhokd* Fr uyo`moyfr râd }rfkfr ufyf f

rdhkflm` hfrmy km mhm~fkf umjm{yfìâd( mjv}fj{d v}m dr hfrmy km mr{fkd ròhokd râd `for }rfkdr

ufyf f rdhkflm` km udj{d m km bdr{}yf m` g}j{fr km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf( rdhkflm` m`

òbydmhm{yûjobf m m` d}{yfr fuhobfìýmr v}m mqogf` }` bdj{ydhm uymbord kf v}fj{okfkm km mjmylof

ndyjmbokf å umìf* M` bdùfyfìâd bd` f rdhkflm` MI\( f rdhkflm` f hfrmy fuymrmj{f fr

rml}oj{mr bfyfb{myàr{obfr nf~dyæ~mor7

hfrmy udkm rmy {yfjrò{okd jd fy( jâd jmbmrro{fjkd km }` ~æb}d rdiym f umìf* Bdj{}kd( d }rd

km }`f uyd{mìâd lfrdrf ï ymbd`mjkæ~mh( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m ufyf `f{myofor ymf{o~dr*

Jâd dbdyym f lmyfìâd km yfodr Q bd` hfrmy*

nmoqm km hfrmy udkm rmy nfboh`mj{m koymbodjfkd m ndbfhowfkd d v}m nfboho{f f f}{d`fìâd kd

uydbmrrd*

Km~okd å `mjdy oj{mjrokfkm kd nmoqm km hfrmy( f udìf km n}râd kmr{m uydbmrrd ï `mjdr

rmjrà~mh v}m f kf rdhkflm` MI\ f uydihm`fr km ojr{fiohokfkm !udydrokfkm jf yfow( n}râd

ojbdùhm{f( ymruojldr rdi d bdykâd( m{b/*

Km ndy`f roòhfy å rdhkflm` MI\( f rdhkflm` f hfrmy ï }` uydbmrrd km fh{f ~mhdbokfkm( okmfh

ufyf fuhobfìýmr f}{d`f{owfkfr( `fr mqolojkd }` umynmo{d fg}r{m kfr umìfr* D b}r{d kd

mv}ouf`mj{d km rdhkflm` {mjkm f rmy mhm~fkd( m` {dyjd km ]R+ =55*555( nfwmjkd bd` v}m d

uydbmrrd rmgf {ouobf`mj{m }rfkd fumjfr m` fuhobfìýmr bd` }` lyfjkm ~dh}`m km rdhkfr d} m`




fuhobfìýmr byà{obfr v}m jmbmrro{m` km bfyfb{myàr{obfr mrumbofor kd bdykâd d} }`f lyfjkm

ymuydk}{oiohokfkm* D uydbmrrd ï `for }{ohowfkd jf rdhkflm` km umìfr km `mjdy mrumrr}yf bd`

}`f mhm~fkf ~mhdbokfkm km kmrhdbf`mj{d* Udy mqmùhd( }` hfrmy km BD9 km = c\ km ud{çjbof

udkm rdhkfy bafufr km 9(= `` km fìd bfyidjd d} ojdqokæ~mh bd` ~mhdbokfkmr fbo`f km >= ``$r*

F rdhkflm` HI\ {m` r}ir{o{}àkd( m` fhl}jr bfrdr( f rdhkflm` km ymror{çjbof udy udj{dr jf

nfiyobfìâd kf bfyydbmyof km ~màb}hdr* F mnoboçjbof kd mv}ouf`mj{d HI\ ï ifoqf( km 1 f 6=-(

jmbmrro{fjkd km lyfjkmr }jokfkmr km ymnyolmyfìâd ufyf fuhobfìýmr km fh{f ud{çjbof*

Mìdyf d mv}ouf`mj{d rmgf `}o{d rdnor{obfkd( mhm ï uydgm{fkd ufyf rmy }rfkd udy dumyfkdymr( jâd

jmbmrro{fjkd km rdhkfkdymr fh{f`mj{m {ymojfkdr* ^æyodr mv}ouf`mj{dr HI\ udkm`( bd`

umv}mjfr `dkonobfìýmr( rmy }rfkdr ufyf dumyfìýmr km bdy{m d} km {yf{f`mj{d {ïyòbd r}umynobofh*

>*> ‒ Uydbmrrdr Aàiyokdr km Rdhkflm`

F bdìojfìâd km `for km }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` !m` lmyfh( }` uydbmrrd f fybd m fhl}`

d}{yd/ umyò{m f di{mjìâd km }` jdrrd uydbmrrd v}m udkm fuymrmj{fy ~fj{flmjr rdiym bfkf }`

kdr uydbmrrdr ojobofor* Dr uydbmrrdr aàiyokdr `for bdjambokdr râd dr v}m mj~dh~m` d }rd

bdjg}j{d kf rdhkflm` L@F\ m f rdhkflm` hfrmy d} f uhfr`f* D }rd bdjg}j{d kdr uydbmrrdr

fnm{f d n}jbodjf`mj{d km bfkf }` !udy mqmùhd( f oj{myfìâd kd hfrmy bd` d `f{myofh lmyf }`

uhfr`f v}m udkm mr{fiohowfy d fybd m f udìf km n}râd lmyfkf umhd fybd nfboho{f f umjm{yfìâd kd

hfrmy jd `f{myofh/ m d ndy`f{d nojfh kd bdykâd km rdhkf* Jdr uydbmrrdr aàiyokdr !nol}yf 95/( fr

ndj{mr km bfhdy f{}f` rdiym f `mr`f udìf km n}râd fd bdj{yæyod km d}{yf duìâd `}o{d bd`}`(

v}m rmyof f bdìojfìâd km uydbmrrdr( jf v}fh bfkf uydbmrrd byof f r}f uyòuyof udìf km n}râd m

f{}f km ndy`f rmufyfkf* F nol}yf 96 bdùfyf d ndy`f{d km bdykýmr di{okdr umhdr uydbmrrdr

L@F\( hfrmy m hfrmyL@F\* Udkmrm dirmy~fy v}m d bdykâd di{okd bd` d uydbmrrd aàiyokdfuymrmj{f }`f umjm{yfìâd roòhfy fd bdykâd di{okd bd` hfrmy g}j{f`mj{m bd` f uymrmjìf km

`m{fh km fkoìâd* Mr{fr bfyfb{myàr{obfr umyò{m` f ymfhowfìâd kf rdhkf `for yfuokf`mj{m m bd`

`mjdy j÷`myd km ufrrmr !m` ymhfìâd å rdhkflm` L@F\/ rm` mqoloy f mhm~fkf uymborâd jf

uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f !{àuobf kf rdhkflm` hfrmy/* D uydbmrrd hfrmyL@F\ {m` kmrumy{fkd

f{}fh`mj{m }` mhm~fkd oj{mymrrm {mjkd }rd bymrbmj{m( udy mqmùhd( jf ojk÷r{yof jf~fh*




Udìf km N}râd

Rdhkf

@m{fh kmIfrm

HfrmyUydbmrrd

L@F\

Nmoqm km

Nol}yf 95 ‒ Uydbmrrd aàiyokd !HfrmyL@F\/*

Nol}yf 96 ‒ Bd`ufyfìâd mj{ym dr ndy`f{dr kd bdykâd kdr uydbmrrdr L@F\( Hfrmy m Hfrmy

L@F\ !Ndj{m7 JCC [mbajobfh Ym~om| Jd*1>( 9559( 169/*




< - Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` udy Kmndy`fìâd

<*6 - Rdhkflm` udy Ymror{çjbof

F rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof !Ymror{fjbm \mhkojl( Y\/ bdùymmjkm }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km

rdhkflm` jdr v}for d bfhdy jmbmrræyod å ndy`fìâd kf g}j{f rdhkfkf ï di{okd umhf ymror{çjbof å

ufrrflm` kf bdyymj{m mhï{yobf f{yf~ïr kfr umìfr rmjkd rdhkfkfr* D fv}mbo`mj{d kf ymloâd kf

g}j{f umhf ufrrflm` kf bdyymj{m mhï{yobf( fifoqf f ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf kd `f{myofh umyò{ojkd(

f{yf~ïr kf fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd( f kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf m( frro`( f rdhkflm` udy kmndy`fìâd kf

g}j{f* M` fhl}jr bfrdr( dbdyym }`f n}râd hdbfhowfkf jf ymloâd kf g}j{f* Frro ( jmr{m uydbmrrd km

rdhkflm` udkm dbdyymy f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf {fj{d udy n}râd bd`d udy kmndy`fìâd* Bdj{}kd( udy

yfwýmr u}yf`mj{m kokæ{obfr( f rdhkflm` Y\ rmyæ bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm`

udy kmndy`fìâd*

Mqor{m` v}f{yd uydbmrrdr uyojboufor km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof7 !f/ rdhkflm` udy udj{d

!Ymror{fjbm Rud{ \mhkojl( YR\/( !i/ rdhkflm` km uydgmìâd !Ymror{fjbm Uydgmb{odj \mhkojl(

YU\/( !b/ rdhkflm` udy bdr{}yf !Ymror{fjbm Rmf` \mhkojl( YRM\/ m !k/ rdhkflm` km {dud

udy ymror{çjbof !]urm{ \mhkojl( ]\/( nol}yf 99*

Jf rdhkflm` udy udj{d( kdor mhm{ydkdr bohàjkyobdr fuhobf` uymrrâd m umyò{m` f ufrrflm` km

}`f fh{f bdyymj{m mhï{yobf m` }` udj{d bdjbmj{yfkd km }`f g}j{f rdiymudr{f !nol}yf 99*f/* M`

bdjkoìýmr fkmv}fkfr km rdhkflm`( d fv}mbo`mj{d udy mnmo{d Gd}hm kf ymloâd mj{ym dr mhm{ydkdr

umyò{m f n}râd hdbfhowfkf kf ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym fr umìfr* F uymrrâd fuhobfkf umhdr mhm{ydkdr

jd `m{fh km ifrm( bf}rf f kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf kd `f{myofh ròhokd m` {dyjd kf ‘hmj{m‐ km `f{myofh

n}jkokd( d v}m oùmkm( m` bdjkoìýmr fkmv}fkfr km rdhkflm`( d ~fwf`mj{d !‘mqu}hrâd‐/ kmr{m

`f{myofh n}jkokd m( fojkf( d uyd{mlm kd bdj{f{d bd` d fy f{`drnïyobd* Bd` f oj{myy}uìâd kfbdyymj{m( f {mùmyf{}yf bfo yfuokf`mj{m bd` kon}râd kd bfhdy ufyf mhm{ydkdr !m` lmyfh(

ymnyolmyfkdr f æl}f/ m ufyf d ymr{fj{m kd `m{fh km ifrm( ndy`fjkdrm( frro`( }` udj{d km rdhkf

!nol}yf 92/* F ndy`fìâd km }` udj{d km rdhkf ï `}o{d yæuokf( udy mqmùhd( jf rdhkflm` km k}fr

bafufr km 6(> `` km mrumrr}yf bd` }`f bdyymj{m km bmybf km 69*555 F jmbmrro{frm km }`

{mùd km fuydqo`fkf`mj{m 5(9= r* D uydbmrrd ï `for }rfkd jf }joâd km umìfr bd` mrumrr}yf

ojnmyody f 2 ``( m` g}j{fr rdiymudr{fr v}fjkd f mr{fjv}mokfkm kf g}j{f jâd ï `}o{d oùdy{fj{m*

Mjbdj{yf hfylf fuhobfìâd( udy mqmùhd( jf nfiyobfìâd km bfyydbmyofr km ~màb}hdr*




D uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy bdr{}yf ï `}o{d roòhfy å rdhkflm` YR\( fr uyojboufor konmymjìfr

rmjkd f }{ohowfìâd km mhm{ydkdr jf ndy`f km korbd( v}m udkm` rm kmrhdbfy fd hdjld kf g}j{f bd`

}`f kfkf ~mhdbokfkm( m f fuhobfìâd km }`f rmv}çjbof km u}hrdr km bdyymj{m mjv}fj{d dr

mhm{ydkdr rm `d~m` !nol}yf 99*i/* Kmr{f ndy`f di{ç`rm }`f rmv}çjbof km u}hrdr v}m rm

rdiymuým` m ndy`f` f rdhkf km bdr{}yf* Mr{m uydbmrrd umyò{m( frro`( f rdhkflm` yæuokf km

bafufr nojfr( udkmjkd fr rdhkfr di{okfr rmy( konmymj{m`mj{m kfv}mhfr di{okfr bd` YR\(

mr{fjv}mr* ^mhdbokfkmr {àuobfr km rdhkflm` râd 9=``$r ufyf bafufr km fìd km 6(> `` m

6< ``$r ufyf bafufr km 2 ``*

O

!f/ !i/

!b/

!k/

Mhm{ydkdr

Uydgmìâd

Rdhkfr

Rdhkfr

O

O

O

Umìfr

Umìfr

Lfyyfr

Nol}yf 99 Uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof7 !f/ rdhkflm` udy udj{d !YR\/( !i/ rdhkflmùdy bdr{}yf !YRM\/( !b/ rdhkflm` km uydgmìâd !YU\/ m !k/ rdhkflm` km {dud !]\/* O bdyymj{m

km rdhkflm`( rm{fr mrb}yfr uymrrâd*

F rdhkflm` udy uydgmìâd ï( {fìï`( `}o{d roòhfy å rdhkflm` YR\* F `fody konmymjìf ymrokm

jf bdjndy`fìâd( d} }rojflm`( m` }`f kfr umìfr( km uydgmìýmr udy djkm f bdyymj{m ufrrfyæ

uymnmymjbofh`mj{m m( udy{fj{d( djkm d udj{d km rdhkf rmyæ ndy`fkd !nol}yf 99*b/* Bd`d

bdjrmv}çjbof( mhm{ydkdr lyfjkmr m uhfjdr udkm` rmy }rfkdr m `for km }` udj{d km rdhkf udkm




rmy ndy`fkd km bfkf ~mw* Uojdr( ufyfn}rdr m d}{ydr {oudr km fuçjkobmr udkm` rmy nfboh`mj{m

rdhkfkdr f bafufr nojfr udy mr{m uydbmrrd*

Mhm{ydkd km holf km bdiymymrnyofkd f æl}f

Rdhkf

@m{fh km Ifrm

Uymrrâd

Bdyymj{m mhï{yobf

Nol}yf 92 Ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf jd uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` km ymror{çjbof udy udj{dr !YR\/*

Dr uydbmrrdr kmrbyo{dr fbo`f râd }rfkdr jf ndy`f rmòf}{d`æ{obf !jf v}fh d dumyfkdy

udrobodjf fr umìfr mj{ym dr mhm{ydkdr kd bfimìd{m km rdhkflm`( v}m udkm rmy mr{fbodjæyod d}

udy{æ{oh( fumy{f d lf{ohad v}m ojobof f rmv}çjbof km rdhkflm` m( kmudor( hoimyf f umìf kd bfimìd{mkm rdhkflm`/ d} f}{d`æ{obf !jf v}fh {dkfr fr dumyfìýmr râd bdj{ydhfkfr umhd mv}ouf`mj{d/* Jf

rdhkflm` udy udj{dr m` ufy{ob}hfy( dirmy~frm d }rd bymrbmj{m km ydiûr ojk}r{yofor ufyf f r}f

f}{d`fìâd*

Jf rdhkflm` km {dud udy ymror{çjbof !]\/( fd bdj{yæyod kdr uydbmrrdr fj{myodymr( {yfifhafrm

bd` g}j{fr km {dud( rmjkd mr{f bd`}`mj{m }rfkf ufyf f }joâd km fyf`mr( {}idr( fjïor m {oyfr km

`mr`f rmìâd {yfjr~myrfh* Jmr{m uydbmrrd !nol}yf 99*k/( fr k}fr umìfr râd bdhdbfkfr m` bdj{f{d muymrrodjfkfr }`f bdj{yf f d}{yf* F rml}oy( f bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` ï holfkf( ufrrfjkd kfr lfyyfr

ufyf fr umìfr m f{yf~ïr kmr{fr* F ymloâd km bdj{f{d mj{ym fr umìfr( djkm f ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf ï

`fody( ï fv}mbokf udy mnmo{d Gd}hm( d v}m bf}rf }`f ymk}ìâd km r}f ymror{çjbof `mbéjobf* Bd`d

ymr}h{fkd( mr{f ymloâd ufrrf f rmy kmndy`fkf uhfr{obf`mj{m udy fìâd kf ndyìf km bdùymrrâd

fuhobfkf ojobofh`mj{m( f v}fh udkm rmy f}`mj{fkf v}fjkd f g}j{f mr{o~my fkmv}fkf`mj{m

fv}mbokf* F kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf hm~f å ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf m km }`f ymifyif hf{myfh mj{ym fr umìfr

ufyf djkm fr où}ymwfr kf ymloâd kf g}j{f {mjkm` f òlyfy !nol}yf 99*k/* Fd nojfh kd uydbmrrd( fbdyymj{m ï kmrholfkf( umyò{ojkd d ymrnyof`mj{d kf rdhkf* M` fhl}jr bfrdr( ï udrrà~mh fuhobfy(




fojkf( }` {yf{f`mj{d {ïyòbd fuòr f rdhkflm` umhf ufrrflm` km }`f bdyymj{m `mjdy v}m f

}rfkf jf rdhkflm`*

]` bdj{f{d }jondy`m mj{ym fr umìfr jf ymloâd f rmy rdhkfkf ï n}jkf`mj{fh ufyf lfyfj{oy }`f

}joâd ormj{f km kmrbdj{oj}okfkmr bd` d uydbmrrd ]\* Frro`( mr{m uydbmrrd jâd ï fkmv}fkd ufyf

f }joâd umìfr bd` }`f lyfjkm rmìâd km bdj{f{d d} bd` }` ndy`f{d bdùhobfkd* Ufyf mr{mr

bfrdr( d uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d !N\/ {m` }` `mhady kmrmùmjad*

<*9 - Rdhkflm` udy Bmj{mhaf`mj{d

F rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d !Nhfra \mhkojl( N\/ ï `}o{fr ~mwmr bhfrronobfkd bd`d }`

uydbmrrd udy ymror{çjbof udor fuymrmj{f ko~myrfr bfyfb{myàr{obfr m fuhobfìýmr roòhfymr å rdhkflm`

km {dud udy ymror{çjbof !]\/* Jf rdhkflm` N\ !nol}yf 9;/( fr umìfr f rmym` rdhkfkfr râd

fuydqo`fkfr rm`( bdj{}kd( fr r}fr r}umynàbomr mj{yfym` m` bdj{f{d* F mjmylof mhï{yobf ï holfkf m(

mj{âd( fr umìfr râd bdhdbfkfr m` `d~o`mj{d ymhf{o~d km ndy`f f rm fuydqo`fym` bd` }`f

~mhdbokfkm bdjr{fj{m* Mr{m `d~o`mj{d bf}rf d bdj{f{d mhï{yobd kfr r}umynàbomr f rmym` rdhkfkfr

kfr umìfr( ojobofh`mj{m m` ud}bdr udj{dr djkm dbdyym f ndy`fìâd km }` fybd mhï{yobd

!bmj{mhaf`mj{d/* Udy fìâd kd bmj{mhaf`mj{d( dbdyym f ~fudyowfìâd kdr udj{dr m` bdj{f{d(

umyò{ojkd( kmr{f ndy`f( v}m jd~dr udj{dr mj{ym` m` bdj{f{d m d bmj{mhaf`mj{d rm mrufham udy

{dkf f r}umynàbom kf g}j{f* Fuòr bmy{d {mùd km bmj{mhaf`mj{d( v}fjkd {dkfr fr r}umynàbomr f

rmym` }jokfr mr{o~mym` r}nobomj{m`mj{m fv}mbokfr( f bdyymj{m km rdhkflm` ï kmrholfkf m fr umìfr

râd ndy{m`mj{m uymrrodjfkfr }`f bdj{yf f d}{yf( rdnymjkd bdjrokmyæ~mh kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf jfr

r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f d v}m hm~f å ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf*

F rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d {m` fuhobfìýmr roòhfymr fd uydbmrrd ]\( bdj{}kd( bd`d f fìâdkm bmj{mhaf`mj{d umyò{m }` fv}mbo`mj{d `for }jondy`m kf g}j{f( `mr`d bd` bdjkoìýmr

uodymr km uymufyfìâd r}umynobofh( d uydbmrrd N\ udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf umìfr km `fody mrumrr}yf

m km ndy`f{d `for bdùhobfkd* D uydbmrrd ï `}o{d }rfkd jf nfiyobfìâd km {}i}hfìýmr m km ydkfr

km bfyydr m bfòjaýmr m jf }joâd km {yohadr* Udy d}{yd hfkd( d uydbmrrd ï `for bdùhmqd m d rm}

mv}ouf`mj{d {mjkm f rmy `for bfyd m bdùhobfkd*




!f/

Fimy{}yf ojobofh

O

' '

' '

Rdhkf!i/

!b/

Fybd

~6

~9

Nol}yf 9; Rdhkflm` udy bmj{mhaf`mj{d7 !f/ Udrobodjf`mj{d ojobofh kfr umìfr( !i/ fuòrf mjmylof mhï{yobf rmy holfkf( fr umìfr râd fuydqo`fkfr bd` }`f ~mhdbokfkm ~6(dbdyymjkd d bmj{mhaf`mj{d v}fjkd udj{dr kfr r}umynàbomr mj{yf` m` bdj{f{d

!~my km{fham/( !b/ fuòr d fv}mbo`mj{d fkmv}fkd kfr r}umynàbomr( f bdyymj{m ï kmrholfkfm fr umìfr râd uymrrodjfkfr !bd` }`f ~mhdbokfkm ~9 : ~6/ ufyf f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf*

<*2 - Rdhkflm` udy Fh{f Nymv}çjbof

Jf rdhkflm` udy fh{f nymv}çjbof !Aola Nymv}mjb Ojk}b{odj \mhkojl( ANO\/( râd }{ohowfkfr

idiojfr udy djkm ufrrf }`f bdyymj{m km fh{f nymv}çjbof v}m bf}rf d fufymbo`mj{d km bdyymj{mr

ojk}wokfr jf ymloâd kf g}j{f kfr umìfr v}m mr{âd rmjkd rdhkfkfr* Mr{fr bdyymj{mr fv}mbm` f g}j{f

udy mnmo{d Gd}hm d v}m nfboho{f f kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf m f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf bd` f fuhobfìâd km

uymrrâd* Kmr{f ndy`f( mr{m uydbmrrd fuymrmj{f lyfjkm rm`mhafjìf bd` f rdhkflm` Y\( rmjkd

bdjrokmyfkd( udy ko~myrdr f}{dymr( bd`d }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy ymror{çjbof*

D uydbmrrd ï ifr{fj{m }rfkd jf nfiyobfìâd !rdhkflm` hdjlo{}kojfh/ km {}idr m umynor km fìd km

ufymkm km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf !km bmybf km 5(62 ``/ udkmjkd rmy }rfkd( {fìï`( ufyf {}idr km

lyfjkm mrumrr}yf km ufymkm !f{ï 9= ``/( bd` }`f lyfjkm ~mhdbokfkm km rdhkflm` !f{ï bmybf km

255 `$òj/( rmjkd fkmv}fkd ufyf fuhobfìýmr `mbfjowfkfr d} f}{d`f{owfkfr djkm }` lyfjkm

~dh}`m km uydk}ìâd ï jmbmrræyod* D fv}mbo`mj{d kf g}j{f {mjkm f rmy im` hdbfhowfkd

òjoòwfjkd fh{myfìýmr jd `m{fh km ifrm* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }rfkd ufyf konmymj{mr `m{for m

holfr( ojbh}ojkd fìdr bfyidjd m km ifoqf holf( fìdr ojdqokæ~mor m holfr km fh}`àjod( bdiym( {o{éjod

m jàv}mh* F nol}yf 9= oh}r{yf f rdhkflm` ANO\*




Nol}yf 9= Mqmùhd kf }{ohowfìâd kd uydbmrrd ANO\ jf rdhkflm` hdjlo{}kojfh km {}idr*

<*; - Rdhkflm` udy Nyobìâd

F rdhkflm` km nyobìâd !Nyob{odj \mhkojl( N\/ ï }` uydbmrrd v}m }{ohowf mjmylof `mbéjobf( m`

lmyfh frrdbofkf bd` f yd{fìâd km }`f umìf( ufyf f lmyfìâd km bfhdy jf ymloâd kf g}j{f f rmy

rdhkfkf* Fuòr d fv}mbo`mj{d fkmv}fkd kf g}j{f( f umìfr râd uymrrodjfkfr ufyf f ndy`fìâd kf

g}j{f* F nol}yf 9> oh}r{yf f rdhkflm` udy nyobìâd* D uydbmrrd ï( m` lmyfh( }rfkd ufyf f rdhkflm`

km umìfr km ro`m{yof bohàjkyobf !{}idr m ifyyfr/( v}m udkm` rmy km `m{for korroòhfymr* D uydbmrrd

udkm {fìï` rmy fuhobfkd( f{yf~ïr kf yd{fìâd m uymrrâd km }`f ifyyf bdj{yf f r}umynàbom km }`f

umìf( ufyf f kmudroìâd km ym~mr{o`mj{dr mrumbofor rdiym mrrf umìf d} f rdhkflm` km }` uojd jd

oj{myody kmr{f* Jf kïbfkf km ?5 ndo kmrmj~dh~okd }` uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` udy nyobìâd !)R{oy

Nyob{odj \mhkojl‐/ v}m }{ohowf f ufrrflm` km }`f nmyyf`mj{f m` yd{fìâd mj{ym fr nfbmr kf g}j{f

ufyf ymfhowfy f }joâd kfr umìfr* Mr{m uydbmrrd {m` rokd fuhobfkd uyojboufh`mj{m jf rdhkflm` km

holfr km fh}`àjod*

<*= - Rdhkflm` udy Kon}râd

F rdhkflm` udy kon}râd !Kon n}rodj \mhkojl( KN\/ ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd jd mr{fkd ròhokd

v}m uydk}w f rdhkf umhf fuhobfìâd km uymrrâd f mhm~fkf {mùmyf{}yf rm` f kmndy`fìâd




`fbydrbòuobf kfr umìfr* ]` `m{fh km fkoìâd udkm rmy bdhdbfkd mj{ym fr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f* F

nol}yf 9< oh}r{yf d uyojbàuod kmr{m uydbmrrd*

F rdhkflm` udy kon}râd ï }` uydbmrrd mrumbofhowfkd km rdhkflm` km fuhobfìâd ymr{yo{f v}fjkd

rm kmrmgf7 !f/ m~o{fy uydihm`fr `m{fh÷ylobdr frrdbofkdr bd` f rdhkflm` udy n}râd( !i/ nfiyobfy

bdùdjmj{mr km ko`mjrýmr m ndy`f uyòqo`fr kfr kmrmgfkfr jd uydk}{d nojfh !‘jm{ rafum‐/( m !b/

uydk}woy umìfr mrumrrfr bd` uyduyomkfkmr }jondy`mr fd hdjld kf mrumrr}yf* D uydbmrrd rò ï

mbdjdòbf`mj{m ~oæ~mh v}fjkd `f{myofor mrumbofor m km mhm~fkd b}r{d râd }{ohowfkdr d} v}fjkd

mqor{m }`f lyfjkm mqolçjbof v}fj{d år ko`mjrýmr kf umìf rdhkfkf( {mjkd r}fr fuhobfìýmr rokd(

f{ï d uymrmj{m( hoò{fkfr( m` lmyfh( år ojk÷r{yofr mhm{yûjobf m fmydmrufbofh*

!f/ !b/

!k/!i/

Nol}yf 9> Uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` N\7 !f/ ]` `mìyd ï bdhdbfkd m` yd{fìâd( !i/ ojobofrm fndyìf km bdùymrrâd( !b/ ojobofrm f ndy`fìâd kf rdhkf m !k/ f rdhkf ï bdùhm{fkf*

Nol}yf 9< Mr{ælodr kf rdhkflm` udy kon}râd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;5

<*> - Rdhkflm` udy Mquhdrâd

F rdhkflm` udy mquhdrâd !Mquhdro~m \mhkojl( MQ\/ ï }` uydbmrrd v}m }{ohowf f mjmylof km

km{djfìâd km }` mquhdro~d ufyf uyd`d~my f }joâd km umìfr `m{æhobfr* ]`f kfr umìfr ï hfjìfkf

fd mjbdj{yd kf d}{yf umhf mquhdrâd m( k}yfj{m f bdhorâd( kmrmj~dh~mrm }`f oj{mjrf kmndy`fìâd

uhær{obf r}umynobofh bfufw km ym`d~my fr bdj{fòjfìýmr r}umynobofor m uyd`d~my f }joâd kfr

umìfr* Km~okd fd ndy{m badv}m jfr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f( f rdhkf ymr}h{fj{m {m` }` frumb{d {àuobd

djk}hfkd !nol}yf 91/* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf }joâd km uyf{obf`mj{m {dkdr dr `m{for m

holfr v}m udrr}f` k}b{ohokfkm r}nobomj{m ufyf jâd rm ydùmy k}yfj{m f mquhdrâd m {m` rokd

}{ohowfkd ojk}r{yofh`mj{m ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km ym~mr{o`mj{dr( km bafufr io`m{æhobfr m ufyf f

}joâd km `m{for `m{fh}ylobf`mj{m ojbdùf{à~mor m` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* F nol}yf

91 oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd* F nfiyobfìâd km bafufr bd` ym~mr{o`mj{dr uyd{m{dymr bdj{yf f bdyydrâd m`

~frdr km uymrrâd m m` {ydbfkdymr km bfhdy m km umìfr km {yfjroìâd mj{ym mr{y}{}yfr km fh}`àjod m

fìd râd fhl}jr mqmùhdr km fuhobfìýmr kmr{m uydbmrrd*

Mquhdro~d

F`dy{mbmkdy

@m{fh km ifrm

Km{djfkdy

@m{fh kmym~mr{o`mj{d

Km{fham kfymloâd kf rdhkf

Nol}yf 91 Rdhkflm` udy mquhdrâd*




<*< - Rdhkflm` udy Hfòjfìâd

Mr{m ï }` uydbmrrd km }joâd }rfkd ufyf f uydk}ìâd km bafufr io`m{æhobfr f{yf~ïr kf hfòjfìâd

bdjg}j{f !bdhfòjfìâd/ km bafufr km `m{for konmymj{mr( m` lmyfh( å {mùmyf{}yf fìomj{m d} f

{mùmyf{}yfr uyòqo`fr kmr{f* Mr{m uydbmrrd udkm rmy }rfkd( udy mqmùhd( ufyf f nfiyobfìâd km

bafufr km fh}`àjod m fìd ufyf f uydk}ìâd km iydjwojfr*

<*1 - Rdhkflm` f Nyod

F rdhkflm` f nyod !Bdhk \mhkojl( B\/ ï ymfhowfkf umhf fuhobfìâd km }`f ndy{m kmndy`fìâd

hdbfhowfkf( å {mùmyf{}yf fìomj{m( kfr umìfr f rmym` }jokfr* Mr{m uydbmrrd ï fuhobæ~mh ufyf

`m{for km mhm~fkf k}b{ohokfkm( bd`d d fh}`àjod m bdiym( {mjkd( bd`d fuhobfìâd {àuobf( f }joâd km

bdjk}{dymr km mhm{yobokfkm*

<*? - Rdhkflm` udy ]h{yf-Rd`

F rdhkflm` udy }h{yfrd` !]h{yfrdjob \mhkojl( ]R\/ uydk}w f }joâd kfr umìfr umhf fuhobfìâd

hdbfhowfkf km mjmylof ~oiyfbodjfh km fh{f nymv}çjbof !}h{yfrd`/( mjv}fj{d fr umìfr râd `fj{okfr

rdi uymrrâd* F }joâd dbdyym udy fv}mbo`mj{d m kmndy`fìâd uhær{obf hdbfhowfkf kfr r}umynàbomr

m` bdj{f{d* D uydbmrrd ï }r}fh`mj{m fuhobfkd ufyf f rdhkflm` km g}j{fr rdiymudr{fr km `m{for

k÷b{mor( roòhfymr d} jâd( km umv}mjf mrumrr}yf m ufyf f }joâd km uhær{obdr( udy mqmùhd( jf

ojk÷r{yof mhm{yûjobf m jf nfiyobfìâd km mìfhflmjr*

1 - Uydbmrrdr km Iyfrflm

Iyfrflm` mjlhdif }` ly}ud km uydbmrrdr km }joâd v}m }{ohowf }` `m{fh km fkoìâd km udj{d km

n}râd ojnmyody fd kd `m{fh km ifrm* Bd`d bdjrml}çjbof( d uydbmrrd ï ymfhowfkd f }`f

{mùmyf{}yf jf v}fh fr umìfr rmjkd }jokfr jâd rdnym` jmja}`f n}râd* Jmr{mr uydbmrrdr( m`

lmyfh( f umjm{yfìâd m mrufhaf`mj{d kd `m{fh km fkoìâd jf g}j{f râd bdjrml}okdr udy mnmo{d km

bfuohfyokfkm* Nymv}mj{m`mj{m( f iyfrflm` ï bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd km }joâd ymhfbodjfkd`fr konmymj{m kf rdhkflm`( bdj{}kd( bd` ifrm jf v}fy{f kmnojoìâd km rdhkflm` fuymrmj{fkf




jmr{m {mq{d !uælojf 9/( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy( fh{myjf{o~f`mj{m( bdjrokmyfkf bd`d }` uydbmrrd

mrumbofh km rdhkflm` udy n}râd jd v}fh fumjfr d `m{fh km fkoìâd ï n}jkokd*

Mqor{m` {yçr ~fyofìýmr iærobfr kdr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm`7 !o/ f iyfrflm` uyduyof`mj{m ko{f d}

‘iyfrflm` ndy{m‐ !Iyfwojl( I/ v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd km {mùmyf{}yf km n}râd r}umyody f

;=5dB( !oo/ f iyfrflm` nyfbf !Rdhkmyojl( R/ v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd km ifoqf {mùmyf{}yf km

n}râd !ojnmyody f ;=5dB/ m !ooo/ f rdhkfiyfrflm`( v}m }{ohowf `m{for km fkoìâd roòhfymr fd kf

iyfrflm`( `fr b}gd uydgm{d kf g}j{f ï roòhfy fd }rfkd jf rdhkflm` udy n}râd bdj~mjbodjfh*

M` {dkdr dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm`( ufyf f di{mjìâd km }`f }joâd km idf v}fhokfkm( ï

n}jkf`mj{fh v}m d `m{fh km fkoìâd `dham m rm mrufham km ndy`f fkmv}fkf jf r}umynàbom kf g}j{f*

Ufyf or{d( ï oùdy{fj{m f ym`dìâd( jmr{f r}umynàbom( km {dkfr fr r}fr bdj{fòjfìýmr( d v}m ï

}r}fh`mj{m nmo{d umhf hoùmwf m$d} kmbfuflm` fkmv}fkf kfr umìfr m umhd }rd( k}yfj{m f

iyfrflm`( km }` nh}qd d} }`f f{`drnmyf fkmv}fkf*

Dr nh}qdr râd òr{}yfr km ko~myrfr r}ir{éjbofr !rfor( æbokdr( `f{myofh dyléjobd( m{b/ v}m rm

n}jkm` f }`f {mùmyf{}yf ojnmyody fd `m{fh km fkoìâd m f{}f` rdiym fr r}umynàbomr kf g}j{f

korrdh~mjkd bf`fkfr km òqokd m km d}{yfr bdj{fòjfìýmr m umyò{ojkd }`f idf `dhafiohokfkm

kf g}j{f umhd `m{fh km fkoìâd* Fr f{`drnmyfr km uyd{mìâd udkm` rmy ojmy{mr d} f{o~fr !m` lmyfh(

ymk}{dyfr/ d}( fh{myjf{o~f`mj{m( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy ymfhowfkf m` ~æb}d*

Dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm` mj~dh~m`( m` lmyfh( f uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f !mj~dh~mjkd f bdhdbfìâd

kfr umìfr m` udroìâd m( m` fhl}jr bfrdr( f bdhdbfìâd kd `m{fh km fkoìâd m nh}qd/( d

fv}mbo`mj{d kf ymloâd kf g}j{f f{ï f {mùmyf{}yf km iyfrflm`( f fho`mj{fìâd km nh}qd m `m{fh km

fkoìâd !bfrd mr{mr jâd {mjaf` rokd uyïudrobodjfkdr jf uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f/( d mrufhaf`mj{d kd

`m{fh km fkoìâd umhf g}j{f !jmr{f m{fuf( m` lmyfh( d mnmo{d km bfuohfyokfkm ï mq{ym`f`mj{moùdy{fj{m/ m d ymrnyof`mj{d kd bdjg}j{d iyfrfkd*

F iyfrflm` ndy{m ï bd`}`mj{m r}iko~okokf m` uydbmrrdr km fbdykd bd` d `ï{dkd km

fv}mbo`mj{d }rfkd7 iyfrflm` bd` {dbaf ![dyba Iyfrojl( [I/( iyfrflm` m` ndyjd !N}yjfbm

Iyfrojl( NI/( iyfrflm` udy ojk}ìâd !Ojk}b{odj Iyfrojl( OI/( iyfrflm` udy o`myrâd !Kou

Iyfrojl( KI/( jf v}fh fr umìfr râd o`myrfr m` ifjadr km rfor d} kd `m{fh km fkoìâd n}jkokdr

ufyf f r}f iyfrflm`( m iyfrflm` udy ojnyf~my`mhad !Ojnyfymk( Iyfrojl( OI/* ]`f ko~orâd roòhfyudkm rmy nmo{f ufyf dr uydbmrrdr km iyfrflm` nyfbf( f v}fh( bdj{}kd( ï `for bd`}`mj{m ymfhowfkf




bd` d f}qàhod km }`f udj{f `m{æhobf fv}mbokf udy }`f ymror{çjbof mhï{yobf !‘nmyyd km rdhkf‐/* F

nol}yf 9? oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` m` ndyjd*

Bdyymof

Ndyjd@m{fh km fkoìâd

Nh}qd

@m{fh km fkoìâdn}jkm m mrbdf

G}j{f iyfrfkf

Nol}yf 9? Iyfrflm` m` ndyjd*

Konmymj{mr `m{for km fkoìâd udkm` rmy }rfkdr jf iyfrflm` ndy{m( kmumjkmjkd kd {oud km `m{fh

km ifrm( kf fuhobfìâd kf umìf m kd uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` }rfkd* Ufyf g}j{fr km fìd( `m{for km

fkoìâd bd`}jr râd( udy mqmùhd( holfr km bdiym( holfr km uyf{f m holfr km jàv}mh* Jf iyfrflm`

nyfbf( râd }rfkfr( m` lmyfh( holfr km ba}ìd$mr{fjad( mr{fjad$fj{o`ûjod m km mr{fjad$wojbd*

F iyfrflm` ï }{ohowfkf fùhf`mj{m jf ojk÷r{yof* Fuhobfìýmr ~fyof` kmrkm f nfiyobfìâd km umìfr

roùhmr km umv}mjd b}r{d( bd` dumyfìâd `fj}fh( f{ï umìfr rdnor{obfkfr ufyf fr ojk÷r{yofr

fmydjæ}{obf m fmydmrufbofh( mj~dh~mjkd f }{ohowfìâd km mv}ouf`mj{dr rdnor{obfkdr* Fhl}`fr kfr

uyojboufor ~fj{flmjr kf iyfrflm` râd7

Ifoqd b}r{d ufyf `dj{flmjr bdùhmqfr(

Roùhmr ufyf f }joâd km lyfjkmr æymfr(

@mjdymr uydihm`fr km {mjrýmr ymrok}for v}m m` uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd(

Bfufbokfkm km uymrmy~fy ym~mr{o`mj{dr jd `m{fh km ifrm(

Bfufbokfkm km }joy `m{for korroòhfymr(

Bfufbokfkm km }joy `m{for bd` `f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr(

Bfufbokfkm km }joy umìfr bd` lyfjkmr konmymjìfr km mrumrr}yf(

Lyfjkm uymborâd ko`mjrodjfh kfr umìfr uydk}wokfr(

Umìfr uydk}wokfr ymv}mym` ud}bd d} jmja}` fbfif`mj{d nojfh !v}fjkd }`f f{`drnmyfuyd{m{dyf fkmv}fkf ï }rfkf/( m



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;;

^æyofr umìfr udkm` rmy uydk}wokfr km }`f ~mw !uydbmrrf`mj{d m` if{mhfkf/*

Kmumjkmjkd kdr {oudr km `f{myofor m kd uydbmrrd }rfkdr( f iyfrflm` udkm rmy }` uydbmrrd

bdùhobfkd bd` `}o{fr ~fyoæ~mor v}m jmbmrro{f` rmy bdj{ydhfkfr ufyf }` ymr}h{fkd rf{ornf{òyod*

F uymufyfìâd kf g}j{f ufyf iyfrflm` udkm rmy bdùhobfkf( mqolojkd }`f lyfjkm uymborâd

ko`mjrodjfh ufyf }` mrufhaf`mj{d fkmv}fkd kd `m{fh km fkoìâd* F rmhmìâd km `m{fh km fkoìâd m

nh}qd$f{`drnmyf udkm rmy konàboh( udkmjkd dbdyymy uydihm`fr km `dhaf`mj{d ojfkmv}fkd kd

`m{fh km ifrm( ndy`fìâd km bdùdr{dr oj{my`m{æhobdr !bd` kmlyfkfìâd kfr uyduyomkfkmr

`mbéjobfr kf g}j{f/ m f{ï f mydrâd kd `m{fh km ifrm* D uydbmrrd km iyfrflm` `fj}fh bd` {dbaf

mqolm( m` lmyfh( }` dumyfìâd fh{f`mj{m {ymojfkd*

F iyfrflm` nyfbf ï mq{ym`f`mj{m }{ohowfkf jf ojk÷r{yof mhm{yûjobf( jf }joâd km bdjmqýmr

mhï{yobfr m mhm{yûjobfr*

? - Uydbmrrdr km Bdy{m [ïyòbd

Udkmrm bdjrokmyfy( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( v}m dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m ymfhowf` }`f dumyfìâd

oj~myrf å ymfhowfkf jf rdhkflm`( or{d ï( f rmufyfìâd km }` bdùdjmj{m m` k}fr d} `for umìfr

d} f ym`dìâd km `f{myofh kf r}umynàbom km }`f umìf* Fhï` korrd( dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m udkm`

rmy rmufyfkdr m` kdor ly}udr( km }`f ndy`f fjæhdlf å bdjrokmyfkf m` rdhkflm`( or{d ï( m`

uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïyòbd !ifrmfkdr jf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy jf umìf/ m uydbmrrdr km

bdy{m f nyod !ifrmfkdr jf kmndy`fìâd hdbfhowfkf kd f{myofh/* Fkobodjfh`mj{m( dr uydbmrrdr km

bdy{m râd n}jkf`mj{for ufyf f {mbjdhdlof km rdhkflm` }`f ~mw v}m f nfiyobfìâd km }`

bdùdjmj{m rdhkfkd ufrrf( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( udy }`f m{fuf ojobofh km bdy{m m uymufyfìâd

kfr umìfr jf v}fh dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m râd oj{mjro~f`mj{m }rfkdr* Uydbmrrdr km bdy{m râd(

{fìï`( `}o{d }rfkdr jf ym`dìâd km `f{myofh ~orfjkd f mhoòjfìâd km kmnmo{dr

m~mj{}fh`mj{m km{mb{fkdr m` bdùdjmj{mr rdhkfkdr d} n}jkokdr*

Dr `for oùdy{fj{mr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïyòbd râd d bdy{m f dqolçjod( d bdy{m f uhfr`f( d

bdy{m f hfrmy m d bdy{m bd` mhm{ydkd km lyfno{m* Mr{mr uydbmrrdr( ufy{ob}hfy`mj{m dr {yçr

uyo`moydr udrroioho{f` f ymfhowfìâd km bdy{mr km fh{f v}fhokfkm( uymborâd fkmv}fkf m ifoqd

b}r{d ufyf ~æyofr fuhobfìýmr m `f{myofor* Dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïyòbd ndyjmbm` }`f

‘nmyyf`mj{f‐ km bdy{m km l}`m km 2>5d( or{d ï v}m umyò{m `}kfjìfr iy}rbfr kf koymìâd km



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;=

bdy{m( d v}m jâd ï udrrà~mh ufyf f `fodyof kdr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m f nyod !mqbm{d ufyf d bdy{m

bd` gf{d km æl}f m fiyfro~d/*

Dr uydbmrrdr km bdy{m {ïyòbd fuymrmj{f` bfyfb{myàr{obfr dumyfbodjfor `}o{d roòhfymr år

bfyfb{myàr{obfr km uydbmrrdr km rdhkflm` udy n}râd* Mrrmr uydbmrrdr ymfhowf` d bdy{m km }`f

umìf umhf fuhobfìâd hdbfhowfkf km bfhdy ufyf f n}râd m m~mj{}fh ~fudyowfìâd km }`f umv}mjf

ymloâd kmr{f umìf g}j{f`mj{m bd` d }rd km }` gf{d km lær v}m f}qohof f ym`dìâd kd `f{myofh

kf ymloâd km bdy{m* Å rml}oy( rmyâd fuymrmj{fkdr( km ndy`f ymr}òkf( dr uyojboufor kmr{mr

uydbmrrdr*

?*6 - Bdy{m f Dqolçjod

D bdy{m f dqolçjod !Dqn}mh Lfr B}{{ojl( DNB/ ï }` uydbmrrd km bdy{m {ïyòbd v}m }{ohowf

}` gf{d km dqolçjod u}yd ufyf dqokfy d `m{fh km ifrm m ym`d~my f òr{}yf( jd mr{fkd hàv}okd(

km òqokdr m kd `f{myofh km ifrm kf ymloâd km bdy{m* D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd ifrobf`mj{m ufyf holfr

km nmyyd( uyojboufh`mj{m fìdr bfyidjd m fìdr km ifoqf holf( udkmjkd rmy }rfkd( {fìï`( ufyf

holfr km {o{éjod*

D uydbmrrd ï }rfkd( ufyf fìdr km ifoqd bfyidjd( ufyf bdy{fy bafufr km f{ï 255 `` km

mrumrr}yf* [ïbjobfr mrumbofor umyò{m` d bdy{m km mrumrr}yfr fbo`f km 6 `* Mhm`mj{dr km holf

{mjkm`( km }`f ndy`f lmyfh( f konob}h{fy d bdy{m udy uyd`d~my f ndy`fìâd km }` òqokd

ymnyf{æyod !udy mqmùhd( byd`d( fh}`àjod m rohàbod/ d} udy ymk}woy f {mùmyf{}yf km n}râd kd

`m{fh km ifrm !bfyidjd( udy mqmùhd/ {dyjfjkd d bdy{m `for lydrrmoyd* ^fyofìýmr kd uydbmrrd(

v}m hfjìf`( g}j{f`mj{m bd` d gf{d km dqolçjod( uò km nmyyd d} òr{}yfr km d}{ydr `f{myofor(

umyò{m` mr{mjkmy f }{ohowfìâd kmr{m uydbmrrd ufyf d}{yfr holfr m `f{myofor*

F ymfìâd km dqokfìâd uydk}w( m` lmyfh( bfhdy r}nobomj{m ufyf f `fj}{mjìâd kd uydbmrrd km

bdy{m( bdj{}kd( ufyf d ojàbod kf ymfìâd m ufyf d kmrmj~dh~o`mj{d kd bdy{m km }`f ndy`f `for

r}f~m( }{ohowfrm( m` lmyfh( }` bdjg}j{d km baf`fr km dqolçjod m }` lær bdì}r{à~mh

!fbm{ohmjd( LHU( m{b/ bdjbçj{yobfr fd gf{d km dqolçjod* F nol}yf 25 oh}r{yf d uydbmrrd*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;>

Idbfh km bdy{m

Baf`fr

Gf{d km dqolçjod

@fybfr km bdy{m

Mrbòyof

@m{fh kmifrm

Bdy{m

Dqolçjod

Dqolçjod#bdì}r{à~mh

Nol}yf 25 Uydbmrrd km bdy{m f dqolçjod*

D uydbmrrd ï ojobofkd fumjfr bd` fr baf`fr v}m fv}mbm` f ymloâd km ojobod kd bdy{m f{ï f r}f

{mùmyf{}yf km oljoìâd !m` {dyjd km 1<5 dB/( v}fjkd( mj{âd( d gf{d km dqolçjod ï holfkd {mjkd

ojobod f fìâd km bdy{m* D `fìfyobd ï( mj{âd( kmrhdbfkd umhf {yfgm{òyof km bdy{m bd` }`f

~mhdbokfkm fkmv}fkf* D kmrhdbf`mj{d udkm rmy nmo{d `fj}fh`mj{m d} km ndy`f `mbfjowfkf*

Ojr{fhfìýmr km lyfjkm udy{m udkm` kmrhdbfy ko~myrdr `fìfyobdr fd `mr`d {mùd( bd`ror{m`fr km BFK$BF@ m bdj{ydhm j}`ïyobd ufyf km{myòjfy m bdj{ydhfy fr {yfgm{òyofr km

bdy{m*

Bfyfb{myàr{obfr kd bdy{m DNB7

Udkm bdy{fy fìd `for yfuokf`mj{m v}m dr uydbmrrdr }r}for km ym`dìâd `mbéjobf km `f{myofh*

Udkm bdy{fy umìfr bd` ndy`f{dr m mrumrr}yfr konàbmor km rmym` {yfifhafkfr km ndy`f

mbdjûòbf bd` uydbmrrdr `mbéjobdr*

Mv}ouf`mj{d iærobd ufyf dumyfìâd `fj}fh ï km ifoqd b}r{d*

Mv}ouf`mj{d `fj}fh udkm rmy udy{æ{oh m km næboh }rd ufyf {yfifhad jd bfùd*

Koymìâd km bdy{m udkm rmy `}kfkf yfuokf`mj{m*

Uydbmrrd udkm rmy nfboh`mj{m }rfkd ufyf f fimy{}yf km bafjnydr ufyf rdhkflm`*

[dhmyéjbof ko`mjrodjfh kd bdy{m DNB ï uody kd v}m f km ~æyodr uydbmrrdr `mbéjobdr*

Uydbmrrd ï mrrmjbofh`mj{m hoò{fkd fd bdy{m km fìdr*

Uydbmrrd lmyf n}`fìf m nfl}hafr v}mj{mr v}m udkm` ymuymrmj{fy }` uydihm`f km aolomjm mrml}yfjìf*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;<

Fìdr {mùmyæ~mor jmbmrro{f` km dumyfìýmr fkobodjfor !uyïfv}mbo`mj{d( {yf{f`mj{d {ïyòbd(

m{b/ km b}r{d mhm~fkd ufyf bdj{ydhfy f mr{y}{}yf m uyduyomkfkmr `mbéjobfr kf ymloâd km bdy{m*

?*9 - Bdy{m f Uhfr`f

Bdy{m f uhfr`f !Uhfr`f Fyb B}{{ojl( UFB/ ï ymfhowfkd bd` }` gf{d km uhfr`f v}mj{m km fh{f

~mhdbokfkm di{okd km ndy`f roòhfy fd uydbmrrd km rdhkflm` f uhfr`f !nol}yf 6>/* ]` nh}qd

r}uhm`mj{fy km lær !BD9( fy( jo{ydlçjod( dqolçjod/ d}( `mr`d( km æl}f udkm rmy }rfkd ufyf

ymrnyofy m f}`mj{fy f bdjr{yoìâd kd fybd* M` ror{m`fr km lyfjkm udy{m( d bdy{m udkm rmy ymfhowfkd

rdi }`f umv}mjf bf`fkf km æl}f ufyf ymk}woy dr rm}r mnmo{dr fìomj{for !mhm~fkf lmyfìâd km

n}`fìf( yfkofìâd m km y}àkdr/* D uydbmrrd udkm bdy{fy uyf{obf`mj{m {dkdr dr `m{for m umìfr km

umv}mjf mrumrr}yf km fìd km ifoqd bfyidjd udkm` rmy bdy{fkfr `for yfuokf`mj{m kd v}m DNB*

Fkobodjfh`mj{m( d uydbmrrd udkm ojobofy d bdy{m o`mkof{f`mj{m( jâd jmbmrro{fjkd kd uyï

fv}mbo`mj{d ojobofh f{ï f {mùmyf{}yf km oljoìâd bd`d jd uydbmrrd km bdy{m f dqolçjod*

Mv}ouf`mj{dr km ifoqd b}r{d m umv}mjfr ko`mjrýmr {ç` rokd kmrmj~dh~okdr ufyf d bdy{m UFB

`fj}fh m {ç` {dyjfkd mr{m uydbmrrd ymhf{o~f`mj{m udu}hfy* Bdj{}kd( mr{m uydbmrrd ï fojkf `for

bd`}` m` ojr{fhfìýmr km lyfjkm udy{m ufyf bdy{m `mbfjowfkd d} f}{d`æ{obd* D mhm~fkd b}r{d

kd mv}ouf`mj{d m fh{d jà~mh km y}àkd( km n}`fìf m km yfkofìâd lmyfkdr râd hoò{fìýmr kmr{m

uydbmrrd*

?*2 - Bdy{m f Hfrmy

Km ndy`f roòhfy v}m f rdhkflm` f hfrmy( d bdy{m f hfrmy ! Hfrmy Imf` B}{{ojl( HIB/ ï ifrmfkd

jf fìâd km }` nmoqm km h}w bdmymj{m bdjbmj{yfkd rdiym f umìf* F mhm~fkf kmjrokfkm km mjmylof

}{ohowfkf udrroioho{f f n}râd m ~fudyowfìâd kd `f{myofh jf ymloâd rmjkd f{ojlokf umhd hfrmy d v}m

hm~f å ym`dìâd km `f{myofh m å fìâd km bdy{m* @}o{dr ror{m`fr {yfifhaf` bd` }` gf{d km lær

f}qohofy ufyf nfboho{fy f mqu}hrâd km `f{myofh kf ymloâd km bdy{m* D lær udkm rmy ojmy{m( ufyf lmyfy

}`f r}umynàbom kf bdy{m hoùf m r}f~m( d} udkm rmy ymf{o~d !m` lmyfh( dqolçjod/( ufyf f}`mj{fy f

~mhdbokfkm km bdy{m* D uydbmrrd udkm rmy }{ohowfkd ufyf bdy{fy {dkdr dr `m{for fhï` km bmy{dr

`f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr bd`d bmyéòbfr*

D uydbmrrd fuymrmj{f fr rml}oj{mr bfyfb{myàr{obfr uyojboufor7




Bfufbokfkm km bdy{fy v}fhv}my `m{fh m ko~myrdr `f{myofor jâd `m{æhobdr ojkmumjkmj{m`mj{m

km r}f k}ymwf*

Mrumrr}yf km bdy{m m ymloâd fnm{fkf umhd bfhdy kd bdy{m `for nojfr kd v}m v}fhv}my d}{yd

uydbmrrd km bdy{m {ïyòbd* Mhm~fkfr ~mhdbokfkmr km bdy{m*

Nfboh`mj{m fkfu{æ~mh ufyf ror{m`fr bdj{ydhfkdr udy bdù}{fkdy

Mv}ouf`mj{d km mhm~fkd b}r{d !]R+ 655*555 f ]R+ 6*555*555/

F mhm~fkf ~mhdbokfkm km bdy{m( f fh{f uymborâd kd bdy{m m d mqbmhmj{m fbfif`mj{d kf r}umynàbom km

bdy{m {ç` hm~fkd f }`f }{ohowfìâd bymrbmj{m kmr{m uydbmrrd km bdy{m ufyf f uydk}ìâd km umìfr km

ndy`f{d bdùhobfkd v}m( `}o{fr ~mwmr( jâd jmbmrro{f` km }` fbfif`mj{d udr{myody*

65 - Uydbmrrdr km Frumyrâd [ïyòbf

Frumyrâd {ïyòbf( ‘ruyf‐ {ïyòbd d} `m{fhowfìâd ![amy`fh Ruyfojl( [ARU/ ï }` uydbmrrd jd

v}fh }` `f{myofh `m{æhobd d} jâd `m{æhobd ï fv}mbokd f{ï f r}f n}râd d} f`dhmbo`mj{d m( mj{âd(

fbmhmyfkd( jf ndy`f f{dòwfkf( km mjbdj{yd f }` r}ir{yf{d ufyf ndy`fy }` ym~mr{o`mj{d rdiym

mr{m* D `f{myofh udkm mr{fy ojobofh`mj{m jf ndy`f km uò( fyf`m d} ~fym{f* D fv}mbo`mj{d udkm

rmy nmo{d udy }`f baf`f( fybd d} fybduhfr`f* Fd rm badbfym` bd` f r}umynàbom kd r}ir{yf{d( fr

ufy{àb}hfr rm fbaf{f`( frr}òjkd }`f ndy`f hmj{ob}hfy !hf`mhfr/( fkmyojkd fd r}ir{yf{d m år

ufy{àb}hfr fkgfbmj{mr m rm ymrnyof` yfuokf`mj{m ndy`fjkd d ym~mr{o`mj{d* Mr{m fuymrmj{f }`f

mr{y}{}yf bdùhmqf ndy`fkf udy hf`mhfr( ufy{àb}hfr jâd n}jkokfr kd ym~mr{o`mj{d( ojbh}rýmr km

òqokd m udy udydr* F fuhobfìâd km ko~myrfr bf`fkfr umyò{m f ndy`fìâd km }` ym~mr{o`mj{d km

mrumrr}yf kmrmgfkf( m` lmyfh ojnmyody f 6 ``* F holfìâd mj{ym fr ufy{àb}hfr m mj{ym mr{fr m d

r}ir{yf{d ï bdùhmqf( mj~dh~mjkd nf{dymr `mbéjobdr( `m{fh÷ylobdr m v}àòbdr*

Frumyrâd {ïyòbf ï fùhf`mj{m }rfkf ufyf f ymr{f}yfìâd kf ko`mjrâd km umìfr kmrlfr{fkfr d}

ufyf `dkonobfy fr bfyfb{myàr{obfr r}umynobofor km }` bdùdjmj{m udrroioho{fjkd udy mqmùhd(

`mhady ymror{çjbof å bdyydrâd( `mhady ymror{çjbof fd kmrlfr{m `mbéjobd d} `mhady ordhf`mj{d

{ïyòbd* D uydbmrrd udkm( frro`( rmy }{ohowfkd {fj{d jf nfiyobfìâd km jd~dr bdùdjmj{mr bd`d

jf ymb}umyfìâd km umìfr }rfkfr*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` ;?

Mqor{m` v}f{yd ~fyofìýmr uyojboufor kd uydbmrrd km frumyrâd {ïyòbf ifrmfkfr jf ndy`f km

fv}mbo`mj{d m fbmhmyfìâd kfr ufy{àb}hfr7

Frumyrâd udy baf`f !Nhf`m Ruyfojl( NHRU/( nol}yf 26(

Frumyrâd udy uhfr`f !Uhfr`f Ruyfojl( URU/(

Frumyrâd f fybd !Fyb Ruyfojl( FRU/( m

Frumyrâd udy km{djfìâd km baf`f !Km{djf{odj Nhf`m Ruyfojl/

Dr {yçr uyo`moydr uydbmrrdr }{ohowf`( ymrumb{o~f`mj{m( }`f baf`f dqobdì}r{à~mh( }` uhfr`f

jâd {yfjrnmyokd m }` fybd mj{ym kdor fyf`mr kd `f{myofh rmjkd f{dòwfkd* Jf frumyrâd udy

km{djfìâd km baf`f( yæuokfr km{djfìýmr r}bmrro~fr km }`f òr{}yf mquhdro~f km dqolçjod m

fbm{ohmjd fv}mbm` m uydgm{f` bfylfr kd `f{myofh f{dòwfkd bdj{yf d r}ir{yf{d*

@f{myofh kmfkoìâd

Dqolçjod #lær bdì}r{*

Fy

Fy

Baf`f

Ruyf

655 f 9=5 ``

R}ir{yf{d

Ym~mr{o`mj{d

Nol}yf 26 Mrv}m`f kd uydbmrrd km frumyrâd udy baf`f

66 - Ioihodlyfnof Bdùhm`mj{fy

6* @fyv}mr( U*^*( @dkmjmro( U*G*( Iyfbfymjrm( F*B* Rdhkflm` ‒ N}jkf`mj{dr m [mbjdhdlof*

Mk* ]N@L( Imhd Adyowdj{m( 955=( 2>9 u*

9* V}o{mr( F*@** Oj{ydk}ìâd å Rdhkflm` f Fybd ^dh{æobd* Rdhkfrdn{( Nhdyofjòudhor( 9559(

2=9 u*



Uydbmrrdr km Rdhkflm` =5

2* Dc}`}yf( [*( [fjol}bao( B* Mjlmjafyof km Rdhkflm` m Fuhobfìýmr* H[B( Yod km Gfjmoyd(

6?19( ;>6 u*

;* Kyfuojrco( G* Mhm`mj{dr km Rdhkflm`* @b Lyf|Aohh( Râd Uf}hd( 6?<1( 915 u*

=* \fojmy( M* m{ fh* Rdhkflm` ‒ Uydbmrrdr m @m{fh}ylof* Mk* Mklfyk Ihøbamy H{kf( Râd Uf}hd(

6??9( ;?; u*

>* Bfy( A*I* @dkmyj \mhkojl [mbajdhdl* ;§ mkoìâd( Uymj{obmAfhh( Mjlhm|ddk Bhonnr( 6??1(

<15 u*

<* F`myobfj \mhkojl Rdbom{ \mhkojl Afjkiddc ‒ \mhkojl Uydbmrrmr* ^dh}`m 9( 1§ mkoìâd(

F\R( @of`o( 6??6( ?== u*

1* Ufy`fy( Y*R* \mhkojl Uydbmrrmr fjk [mbajdhdl* Cafjjf U}ihoramyr( Kmhao( 6??=( <>5 u*

processos de soldagem

Documents